BIBLIOGRAPHY ALEJO, KEVIN F. APRIL 2011....
BIBLIOGRAPHY
ALEJO, KEVIN F. APRIL 2011. Growth and Yield of French Beans (Phaseolus vulgaris
spp) as Affected by Seed Size Under La Trinidad Benguet Condition. Benguet State University,
La Trinidad, Benguet
Adviser: Silvestre L. Kudan,PhD
ABSTRACT
The study was conducted at the BSU Organic Farm, in Balili La Trinidad Benguet,
from November 2010 to February 2011 to assess the growth and yield performance of French
beans from varying seed sizes and to determine which size of French beans seeds can give the
best growth and yield.
Result showed that large seed sized French beans produced the tallest seedling, , it was
respectively followed by French beans from medium sized seeds and mixed seed sizes then lastly
the French bean plants from small seeds (28.29 cm,26.70 cm, 26.66 cm and 26.66cm
respectively), longest pod size with 12.57 cm. compared to but there were no significant
difference between days from sowing to flowering and first pod setting
percentage germination, number of lateral branches produced, fresh weight of individual plant,
weight of marketable yield, non-marketable yield, total yield and yield per plant and profitability.
Therefore, larger size of French bean seeds are recommended to obtain the highest
benefit and further studies about this experiment is recommended.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
Bibliography….……………………………………………………….…...
i
Abstract…………………………………………………………………......
i
Table of Contents……………………………………………………….......
ii
INTRODUCTION……………………………………………………….....
1
REVIEW OF LITERATURE
Description of French Beans…..…………………………………….
4
Seed Development ………………………………………………..
4
Growth Stage…………………………………………….…..........
5
Food Reserve Accumulation Phase…………………………........
6
Ripening Stage.................................................................................... 6
Germination and Vigor....................................................................... 7
Chemical Changes During Seed
Development.......................................................................................
7
French Bean’s Structure......................................................................
7
Economic Importance of
French Beans....................................................................................... 10
Nutritional Importance of
French Beans.......................................................................................
10
Medicinal Importance of
French Beans.......................................................................................
11
Effect of Seed Size..............................................................................
12
Factors Affecting Seed Size................................................................
15
MATERIALS AND METHODS……………………………………..........
16
RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS
Percentage Germination…………………………………….…..........
20
Number of Days from Sowing to
Flower Bud Appearance ...…………………......................................
20
Number of Days from Sowing to
First Pod Setting……………..............................................................
21
Plant Height (cm)……...………………….........................................
21
Number of Lateral Branches
Produced…………………….............................................................. 22
Fresh Weight of Individual
Plant (g)................................................................................................
23
Length of Pods (cm)……………………………………………........
24
Weight of Marketable Yield (g)……………………………………...
24
Weight of Non-Marketable Yield (g)………………………………..
25
Total Yield…………………………………………………………...
26
Yield per plant……………………………………………………….
27
Economic analysis from the
different seed sizes planted in 5 sq. m……………………………….
27
SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
Summary…………………………………………………………….
29
Conclusion……………………………………………………..........
39
Recommendation……………………………………………………
30
LITERATURE CITED………………………………………………….......
31
APPENDICES………………………………………………………………
34
1
INTRODUCTION
French beans (Phasoelus vulgaris spp.) is one of the most important member of
the family of leguminosae. French beans are also known by a variety of names such as
flageolets and haricot beans. French beans can be harvested 12 weeks from sowing.
French beans prefer a sunny condition and sheltered site because it gives protection from
cold winds which helps at the seedling stage and later on during the pollination phase.
French beans are sub-tropical in origin and for this reason it needs a minimum soil of 16
0C.
One of the questions that farmers always ask is does seed size have a effect on
the yield and growth of plants (Mc Collum, 1975). If one sifts the seeds, the larger ones,
will he harvest better crop? Much study has been focused on this problem with
considerable confusion on the results. The influence of seed size upon germination, seed
emergence, subsequent growth and ultimate yield of agricultural crops has been studied
in a number of species of economic importance since 1893 according to Boss. Keiselbach
(1924) showed that in wheat, barley and oat seed, the number of plants per unit area, that
reach maturity was greater in plants originating in heavy seeds. Large seeds will have an
advantage over the small seeds in the stock of nutrients in the disposal off embryo until
the latter has developed a root system. Roots of large seeds have much higher penetrating
potential than small seeds. This is for utmost importance for the establishment of the
plant and its competitive survival potential with other plants. This advantage is most
evident in deeper than usual sowing and under difficult germination and emergence
condition.
Growth and Yield of French Beans (Phaseolus vulgaris spp) as Affected by Seed Size Under La
Trinidad Benguet Condition. ALEJO, KEVIN F. APRIL 2011
2
In 1973, Nobel Laureate Norman Borlaug suggested that the food legumes as a
group were “slow runners’’ in cropping systems of the developing countries. As a result
of the green revolution, cereal production, had risen rapidly in the 1960’s and the 1970’s
and many countries which were previously net importers are now self sufficient in rice
and legumes. One effect of the revolution has been the displacement of food legumes
onto more agricultural marginal environments.
However, Borlaug (1973) recognized the importance of food legumes in the
farming systems and in human and animal nutrition. He proposed an approach to raising
the production and productivity of these crops though the development of high yielding
cultivars and improved systems of management.
In addition, there is an increased recognition by farmers, scientist and policy
makers that legume crops are crucial components of Asian farming systems and that this
crop has the potential for high yield and can be profitable by farmers.
There are several technologies generated to increase yield and income from
French beans, but the work must go on to generate more information to generate
production to cope up with the rapidly increasing production, with the production of new
inputs which are claimed to increase the growth and yield of crops, it is the function of
the research to find out the truth about the claims.
The result of the study will help anyone interested in crop production to know
the facts about the sizes of seeds and its effect to the yield of the crop, in which the seed
producers and the farmers must know in order to produce high quality seeds and the
farmers be guided on the size of seeds that produce high pod yield.
Growth and Yield of French Beans (Phaseolus vulgaris spp) as Affected by Seed Size Under La
Trinidad Benguet Condition. ALEJO, KEVIN F. APRIL 2011
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This study was conducted with the following objectives
1. To determine the growth and yield of French beans grown from varying seed
sizes.
2. To determine which size of French beans seeds can give the best growth and
yield.
3. To determine the profitability of planting different seed size of French bean
This study was conducted at the BSU Organic farm in Balili, La Trinidad,
Benguet from October 2010 to January 2011.
Growth and Yield of French Beans (Phaseolus vulgaris spp) as Affected by Seed Size Under La
Trinidad Benguet Condition. ALEJO, KEVIN F. APRIL 2011
4
REVIEW OF LITERATURE
Description of French Beans
French beans prefer a sunny sheltered site because it gives sheltered from cold
wind which helps at the seedling stage and later on during pollination phase. French
beans prefer a rich soil with plenty of organic matter. French beans have deep root
system, that’s why digging must be to a spade and a half’s depth incorporating compost
or organic material the process. If possible prepare the soil a month or so in advance of
sowing the seed. The requirements of French beans are simple: watering and weeding and
possibly some feeding. French beans are subtropical in origin, and for this reason, it need
a minimum soil temperature of 16oC (60oF). French beans have a germination rate of
approximately 75% and for this reason, it should be sown thinly, one seed every 15 cm to
be thinned out to a final spacing of one seedling for every 30 cm about 3 weeks after
sowing (Anonymous, 2007).
Seed Development
Seed development starts with the production of flower primordial long before
anthesis. The flower contains tissues that will ultimately be a part of the fruit and the
seed. The pod walls or carpel of the fruit of legume and the pericarp of the cereal
cryopsis develop from the ovary, the testa from the integuments around the ovule, thus,
the seed is a mixture of embryonic and maternal tissue. The mature seed could
conceivably be influenced by developmental process occurring before anthesis (Hill,
1987).
Growth and Yield of French Beans (Phaseolus vulgaris spp) as Affected by Seed Size Under La
Trinidad Benguet Condition. ALEJO, KEVIN F. APRIL 2011
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Seed development is from fertilization to mature seed; it could be divided into 3
phases according to Hill (1987):
1. Development of seed structure – includes fertilization and rapid cell division
when all structures are formed.
2. Linear phase of seed development – seeds accumulates reserve materials that
give it economic valve.
3. The end of seed growth-physiological maturity- begins when the
accumulation of reserve materials slows down prior to stopping at physiological maturity.
Visual indicators of physiological maturity have been developed for many crops and
they are frequently based on seed color or seed characteristics. The general patterns of
growth and development are the same to all seeds of common crop species regardless of
their structure, composition size. Consequently, we can treat this seeds as a common
group to investigate the role of the individual seed in the production of yield (Hill, 1987).
Mabesa (1980) defined that seed maturation as the morphological and functional
that occur from the time of fertilization until the mature ovule (seed) are ready for
harvest. Fertilization is the stage of sexual reproduction in which a sperm fuses with the
egg resulting in the mixing of genetic information carried in the parent cells. This occurs
when both male and female gametophytes are fully mature.
After the egg is fertilized, it will undergo developmental stages as illustrated by
Hill (1987), the following stages are:
Growth Stage
This stage will not last for more than10 days immediately after pollination. The
rate of seed growth is rapid and the stage is marked by intense cell multiplication, at this
Growth and Yield of French Beans (Phaseolus vulgaris spp) as Affected by Seed Size Under La
Trinidad Benguet Condition. ALEJO, KEVIN F. APRIL 2011
6
rate moisture content of the seed remains very high at a constant of 80% - 90%. Hill
(1987) explained that the seed harvested during this state is not viable, but this stage is
important as the period when the frame work of the future seed is being laid down.
Sage and Webster (1987) reported that the major increase in pods, seed coat,
embryo, endosperm and seed weight as well as nitrogen accumulation and cotyledon
initiation occur five or more days of post anthesis in most bean cultivars, during this
stage, moisture content of the seed remains very high at a constant of 80% - 90%.
Food Reserve Accumulation Phase
This stage last for 10 – 14 days in which there is slow increase in dry weight,
reaching maximum at the end of the phase (Hill, 1987). He further added that the amount
of water in the phase change very little, but the percentage of the water falls steadily and
the seed become viable early in this phase of seed development which substance
translocated from other parts accumulate as the seed reserves (sugars, fats, starch and
proteins) reaching physiological maturity at the end of this phase. Rate of growth is
determined at the rate at which food materials are transferred from the parent plant to the
developing seed, color changes are indication of approaching maturity, which gradually
takes place during the latter half of this phase where in there is a reproduction in
germination percentage.
Ripening Stage
This last for about a week but varies depending on the drying power of air.
