BIBLIOGRAPHY DAYAO, NORA A. MARCH 2008. ...

BIBLIOGRAPHY

DAYAO, NORA A. MARCH 2008. Growth and Yield Response of Spoon Cabbage
(Brassica chinensis L.) to Time of Liquid Bio-Fertilizer Application. Benguet State University,
La Trinidad. Benguet.
Adviser: Silvestre L. Kudan, PhD
ABSTRACT

The study was conducted to assess the growth and yield of spoon cabbage applied with
liquid bio-fertilizer (X-Tekh) at various time of the day; determine the best time of spraying the
liquid bio-fertilizer and determine the profitability of spoon cabbage production applied with
liquid bio-fertilizer at various time of the day.

The results of the study revealed that spoon cabbage applied with liquid bio-fertilizer at
3:00 o’clock in the afternoon had slightly higher weight of individual plant, marketable yield per
plot, total yield per plot, computed yield per hectare, obtained the highest return on investment
(519.63%) and had the lowest weight of non-marketable yield. On the other hand, plants applied
at 9:00 o’clock in the morning produced longer leaf and higher number of leaves but ranked
second in profitability of 490.37% ROI. Spoon cabbage applied at mid-day of bio-liquid fertilizer
obtained 453.00% ROI while those plants applied at 6:00 o’clock in the morning or in the
afternoon had the lowest of 440.19% and 432.67%, respectively.

There was no phytotoxicity observed in the use of the liquid bio-fertilizer at the various
time of application and there was slight differences in the sugar content of the different plant
samples. In soil pH, the use of liquid bio-fertilizer generally increased the soil pH every week.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

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Bibliography. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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Abstract . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
i
Table of Contents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
ii
INTRODUCTION

Nature of the Study . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1

Importance of the Study . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1

Objectives of the Study . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2

Time and Place of the Study . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3
REVIEW OF LITERATURE

Description of Spoon Cabbage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4

Importance of the Crop . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4

Climate and Soil Requirement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5

Foliar Fertilizer Application . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
6

X-tech Bio-fertilizer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
7

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Materials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
11

Methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
11
RESULT AND DISCUSSION

Leaf Length . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
14
ii

Number of Leaves Developed per Plant . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
16

Weight of Individual Plant . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
16

Marketable Yield per Plot . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
17

Non Marketable Yield per Plot . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
19

Total Yield per Plot . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
20

Computed Yield per Hectare . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
20

Cost and Return Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
21

Soil Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
23

Sugar Content. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
25

Phytotoxicity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
25

SUMMARY CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION

Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
28

Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
29

Recommendation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
29
LITERATURE CITED . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
30

APPENDICES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . .
32

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INTRODUCTION

Nature of the Study

Spoon cabbage (Brassica chinensis L) is one of the most nutritious leafy
vegetables but not yet widely known in Benguet and Mountain Province. It is sometimes
preceded by another name such as Pak choi, Bok-choi, Taisai and celery mustard. This
plant contains 14 calories of food energy, 1.0 g protein, 2.73 g carbohydrates, 0.18 g total
fat, and 0.84 g fiber (Kinoshita, 1972).
Under Benguet condition, most farmers produce leafy vegetables mainly for the
fresh market. The continuous planting of crop results to the depletion of nutrient
elements in the soil that requires replenishment. As a principle, the more is the yield
removed the more is the nutrient elements consumed from the soil and the more fertilizer
should be applied to replace the amount removed by plants. Applying organic and
inorganic fertilizers in the form of dry or liquid fertilizers can be done to replace the
nutrients in the soil.
In the application of liquid or foliar fertilizers, many farmers do not know the
right time of the day when to apply foliar fertilizers. Although some brochures
recommend early in the morning or late in the afternoon as the time to spray foliar
fertilizers, there was no study yet on the time appropriate to apply foliar fertilizers under
local condition. It is then a useful endeavor to conduct this proposed experiment.

Importance of the Study
At present, the demand for spoon cabbage in the local market is increasing
especially that the number of foreign consumers like Japanese and Koreans in the locality

Growth and Yield Response of Spoon Cabbage (Brassica chinensis L.) to Time
of Liquid Bio-Fertilizer Application / Nora A. Dayao. 2008

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are increasing in addition to the increasing population of the country. Farmers need to
increase production to cope up with the increasing population.
Another problem is the destruction of the soil due to the application of dry
fertilizers like urea, ammonium sulphate and complete that makes the soil acidic. If the
application of foliar fertilizer can help in preventing the soil to become acidic, result of
this study will be of help to the vegetable industry.
When the appropriate time to apply foliar fertilizer is determined in this study, it
will be used to advice farmers avoid waste of their money due to the inappropriate time
of application that cannot be used by plants.
With the trend of organic farming being advocated, the use of foliar fertilizers
containing the macro and micro elements including beneficial microorganisms should be
carefully evaluated not only the rates of application but also the time of application.
Moreover, there is a growing interest in foliar fertilizer application to crops in
which the applied nutrients are immediately utilized by the plant through the leaves. This
eliminates nutrient losses due to leaching and fixation, hence, lowering the cost of
fertilizer materials.

Objectives of the Study
The study was conducted to:
1. assess the growth and yield of spoon cabbage applied with liquid bio-fertilizer (X-
Tekh) at different time of the day;
2. determine the best time of spraying liquid bio-fertilizer that will enhanced growth
and yield of spoon cabbage, and
3. to determine the profitability of spoon cabbage applied with liquid bio-fertilizer

Growth and Yield Response of Spoon Cabbage (Brassica chinensis L.) to Time
of Liquid Bio-Fertilizer Application / Nora A. Dayao. 2008

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at varying time of the day.

Place and time of the Study

The study was conducted at the Balili Experiment Area, Benguet State University,
La Trinidad, Benguet from June to July 2007.

