BIBLIOGRAPHY PACITO, LEZBILYRE W. APRIL...
BIBLIOGRAPHY
PACITO, LEZBILYRE W. APRIL 2013. Effect of Gibberellic Acid on the Growth
and Flowering of
Medinilla multiflora. Benguet State University, La Trinidad, Benguet.
Adviser: Araceli G. Ladilad, Ph. D.
ABSTRACT
The experiment was conducted at the Ornamental Horticulture Research Area, Benguet
State University, La Trinidad, Benguet from September 2012 to March 2013. This study
aimed to determine the effect of GA3on the growth and flowering of medinilla; and to
establish the best rate/s or frequency of gibberellic acid application that will promote the
best growth and that will enhance the flowering of medinilla.
The medinilla plants were applied one time per month, one time every two months
and once every three months with gibberellic acid at the concentrations of 250, 500, 750,
and 1000 ppm. Data gathered were initial height, initial number of leaves, and initial
number of laterals before transplanting to the prepared potting media.
Results showed that there were no significant differences on the effect of the
differentGA3concentrations and frequency of application on the aesthetic duration, leaf
number at flowering, plant height at flowering, and duration to flower senescence.
Statistical analysis showed that application of GA3 in different concentrations and
frequency of application did not promote any significant effects on the growth and
flowering of the experimental plants.
Effect of Gibberellic Acid on the Growth and Flowering of Medinilla multiflora |
PACITO, LEZBILYRE W. APRIL 2013
However, highly significant differences among treatments were obtained on the
number of days from visible flower bud initiation to 50% anthesis. GA3 concentration
affected the number of days of visible flower bud initiation, application of 500 ppm of GA3
promoted faster initiation of flower budswhich were observed 43.44 days after GA3
application. Statistical analysis also revealed that highly significant effects were obtained
on the durations of flower bud initiation. Plants applied once with GA3every month, had a
mean of 41 days for the flower buds to be formed from the date of treatment.
Plants treated with 1000 ppm of GA3 had the highest number of laterals at 50%
flowering. Statistical analysis revealed that it produced more laterals compared to the other
treatments.
Based on the results of the study, it is recommended that for earlier flower bud
initiation in medinilla, GA3 should be applied once every month at a concentration of 500
ppm, and to increase the number of laterals at flowering, GA3 should be applied once every
two months at a concentration of 1000 ppm.
Effect of Gibberellic Acid on the Growth and Flowering of Medinilla multiflora |
PACITO, LEZBILYRE W. APRIL 2013
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Plant Height
Effect of GA3 concentration. Table 1 presents the initial and final height of the
medinilla plants. Statistical analysis revealed that there were no significant differences
among the treatments before transplanting. After 50% anthesis of the medinilla plants,
statistical analysis showed that there were still no significant differences among the
treatments in their final heights. This indicates that application of different concentrations
of GA3 had no significant effect on the height of the medinilla plants.
Effect of frequency of application. Table 1 shows that there are no significant
differences in the plant height at 50% anthesis as affected by frequency of application of
gibberellic acid.
Table 1. Mean initial and final height of plants
TREATMENT PLANT HEIGHT (cm)
INITIAL AT50% ANTHESIS
GA3 Concentration (ppm)
250
36.222a 38.544a
500
38.556a 40.833a
750
38.889a 41.800a
1000 35.444a 38.567a
Frequency of application
1 time per month 35.000a 38.333a
1 time every two months 37.167a 39.925a
1 time every three months 39.667a 41.550a
*Means with the same letter are not significantly different at 5% level by DMRT
Effect of Gibberellic Acid on the Growth and Flowering of Medinilla multiflora |
PACITO, LEZBILYRE W. APRIL 2013
Interaction effect. There were no significant differences in the initial as well as the
height of the medinilla plants at 50% anthesis in terms of their interaction effect.
Number of Leaves
Effect of GA3 concentration. Table 2 presents the initial number of leaves at the
start of the experimentation and the number of leaves at the time where the flowers had
reached 50% anthesis. Statistical analysis revealed that there was no significant difference
in the initial until the medinilla plants reached 50% anthesis of flowering.