During this stage, the moisture falls about 40% and equilibrate (12-16% moisture
Growth and Yield of French Beans (Phaseolus vulgaris spp) as Affected by Seed Size Under La
Trinidad Benguet Condition. ALEJO, KEVIN F. APRIL 2011
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content) with the atmosphere while dry weight remains relatively constant. It is at this
phase that the seed has become what is normally termed “ripe” and ready for harvest.
Germination and Vigor
Some kinds of seeds are capable germination long before maturity (maximum
dry weight) is reached from the time that a small percentage of seeds are capable of
germination, germination percentage increases to a maximum (generally before seed
maturity). Although seeds are capable of germination long before maturity is reached,
seed vigor increases a maximum dry weight (maturity) is reached.
Chemical Changes During
Seed Development
Carbohydrates increase rapidly as endosperm develops. Sucrose and reducing
sugars decrease rapidly as starch content increases. as development proceeds, protein
nitrogen amide from of nitrogen increases slightly. Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and
ribonucleic acid (RNA) also increases rapidly during the early embryo and endosperm
growth because of increase in cell expansion. Endosperm, amino acid increases rapidly
during the first few weeks for this coincides with the period and the endosperm is RNA
content directs amino acid synthesis.
French Bean’s Structure (Purseglove, 1968)
1. Roots- the pronounced tap root grows rapidly to a depth of 1m. and there are
extensive lateral roots mainly confined to the top 6 inches of soil nodules.
2. Stems- in twining cultivars, the stem length is 2-3 m tall with determinate
growth with 11-16 or 28-30 elongated nodes, in erect cultivars stem is 20-60 cm tall
Growth and Yield of French Beans (Phaseolus vulgaris spp) as Affected by Seed Size Under La
Trinidad Benguet Condition. ALEJO, KEVIN F. APRIL 2011
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terminating in an inflorescence. Sub-erect and spreading occur, together with
intermediates between poles with developed weak runners.
3. Leaves- alternate, trifoliate, petiole is long.
4. Flower- borne on axillaries, usually shorter than leaves , pedicels are short, 5-8
mm long.
5. Pollination- it is self fertilized, fertilization takes place at any time the flower
opens.
6. Germination - germination which is epigeal is usually good and rapid, the seed
remain viable for two years, a condition known as bald head occurs in which small or no
growth takes place on the cotyledon and is caused by mechanical injury to the seed or
apical meristem
Nutritive content of French beans (Anonymous, 2004)
Nutrient
Units
Value per 100 grams of
edible portion
Proximate
Water
g
10.77
Energy
kcal
343
Energy
kj
1435
Protein
g
18.81
Ash
g
4.30
Carbohydrate, by difference
g
64.11
Fiber, total dietary
g
25.2
Iron, Fe
mg
3.40
Magnesium, Mg
mg
188
Phosphorus, P
mg
304
Potassium, K
mg
1316
Sodium, Na
mg
18
Copper, Cu
mg
0.440
Manganese, Mn
mg
1.200
Selenium, Se
mcg
12.9
Vitamin C, total ascorbic acid
mg
4.6
Thiamin
mg
0.535
Riboflavin
mg
0.221
Growth and Yield of French Beans (Phaseolus vulgaris spp) as Affected by Seed Size Under La
Trinidad Benguet Condition. ALEJO, KEVIN F. APRIL 2011
9
Nutrient
Units
Value per 100 grams
of edible portion
Niacin
mg
2.083
Pantothenic acid
mg
0.789
Vitamin B-6
mg
0.401
Folate, total
mcg
399
Folic acid
mcg
0
Folate, food
mcg
399
Folate, DFE
mcg_DFE
399
Vitamin B-12
mcg
0.00
Proximate
Vitamin A, IU
IU
Vitamin A, RAE
mcg_RAE
0
Retinol
mcg
0
Lipids
Fatty acids, total saturated
g
0.221
14:0
g
0.005
16:0
g
0.186
18:0
g
0.023
18:1 undifferentiated
g
0.135
Fatty acids, total polyunsaturated
1.207
18:2 undifferentiated
g
0.442
18:3 undifferentiated
g
0.765
Cholesterol
mg
0
Tryptophan
g
0.223
Isoleucine
g
0.831
Leucine
g
1.502
Lysine
g
1.291
Methionine
g
0.283
Cystine
g
0.205
Amino acids
Arginine
g
1.165
Histidine
g
0.524
Alanine
g
0.789
Glycine
g
0.734
Proline
g
0.798
Serine
g
1.023
Aspartic acid
g
2.276
Growth and Yield of French Beans (Phaseolus vulgaris spp) as Affected by Seed Size Under La
Trinidad Benguet Condition. ALEJO, KEVIN F. APRIL 2011
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Economic Importance of French Beans
Phaseolus vulgaris spp.are grown for their immature pods and for the dry ripe
seeds and to the lesser extent of green shelled beans. The leaves are used as a pot herb in
some parts of the tropics. In Latin America and some parts of Africa they furnish a large
part of the protein foods of the inhabitants, being grown mainly for the dried pulse , in
Europe, the U.S. and other temperate country, they are grown mainly for the green
immature pods which are eaten as a vegetable and are also canned and frozen, the whole
dried beans are also cooked with tomato sauce and are canned and are usually known as
baked beans (Purseglove, 1968).
Nutritional Importance of French Beans
French bean contains protein, fat, calcium, phosphorus, vitamins A, B, D and
starch. French beans also contain much iron, which aid blood cells production. Vitamin
French Beans - Containing protein, fat, calcium, phosphorus, vitamins A, B, D and
starch. French beans also contain much iron, which aid blood cells production. B in them
benefits the Qi (vital energy), the spleen and kidneys. French beans also stimulate sperm
production and virility. They help to alleviate swelling stomach, bad appetite, premature
ejaculation, and frequent urination. French beans are neutral in nature and can be
consumed frequently. French beans make great soups and are highly nutritious. Do not
eat French beans raw, as they contain red blood cell coagulant that causes food poisoning.
The dark liquid that is present in all French beans dishes is actually oxidized iron and
should not be discarded. French beans with tofu are an effective dish to stimulate
peristalsis and intestinal absorption. Stir French beans with beef or pork is good for the
eyesight (Anonymous, 2010).
Growth and Yield of French Beans (Phaseolus vulgaris spp) as Affected by Seed Size Under La
Trinidad Benguet Condition. ALEJO, KEVIN F. APRIL 2011
11
Medicinal Importance of French Beans
According to the website of the elements4health (2010) these are some
diseases that French beans can cure:
1. Green beans for Osteoporosis Prevention
Green beans and other green vegetables are a very good source of vitamin K,
which plays an important role in bone health and the prevention of osteoporosis. Several
studies have demonstrated that vitamin K deficiency is associated with low bone mineral
density, and an increase in bone fractures. Vitamin K supplementation and an increase in
consumption of vitamin K rich foods such as green beans have been shown to improve
bone health. In one 3-year double blind placebo controlled study, 181 healthy
postmenopausal women showed reduced bone loss of the femoral neck after vitamin K
supplementation.
2. Green beans as a Diuretic
The pods of the green bean are a medium strength diuretic, stimulating urine
flow and the flushing of toxins from the body.
3. Green beans for Eczema
Powdered beans may be dusted on areas of weeping eczema to relieve itching
and help dry the skin.
4. French bean, prescribed food for diabetic patients
Beans are high in carbohydrates and fiber. They should be eaten liberally to
keep diabetes under control. A decoction prepared from the beans is an excellent remedy
for diabetes. This decoction is prepared by boiling 60 grams of fresh kidney bean pods,
after removing their seeds, in four liters of water on a slow fire for four hours. It is then
Growth and Yield of French Beans (Phaseolus vulgaris spp) as Affected by Seed Size Under La
Trinidad Benguet Condition. ALEJO, KEVIN F. APRIL 2011
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strained through fine muslin cloth and allowed to stand for eight hours. One glass of this
decoction every two hours during the day is recommended. This treatment should be
continued for four to eight weeks along with the prescribed diet restrictions. The
decoction must made fresh every day, as it loses it medicinal value after 24 hours. The
juice extracted from French beans is also valuable in controlling diabetes. It stimulates
the production of insulin. This juice is generally used in combination with the juice of
Brussels sprouts. The patient must, however be on a controlled diet. Dr. James Anderson
of the Human Nutrition Research Center of the US Department of Agriculture insists that
the same foods that lower cholesterol and fight heart disease are also excellent for
diabetics, who are at high risk of heart disease. This puts foods like beans that are high in
soluble fiber in “highly recommended” category. Dr. Anderson quotes confirm that high
fiber foods significantly reduce blood sugar along with cholesterol.
Effect of Seed Size
The influence of seed size upon germination, field emergence, subsequent
growth and ultimate yield of agricultural has been studied in the number of species of
economic importance since 1893 (Boss). Keisselbatch (1924) showed that in wheat,
barley and oat seed, the number of plants per unit area that reached maturity was greater
in plants originating from heavy seeds than from light seeds. Waldron (1941) reported
that heavier wheat seeds have higher yields.
Large seeds will have an advantage over small seeds in stock of nutrients in the
disposal of embryo until the latter has develop a root system; roots of large seeds have
much higher penetrating potential than roots of small seeds. This is of utmost importance
of the establishment of the plant and its competitive survival potential of the plant with
Growth and Yield of French Beans (Phaseolus vulgaris spp) as Affected by Seed Size Under La
Trinidad Benguet Condition. ALEJO, KEVIN F. APRIL 2011
13
other plant. This advantage is most evident in deeper than usual sowing and under
difficult germinating and growing condition.
Large seeds are assumed to have higher probability of successful recruitment
than small seeds. This is because larger seeds give rise to larger seedlings and larger
seedlings better withstand environmental hazards like deep shade and drought. Biotic and
abiotic limitations to seedling growth and survival, and conversely availability of safe
sites for recruitment, vary along environmental gradients and between habitat types.
Thus, the value to plant species of possessing large seeds may differ between plant
communities. We analyzed the relationship between seed mass and per-seed recruitment
success (seedlings established per number of seeds produced) along an environmental
gradient from open grassland to closed-canopy forest using data collected by Uuno
Perttula in southern Finland in 1934. We found that larger seeds have greater recruitment
success relative to smaller seeds in all investigated communities. However, the
recruitment success of large seeds relative to small seeds strongly increased from
grassland and open forest to closed-canopy forest. Of the measured environmental
variables, canopy closure most strongly explained this increase. This indicates a strong
direct effect of deep shade on seedling survival in natural plant communities. Additional
explanatory power was associated with soil moisture. Litter cover, moss cover, and soil
pH did not contribute to explaining the variation in relative recruitment success of larger
seeds. Thus, the advantage of large seeds in recruitment success is pronounced in deeply
shaded forest but may be insignificant in open vegetation (Bruun, 2008).