Growth and Yield Response of Spoon Cabbage (Brassica chinensis L.) to Time
of Liquid Bio-Fertilizer Application / Nora A. Dayao. 2008

REVIEW OF LITERATURE

Description of Spoon Cabbage

Spoon cabbage is a leafy vegetable crop grown in all part of the world and has
been used as food since antiquity, although it is not well popular in the Philippines
(Tamayo, 1975).
The leaf petioles can be consumed raw as a whole or chopped and used in salads.
It contains high amount of water and quickly becomes limpy upon cooking. Quick
cooking at high temperature preserved leaf tenderness and crispness of the petioles. This
crop is also used to flavor other dishes due to its good strong taste. Nutritionally, it is a
good source of Vitamins and minerals (Thompson, 1931).
Spoon cabbage is succulent and mild in flavor, and maybe eaten either cooked or

raw (McDonald, 1993).

Importance of the Crop

According to the Internet, this graceful vegetable with Chinese origins has spread
throughout Asia and beyond, developing a wide range of varieties. The slight mustardy
flavor of spoon cabbage makes it a delightful addition to stir-fries, soups, noodle and
meat dishes, and salads, if the young leaves are used. In China, the coarser leaves are
often pickled. Some Chinese cooks also the leaves in boiling water and hang them out to
dry in the sun for several days. Drying enables this highly perishable vegetable to be
stored for winter months. Asian cooks use the entire plant at many stages of
development.

Growth and Yield Response of Spoon Cabbage (Brassica chinensis L.) to Time
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Vitamin C and significant amounts of nitrogen compounds known as indoles, as
well as fiber-both of which appear to lower the risk of various forms of cancer are in the
crops. Spoon cabbage is also a good source of folate (folic acid) and with its deep green
leaves, more beta-carotene can be obtained than other cabbages. It also supplies
considerably more calcium. The stalks and leaves have quite different textures, so in
culinary terms, it’s like getting two vegetables for the price of one (Anonymous, 2007).

Climate and Soil Requirements

Tindal (1983), said that spoon cabbage is tolerant to a wide range of soil
conditions, including pH, although excessively well-drained soils are unsuitable for this
crop which matures rapidly. Normally grown at elevations up to 1,500 m above sea level
although the leaves are liable to damage by winds in exposed situations, withstands
periods of relatively high rainfall but requires full exposure to sun for optimum
development. Flowering is reduced under high temperature condition but relatively low
temperatures of less than 16ºC promote precocious flower production. High yielding,
firm headed crops of the spoon cabbage are produced at high elevations during cool
weather, at lower elevations heading is less likely to occur.
According to Prosea (1994), spoon cabbage withstands wet weather relatively
well if not flooded. Fertile alluvial sandy to clayey loam with pH between 5.5-7 is
preferred for cultivation. However, other soil types such as peat and latasols are also
suitable if well provided with organic manure and fertilizers.

In addition, Swiader (2002), stated that spoon cabbage is better adapted to warmer
growing conditions than pe-tsai. The plant requires a rich, well-drained and moist soil.

Growth and Yield Response of Spoon Cabbage (Brassica chinensis L.) to Time
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Foliar Fertilizer Application
Fertilizer chemicals applied as foliar sprays generally are much quickly absorbed
and utilized by the leaves than when applied to the soil. To be most effective, spray
application should be supplemented with soil application (McVickar, 1970).

As mentioned by Tisdale (1966), foliar spray provides for more rapid utilization
and permits the correction of observed deficiencies in lesser time than would be required
by soil treatments. He also forwarded than when problems of solid fixation of nutrients
exist, foliar application constitute the most effective means of fertilizer.

Subido (1961) stated that among the different methods of fertilizer application,
foliar fertilization particularly in the case of minor elements, has given marked increased
in yield of some agricultural crops.

Collings (1962) mentioned that advantages of liquid fertilizers over dry fertilizers
as follows. (1) less fertilizer is usually required; (2) the avoidance of injury to seedling
roots from heavy application of dry fertilizer; (3) better distribution of small quantities of
fertilizer is secured; (4) fertilizer of poor physical conditions can be utilized; (5)
maximum crop response maybe obtained during dry weather; (6) light applications
maybe applied according to the needs.

In the study of Poloc (1994), lettuce plants applied with different foliar fertilizers
did not show any significant differences on the biological yield, average weight of
individual head, weight of marketable heads, percentage of non-marketable head, total
yield per plot and computed yield per hectare. The plants applied with chicken dung +
14-14-14 significantly promoted better growth and yield compared to any of the plants
applied with 13 different commercial foliar fertilizers. The researcher mentioned not one

Growth and Yield Response of Spoon Cabbage (Brassica chinensis L.) to Time
of Liquid Bio-Fertilizer Application / Nora A. Dayao. 2008

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of the 13 brands is recommended for use in lettuce for growth and yield were not
enhanced.

Similarly, Balao (1996) reported that the application of crop Giant or Peter
Special foliar fertilizers had no significant effect on the growth and yield of snap beans.
The author said that application of the recommended rate of 50-120-50 kg N-P2O5 – K2O/
ha or 75-50 and 25% of the recommended rate comparatively effected high marketable
and total pod yield.

Moreover, the efficacy evaluation of 14-10-12 foliar fertilizer (Green Bee) on the
growth and yield of lettuce produced the lowest leaf area and lowest ROI compared to the
application of 14-14-14 at 14 sacks per hectare which significantly increased leaf area,
percent heading and head. On the performance of carrot as affected by the foliar fertilizer
( 15-15-30 + micro elements ) did not show significant difference on root sizes and yield
although application once on six weeks after emergence had higher ROI at 77. 13% than
without foliar application, which obtained an ROI of 65.89 % (Limoan, 2001).