Effect of frequency of application. Table 2 show that there is no significant
difference in the number of leaves as affected by frequency of application of GA3.
Interaction effect. Results show that there were no significant differences on the
number of leaves at initial and at 50% anthesis of the flowers in terms of their interaction
effect.
Table 2. Mean number of leaves at flowering and before transplanting
TREATMENT NUMBER OF LEAVES
INITIAL AT 50% ANTHESIS
GA3 Concentration (ppm)
250
97.778a
153.889a
500
100.333a164.333a
750
97.667a156.633a
1000 99.556a 171.667a
Frequency of application
1 time per month 126.417a 186.167a
1 time every two months 102.750a187.167a
1 time every three months 67.333a124.667a
*Means with the same letter are not significantly different at 5% level by DMRT
Effect of Gibberellic Acid on the Growth and Flowering of Medinilla multiflora |
PACITO, LEZBILYRE W. APRIL 2013
Number of Lateral Stems at Flowering
Effect of GA3 concentration. Table 3 presents the number of laterals of the
medinilla plants. Statistical analysis revealed that there was a highly significant difference
in the initial number of laterals between concentrations given with 250 and 500 ppm against
750 and 1000 ppm. Highly significant difference was also observed in the number of
laterals during the 50% anthesis of flowering. Concentrations 250 ppm, 500 ppm, 750 ppm,
and 1000 ppm of GA3 had a number of 4.778, 5.444, 6.889 and 7.444 laterals respectively.
GA3 had promoted the growth of the laterals, and results showed that medinilla plants that
were applied with 1000 ppm of GA3 had the highest number of lateral stem at 50% anthesis
of flowering.
Effect of frequency of application. Statistical analysis revealed a highly significant
difference among the frequency of application in the number of laterals. Results showed
that medinilla plants that were applied with GA3 once every two months
Table 3. Mean number of laterals at flowering and before transplanting
TREATMENT NUMBER OF LATERALS
INITIAL AT 50% ANTHESIS
GA3 Concentration (ppm)
250
3.889b 4.778b
500
3.667b 5.444ab
750
5.556a 6.889ab
1000 5.778a 7.444a
Frequency of application
1 time per month 4.750a6.083ab
1 time every two months 5.833a7.417a
1 time every three months 3.583b4.917b
*Means with the same letter are not significantly different at 5% level by DMRT
Effect of Gibberellic Acid on the Growth and Flowering of Medinilla multiflora |
PACITO, LEZBILYRE W. APRIL 2013
had the highest number of laterals at 50% anthesis of flowering, which has a number of
7.417 laterals. Study showed that applying GA3 once every two months promotes better
growth on the lateral stems of the medinilla plants.
Interaction effect. Results show that there were no significant differences on the
number lateral stems at flowering in terms of interaction effect.
Number of Days from Transplanting
to Flower Panicle Initiation
Effect of GA3 concentration. Table 4 presents the number of days from
transplanting of medinilla plants. Statistical analysis revealed that there is no significant
difference among the treatments.
Effect of frequency of application. Table 4 showed that there is no significant
difference on the number of days from transplanting as affected by frequency of application
of GA3.
Table 4. Number of days from transplanting to flower panicle initiation
TREATMENT MEAN
(days)
GA3 Concentration (ppm)
250
49.222a
500
51.778a
750
49.889a
1000 51.222a
Frequency of application
1 time per month 47.917a
1 time every two months 52.000a
1 time every three months 51.667a
*Means with the same letter are not significantly different at 5% level by DMRT
Effect of Gibberellic Acid on the Growth and Flowering of Medinilla multiflora |
PACITO, LEZBILYRE W. APRIL 2013
Interaction effect. Results show that there were no significant differences on the
number of days from transplanting to flower panicle initiation in terms of their interaction
effect.
Aesthetic Duration
Effect of GA3 concentration. Table 5 presents the aesthetic duration of the medinilla
plants. Statistical analysis revealed that there is no significant difference among the
treatments applied with different concentrations of GA3. Indicating that using 250 ppm or
even 1000 ppm of GA3 does not prolong the aesthetic duration of the medinilla plants.