Cordazzo (1994) stated that seed size (usually measured as mass) has long been
regarded as an important aspect of plant reproductive biology. Traditionally, seed mass
Growth and Yield of French Beans (Phaseolus vulgaris spp) as Affected by Seed Size Under La
Trinidad Benguet Condition. ALEJO, KEVIN F. APRIL 2011
14
within a plant species is considered a remarkably constant characteristic (Harper et al.,
1970; Silvertown, 1981). However, other studies have demonstrated that seed mass
within a species or even an individual plant can vary greatly (Harper et al., 1970; Schaal,
1980). Salisbury (1942) recognized that although seed mass varied between species, seed
size was correlated with habitat and tended to increase with successional maturity of the
community.
Differential seed size may have several important ecological implications.
Variation in seed mass within a species may affect seed germination (Schaal, 1980; Weis,
1982) and germination rate (Weis, 1982; Zhang and Maun, 1990). Large seeds frequently
have greater percent germination or emergence than small seeds (Weis, 1982; Hendrix,
1984). On the other hand, small seeds may germinate more quickly than large seeds and,
thus, have a competitive advantage (Howell, 1981). Seed size also affects seedling
biomass (Zimmerman and Weis, 1983): usually, the seedlings from large seeds are larger
than those from small seeds, especially in the early stages of growth (Schaal, 1980;
Saverimuttu and Westoby, 1996). The initial seedling size differences may persist until
maturity (Schaal, 1980; Weis, 1982) or become imperceptible with time (Zimmerman
and Weis, 1983) because of the differential relative growth rate among seedlings from
differently sized seeds (Lewis and Garcia, 1979; Zhang and Maun, 1990). Some studies
(Zimmerman and Weis, 1983) indicate that a higher relative growth rate of seedlings
from small seeds exists only in the early stages of development, and/or that the RGR may
be reduced in competitive conditions (Westoby et al., 1996).
Mc Collum (1975) explained that if one sifts the seeds, the larger ones, will he
harvest better crop? Much study has been focused on this problem with considerable
Growth and Yield of French Beans (Phaseolus vulgaris spp) as Affected by Seed Size Under La
Trinidad Benguet Condition. ALEJO, KEVIN F. APRIL 2011
15
confusion on the results, but it seems to resolve itself to the following: larger seeds gives
earlier and more uniform maturity, mature seeds would even mature more evenly. This
advantage makes it profitable in some cases to separate the seeds into three sizes,
planting the two larger sizes separately but discarding the small seeds which are usually
weak and improperly mature.
Factors Affecting Seed Size
By seed parents, pollen parents and their interaction.The size of legume seed
maybe the result of either the genetic or environmental condition that influences the
accumulation of seed reserves in the two (Black, 1957). Any environmental condition
that influence of accumulation of seed reserves in seeds has the potential in influencing
the seed quality and seed vigor of the following generation (Polloc and Roos, 1972).
Seeds that differ in size may also differ in composition. In an experiment performed
recently with sorghum seeds (Beyer, 1973), it was shown that the concentration of
proteins (mg/g or dry matter) was inversely proportional to the seed size, this fact is
readily explained since the smaller the seed, the greater the relative weight of the embryo.
There was no difference in germination rate between small and large seeds but there was
a significant difference in growth rate (for seventeen days after emergence) in favor of
the large seeds.
Growth and Yield of French Beans (Phaseolus vulgaris spp) as Affected by Seed Size Under La
Trinidad Benguet Condition. ALEJO, KEVIN F. APRIL 2011
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MATERIALS AND METHODS
The materials used in the study were seeds of French beans, organic fertilizers,
garden tools, identifying pegs, measuring tape, plastic drum to contain water for
irrigation and record book.
The study was conducted on a 60 sq. m. area which was divided into three
blocks, each of which was sub-divided into four plots measuring 1m x 5 m. The blocks
represent the replications while the plots represent the treatments that were laid out
following the Randomized Complete Block design (RCBD). The treatment were
represented as follows:
Treatments Seed Size Total Weight (g) Average Seed Weight (g)
T1 small 27.085 0.108
T2 medium 38.596 0.154
T3 large 50.965 0.204
T4 mixed sizes 42.345 0.169
Land Preparation
The area was cleaned from weeds, then the plots were dug 30 cm deep. Furrows
were constructed and applied with organic fertilizers (two cans of alnus leaves and weed
compost) that was mixed with the soil as base-dressed fertilizer, the plot surface were
leveled ready for planting.
Planting the Seeds
The distance of planting was measured 25 cm in row and 25 cm between rows
which were marked with stick. Two seeds of French beans ‘claudine’ were planted two
Growth and Yield of French Beans (Phaseolus vulgaris spp) as Affected by Seed Size Under La
Trinidad Benguet Condition. ALEJO, KEVIN F. APRIL 2011
17
inches deep then covered with soil. This means that in one row, there were 20 bills or 40
seeds or 80 plants per plot.
Irrigation
Immediately after planting the seeds, two cans of clean water were applied to
each plot. This was done every after three days up to the last harvest of the fresh pods.
Crop Maintenance
Weeds were uprooted as they emerge on the plot to avoid competition with the
crops especially during the vegetative stage. The plots were hilled up two weeks after the
emergence to cover growing weeds and to fix the plots so that irrigation water would not
flow to the canals between plots. During the crop was infested by insects, the eggs and
larvae were crushed by hand. Other cultural practices in growing snap beans will be done
to ensure optimum growth and yield.
Harvesting Fresh Pods
Pods were harvested as they reach green mature stage. Harvesting was done
every two to three days thereafter up to the last picking or termination of the study.
The data was gathered, tabulated, computed and means subjected to separation test
using Duncan’s Multiple Range Test (DMRT) will be the following:
A Growth
1. Percentage of germination (%). This was computed by dividing the number
of seedlings that have germinated nine days after planting 80 seedlings which is the
number of seeds to be planted per plot then multiplied by 100
Growth and Yield of French Beans (Phaseolus vulgaris spp) as Affected by Seed Size Under La
Trinidad Benguet Condition. ALEJO, KEVIN F. APRIL 2011
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2. Number of days to flowering. This was the number of days from planting to
the appearance of flower buds.
3. Number of days to harvesting. This was the number of days counted from
planting the seeds to the day that the green mature pods were harvested.
4. Plant height (cm). Ten sample plants per treatment were measured after the.
Last pod harvest then summed up and divided by ten to get the average height.
5. Number of lateral branches produced. This was obtained from ten sample
plants by uprooting and counting the branches produced after the last harvest. The total
number of branches was divided by ten sample plants to obtain the average number of
branches produced per plant.
6. Fresh weight of individual plant (g). The uprooted ten sample plants per plot
were weighed and the weight was divided by ten to get the weight per plant.
B.Yield
7. Length of pods (cm). Ten sample pods were measured every harvest and
after the last harvest the measurements were added and divided by the number of pods
measured to get the average length of pods per treatment.
8. Marketable yield (kg). This was the weight of pods without any defect from
first to the last harvest that were sold to the market.
9. Weight of non-marketable yield (kg). This was the weight of pods with
defects such as malformed, very short and insect damaged that were not sold in the
market from the first to the last harvest.
10. Total yield (kg). This was the weight of non-marketable and marketable
pods from first to the last harvest.
Growth and Yield of French Beans (Phaseolus vulgaris spp) as Affected by Seed Size Under La
Trinidad Benguet Condition. ALEJO, KEVIN F. APRIL 2011
19
11. Yield per plant (g). The total yield per plot was divided by the number of
plant per plot that produced pods.
12. Economic analysis from the different seed sizes planted in 5 sq. m.
This was obtained by subtracting the total expenses per plot from the sales of
pods per plot. The expenses consisted of the cost of seeds, labor cost from land
preparation to last harvesting, organic fertilizers and packing polyethylene bags.
Growth and Yield of French Beans (Phaseolus vulgaris spp) as Affected by Seed Size Under La
Trinidad Benguet Condition. ALEJO, KEVIN F. APRIL 2011
20
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Percentage Germination
As presented in Table 1, the large seeds had higher percentage of germination
followed by the mixed sizes, small and medium seeds with very slight differences. This
results imply that the seed sizes in French bean do not affect the percentage of
germination. However, the germination percentages recorded in this study were very low
compared to the 80% acceptable in beans. The low percentage of germination might be
due to the heavy rains immediately after planting in November 2010 and also because
the seeds were taken from hybrid parent plants.
Number of Days from Sowing to Flowering
As presented in Table 2, the number of days from sowing to flower bud
appearance did not differ significantly. These observations may suggest that the seed size
does not influence the number of days to flowering. The seeds, whether small, medium of
large-sized emerged simultaneously at 7 days from sowing and initiated flowering also at
the same time.
Table 1. Percentage germination as affected by seed size on the percentage emergence of
the French beans seedlings
SEED SIZE
MEAN
(%)
Small seeds (0.11 g)
57.92a
Medium seeds (0.15 g)
57.08a
Large seeds (0.20 g)
62.08a
Mixed sizes (0.17 g)______________________________________ 58.25a
Means with the same letter are not significantly different at 5% level by DMRT.
Growth and Yield of French Beans (Phaseolus vulgaris spp) as Affected by Seed Size Under La
Trinidad Benguet Condition. ALEJO, KEVIN F. APRIL 2011
21
Table 2. Number of days from sowing to flower bud appearance as affected by seed size
SEED SIZE
DAYS
Small seeds (0.11 g)
43
Medium seeds (0.15 g)
43
Large seeds (0.20 g)
43
Mixed sizes (0.17 g)
43
Means with the same letter are not significantly different at 5% level by DMRT.
Number of Days from Sowing to First Pod Harvesting
There were no significant differences observed among the different seed sizes
planted on the number of days to first pod harvesting (Table 3). This means that the
duration to pod harvesting is a characteristic of the frop and cannot be affected by the
sizes of seeds planted.
Plant Height
The different seed sizes of French beans planted produced significantly different
heights at the end of the last harvest (Table 4). The large seeds produced significantly
taller plants among the seed sizes planted. This was followed by the medium and the
mixed sizes which significantly surpassed the plants from the small seeds.
Large seeds according to Bruun and Brink (2008) contains more food supply
during seedling emergence and higher potential for root penetration which may explain
the significant differences on the plant height.
Growth and Yield of French Beans (Phaseolus vulgaris spp) as Affected by Seed Size Under La
Trinidad Benguet Condition. ALEJO, KEVIN F. APRIL 2011
22
Table 3. Number of days from sowing to first pod setting as affected by seed size
SEED SIZE
DAYS
Small seeds (0.11 g)
59
Medium seeds (0.15 g)
59
Large seeds (0.20 g)
59
Mixed sizes (0.17 g)
59
Means with the same letter are not significantly different at 5% level by DMRT.
Table 4. Plant height of French beans as affected by seed size
MEAN
SEED SIZE
(cm)
Small seeds (0.11 g)
24.69c
Medium seeds (0.15 g)
26.70b
Large seeds (0.20 g)
28.29a
Mixed sizes (0.17 g)
26.66b
Means with the same letter are not significantly different at 5% level by DMRT.