X-Tekh Liquid Bio- fertilizer
According to the product brochure, X-Tekh new generation liquid bio-fertilizer
microorganism is a revolutionary high technology compound fertilizer consisting a
microbial, organic and non-organic minerals.
The action of microorganisms within X-Tekh new generation liquid bio-fertilizer
help release the “locked-up’’ nutrients in the soil for ready plant uptake and utilization.
The brochure mentioned the composition of X-Tekh new generation liquid bio-fertilizer
microorganisms as follows: 1) Macro-nutrients; Nitrogen, Phosphorus, Potassium,
Magnesium, Calcium and Sulfur 2) Micro-nutrients; Boron, Zinc, Manganese, Iron,

Growth and Yield Response of Spoon Cabbage (Brassica chinensis L.) to Time
of Liquid Bio-Fertilizer Application / Nora A. Dayao. 2008

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Copper, Molybdenum and cobalt, 3) Organic Group; Humid Acid and amino acid, 4)
Plant Growth Promoting Microorganisms, Nitrogen Fixing Microorganisms, Bacillus
series, Lactobacillus series, Phosphorus Solubilizing Microorganisms, Fluorescent
Pseudomonas series, Mycorrhiza, Yeast Group series, Actinomycete series and
Trichoderma series.
It was explained in the brochure that X-tekh liquid bio-fertilizer microorganisms
decreases fertilizer requirement, fungal attack, insect infestation and the salinity while
increase root growth, nutrient uptake, quantity and the color of the soil structure.
Meanwhile, this liquid bio-fertilizer optimizes maturity period, aids uniform crop
establishment and modulates soil pH.
Moreover, the brochure enumerated the properties of X-tekh new generation liquid
bio-fertilizer microorganism and function of each content as follows:
Macro-nutrients:
Nitrogen (8.0 %) – encourage vegetative growth.
Phosphorus (6.0 %) – promotes root development, help in flower and production.
Potassium (10.0%) – promotes crop maturation and uniformity.
Magnesium (1.5%) – aids in soil pH stabilization and stimulates bacterial activity in
N-fixation.
Calcium (1.0%) – important in cell structure, cell division, enzymes, and as an
enzyme activator.
Sulfur (2.0%) - part of protein amino acids, vitamins importance in respiration.
Micro-nutrients (B, Zn, Mn, Fe, Cu, Mo, Co)>4.05
Boron - important in sugar transport.

Growth and Yield Response of Spoon Cabbage (Brassica chinensis L.) to Time
of Liquid Bio-Fertilizer Application / Nora A. Dayao. 2008

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Zinc - promotes production of growth hormones, starch formation and the seed
production.
Manganese - is involved in enzyme activity for photosynthesis and the nitrogen
metabolism.
Iron - is necessary for photosynthesis and the chlorophyll formation.
Copper - important in protein and carbohydrates metabolism.
Molybdenum – promotes nitrogen fixation.
Cobalt – is the nitrogen fixation in legumes and root nodules.
Humid Acid (>10.0%) – release of nitrogen for organic nutrient.
Amino Acid (>35.0) – organic nutrient for plant.

Plant Growth Promoting Microorganisms
Nitrogen Fixing Microorganisms (NFM) 1.9x108 (Azotobacter 6.8x 107),
Filamentous 6.8x107, Rhizobia 6.8x107) NFM can transform N2 to ammonia by bilogical
nitrogen fixation; NFM may increase the nitrogen uptake.
Lactobacillus series (5.2x 106). To create natural plant enzymes producing organic
acid as a bio-regulator that can promote mineral elements for absorption of the crops
Phosphorus Solubilizing Microorganisms (6.2 x 107). Breakdowns insoluble
phosphate in the soil and transform them into phosphorus, iron and calcium fertilizer.
Mycorrhiza (8.6x106). Creates vitamins, growth hormones and decomposes organic
material for strengthening antibiotics diseases.
Actinomycete Series (6.6x107). It secretes antibiotic material to help cure diseases.
Bacillus Series (6.6 x106). Plant protection and bio-control.
Fluorescent Pseudomonas Series (4.1x106). It protects against pathogens.

Growth and Yield Response of Spoon Cabbage (Brassica chinensis L.) to Time
of Liquid Bio-Fertilizer Application / Nora A. Dayao. 2008

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Trichoderma Series (2.8x106). It decomposes organic materials stimulates mineral
elements for absorption of crops.

Growth and Yield Response of Spoon Cabbage (Brassica chinensis L.) to Time
of Liquid Bio-Fertilizer Application / Nora A. Dayao. 2008

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Materials

The materials used in the study were: seeds of spoon cabbage ‘Chirokee’, liquid
bio-fertilizer (X-Tekh), garden tools, plant compost, measuring tape, and identifying tags.

Methods

Experimental design and treatments. The experiment were laid out in a
Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD). There were three replications and five
treatments represented as follows:

Code

Time of Spraying

T1

6:00 AM

T2

9:00 AM

T3

12:00 NOON

T4

3:00 PM

T5

6:00 PM

Land preparation. An area of 75 sq m was thoroughly prepared and divided into
three blocks and each block were further subdivided into five experiment plots with a
dimension of 1 m x 5 m. These plots were applied with 20 kg alnus compost each, mixed
with the soil and leveled. On the leveled plot surface, 1 cm deep holes spaced at 15 cm
were made by pushing the tip of a finger to mark where the seeds were planted. The 15
cm spacing accommodated 33 lines of plants across the plot and four rows of plants
along the plot.

Growth and Yield Response of Spoon Cabbage (Brassica chinensis L.) to Time
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Planting seeds. Two seeds were directly seeded in the shallow holes made during
land preparation and covered with thin soil. The plots were watered immediately after
planting the seeds to promote seed germination and faster seedling establishment. After
emergence, the seedlings were thinned to one plant per hill.
Foliar fertilizer application. One week after seedling emergence, the foliar
fertilizer treatments were implemented following the time of application. The rates of
application was 6.5 ml of x-tekh liquid bio-fertilizer per 3 liters of water. The intervals of
application was every seven days for four applications or duration of one month.
Care and management. Watering the plants was done every three days up to
harvest or a total of 11 irrigation frequencies for the duration of the study. Weeds were
uprooted as soon as they emerge so they did not compete with the plants with nutrient
elements, water, light and space.
Harvesting. All the plants were harvested by cutting the base with a sharp knife
when they were 37 days from emergence and the data gathered were recorded.

Data Gathered
The data were gathered, tabulated, computed and subjected to variance analysis
and mean separation test by the Duncan’s Multiple Range test (DMRT) were as follows:

1. Leaf length (cm). Ten (10) plants from each treatment plot were used as sample
plants for this data. With the use of a foot rule, the leaf lengths were measured from the
based to the tip of the leaf, and the average leaf length was computed.

2. Number of leaves developed per plant. This was obtained from 10 sample
plants at harvest by counting the number of leaves developed per plant.