Effect of frequency of application. Results in the statistical analysis revealed that
there is no significant difference among the different frequency of application regarding on
their aesthetic duration.
Table 5. Mean aesthetic duration of medinilla flowers
TREATMENT MEAN
(days)
GA3 Concentration (ppm)
250
35.000a
500
34.111a
750
33.889a
1000 35.111a
Frequency of application
1 time per month 32.583a
1 time every two months 35.083a
1 time every three months 35.917a
*Means with the same letter are not significantly different at 5% level by DMRT
Effect of Gibberellic Acid on the Growth and Flowering of Medinilla multiflora |
PACITO, LEZBILYRE W. APRIL 2013
Interaction effect. Results show that there were no significant differences on the
aesthetic duration of the flowers from 25% anthesis to the onset of senescence in terms of
interaction effect.
Number of Days from Visible Flower
Bud Initiation to 50% Anthesis
Effect of GA3 concentration. Table 6 presents the visible flower bud formation of
the medinilla plants. Statistical analysis revealed that there is a high significant difference
among the treatments applied with different concentrations of GA3. Results show that
medinilla plants that were applied with 250 ppm and 500 ppm of GA3 are both highly
significantly different to the ones that are applied with 750 ppm and 1000 ppm of GA3.
Concentrations of 750 ppm and 1000 ppm are also highly significant to concentrations 250
ppm and 500 ppm.
Table 6. Number of days from visible flower bud initiation to 50% anthesis
TREATMENT MEAN
(days)
GA3 Concentration (ppm)
250
44.333b
500
43.444b
750
46.111a
1000 48.222a
Frequency of application
1 time per month 44.833b
1 time every two months 41.000b
1 time every three months 50.750a
*Means with the same letter are not significantly different at 5% level by DMRT
Effect of Gibberellic Acid on the Growth and Flowering of Medinilla multiflora |
PACITO, LEZBILYRE W. APRIL 2013
Study showed that medinilla plants that were given 500 ppm had the lowest number of
days, which has 43.444 days, for the flower bud to initiation at 50% anthesis which is good
because flowers had developed faster.
Effect of frequency of application. Results in the statistical analysis revealed that
there is a high significant difference among the different frequency of application.
Medinilla plants that were applied once every three months are highly significant to
frequencies given once per month and once per two months. Results also showed that
medinilla plants that were applied with GA3 once every one month had the best
performance regarding on the days of visible flower bud initiation, having 41.000 days.
Results show that time of application can affect the development of the flower buds as well
as the concentration that was used.
Days from Flower Senescence
to Full Fruit Development
Effect of GA3 concentration. Table 7 presents the flower senescence of the
medinilla plants. Statistical analysis reveals that there is no significant difference among
the treatments on the number of days from flower senescence to full fruit development of
the medinilla plants.
Effect of frequency of application. Table 7 showed no significant difference on the
number of days from flower senescence affected by frequency of application of GA3. There
was no effect in the frequency of application of GA3 in the flowering of the medinilla
plants.
Effect of Gibberellic Acid on the Growth and Flowering of Medinilla multiflora |
PACITO, LEZBILYRE W. APRIL 2013
Table 7. Number of days from flower senescence to full fruit development
TREATMENT MEAN
(days)
GA3 Concentration (ppm)
250
23.111a
500
22.333a
750
22.222a
1000 23.667a
Frequency of application
1 time per month 22.250a
1 time every two months 23.333a
1 time every three months 22.917a
*Means with the same letter are not significantly different at 5% level by DMRT
Interaction effect. Results show that there were no significant differences on the
number of days from flower senescence to full fruit development of the medinilla plants in
terms of interaction effect.
Length of Pendulous Flower
Panicle at 50% Anthesis
Effect of GA3 concentration. Table 8 presents the length of pendulous of the
medinilla plants. Statistical analysis reveals that there is no significant difference among
the treatments. This indicates that application different concentrations of GA3 had no
significant effect regarding on the length of pendulous of the medinilla plants.
Effect of frequency of application. Table 8 shows no significant difference on the
length of pendulous affected by frequency of application of GA3. There was no effect in
the frequency of application of GA3 in the length of pendulous of the medinilla plants.