Number of Lateral Branches Produced Per Plant
Table 5 shows that there were no significant differences on the number of lateral
branches produced per plant among the seed sizes studied. This means that whatever is
the size of seeds when planted, the plants will produce similar number of lateral branches
during vegetative stage of French beans.
Growth and Yield of French Beans (Phaseolus vulgaris spp) as Affected by Seed Size Under La
Trinidad Benguet Condition. ALEJO, KEVIN F. APRIL 2011
23
Fresh Weight of Individual Plant (g)
Table 6 shows that there were no significant effect of seed size on the fresh
weight of the individual plant. While the plant height showed significant differences
among the seed sizes, the number of lateral branches did not differ which may have
compensated the differences in height, thus in the fresh weight of the individual plant
showed similar results.
Table 5. Number of lateral branches of French beans produced as affected by seeds size
SEED SIZE
MEAN
Small seeds (0.11 g)
5.47a
Medium seeds (0.15 g)
5.80a
Large seeds (0.20 g)
5.67a
Mixed sizes (0.17 g)
5.43a
Means with the same letter are not significantly different at 5% level by DMRT.
Table 6. Fresh weight of individual plant as affected by seed size
SEED SIZE
MEAN
(g)
Small seeds (0.11 g)
25.27a
Medium seeds (0.15 g)
25.87a
Large seeds (0.20 g)
25.97a
Mixed sizes (0.17 g)
25.70a
Means with the same letter are not significantly different at 5% level by DMRT.
Growth and Yield of French Beans (Phaseolus vulgaris spp) as Affected by Seed Size Under La
Trinidad Benguet Condition. ALEJO, KEVIN F. APRIL 2011
24
Length of Pods
Table 7 shows that French bean pods have different lengths which were
significantly affected by the different seed sizes planted. This results shows that the
length of pods was correspondingly related to the size of seeds of French beans when
they were sorted and planted separately, wherein the large seeds produced significantly
larger pods compared to ht mixed and the small seeds, but did not differ from the medium
seeds.
The observed differences in the length of pods are directly related to the sizes as
McCollum (1973) explained that larger seeds give earlier and more uniform maturity.
This advantage, the author mentioned, makes it profitable to separate the seeds into three
sizes, planting the two larger sizes separately and discarding the small seeds which are
usually weak and improperly mature.
Weight of Marketable Yield (g)
Table 8 shows the marketable yield of French beans from varying seed sizes.
Pods harvested from large seeds produced the heaviest weight but it did not differ
significantly from the other seed sizes planted. The very low yield was due to the very
low percentage of germination (Table 1) where few plants survived the heavy down pour
after planting the seeds to emergence.
Growth and Yield of French Beans (Phaseolus vulgaris spp) as Affected by Seed Size Under La
Trinidad Benguet Condition. ALEJO, KEVIN F. APRIL 2011
25
Table 7. Length of pods produced as affected by seed size
MEAN
SEED SIZE
(cm)
Small seeds (0.11 g)
12.06b
Medium seeds (0.15 g)
12.36ab
Large seeds (0.20 g)
12.57a
Mixed sizes (0.17 g)
12.10b
Means with the same letter are not significantly different at 5% level by DMRT
Table 8. Weight of marketable yield of French beans as affected by seed size
SEED SIZE
MEAN
(g)
Small seeds (0.11 g)
491.67a
Medium seeds (0.15 g)
533.33a
Large seeds (0.20 g)
548.67a
Mixed sizes (0.17 g)
547.33a
Means with the same letter are not significantly different at 5% level by DMRT.
Weight of Non-Marketable Yield
Table 9 shows the marketable yield of French beans from varying seed sizes.
Again, the large seeds have resulting plants producing slightly heavier non-marketable
pods from the other seed sizes. This result might imply that the non-marketable pods are
not affected by the size of seeds planted
Growth and Yield of French Beans (Phaseolus vulgaris spp) as Affected by Seed Size Under La
Trinidad Benguet Condition. ALEJO, KEVIN F. APRIL 2011
26
Total Yield per Plot
As presented in Table 10, large seeds of French beans produced the heaviest
total yield, while the plants from small seeds produced the lowest total yield but the
differences were not significant. As mentioned earlier, the experiment was severely
affected by the heavy rains after planting the seeds to emergence. In fact, the yield of less
than one kilo from a plot measuring five meters reflect the severity of the rainfall that
coincided during the germination period.
Table 9. Weight of non- marketable pods of French beans pods as affected by seed size
SEED SIZE
MEAN
(g)
Small seeds (0.11 g)
44.33a
Medium seeds (0.15 g)
53.67a
Large seeds (0.20 g)
60.33a
Mixed sizes (0.17 g)
37.67a
Means with the same letter are not significantly different at 5% level by DMRT.
Table 10. Total yield of French bean per plot as affected by seed size
SEED SIZE
MEAN
(g)
Small seeds (0.11 g)
536.00a
Medium seeds (0.15 g)
587.00a
Large seeds (0.20 g)
609.00a
Mixed sizes (0.17 g)
585.00a
Means with the same letter are not significantly different at 5% level by DMRT.
Growth and Yield of French Beans (Phaseolus vulgaris spp) as Affected by Seed Size Under La
Trinidad Benguet Condition. ALEJO, KEVIN F. APRIL 2011
27
Yield per Plant
The yield per plant from the large seeds obtained the highest but it did not
significantly differ from the yields of the other seed sizes (Table 11). The similar number
of lateral branches and fresh weight of individual plant might have contributed to the
slight differences in the yield per plant, although the length of pods was longer from the
large seeds.
Economic analysis from the
different seed sizes planted in 5 sq. m.
Table 12 show the profitability of planting the different seed sizes of French
beans.Statistical analysis show that there were no significant differences on the
profitability of French beans from varying seed sizes.
Table 11. Yield per plant as affected by seed size
MEAN
SEED SIZE
(g)
Small seeds (0.11 g)
12.11a
Medium seeds (0.15 g)
12.95a
Large seeds (0.20 g)
13.54a
Mixed sizes (0.17 g)
13.42a
Means with the same letter are not significantly different at 5% level by DMRT.
Growth and Yield of French Beans (Phaseolus vulgaris spp) as Affected by Seed Size Under La
Trinidad Benguet Condition. ALEJO, KEVIN F. APRIL 2011
28
Table 12. Economic analysis from the different seed sizes planted in 5 sq. m.
PARTICULARS
SEED SIZES
SMALL
MEDIUM LARGE
MIXED SIZES
Market yield (g)
1475.00
1600.00
1646.00
1642.00
Sales (peso)
150.00
160.00
170.00
Expenses
Compost
90.00
90.00
90.00
90.00
Seeds
13.00
18.53
24.46
20.33
Packaging
1.25
1.50
1.50
1.50
cellophane
Labor
Digging
50.00
50.00
50.00
50.00
Applying
45.00
45.00
45.00
45.00
compost
Planting
25.00
25.00
25.00
25.00
Maintenance
30.00
30.00
30.00
30.00
Harvesting
50.00
50.00
50.00
50.00
Total
304.25
310.03
315.96
318.30
Net Income
-155.25
-150.3
-145.96
-143.83
ROI
-50.70% -48.40% -46.19%
-46.12%
RANK
4
3
2
1
Growth and Yield of French Beans (Phaseolus vulgaris spp) as Affected by Seed Size Under La
Trinidad Benguet Condition. ALEJO, KEVIN F. APRIL 2011
29
SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
Summary
The study was conducted at the BSU Organic Farm, in Balili La Trinidad
Benguet, from November 2010 to February 2011 to assess the growth and yield
performance of French beans from varying seed sizes and to determine which size of
French beans seeds can give the best growth and yield.
The result of the study shows that French bean plants from large seeds had the
tallest, produced the longest pods, it was respectively followed by French beans from
medium sized seeds and mixed seed sizes then lastly the French bean plants from small
seeds(28.29 cm,26.70 cm, 26.66 cm and 26.66cm respectively).
The length of pods produced by French beans from large seeds (12.57 cm)
significantly differed over the shortest pods produced by the French beans grown from
mixed seed sizes and small seeds (12.10 cm and 12.06 cm respectively)
In terms of days from sowing to flowering and first pod setting, there were no
significant differences between the treatments (36 days and 56 respectively). The varying
sizes of French beans seeds didn’t show any significant difference interns of percentage
germination, number of lateral branches produced, fresh weight of individual plant,
weight of marketable yield, non-marketable yield, total yield and yield per plant, there
were also no significant difference in terms of the profitability of the varying seed sizes.
Growth and Yield of French Beans (Phaseolus vulgaris spp) as Affected by Seed Size Under La
Trinidad Benguet Condition. ALEJO, KEVIN F. APRIL 2011
30
Conclusion
Based on the results presented and discussed, large seeds of French beans have
higher potential of producing taller plants with longer pods resulting to heavier yield than
the medium and small seeds. However, the profitability did not show the real
performance due to the damage done by the heavy rains.
Recommendation
It is therefore recommended that larger seeds must be planted in the production of
French beans to obtain the highest benefit. It is strongly recommended that the study be
verified using the same condition of the experiment except the rainfall.
Growth and Yield of French Beans (Phaseolus vulgaris spp) as Affected by Seed Size Under La
Trinidad Benguet Condition. ALEJO, KEVIN F. APRIL 2011
31
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ANONYMOUS, 2010. Crop Physiology. Oxford and IBH Publishing company. New
Delhi. Bombay. Calcutta
BEYER, D., 1973., Chemocal and Physiological properties ofrain sorghum seeds of
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BOSS, A. 1893. Bull. Min. Agric exp. Stn. 3:213
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BORLAUG, N.E., 1973, Wheat in the world. Colorado West View Press.
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Am. Soc. Argon
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MC COLLUM J.P. 1975. Producing Vegetable Crops. The Interstate Printers and
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POLLOC, B. M. AND ROOS E. E. 1982., Seed and seedling vigor. In seed biology,
vol 1 pp. 314-76: Kzlowiski, T.T. (ed) Academic press. N.Y.