Growth and Yield Response of Spoon Cabbage (Brassica chinensis L.) to Time
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3. Weight of individual plant (g). The weight of individual plant were obtained
by dividing the yield per plot by the number of plants harvested per plot.

4. Marketable yield per plot (kg). This was the weight of plants harvested per plot
without defect which were sold in the market.

5. Non-marketable yield per plot (kg). The plants infected with soft rot disease in
each plot were weighed and recorded.

6. Total yield per plot (kg). This was the weight of marketable and non-
marketable plants per plot.

7. Computed yield per hectare (tons). The total yield per plot was converted to
tons per hectare by multiplying the yield per plot by 2000, which is the number of plots
per hectare based on 1 m x 5 m plot used in the study and divided by 1000 which is the
weight of one ton.

8. Soil analysis. Soil samples before planting and after harvesting the crop were
taken and brought to the Soil Science Laboratory for analysis particularly for the soil pH,
organic matter, phosphorus and potassium content.

9. Phytotoxicity. The plants in each plot were observed for burning effect,
discoloration and other abnormalities as an effect of the foliar fertilizer applied.

10. Documentation in photograph. Any observation that cannot be measured
were recorded in photographs during the conduct of the study.

Growth and Yield Response of Spoon Cabbage (Brassica chinensis L.) to Time
of Liquid Bio-Fertilizer Application / Nora A. Dayao. 2008

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

The study was conducted to assess the growth and yield of spoon cabbage applied
with bio-fertilizer at different time of the day; determine the best time of spraying the
liquid bio-fertilizer and determine the profitability of spoon cabbage applied with liquid
bio-fertilizer at different time of the day. The results are presented and discussed in this
section.

Leaf Length

The leaf length of spoon cabbage at harvest is presented in Table 1. There were
no significant differences in leaf length among the spoon cabbage applied with liquid bio-
fertilizer at different time of the day (see Fig. 1 crop stand before harvest). However, the
plants applied at 9:00 o’clock in the morning had slightly longer leaves. It appears in the
result that plants applied at 6:00 o’clock in the morning and afternoon had slightly shorter
leaves.

Table 1. Leaf length as affected by time of liquid bio-fertilizer application
TIME OF SPRAYING
LEAF LENGTH
(cm)
6 AM
25.44 a
9 AM
26.45 a
12 NOON
26.28 a
3 PM
26.39 a
6 PM
24.57 a
Means with the same letter are not significantly different at 5% level by DMRT

Growth and Yield Response of Spoon Cabbage (Brassica chinensis L.) to Time
of Liquid Bio-Fertilizer Application / Nora A. Dayao. 2008

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Figure. 1. Photograph of standing plants showing similar heights resulting to similar leaf
length and marketable yield per plot

Growth and Yield Response of Spoon Cabbage (Brassica chinensis L.) to Time
of Liquid Bio-Fertilizer Application / Nora A. Dayao. 2008

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Number of Leaves Developed per Plant

The number of leaves developed per plant at harvest is presented in Table 2.
There were no significant differences in leaves developed among the spoon cabbage
applied with liquid bio-fertilizer at different time of the day. However, the plants applied
at 6:00 o’clock is the morning and in the afternoon produced lower number of leaves
developed per plant. This observation might suggest that nutrient absorption is more
efficient from 9:00 o’clock in the morning to 3:00 o’clock in the afternoon than at 6:00 in
the morning and in the afternoon. Stomatal opening in pak choi or spoon cabbage may
happen from 9:00 a.m. to 3:00 p.m. Moreover, the wax in the cuticle may have melted
and can allow the penetration of the foliar fertilizer.

Weight of Individual Plant

Table 3 shows the weight of individual plant as affected by the different time of
liquid bio-fertilizer applications. Statistical analysis shows no significant differences in
the weight of individual plant. However, the trend in the leaf length, number of leaves

Table 2. Number of leaves developed per plant
TIME OF SPRAYING
MEAN
6 AM
10.0 a
9 AM
11.0 a
12 NOON
11.0 a
3 PM
11.0 a
6 PM
10.0 a
Means with the same letter are not significantly different at 5% level by DMRT

Growth and Yield Response of Spoon Cabbage (Brassica chinensis L.) to Time
of Liquid Bio-Fertilizer Application / Nora A. Dayao. 2008

17
developed per plant is consistent with the weight of individual plant where 6:00 o’clock
in the morning and in the afternoon had slightly lighter weight than from 9:00 o’clock in
the morning to 3:00 o’clock in the afternoon. It might be that the stomates are closed
early in the morning and late in the afternoon and the wax of the cuticle hardened that
there is slower foliar fertilizer absorption by the leaves than when there is bright sunlight
from 9:00 to 3:00 PM.

Marketable Yield per Plot

Table 4 shows the marketable yield per plot from the different time of liquid bio-
fertilizer application. There were no significant differences in the marketable yield of
spoon cabbage per plot in the statistical analysis (see Fig. 2 of the similar sizes of plants).
However, the trend is apparent in the marketable yield per plot, where lower yield of
spoon cabbage was harvested from 6:00 o’clock application in the morning or afternoon.
Fertilizer absorption and utilization may be more efficient from 9:00 o’clock in the
morning to 3:00 o’clock in the afternoon.

Table 3. Weight of individual plant
TIME OF SPRAYING
MEAN
(g)
6 AM
81.57 a
9 AM
89.14 a
12 NOON
85.13 a
3 PM
93.56 a
6 PM
80.43 a
Means with the same letter are not significantly different at 5% level by DMRT

Growth and Yield Response of Spoon Cabbage (Brassica chinensis L.) to Time
of Liquid Bio-Fertilizer Application / Nora A. Dayao. 2008

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Figure 2. Photograph of the harvested crop with obviously similar leaf length, and sizes
of individual plant that resulted to similar marketable yield per plot. The roots
also show similar length and color

Growth and Yield Response of Spoon Cabbage (Brassica chinensis L.) to Time
of Liquid Bio-Fertilizer Application / Nora A. Dayao. 2008

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Non-Marketable Yield per Plot

Statistical analysis showed that there were no significant differences in non-
marketable yield per plot among the different treatments (Table 5). The non-marketable
yield consisted of soft rot infected plants weighing from 50 to 230 grams.