Effect of Gibberellic Acid on the Growth and Flowering of Medinilla multiflora |
PACITO, LEZBILYRE W. APRIL 2013
Table 8. Length of pendulous flower panicle at 50% anthesis
TREATMENT MEAN
(cm)
GA3 Concentration (ppm)
250
12.778a
500
14.189a
750
14.133a
1000 14.756a
Frequency of application
1 time per month 13.625a
1 time every two months 13.508a
1 time every three months 14.758a
*Means with the same letter are not significantly different at 5% level by DMRT
Interaction effect. Results show that there were no significant differences on the
length of the pendulous flower panicle at 50% anthesis in terms of their interaction effect.
Effect of Gibberellic Acid on the Growth and Flowering of Medinilla multiflora |
PACITO, LEZBILYRE W. APRIL 2013
Figure 1. Transplanting of medinilla
Figure 2. Spraying of giberrellic acid one month from transplanting
Effect of Gibberellic Acid on the Growth and Flowering of Medinilla multiflora |
PACITO, LEZBILYRE W. APRIL 2013
Figure 3. Flowering of medinilla at 50% anthesis
Figure 4. Medinilla at full fruit development
Effect of Gibberellic Acid on the Growth and Flowering of Medinilla multiflora |
PACITO, LEZBILYRE W. APRIL 2013
Figure 5. Flowering of Medinilla at 25% Anthesis
Effect of Gibberellic Acid on the Growth and Flowering of Medinilla multiflora |
PACITO, LEZBILYRE W. APRIL 2013
SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS, AND RECOMMENDATIONS
Summary
The experiment was conducted at the Ornamental Horticulture Research Area,
Benguet State University, La Trinidad, Benguet from September 2012 to March 2013. The
medinilla plants were applied once in every month, once in every two months and once in
every three months with gibberellic acid at a concentrations of 250, 500, 750, and 1000
ppm.
Results showed that medinilla plants that were applied with gibberellic acid at a
concentration of 250, 500, 750, and 1000 ppm at different frequency application, applied
once every month, once every two months, and once every three months had no significant
effects in almost all of the data that were gathered and analyzed. But statistical analysis
also revealed that there was a highly significant difference on the number of days from
visible flower bud initiation to 50% anthesis and the number of laterals at 50% of flowering.
Medinilla plants that were applied with 500 ppm of GA3 concentration had the
fastest initiation of flower buds which had a mean of 43.444 days. Statistical analysis also
revealed that the effect of frequency application also had a highly significant effect on the
flower bud initiation, medinilla plants that were applied once in every month had a mean
of 41.000 days for the flower bud to initiate.
Statistical analysis revealed that medinilla plants that were given 1000 ppm of GA3
had the highest number of laterals having a mean of 7.444 laterals at 50% of flowering.
Statistical analysis also revealed that frequency of application had a highly significant
effect. Medinilla plants that were applied once in every two months had the highest number
of laterals having 7.417 at 50% of flowering. While medinilla plants that were applied once
Effect of Gibberellic Acid on the Growth and Flowering of Medinilla multiflora |
PACITO, LEZBILYRE W. APRIL 2013
in every month and once in every three months had a number of laterals of 6.083 and 4.917
respectively.
Conclusions
It is therefore concluded that using a concentration of 500 ppm GA3 and application
of once every month will hasten the flower bud to initiate which will lead to faster
production of flowers. Application of 1000 ppm GA3 at a frequency of once every two
months will enhance the number of lateral stems at flowering.
Recommendations
Based from the results of this study, application of GA3 is recommended to use for
improving the number of lateral stems at flowering at a concentration of 1000 ppm once
every two months. It is also recommended to use GA3 to shorten the number of days of
visible flower bud initiation at a rate of 500 ppm once every month.
Effect of Gibberellic Acid on the Growth and Flowering of Medinilla multiflora |
PACITO, LEZBILYRE W. APRIL 2013
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Effect of Gibberellic Acid on the Growth and Flowering of Medinilla multiflora |
PACITO, LEZBILYRE W. APRIL 2013