PURSEGLOVE, J.W., 1968, Tropical crops: Dicotyledons: Longman Group
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33
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Growth and Yield of French Beans (Phaseolus vulgaris spp) as Affected by Seed Size Under La
Trinidad Benguet Condition. ALEJO, KEVIN F. APRIL 2011
34
APPENDICES
Appendix Table 1.Percentage of emergence
REPLICATION
TREATMENT
I
II
III
TOTAL
MEAN
T1
56.25
52.50
65.00
173.75
57.92
T2
52.50
57.50
61.25
171.25
57.08
T3
68.75
57.50
60.00
186.25
62.08
T4
65.00
52.25
57.50
174.75
58.25
TOTAL
242.50
219.75
243.75
706.00
235.33
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCE OF DEGREES SUM OF
MEAN OF COMPUTED TABULAR F
VARIATION OF
FREEDOM SQUARES SQUARES F
0.05 0.01
Block
2
91.26
45.63
0.49ns
4.76 9.78
Treatment
3
44.42
14.81
Error
6
181.49
30.25
Total
11
317.17
ns- Not significant Coefficient of variation = 9.35%
Growth and Yield of French Beans (Phaseolus vulgaris spp) as Affected by Seed Size Under La
Trinidad Benguet Condition. ALEJO, KEVIN F. APRIL 2011
35
Appendix Table 2. Number of days from sowing to flower bud appearance as affected by
seed size
REPLICATIONS
TREATMENT
MEAN
I
II
III
TOTAL
T1
43.00
43.00
43.00
129.00
43.00
T2
43.00
43.00
43.00
129.00
43.00
T3
43.00
43.00
43.00
129.00
43.00
T4
43.00
43.00
43.00
129.00
43.00
TOTAL
172.00
172.00
172.00
516.00
172.00
Appendix Table 3. Number of days from sowing to first pod setting as affected by seed
size
REPLICATIONS
TREATMENT
I
II
III
TOTAL
MEAN
T1
59.00
59.00
59.00
177.00
59.00
T2
59.00
59.00
59.00
177.00
59.00
T3
59.00
59.00
59.00
177.00
59.00
T4
59.00
59.00
59.00
177.00
59.00
TOTAL
236.00
236.00
236.00
708.00
236.00
Growth and Yield of French Beans (Phaseolus vulgaris spp) as Affected by Seed Size Under La
Trinidad Benguet Condition. ALEJO, KEVIN F. APRIL 2011
36
Appendix Table 4. Plant height (cm)
REPLICATIONS
TREATMENT
I
II
III
TOTAL
MEAN
T1
24.42
24.64
25.00
74.06
24.69
T2
26.61
27.33
26.15
80.09
26.70
T3
27.80
28.93
28.13
84.86
28.29
T4
26.09
26.96
26.94
79.99
26.66
TOTAL
104.92
107.86
106.22
319.00
106.33
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCE OF DEGREES SUM OF
MEAN OF COMPUTED TABULAR F
VARIATION OF
FREEDOM SQUARES SQUARES F
0.05
0.01
Block
2
1.09
0.54
4.64**
4.76 9.78
Treatment
3
19.55
6.52
Error
6
0.96
0.16
Total
11
21.6
**- highly significant Coefficient of variation = 1.51%
Growth and Yield of French Beans (Phaseolus vulgaris spp) as Affected by Seed Size Under La
Trinidad Benguet Condition. ALEJO, KEVIN F. APRIL 2011
37
Appendix Table 5. Number of lateral branches produced
REPLICATIONS
TREATMENT
I
II
III
TOTAL
MEAN
5.40
5.80
5.20
16.40
5.47
T1
6.10
5.50
5.80
17.40
5.80
T2
5.60
5.80
5.60
17.00
5.67
T3
5.90
5.00
5.40
16.30
5.43
T4
TOTAL
23.00
22.10
22.00
67.10
22.37
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCE OF
DEGREES SUM OF
MEAN OF COMPUTED TABULAR F
VARIATION
OF
FREEDOM SQUARES SQUARES F
0.05 0.01
Block
2
0.15
0.08
0.83ns
4.76 9.78
Treatment
3
0.27
0.09
Error
6
0.65
0.11
Total
11
1.07
ns- Not significant Coefficient of variation = 5.88%
Growth and Yield of French Beans (Phaseolus vulgaris spp) as Affected by Seed Size Under La
Trinidad Benguet Condition. ALEJO, KEVIN F. APRIL 2011
38
Appendix Table 6. Fresh weight of individual plant (g)
REPLICATIONS
TREATMENT
I
II
III
TOTAL
MEAN
T1
27.60
25.80
22.40
75.80
25.27
T2
27.20
25.90
24.50
77.60
25.87
T3
27.00
26.60
24.30
77.90
25.97
T4
24.40
26.00
26.70
77.10
25.70
TOTAL
106.20
104.30
97.90
308.40
102.80
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCE OF DEGREES SUM OF
MEAN OF COMPUTED TABULAR F
VARIATION OF
FREEDOM SQUARES SQUARES F
0.05 0.01
Block
2
9.46
4.73
0.12ns
4.76 9.78
Treatment
3
0.86
0.27
Error
6
15.17
2.53
Total
11
25.49
ns- Not significant Coefficient of variation = 6.19%
Growth and Yield of French Beans (Phaseolus vulgaris spp) as Affected by Seed Size Under La
Trinidad Benguet Condition. ALEJO, KEVIN F. APRIL 2011
39
Appendix Table 7. Length of pods (cm)
REPLICATIONS
TREATMENT
I
II
III
TOTAL
MEAN
T1
12.53
11.35
12.30
36.18
12.06
T2
12.56
12.15
12.38
37.09
12.36
T3
12.89
12.26
12.57
37.72
12.57
T4
12.40
11.69
12.21
36.30
12.10
TOTAL
50.38
47.45
49.46
147.29
49.10
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCE OF
DEGREES SUM OF
MEAN OF COMPUTED TABULAR F
VARIATION
OF
FREEDOM SQUARES SQUARES F
0.05 0.01
Block
2
1.12
0.56
4.89ns
4.76 9.78
Treatment
3
0.52
0.17
Error
6
0.21
0.03
Total
11
1.85
ns- Not significant Coefficient of variation = 1.54%
Growth and Yield of French Beans (Phaseolus vulgaris spp) as Affected by Seed Size Under La
Trinidad Benguet Condition. ALEJO, KEVIN F. APRIL 2011
40
Appendix Table 8. Weight of marketable yield (g)
REPLICATIONS
TREATMENT
I
II
III
TOTAL
MEAN
T1
551.00
484.00
440.00
1475.00
491.67
T2
581.00
501.00
518.00
1600.00
533.33
T3
593.00
554.00
499.00
1646.00
548.67
T4
562.00
543.00
537.00
1642.00
547.33
TOTAL
2287.00
2082.00
1994.00
6363.00
2121.00
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCE OF DEGREES SUM OF
MEAN OF COMPUTED TABULAR F
VARIATION OF
FREEDOM SQUARES SQUARES F
0.05 0.01
Block
2
11301.2
5650.75
3.87ns
4.76 9.78
Treatment
3
6387.58
2129.19
Error
6
3301.17
550.19
Total
11
20989.9
ns- Not significant Coefficient of variation = 4.42%
Growth and Yield of French Beans (Phaseolus vulgaris spp) as Affected by Seed Size Under La
Trinidad Benguet Condition. ALEJO, KEVIN F. APRIL 2011
41
Appendix Table 9. Weight of non marketable yield (g)
TREATMENT
REPLICATIONS
TOTAL
MEAN
I
II
III
T1
36.00
46.00
51.00
133.00
44.33
T2
71.00
37.00
53.00
161.00
53.67
T3
43.00
61.00
77.00
181.00
60.33
T4
29.00
46.00
38.00
113.00
37.67
TOTAL
179.00
190.00
219.00
588.00
196.00
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCE OF
DEGREES SUM OF
MEAN OF COMPUTED TABULAR F
VARIATION
OF
FREEDOM SQUARES SQUARES F
0.05 0.01
Block
2
213.5
106.75
1.49ns
4.76 9.78
Treatment
3
901.33
300.44
Error
6
1205.17
200.86
Total
11
2320
ns- Not significant Coefficient of variation =28.92%
Growth and Yield of French Beans (Phaseolus vulgaris spp) as Affected by Seed Size Under La
Trinidad Benguet Condition. ALEJO, KEVIN F. APRIL 2011
42
Appendix Table 10. Total yield
REPLICATIONS
TREATMENT
I
II
III
TOTAL
MEAN
T1
587.00
530.00
491.00
1608.00
536.00
T2
652.00
538.00
571.00
1761.00
587.00
T3
636.00
615.00
576.00
1827.00
609.00
T4
591.00
589.00
575.00
1755.00
585.00
TOTAL
2466.00
2272.00
2213.00
6951.00
2317.00
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCE OF DEGREES
SUM OF MEAN OF COMPUTED TABULAR F
VARIATION OF
FREEDOM
SQUARES SQUARES F
0.05 0.01
Block
2
8760.50
4380.25
3.57ns
4.76 9.78
Treatment
3
8546.25
2848.75
Error
6
4789.50
798.25
Total
11
22096.25
ns- Not significant Coefficient of variation = 4.88%
Growth and Yield of French Beans (Phaseolus vulgaris spp) as Affected by Seed Size Under La
Trinidad Benguet Condition. ALEJO, KEVIN F. APRIL 2011
43
Appendix Table 11. Yield per plant
REPLICATIONS
TREATMENT
I
II
III
TOTAL
MEAN
T1
13.04
12.61
10.67
36.32
12.11
T2
15.52
11.69
11.65
38.86
12.95
T3
14.45
13.36
12.80
40.61
13.54
T4
13.74
14.02
12.50
40.26
13.42
TOTAL
56.75
51.68
47.62
156.05
52.02
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCE OF DEGREES SUM OF
MEAN OF Computed
TABULAR F
VARIATION OF
FREEDOM SQUARES SQUARES F
0.05 0.01
Block
2
10.46
5.23
1.42ns
4.76 9.78
Treatment
3
3.79
1.26
Error
6
5.33
0.89
Total
11
19.58
ns- Not significant Coefficient of variation = 7.24%
Growth and Yield of French Beans (Phaseolus vulgaris spp) as Affected by Seed Size Under La
Trinidad Benguet Condition. ALEJO, KEVIN F. APRIL 2011
ALEJO, KEVIN F. APRIL 2011. Growth and Yield of French Beans (Phaseolus vulgaris
spp) as Affected by Seed Size Under La Trinidad Benguet Condition. Benguet State University,
La Trinidad, Benguet
Adviser: Silvestre L. Kudan,PhD
ABSTRACT
The study was conducted at the BSU Organic Farm, in Balili La Trinidad Benguet,
from November 2010 to February 2011 to assess the growth and yield performance of French
beans from varying seed sizes and to determine which size of French beans seeds can give the
best growth and yield.
Result showed that large seed sized French beans produced the tallest seedling, , it was
respectively followed by French beans from medium sized seeds and mixed seed sizes then lastly
the French bean plants from small seeds (28.29 cm,26.70 cm, 26.66 cm and 26.66cm
respectively), longest pod size with 12.57 cm. compared to but there were no significant
difference between days from sowing to flowering and first pod setting
percentage germination, number of lateral branches produced, fresh weight of individual plant,
weight of marketable yield, non-marketable yield, total yield and yield per plant and profitability.