Table 4. Marketable yield of spoon cabbage per plot
TIME OF SPRAYING
MEAN
(kg)
6 AM
10.77 a
9 AM
11.77 a
12 NOON
11.02 a
3 PM
12.35 a
6 PM
10.62 a
Means with the same letter are not significantly different at 5% level by DMRT

Table 5. Non-marketable yield per plot
TIME OF SPRAYING
MEAN
(kg)

6 AM
0.18 a
9 AM
0.22 a
12 NOON
0.18 a
3 PM
0.05 a
6 PM
0.23 a
Means with the same letter are not significantly different at 5% level by DMRT

Growth and Yield Response of Spoon Cabbage (Brassica chinensis L.) to Time
of Liquid Bio-Fertilizer Application / Nora A. Dayao. 2008

20
Total Yield per Plot

The total yield per plot is presented in Table 6. There were no significant
differences among the spoon cabbage applied with liquid bio-fertilizer at different time
of the day. However, the plants applied at 3:00 o’clock in the afternoon had slightly
higher total yield. It is consistent in the result that 6:00 o’clock in the morning and in the
afternoon resulted in the slightly lower yield of about a kilo per plot.

Computed Yield per Hectare

As shown in Table 7, there were no significant differences in computed yield per
hectare among the treatment means. However, the difference of 3.47 tons or 3,470
kilograms between the highest (3:00 PM) and the lowest (6:00 PM) computed yield will
mean tremendous economic contribution to the farmer per hectare. With the selling price
of Php 30.00 per kilo, 3,470 kilos will give the farmer Php 104,100.00 more when the
foliar fertilizer is applied at 3:00 o’clock than when applied at 6:00 o’clock in the
afternoon. Similarly, the plants applied with fertilizer at 9:00 o’clock had 2,000 kilos
more yield compared to the 6:00 o’clock application that has a value of Php 60,000.00.

Table 6. Total yield per plot
TIME OF SPRAYING
MEAN
(kg)
6 AM
10.95 a
9 AM
11.98 a
12 NOON
11.27 a
3 PM
12.40 a
6 PM
10.85 a
Means with the same level are not significantly different at 5% level by DMRT

Growth and Yield Response of Spoon Cabbage (Brassica chinensis L.) to Time
of Liquid Bio-Fertilizer Application / Nora A. Dayao. 2008

21
Cost and Return Analysis

The cost and return analysis from the 75 sq m area is presented in Table 8. Spoon
cabbage applied with liquid bio-fertilizer at 3:00 o’clock in the afternoon gave the highest
return on investment of 519.63% or P 5.20 for every peso invested in the production.
This was followed by plants applied at 9:00 o’clock in the morning, 12:00 noon, 6:00
o’clock in the morning and 6:00 o’clock in the afternoon with ROI of 490.37, 453.00,
440.19 and 432.67%, respectively. This result suggests that the plants applied at 3:00
o’clock in the afternoon is economically advantageous compared to the other time of
applications. It was determined from this study that P 5.29 was spent to produce a
kilogram of spoon cabbage.

Table 7. Computed yield per hectare
TIME OF SPRAYING
MEAN
(ton)

6 AM
21.53 a
9 AM
23.53 a
12 NOON
22.03 a
3 PM
24.70 a
6 PM
21.23 a
Means with the same letter are not significantly different at 5% level by DMRT

Growth and Yield Response of Spoon Cabbage (Brassica chinensis L.) to Time
of Liquid Bio-Fertilizer Application / Nora A. Dayao. 2008

22
Table 8. Cost and return analysis from 75 sq m area

TIME OF APPLICATION
ITEM
6 AM
9 AM
12
3 PM
6 PM
NOON
YIELD (kg)
32.30
35.30
33.05
37.05
31.85
SALES (Php)
969.00
1,059.00
991.50
1,111.50
955.50
Farm Inputs (Php)

Seeds
4.16
4.16
4.16
4.16
4.16
X – tekh
24.00
24.00
24.00
24.00
24.00
Alnus compost
22.50
22.50
22.50
22.50
22.50
Regular gasoline
7.83
7.83
7.83
7.83
7.83
Labor

Land preparation
13.76
13.76
13.76
13.76
13.76
Compost application
14.15
14.15
14.15
14.15
14.15
and mixing

Measuring plots
13.80
13.80
13.80
13.80
13.80
Planting seeds
10.71
10.71
10.71
10.71
10.71
Irrigation
2.42
2.42
2.42
2.42
2.42
Spraying
2.50
2.50
2.50
2.50
2.50
Hilling-up
2.97
2.97
2.97
2.97
2.97
Harvesting
14.01
14.01
14.01
14.01
14.01
Greenhouse depreciation
46.57
46.57
46.57
46.57
46.57

EXPENSES (Php)
179.38
179.38
179.38
179.38
179.38

NET INCOME (Php)
789.62
879.62
812.12
932.12
776.12
ROI (%)
440.19
490.37
453.00
519.63
432.67
Note: Selling price = Php 30.00/kg

Growth and Yield Response of Spoon Cabbage (Brassica chinensis L.) to Time
of Liquid Bio-Fertilizer Application / Nora A. Dayao. 2008

23
Soil Analysis

As presented in Table 9, the soil pH, organic matter and phosphorus content
increased in the soil analysis after harvest, except the potassium that decreased. This
indicates that the compost applied as base dress fertilizer and liquid bio-fertilizer
contributed to the increase. Definitely, the compost contributed to the physical and
chemical improvement. Additionally, the liquid bio-fertilizer may have contributed
because according to its brochure it contain 10% humic acid and microorganisms that
decompose organic materials and stimulates mineral element absorption by crops.

The different treatment plots were monitored every week to record the changes in
soil pH with the use of portable pH meter and the results were presented in Table 10.
Generally, the soil pH increased every week for the four weeks before the crop was
harvested. As explained in the brochure of the liquid bio-fertilizer, the foliar fertilizer
will not only aid in the uniform crop establishment but also modulates soil pH.