Therefore, larger size of French bean seeds are recommended to obtain the highest
benefit and further studies about this experiment is recommended.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
Bibliography….……………………………………………………….…...
i
Abstract…………………………………………………………………......
i
Table of Contents……………………………………………………….......
ii
INTRODUCTION……………………………………………………….....
1
REVIEW OF LITERATURE
Description of French Beans…..…………………………………….
4
Seed Development ………………………………………………..
4
Growth Stage…………………………………………….…..........
5
Food Reserve Accumulation Phase…………………………........
6
Ripening Stage.................................................................................... 6
Germination and Vigor....................................................................... 7
Chemical Changes During Seed
Development.......................................................................................
7
French Bean’s Structure......................................................................
7
Economic Importance of
French Beans....................................................................................... 10
Nutritional Importance of
French Beans.......................................................................................
10
Medicinal Importance of
French Beans.......................................................................................
11
Effect of Seed Size..............................................................................
12
Factors Affecting Seed Size................................................................
15
MATERIALS AND METHODS……………………………………..........
16
RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS
Percentage Germination…………………………………….…..........
20
Number of Days from Sowing to
Flower Bud Appearance ...…………………......................................
20
Number of Days from Sowing to
First Pod Setting……………..............................................................
21
Plant Height (cm)……...………………….........................................
21
Number of Lateral Branches
Produced…………………….............................................................. 22
Fresh Weight of Individual
Plant (g)................................................................................................
23
Length of Pods (cm)……………………………………………........
24
Weight of Marketable Yield (g)……………………………………...
24
Weight of Non-Marketable Yield (g)………………………………..
25
Total Yield…………………………………………………………...
26
Yield per plant……………………………………………………….
27
Economic analysis from the
different seed sizes planted in 5 sq. m……………………………….
27
SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
Summary…………………………………………………………….
29
Conclusion……………………………………………………..........
39
Recommendation……………………………………………………
30
LITERATURE CITED………………………………………………….......
31
APPENDICES………………………………………………………………
34
1
INTRODUCTION
French beans (Phasoelus vulgaris spp.) is one of the most important member of
the family of leguminosae. French beans are also known by a variety of names such as
flageolets and haricot beans. French beans can be harvested 12 weeks from sowing.
French beans prefer a sunny condition and sheltered site because it gives protection from
cold winds which helps at the seedling stage and later on during the pollination phase.
French beans are sub-tropical in origin and for this reason it needs a minimum soil of 16
0C.
One of the questions that farmers always ask is does seed size have a effect on
the yield and growth of plants (Mc Collum, 1975). If one sifts the seeds, the larger ones,
will he harvest better crop? Much study has been focused on this problem with
considerable confusion on the results. The influence of seed size upon germination, seed
emergence, subsequent growth and ultimate yield of agricultural crops has been studied
in a number of species of economic importance since 1893 according to Boss. Keiselbach
(1924) showed that in wheat, barley and oat seed, the number of plants per unit area, that
reach maturity was greater in plants originating in heavy seeds. Large seeds will have an
advantage over the small seeds in the stock of nutrients in the disposal off embryo until
the latter has developed a root system. Roots of large seeds have much higher penetrating
potential than small seeds. This is for utmost importance for the establishment of the
plant and its competitive survival potential with other plants. This advantage is most
evident in deeper than usual sowing and under difficult germination and emergence
condition.
Growth and Yield of French Beans (Phaseolus vulgaris spp) as Affected by Seed Size Under La
Trinidad Benguet Condition. ALEJO, KEVIN F. APRIL 2011
2
In 1973, Nobel Laureate Norman Borlaug suggested that the food legumes as a
group were “slow runners’’ in cropping systems of the developing countries. As a result
of the green revolution, cereal production, had risen rapidly in the 1960’s and the 1970’s
and many countries which were previously net importers are now self sufficient in rice
and legumes. One effect of the revolution has been the displacement of food legumes
onto more agricultural marginal environments.
However, Borlaug (1973) recognized the importance of food legumes in the
farming systems and in human and animal nutrition. He proposed an approach to raising
the production and productivity of these crops though the development of high yielding
cultivars and improved systems of management.
In addition, there is an increased recognition by farmers, scientist and policy
makers that legume crops are crucial components of Asian farming systems and that this
crop has the potential for high yield and can be profitable by farmers.
There are several technologies generated to increase yield and income from
French beans, but the work must go on to generate more information to generate
production to cope up with the rapidly increasing production, with the production of new
inputs which are claimed to increase the growth and yield of crops, it is the function of
the research to find out the truth about the claims.
The result of the study will help anyone interested in crop production to know
the facts about the sizes of seeds and its effect to the yield of the crop, in which the seed
producers and the farmers must know in order to produce high quality seeds and the
farmers be guided on the size of seeds that produce high pod yield.
Growth and Yield of French Beans (Phaseolus vulgaris spp) as Affected by Seed Size Under La
Trinidad Benguet Condition. ALEJO, KEVIN F. APRIL 2011
3
This study was conducted with the following objectives
1. To determine the growth and yield of French beans grown from varying seed
sizes.
2. To determine which size of French beans seeds can give the best growth and
yield.
3. To determine the profitability of planting different seed size of French bean
This study was conducted at the BSU Organic farm in Balili, La Trinidad,
Benguet from October 2010 to January 2011.
Growth and Yield of French Beans (Phaseolus vulgaris spp) as Affected by Seed Size Under La
Trinidad Benguet Condition. ALEJO, KEVIN F. APRIL 2011
4
REVIEW OF LITERATURE
Description of French Beans
French beans prefer a sunny sheltered site because it gives sheltered from cold
wind which helps at the seedling stage and later on during pollination phase. French
beans prefer a rich soil with plenty of organic matter. French beans have deep root
system, that’s why digging must be to a spade and a half’s depth incorporating compost
or organic material the process. If possible prepare the soil a month or so in advance of
sowing the seed. The requirements of French beans are simple: watering and weeding and
possibly some feeding. French beans are subtropical in origin, and for this reason, it need
a minimum soil temperature of 16oC (60oF). French beans have a germination rate of
approximately 75% and for this reason, it should be sown thinly, one seed every 15 cm to
be thinned out to a final spacing of one seedling for every 30 cm about 3 weeks after
sowing (Anonymous, 2007).
Seed Development
Seed development starts with the production of flower primordial long before
anthesis. The flower contains tissues that will ultimately be a part of the fruit and the
seed. The pod walls or carpel of the fruit of legume and the pericarp of the cereal
cryopsis develop from the ovary, the testa from the integuments around the ovule, thus,
the seed is a mixture of embryonic and maternal tissue. The mature seed could
conceivably be influenced by developmental process occurring before anthesis (Hill,
1987).
Growth and Yield of French Beans (Phaseolus vulgaris spp) as Affected by Seed Size Under La
Trinidad Benguet Condition. ALEJO, KEVIN F. APRIL 2011
5
Seed development is from fertilization to mature seed; it could be divided into 3
phases according to Hill (1987):
1. Development of seed structure – includes fertilization and rapid cell division
when all structures are formed.
2. Linear phase of seed development – seeds accumulates reserve materials that
give it economic valve.
3. The end of seed growth-physiological maturity- begins when the
accumulation of reserve materials slows down prior to stopping at physiological maturity.
Visual indicators of physiological maturity have been developed for many crops and
they are frequently based on seed color or seed characteristics. The general patterns of
growth and development are the same to all seeds of common crop species regardless of
their structure, composition size. Consequently, we can treat this seeds as a common
group to investigate the role of the individual seed in the production of yield (Hill, 1987).
Mabesa (1980) defined that seed maturation as the morphological and functional
that occur from the time of fertilization until the mature ovule (seed) are ready for
harvest. Fertilization is the stage of sexual reproduction in which a sperm fuses with the
egg resulting in the mixing of genetic information carried in the parent cells. This occurs
when both male and female gametophytes are fully mature.
After the egg is fertilized, it will undergo developmental stages as illustrated by
Hill (1987), the following stages are:
Growth Stage
This stage will not last for more than10 days immediately after pollination. The
rate of seed growth is rapid and the stage is marked by intense cell multiplication, at this
Growth and Yield of French Beans (Phaseolus vulgaris spp) as Affected by Seed Size Under La
Trinidad Benguet Condition. ALEJO, KEVIN F. APRIL 2011
6
rate moisture content of the seed remains very high at a constant of 80% - 90%. Hill
(1987) explained that the seed harvested during this state is not viable, but this stage is
important as the period when the frame work of the future seed is being laid down.
Sage and Webster (1987) reported that the major increase in pods, seed coat,
embryo, endosperm and seed weight as well as nitrogen accumulation and cotyledon
initiation occur five or more days of post anthesis in most bean cultivars, during this
stage, moisture content of the seed remains very high at a constant of 80% - 90%.
Food Reserve Accumulation Phase
This stage last for 10 – 14 days in which there is slow increase in dry weight,
reaching maximum at the end of the phase (Hill, 1987). He further added that the amount
of water in the phase change very little, but the percentage of the water falls steadily and
the seed become viable early in this phase of seed development which substance
translocated from other parts accumulate as the seed reserves (sugars, fats, starch and
proteins) reaching physiological maturity at the end of this phase. Rate of growth is
determined at the rate at which food materials are transferred from the parent plant to the
developing seed, color changes are indication of approaching maturity, which gradually
takes place during the latter half of this phase where in there is a reproduction in
germination percentage.
Ripening Stage
This last for about a week but varies depending on the drying power of air.
During this stage, the moisture falls about 40% and equilibrate (12-16% moisture
Growth and Yield of French Beans (Phaseolus vulgaris spp) as Affected by Seed Size Under La
Trinidad Benguet Condition. ALEJO, KEVIN F. APRIL 2011
7
content) with the atmosphere while dry weight remains relatively constant. It is at this
phase that the seed has become what is normally termed “ripe” and ready for harvest.
Germination and Vigor
Some kinds of seeds are capable germination long before maturity (maximum
dry weight) is reached from the time that a small percentage of seeds are capable of
germination, germination percentage increases to a maximum (generally before seed
maturity). Although seeds are capable of germination long before maturity is reached,
seed vigor increases a maximum dry weight (maturity) is reached.
Chemical Changes During
Seed Development
Carbohydrates increase rapidly as endosperm develops. Sucrose and reducing
sugars decrease rapidly as starch content increases. as development proceeds, protein
nitrogen amide from of nitrogen increases slightly. Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and
ribonucleic acid (RNA) also increases rapidly during the early embryo and endosperm
growth because of increase in cell expansion. Endosperm, amino acid increases rapidly
during the first few weeks for this coincides with the period and the endosperm is RNA
content directs amino acid synthesis.