However, it is not clear in the result as the soil pH before planting was 6.34 and
the pH one week after planting was lower. The alnus compost mixed with the soil as
base dress fertilizer might have released organic acid that lowered the pH but
immediately increased when the plants germinated and applied with the foliar fertilizer.

Growth and Yield Response of Spoon Cabbage (Brassica chinensis L.) to Time
of Liquid Bio-Fertilizer Application / Nora A. Dayao. 2008

24
Table 9. Soil analysis before planting and after harvest

SOIL ANALYSIS
DETAILS
SOIL pH
OM
P (ppm)
K (ppm)
Before Planting
6.34
3.55%
140
1,510

After Harvest

6 AM
6.66
4.5
245
1,220
9 AM
6.88
4.5
250
1,270
12 NOON
6.79
4.5
225
1,340
3 PM
6.90
4.0
250
1,060
6 PM
6.68
4.0
245
1,130
Note: The soil analysis was done at the DA Soils Laboratory, Baguio City.

Table 10. Weekly soil pH

WEEKLY SOIL PH
TIME OF SPRAYING
1st week
2nd week
3rd week
4th week
6 am
5.80
6.20
6.30
6.40

9 am
5.86
6.30
6.33
6.33
12 noon
5.80
6.36
6.36
6.50
3 pm
5.56
6.33
6.46
6.43
6 pm
5.53
6.26
6.30
6.33

Growth and Yield Response of Spoon Cabbage (Brassica chinensis L.) to Time
of Liquid Bio-Fertilizer Application / Nora A. Dayao. 2008

25
Sugar Content

Table 11 shows the sugar content of spoon cabbage from the different treatments.
Obviously, the sugar content did not indicate marked differences. This means that the
different time of fertilizer application did not influence the sugar content.

Phytotoxicity

Table 12 shows the observation from the different time of application. This
observation is similar to the observations made by Pingalo (2007) and Cat-ag (2007)
wherein spoon cabbage did not exhibit burning effect unlike the romaine (Tocdangan,
2007) which show burning effect of liquid bio-fertilizer when applied exceeding the
recommended rate of 3 tbsp per 16 liters of water. Fig 3 shows the harvested crop packed
in the plastic crates and the class in Horticulture 108 examining all the plants without any
sign of burning effect.

Table 11. Sugar content of leaf juice from the different treatments

MEAN
TIME OF SPRAYING
(°B)
6 AM
2.33
9 AM
2.20
12 NOON
2.80
3 PM
2.53
6 PM
2.80

Growth and Yield Response of Spoon Cabbage (Brassica chinensis L.) to Time
of Liquid Bio-Fertilizer Application / Nora A. Dayao. 2008

26

Figure 3. Photograph during harvest where the whole class in Horticulture 108
(Commercial Vegetable Production) helped in harvesting and examining the crops
with no burning effect of the liquid bio-fertilizer

Growth and Yield Response of Spoon Cabbage (Brassica chinensis L.) to Time
of Liquid Bio-Fertilizer Application / Nora A. Dayao. 2008

27
Table 12. Phytotoxicity
TIME OF SPRAYING
DESCRIPTION
6 AM
No burning effect
9 AM
No burning effect
12 NOON
No burning effect
3 PM
No burning effect
6 PM
No burning effect

Growth and Yield Response of Spoon Cabbage (Brassica chinensis L.) to Time
of Liquid Bio-Fertilizer Application / Nora A. Dayao. 2008

SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION

Summary

This study was conducted at Balili Experiment Area of Benguet State University,
La Trinidad, Benguet from June to July 2007, to assess the growth and yield of spoon
cabbage applied with liquid bio-fertilizer at various time of the day; determine the best
time of spraying liquid bio-fertilizer and to determine the profitability of spoon cabbage
production.

Results showed that the application of liquid bio-fertilizer to spoon cabbage at
3:00 o’clock in the afternoon registered the highest weight of individual plant, marketable
yield per plot, total yield per plot, computed yield per hectare and obtained the highest
return on investment. In terms of average leaf length and number of leaves developed
per plant, 9:00 o’clock in the morning application produced longer leaves and higher
number of leaves. In non-marketable yield per plot, plants applied with liquid bio-
fertilizer at 3:00 o’clock in the afternoon had the lowest weight However, statistical
analysis indicated no significant differences among the different time of fertilizer
applications.

The application of liquid bio-fertilizer (X-Tekh) to spoon cabbage at different
time of the day did not influence the sugar content of the crop, no phytotoxicity indicated
by burning effect on the leaves or other abnormalities and helped increase the soil pH
after harvest and organic matter content of the soil also increased.
Economically, higher return on investment of 519.63% was obtained from plants
applied with liquid bio-fertilizer at 3:00 o’clock followed by those plants applied at 9:00
o’clock in the morning with 490.37% ROI, 12:00 noon with 453.00%, 6:00 o’clock in the

Growth and Yield Response of Spoon Cabbage (Brassica chinensis L.) to Time
of Liquid Bio-Fertilizer Application / Nora A. Dayao. 2008

29
morning with 440.19% ROI and the plants applied at 6;00 o’clock in the afternoon had
the lowest of 432.67% ROI.

Conclusion

Based on the results presented and discussed, it is inferred that the spoon cabbage
applied with liquid bio-fertilizer at 3:00 o’clock in the afternoon had slightly better
growth and higher yield and that it could be the best time for spraying that will promote
higher yield with higher return on investment. Early application of liquid bio-fertilizer at
6:00 o’clock in the morning and late at 6:00 in the afternoon had lower yield and return
on investment.

Recommendation

It is therefore recommended that the time of applying the liquid bio-fertilizer to
spoon cabbage should be at 3:00 o’clock in the afternoon to obtain the optimum
economic benefit. It is also recommended that this result be verified using the same
condition used in the study.

Growth and Yield Response of Spoon Cabbage (Brassica chinensis L.) to Time
of Liquid Bio-Fertilizer Application / Nora A. Dayao. 2008

LITERATURE CITED

ANONYMOUS, 2007. Retrieved July 18, 2007 from http:www.cornellcea.com/pakchoi-
Handbook/pu-reference.htm.