French Bean’s Structure (Purseglove, 1968)
1. Roots- the pronounced tap root grows rapidly to a depth of 1m. and there are
extensive lateral roots mainly confined to the top 6 inches of soil nodules.
2. Stems- in twining cultivars, the stem length is 2-3 m tall with determinate
growth with 11-16 or 28-30 elongated nodes, in erect cultivars stem is 20-60 cm tall
Growth and Yield of French Beans (Phaseolus vulgaris spp) as Affected by Seed Size Under La
Trinidad Benguet Condition. ALEJO, KEVIN F. APRIL 2011
8
terminating in an inflorescence. Sub-erect and spreading occur, together with
intermediates between poles with developed weak runners.
3. Leaves- alternate, trifoliate, petiole is long.
4. Flower- borne on axillaries, usually shorter than leaves , pedicels are short, 5-8
mm long.
5. Pollination- it is self fertilized, fertilization takes place at any time the flower
opens.
6. Germination - germination which is epigeal is usually good and rapid, the seed
remain viable for two years, a condition known as bald head occurs in which small or no
growth takes place on the cotyledon and is caused by mechanical injury to the seed or
apical meristem
Nutritive content of French beans (Anonymous, 2004)
Nutrient
Units
Value per 100 grams of
edible portion
Proximate
Water
g
10.77
Energy
kcal
343
Energy
kj
1435
Protein
g
18.81
Ash
g
4.30
Carbohydrate, by difference
g
64.11
Fiber, total dietary
g
25.2
Iron, Fe
mg
3.40
Magnesium, Mg
mg
188
Phosphorus, P
mg
304
Potassium, K
mg
1316
Sodium, Na
mg
18
Copper, Cu
mg
0.440
Manganese, Mn
mg
1.200
Selenium, Se
mcg
12.9
Vitamin C, total ascorbic acid
mg
4.6
Thiamin
mg
0.535
Riboflavin
mg
0.221
Growth and Yield of French Beans (Phaseolus vulgaris spp) as Affected by Seed Size Under La
Trinidad Benguet Condition. ALEJO, KEVIN F. APRIL 2011
9
Nutrient
Units
Value per 100 grams
of edible portion
Niacin
mg
2.083
Pantothenic acid
mg
0.789
Vitamin B-6
mg
0.401
Folate, total
mcg
399
Folic acid
mcg
0
Folate, food
mcg
399
Folate, DFE
mcg_DFE
399
Vitamin B-12
mcg
0.00
Proximate
Vitamin A, IU
IU
Vitamin A, RAE
mcg_RAE
0
Retinol
mcg
0
Lipids
Fatty acids, total saturated
g
0.221
14:0
g
0.005
16:0
g
0.186
18:0
g
0.023
18:1 undifferentiated
g
0.135
Fatty acids, total polyunsaturated
1.207
18:2 undifferentiated
g
0.442
18:3 undifferentiated
g
0.765
Cholesterol
mg
0
Tryptophan
g
0.223
Isoleucine
g
0.831
Leucine
g
1.502
Lysine
g
1.291
Methionine
g
0.283
Cystine
g
0.205
Amino acids
Arginine
g
1.165
Histidine
g
0.524
Alanine
g
0.789
Glycine
g
0.734
Proline
g
0.798
Serine
g
1.023
Aspartic acid
g
2.276
Growth and Yield of French Beans (Phaseolus vulgaris spp) as Affected by Seed Size Under La
Trinidad Benguet Condition. ALEJO, KEVIN F. APRIL 2011
10
Economic Importance of French Beans
Phaseolus vulgaris spp.are grown for their immature pods and for the dry ripe
seeds and to the lesser extent of green shelled beans. The leaves are used as a pot herb in
some parts of the tropics. In Latin America and some parts of Africa they furnish a large
part of the protein foods of the inhabitants, being grown mainly for the dried pulse , in
Europe, the U.S. and other temperate country, they are grown mainly for the green
immature pods which are eaten as a vegetable and are also canned and frozen, the whole
dried beans are also cooked with tomato sauce and are canned and are usually known as
baked beans (Purseglove, 1968).
Nutritional Importance of French Beans
French bean contains protein, fat, calcium, phosphorus, vitamins A, B, D and
starch. French beans also contain much iron, which aid blood cells production. Vitamin
French Beans - Containing protein, fat, calcium, phosphorus, vitamins A, B, D and
starch. French beans also contain much iron, which aid blood cells production. B in them
benefits the Qi (vital energy), the spleen and kidneys. French beans also stimulate sperm
production and virility. They help to alleviate swelling stomach, bad appetite, premature
ejaculation, and frequent urination. French beans are neutral in nature and can be
consumed frequently. French beans make great soups and are highly nutritious. Do not
eat French beans raw, as they contain red blood cell coagulant that causes food poisoning.
The dark liquid that is present in all French beans dishes is actually oxidized iron and
should not be discarded. French beans with tofu are an effective dish to stimulate
peristalsis and intestinal absorption. Stir French beans with beef or pork is good for the
eyesight (Anonymous, 2010).
Growth and Yield of French Beans (Phaseolus vulgaris spp) as Affected by Seed Size Under La
Trinidad Benguet Condition. ALEJO, KEVIN F. APRIL 2011
11
Medicinal Importance of French Beans
According to the website of the elements4health (2010) these are some
diseases that French beans can cure:
1. Green beans for Osteoporosis Prevention
Green beans and other green vegetables are a very good source of vitamin K,
which plays an important role in bone health and the prevention of osteoporosis. Several
studies have demonstrated that vitamin K deficiency is associated with low bone mineral
density, and an increase in bone fractures. Vitamin K supplementation and an increase in
consumption of vitamin K rich foods such as green beans have been shown to improve
bone health. In one 3-year double blind placebo controlled study, 181 healthy
postmenopausal women showed reduced bone loss of the femoral neck after vitamin K
supplementation.
2. Green beans as a Diuretic
The pods of the green bean are a medium strength diuretic, stimulating urine
flow and the flushing of toxins from the body.
3. Green beans for Eczema
Powdered beans may be dusted on areas of weeping eczema to relieve itching
and help dry the skin.
4. French bean, prescribed food for diabetic patients
Beans are high in carbohydrates and fiber. They should be eaten liberally to
keep diabetes under control. A decoction prepared from the beans is an excellent remedy
for diabetes. This decoction is prepared by boiling 60 grams of fresh kidney bean pods,
after removing their seeds, in four liters of water on a slow fire for four hours. It is then
Growth and Yield of French Beans (Phaseolus vulgaris spp) as Affected by Seed Size Under La
Trinidad Benguet Condition. ALEJO, KEVIN F. APRIL 2011
12
strained through fine muslin cloth and allowed to stand for eight hours. One glass of this
decoction every two hours during the day is recommended. This treatment should be
continued for four to eight weeks along with the prescribed diet restrictions. The
decoction must made fresh every day, as it loses it medicinal value after 24 hours. The
juice extracted from French beans is also valuable in controlling diabetes. It stimulates
the production of insulin. This juice is generally used in combination with the juice of
Brussels sprouts. The patient must, however be on a controlled diet. Dr. James Anderson
of the Human Nutrition Research Center of the US Department of Agriculture insists that
the same foods that lower cholesterol and fight heart disease are also excellent for
diabetics, who are at high risk of heart disease. This puts foods like beans that are high in
soluble fiber in “highly recommended” category. Dr. Anderson quotes confirm that high
fiber foods significantly reduce blood sugar along with cholesterol.
Effect of Seed Size
The influence of seed size upon germination, field emergence, subsequent
growth and ultimate yield of agricultural has been studied in the number of species of
economic importance since 1893 (Boss). Keisselbatch (1924) showed that in wheat,
barley and oat seed, the number of plants per unit area that reached maturity was greater
in plants originating from heavy seeds than from light seeds. Waldron (1941) reported
that heavier wheat seeds have higher yields.
Large seeds will have an advantage over small seeds in stock of nutrients in the
disposal of embryo until the latter has develop a root system; roots of large seeds have
much higher penetrating potential than roots of small seeds. This is of utmost importance
of the establishment of the plant and its competitive survival potential of the plant with
Growth and Yield of French Beans (Phaseolus vulgaris spp) as Affected by Seed Size Under La
Trinidad Benguet Condition. ALEJO, KEVIN F. APRIL 2011
13
other plant. This advantage is most evident in deeper than usual sowing and under
difficult germinating and growing condition.
Large seeds are assumed to have higher probability of successful recruitment
than small seeds. This is because larger seeds give rise to larger seedlings and larger
seedlings better withstand environmental hazards like deep shade and drought. Biotic and
abiotic limitations to seedling growth and survival, and conversely availability of safe
sites for recruitment, vary along environmental gradients and between habitat types.
Thus, the value to plant species of possessing large seeds may differ between plant
communities. We analyzed the relationship between seed mass and per-seed recruitment
success (seedlings established per number of seeds produced) along an environmental
gradient from open grassland to closed-canopy forest using data collected by Uuno
Perttula in southern Finland in 1934. We found that larger seeds have greater recruitment
success relative to smaller seeds in all investigated communities. However, the
recruitment success of large seeds relative to small seeds strongly increased from
grassland and open forest to closed-canopy forest. Of the measured environmental
variables, canopy closure most strongly explained this increase. This indicates a strong
direct effect of deep shade on seedling survival in natural plant communities. Additional
explanatory power was associated with soil moisture. Litter cover, moss cover, and soil
pH did not contribute to explaining the variation in relative recruitment success of larger
seeds. Thus, the advantage of large seeds in recruitment success is pronounced in deeply
shaded forest but may be insignificant in open vegetation (Bruun, 2008).
Cordazzo (1994) stated that seed size (usually measured as mass) has long been
regarded as an important aspect of plant reproductive biology. Traditionally, seed mass
Growth and Yield of French Beans (Phaseolus vulgaris spp) as Affected by Seed Size Under La
Trinidad Benguet Condition. ALEJO, KEVIN F. APRIL 2011
14
within a plant species is considered a remarkably constant characteristic (Harper et al.,
1970; Silvertown, 1981). However, other studies have demonstrated that seed mass
within a species or even an individual plant can vary greatly (Harper et al., 1970; Schaal,
1980). Salisbury (1942) recognized that although seed mass varied between species, seed
size was correlated with habitat and tended to increase with successional maturity of the
community.
Differential seed size may have several important ecological implications.