BALAO, R. P. 1996. Response of snap bean to rates of inorganic and foliar fertilize
application. BS Thesis. Benguet State University, La Trinidad, Benguet. Pp.3-5.

COLLINGS, G. H. 1962. Commercial Fertilizers. TMH ed. New Delhi: Tata Mc Graw
Hill Publishing Ltd. P.502.

CAT-AG, J. S. 2007. Growth and yield response of spoon cabbage to different frequency
of liquid bio-fertilizer application, BS Thesis BSU, La Trinidad, Benguet. P. 20.
KINOSHITA, K. 1972. Vegetable Production on Sub-tropics and Tropics.Tokyo, Japan:
Lippincott, Inc.Pp.146-148.

LASUNA, J. C. 2006. Growth and yield response of spoon cabbage to planting
distance. BS Thesis. Benguet State University, La Trinidad, Benguet.Pp.3-6.

LIMOAN, C. S. 2001. Performance of carrot as affected by frequency of foliar
fertilizer.[15-15-30 +micro-nutrients(MN)] application. BS Thesis Benguet State
University, La Trinidad, Benguet. P24.

MC VICKAR, M H. 1970. Using Commercial Fertilizers. Danville, Illinois; Printers and
Publishers Inc.P.207.

MC DONALD, E. 1993. The American Horticultural Society Encyclopedia of
Gardening. USA: Darling Kindersley, Inc.P.320.

PINGALO, A. V. 2007. Yield and profitability of spoon cabbage “Chirokee” applied
with four brands of foliar fertilizer. BS Thesis BSU, La Trinidad, Benguet. P.6.

POLOC, JR., R. F. 1994. Effect of foliar fertilizer on the growth and yield of lettuce
“Great Lakes”. BS Thesis. Benguet State University, La Trinidad, Benguet P. 46.

PROSEA. 1994. Plant Resource of South-East Asia No.8 Vegetable. Pp130-131.

SWIADER, J. M. 2002. Producing Vegetable Crops. Fifth ed. Interstate Publishers
Inc. United State of America

SUBIDO, P. S. 1961. The Role of Fertilizers in Crop Production Plant Industry Digest
Pp.24, 4-13.

Growth and Yield Response of Spoon Cabbage (Brassica chinensis L.) to Time
of Liquid Bio-Fertilizer Application / Nora A. Dayao. 2008

31
TAMAYO, D. B. 1975. RP’S Top Favorite Vegetable. Quezon City Forest and Farms
8:6, 145.

TESDALE, S. M. 1966. Soil Fertility and Fertilizer. 2nd ed. Collier Mc Millan
International Ed. P. 546.

THOMPSON, H. C. 1931. Vegetable Crop. New York: Mc Graw Hill Book Inc.Pp.143-
145.

TINDAL, H. D. 1983. Vegetables in the Tropics MAC MILLAN EDUCATION LTD.
Hound mills, Basingstoke, Hampshire RG21 2xs and London Companies and
Representatives throughout the World P.111.

TOCDANGAN, M. L. C. 2007. Growth and yield performance of romaine lettuce
“xanadu” applied with varying rates of liquid bio-fertilizer. BSU, La Trinidad,
Benguet. Pp. 21-25.

WAYAN, E. L. 1997. Efficacy evaluation of 14-10-12 foliar fertilizer on the growth and
yield of lettuce C.V. vanguard. BS Thesis. Benguet State University, La Trinidad
Benguet.
.

Growth and Yield Response of Spoon Cabbage (Brassica chinensis L.) to Time
of Liquid Bio-Fertilizer Application / Nora A. Dayao. 2008

APPENDICES

APPENDIX TABLE 1. Leaf length (cm)

BLOCK

TREATMENT

I
II
III
TOTAL
MEAN

6 am
26.87
26.41
23.04
76.32
25.44

27.98
26.54
24.84
79.36
26.45
9 am

27.22
27.63
23.98
78.83
26.29
12 noon

27.23
27.2
24.73
79.16
26.39
3 pm

26.77
23.09
23.85
73.71
24.57
6 pm

TOTAL
136.07
130.87
120.44
387.38
129.14

ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE

Source of
Degrees of
Sum of Means of Computed
Tabulated
Variance
Freedom
Squares
Squares
F
F

0.05
0.01
Block
2
25.34
12.67

Treatment
4
7.91
1.98
1.98ns
3.84
7.01

Error
8
8.01
1.00

TOTAL
14
41.26
15.65

ns – not significant Coefficient of Variation = 3.87

Growth and Yield Response of Spoon Cabbage (Brassica chinensis L.) to Time
of Liquid Bio-Fertilizer Application / Nora A. Dayao. 2008

33
APPENDIX TABLE 2. Number of leaves developed per plant

BLOCK

TREATMENT
I
II
II
TOTAL
MEAN

6 am
9.5
9.7
11
30.2
10.07

9 am
10.1
11.8
11.1
33
11

12 noon
9.4
11.6
10.6
31.6
10.53

3 pm
10.4
10.8
11.3
32.5
10.83

6 pm
10.2
10.8
10.1
31.1
10.37

TOTAL
49.6
54.7
54.1
158.4
52.8

ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE

Source of
Degrees of
Sum of Means of
Computed
Tabulated
Variance
Freedom
Squares
Squares
F
F

0.05
0.01
Block
2
3.11
1.55

Treatment
4
1.64
0.41
1.18ns
3.84
7.01

Error
8
2.80
0.35

TOTAL
14
7.56
2.31

ns – not significant Coefficient of Variation = 5.60

Growth and Yield Response of Spoon Cabbage (Brassica chinensis L.) to Time
of Liquid Bio-Fertilizer Application / Nora A. Dayao. 2008

34
APPENDIX TABLE 3. Weight of individual plant (g)

REPLICATION

TREATMENT I
II
III
TOTAL
MEAN

6 am
82.58
75.76
86.36
244.7
81.57

9 am
9.24
78.79
89.39
267.43
89.14

12 noon
103.41
83.33
63.64
250.38
83.46

3 pm
115.53
71.21
93.94
280.68
93.56

6 pm
93.56
62.88
84.85
241.29
80.42

TOTAL
494.32
371.97
418.18
1,284.48
428.15

ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE

Source of
Degrees of
Sum of Means of
Computed
Tabulated
Variance
Freedom
Squares
Squares
F
F

0.05
0.01
Block
2
1510.19
755.097

Treatment
4
355.35
88.84
0.84ns
3.84
7.01

Error
8
848.32
106.04

TOTAL
14
2713.86
949.977

ns – not significant Coefficient of Variation = 11.98

Growth and Yield Response of Spoon Cabbage (Brassica chinensis L.) to Time
of Liquid Bio-Fertilizer Application / Nora A. Dayao. 2008

35
APPENDIX TABLE 4. Marketable yield per plot (kg)

REPLICATION

TREATMENT I
II
III
TOTAL
MEAN

6 am
10.9
10
11.4
32.3
10.77

9 am
13.1
10.4
11.8
35.3
11.77

12 noon
13.65
11
8.4
33.05
11.02

3 pm
11.25
9.4
12.4
37.05
12.35

6 pm
12.35
8.3
11.2
31.85
10.62

TOTAL
65.25
49.1
55.2
169.55
56.53

ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE

Source of
Degrees of
Sum of Means of
Computed
Tabulated
Variance
Freedom
Squares
Squares
F
F

0.05
0.01
Block
2
26.60
13.30

Treatment
4
6.46
1.61
0.73ns
3.84
7.01

Error
8
17.66
2.21

TOTAL
14
50.72
17.12

ns – not significant Coefficient of Variation = 13.14

Growth and Yield Response of Spoon Cabbage (Brassica chinensis L.) to Time
of Liquid Bio-Fertilizer Application / Nora A. Dayao. 2008

36
APPENDIX TABLE 5. Non-marketable yield per plot (kg)

REPLICATION

TREATMENT I
II
III
TOTAL
MEAN

6 am
.20
.25
10
.55
.18

9 am
.35
.15
.15
.65
.22

12 noon
.35
.20
0
.55
.18

3 pm
0
0
.15
.15
.05

6 pm
.20
.15
.35
.7
.23

TOTAL
1.1
0.75
.75
2.6
0.86

ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE

Source of
Degrees of
Sum of Means of
Computed
Tabulated
Variance
Freedom
Squares
Squares
F
F

0.05
0.01
Block
2
0.01
0.01

Treatment
4
0.063
0.02
1.04ns
3.84
7.01

Error
8
0.12
0.02

TOTAL
14
0.20
0.05

ns – not significant Coefficient of Variation = 70.76

Growth and Yield Response of Spoon Cabbage (Brassica chinensis L.) to Time
of Liquid Bio-Fertilizer Application / Nora A. Dayao. 2008

37
APPENDIX TABLE 6. Total yield per plot (kg)

REPLICATION

TREATMENT I
II
III
TOTAL
MEAN

6 am
11.1
10.25
11.5
32.85
10.95

9 am
13.45
10.55
11.95
35.95
11.98

12 noon
14
11.4
8.4
33.8
11.27

3 pm
15.25
9.4
12.55
37.2
12.4

6 pm
12.55
8.45
11.55
32.55
10.85

TOTAL
66.35
50.05
55,95
172.35
57.45

ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE

Source of
Degrees of
Sum of Means of
Computed
Tabulated
Variance
Freedom
Squares
Squares
F
F

0.05
0.01
Block
2
27.24
13.62

Treatment
4
5.48
1.37
0.55ns
3.84
7.01

Error
8
19.77
2.47

TOTAL
14
52.48
17.46

ns – not significant Coefficient of Variation = 13.68

Growth and Yield Response of Spoon Cabbage (Brassica chinensis L.) to Time
of Liquid Bio-Fertilizer Application / Nora A. Dayao. 2008

38
APPENDIX TABLE 7. Computed yield per hectare (tons)

REPLICATION

TREATMENT I
II
III
TOTAL
MEAN

6 am
21.8
20
22.18
64.6
21.53

9 am
26.2
20.8
23.6
70.6
23.53

12 noon
27.3
22
16.8
66.1
22.03

3 pm
30.5
18.8
24.8
74.3
24.77

6 pm
24.7
16.6
2.4
63.7
21.23

TOTAL
130.5
98.2
110.4
339.3
113.09

ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE

Source of
Degrees of
Sum of Means of
Computed
Tabulated
Variance
Freedom
Squares
Squares
F
F

0.05
0.01
Block
2
106.41
53.20

Treatment
4
25.82
6.46
0.73ns
3.84
7.01

Error
8
70.64
8.83

TOTAL
14
202.87
68.49

ns – not significant Coefficient of Variation = 13.14

Growth and Yield Response of Spoon Cabbage (Brassica chinensis L.) to Time
of Liquid Bio-Fertilizer Application / Nora A. Dayao. 2008

39

Growth and Yield Response of Spoon Cabbage (Brassica chinensis L.) to Time
of Liquid Bio-Fertilizer Application / Nora A. Dayao. 2008

Document Outline

Growth and Yield Response of Spoon Cabbage(Brassica chinensis L.) to Time of Liquid Bio-Fertilizer Application
- BIBLIOGRAPHY
- ABSTRACT
- TABLE OF CONTENTS
- INTRODUCTION
  - Nature of the Study
  - Importance of the Study
  - Objectives of the Study
  - Place and time of the Study
- REVIEW OF LITERATURE
  - Description of Spoon Cabbage
  - Importance of the Crop
  - Climate and Soil Requirements
  - Foliar Fertilizer Application
  - X-Tekh Liquid Bio- fertilizer
  - Plant Growth Promoting Microorganisms
- MATERIALS AND METHODS
- RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
  - Leaf Length
  - Number of Leaves Developed per Plant
  - Weight of Individual Plant
  - Marketable Yield per Plot
  - Non-Marketable Yield per Plot
  - Total Yield per Plot
  - Computed Yield per Hectare
  - Cost and Return Analysis
  - Soil Analysis
  - Sugar Content
  - Phytotoxicity
- SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
  - Summary
  - Conclusion
  - Recommendation
- LITERATURE CITED
- APPENDICES