Variation in seed mass within a species may affect seed germination (Schaal, 1980; Weis,
1982) and germination rate (Weis, 1982; Zhang and Maun, 1990). Large seeds frequently
have greater percent germination or emergence than small seeds (Weis, 1982; Hendrix,
1984). On the other hand, small seeds may germinate more quickly than large seeds and,
thus, have a competitive advantage (Howell, 1981). Seed size also affects seedling
biomass (Zimmerman and Weis, 1983): usually, the seedlings from large seeds are larger
than those from small seeds, especially in the early stages of growth (Schaal, 1980;
Saverimuttu and Westoby, 1996). The initial seedling size differences may persist until
maturity (Schaal, 1980; Weis, 1982) or become imperceptible with time (Zimmerman
and Weis, 1983) because of the differential relative growth rate among seedlings from
differently sized seeds (Lewis and Garcia, 1979; Zhang and Maun, 1990). Some studies
(Zimmerman and Weis, 1983) indicate that a higher relative growth rate of seedlings
from small seeds exists only in the early stages of development, and/or that the RGR may
be reduced in competitive conditions (Westoby et al., 1996).
Mc Collum (1975) explained that if one sifts the seeds, the larger ones, will he
harvest better crop? Much study has been focused on this problem with considerable
Growth and Yield of French Beans (Phaseolus vulgaris spp) as Affected by Seed Size Under La
Trinidad Benguet Condition. ALEJO, KEVIN F. APRIL 2011
15
confusion on the results, but it seems to resolve itself to the following: larger seeds gives
earlier and more uniform maturity, mature seeds would even mature more evenly. This
advantage makes it profitable in some cases to separate the seeds into three sizes,
planting the two larger sizes separately but discarding the small seeds which are usually
weak and improperly mature.
Factors Affecting Seed Size
By seed parents, pollen parents and their interaction.The size of legume seed
maybe the result of either the genetic or environmental condition that influences the
accumulation of seed reserves in the two (Black, 1957). Any environmental condition
that influence of accumulation of seed reserves in seeds has the potential in influencing
the seed quality and seed vigor of the following generation (Polloc and Roos, 1972).
Seeds that differ in size may also differ in composition. In an experiment performed
recently with sorghum seeds (Beyer, 1973), it was shown that the concentration of
proteins (mg/g or dry matter) was inversely proportional to the seed size, this fact is
readily explained since the smaller the seed, the greater the relative weight of the embryo.
There was no difference in germination rate between small and large seeds but there was
a significant difference in growth rate (for seventeen days after emergence) in favor of
the large seeds.
Growth and Yield of French Beans (Phaseolus vulgaris spp) as Affected by Seed Size Under La
Trinidad Benguet Condition. ALEJO, KEVIN F. APRIL 2011
16
MATERIALS AND METHODS
The materials used in the study were seeds of French beans, organic fertilizers,
garden tools, identifying pegs, measuring tape, plastic drum to contain water for
irrigation and record book.
The study was conducted on a 60 sq. m. area which was divided into three
blocks, each of which was sub-divided into four plots measuring 1m x 5 m. The blocks
represent the replications while the plots represent the treatments that were laid out
following the Randomized Complete Block design (RCBD). The treatment were
represented as follows:
Treatments Seed Size Total Weight (g) Average Seed Weight (g)
T1 small 27.085 0.108
T2 medium 38.596 0.154
T3 large 50.965 0.204
T4 mixed sizes 42.345 0.169
Land Preparation
The area was cleaned from weeds, then the plots were dug 30 cm deep. Furrows
were constructed and applied with organic fertilizers (two cans of alnus leaves and weed
compost) that was mixed with the soil as base-dressed fertilizer, the plot surface were
leveled ready for planting.
Planting the Seeds
The distance of planting was measured 25 cm in row and 25 cm between rows
which were marked with stick. Two seeds of French beans ‘claudine’ were planted two
Growth and Yield of French Beans (Phaseolus vulgaris spp) as Affected by Seed Size Under La
Trinidad Benguet Condition. ALEJO, KEVIN F. APRIL 2011
17
inches deep then covered with soil. This means that in one row, there were 20 bills or 40
seeds or 80 plants per plot.
Irrigation
Immediately after planting the seeds, two cans of clean water were applied to
each plot. This was done every after three days up to the last harvest of the fresh pods.
Crop Maintenance
Weeds were uprooted as they emerge on the plot to avoid competition with the
crops especially during the vegetative stage. The plots were hilled up two weeks after the
emergence to cover growing weeds and to fix the plots so that irrigation water would not
flow to the canals between plots. During the crop was infested by insects, the eggs and
larvae were crushed by hand. Other cultural practices in growing snap beans will be done
to ensure optimum growth and yield.
Harvesting Fresh Pods
Pods were harvested as they reach green mature stage. Harvesting was done
every two to three days thereafter up to the last picking or termination of the study.
The data was gathered, tabulated, computed and means subjected to separation test
using Duncan’s Multiple Range Test (DMRT) will be the following:
A Growth
1. Percentage of germination (%). This was computed by dividing the number
of seedlings that have germinated nine days after planting 80 seedlings which is the
number of seeds to be planted per plot then multiplied by 100
Growth and Yield of French Beans (Phaseolus vulgaris spp) as Affected by Seed Size Under La
Trinidad Benguet Condition. ALEJO, KEVIN F. APRIL 2011
18
2. Number of days to flowering. This was the number of days from planting to
the appearance of flower buds.
3. Number of days to harvesting. This was the number of days counted from
planting the seeds to the day that the green mature pods were harvested.
4. Plant height (cm). Ten sample plants per treatment were measured after the.
Last pod harvest then summed up and divided by ten to get the average height.
5. Number of lateral branches produced. This was obtained from ten sample
plants by uprooting and counting the branches produced after the last harvest. The total
number of branches was divided by ten sample plants to obtain the average number of
branches produced per plant.
6. Fresh weight of individual plant (g). The uprooted ten sample plants per plot
were weighed and the weight was divided by ten to get the weight per plant.
B.Yield
7. Length of pods (cm). Ten sample pods were measured every harvest and
after the last harvest the measurements were added and divided by the number of pods
measured to get the average length of pods per treatment.
8. Marketable yield (kg). This was the weight of pods without any defect from
first to the last harvest that were sold to the market.
9. Weight of non-marketable yield (kg). This was the weight of pods with
defects such as malformed, very short and insect damaged that were not sold in the
market from the first to the last harvest.
10. Total yield (kg). This was the weight of non-marketable and marketable
pods from first to the last harvest.
Growth and Yield of French Beans (Phaseolus vulgaris spp) as Affected by Seed Size Under La
Trinidad Benguet Condition. ALEJO, KEVIN F. APRIL 2011
19
11. Yield per plant (g). The total yield per plot was divided by the number of
plant per plot that produced pods.
12. Economic analysis from the different seed sizes planted in 5 sq. m.
This was obtained by subtracting the total expenses per plot from the sales of
pods per plot. The expenses consisted of the cost of seeds, labor cost from land
preparation to last harvesting, organic fertilizers and packing polyethylene bags.
Growth and Yield of French Beans (Phaseolus vulgaris spp) as Affected by Seed Size Under La
Trinidad Benguet Condition. ALEJO, KEVIN F. APRIL 2011
20
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Percentage Germination
As presented in Table 1, the large seeds had higher percentage of germination
followed by the mixed sizes, small and medium seeds with very slight differences. This
results imply that the seed sizes in French bean do not affect the percentage of
germination. However, the germination percentages recorded in this study were very low
compared to the 80% acceptable in beans. The low percentage of germination might be
due to the heavy rains immediately after planting in November 2010 and also because
the seeds were taken from hybrid parent plants.
Number of Days from Sowing to Flowering
As presented in Table 2, the number of days from sowing to flower bud
appearance did not differ significantly. These observations may suggest that the seed size
does not influence the number of days to flowering. The seeds, whether small, medium of
large-sized emerged simultaneously at 7 days from sowing and initiated flowering also at
the same time.
Table 1. Percentage germination as affected by seed size on the percentage emergence of
the French beans seedlings
SEED SIZE
MEAN
(%)
Small seeds (0.11 g)
57.92a
Medium seeds (0.15 g)
57.08a
Large seeds (0.20 g)
62.08a
Mixed sizes (0.17 g)______________________________________ 58.25a
Means with the same letter are not significantly different at 5% level by DMRT.
Growth and Yield of French Beans (Phaseolus vulgaris spp) as Affected by Seed Size Under La
Trinidad Benguet Condition. ALEJO, KEVIN F. APRIL 2011
21
Table 2. Number of days from sowing to flower bud appearance as affected by seed size
SEED SIZE
DAYS
Small seeds (0.11 g)
43
Medium seeds (0.15 g)
43
Large seeds (0.20 g)
43
Mixed sizes (0.17 g)
43
Means with the same letter are not significantly different at 5% level by DMRT.
Number of Days from Sowing to First Pod Harvesting
There were no significant differences observed among the different seed sizes
planted on the number of days to first pod harvesting (Table 3). This means that the
duration to pod harvesting is a characteristic of the frop and cannot be affected by the
sizes of seeds planted.
Plant Height
The different seed sizes of French beans planted produced significantly different
heights at the end of the last harvest (Table 4). The large seeds produced significantly
taller plants among the seed sizes planted. This was followed by the medium and the
mixed sizes which significantly surpassed the plants from the small seeds.
Large seeds according to Bruun and Brink (2008) contains more food supply
during seedling emergence and higher potential for root penetration which may explain
the significant differences on the plant height.
Growth and Yield of French Beans (Phaseolus vulgaris spp) as Affected by Seed Size Under La
Trinidad Benguet Condition. ALEJO, KEVIN F. APRIL 2011
22
Table 3. Number of days from sowing to first pod setting as affected by seed size
SEED SIZE
DAYS
Small seeds (0.11 g)
59
Medium seeds (0.15 g)
59
Large seeds (0.20 g)
59
Mixed sizes (0.17 g)
59
Means with the same letter are not significantly different at 5% level by DMRT.
Table 4. Plant height of French beans as affected by seed size
MEAN
SEED SIZE
(cm)
Small seeds (0.11 g)
24.69c
Medium seeds (0.15 g)
26.70b
Large seeds (0.20 g)
28.29a
Mixed sizes (0.17 g)
26.66b
Means with the same letter are not significantly different at 5% level by DMRT.
Number of Lateral Branches Produced Per Plant
Table 5 shows that there were no significant differences on the number of lateral
branches produced per plant among the seed sizes studied. This means that whatever is
the size of seeds when planted, the plants will produce similar number of lateral branches
during vegetative stage of French beans.
Growth and Yield of French Beans (Phaseolus vulgaris spp) as Affected by Seed Size Under La
Trinidad Benguet Condition. ALEJO, KEVIN F. APRIL 2011
23
Fresh Weight of Individual Plant (g)
Table 6 shows that there were no significant effect of seed size on the fresh
weight of the individual plant. While the plant height showed significant differences
among the seed sizes, the number of lateral branches did not differ which may have
compensated the differences in height, thus in the fresh weight of the individual plant
showed similar results.
Table 5. Number of lateral branches of French beans produced as affected by seeds size
SEED SIZE
MEAN
Small seeds (0.11 g)
5.47a
Medium seeds (0.15 g)
5.80a
Large seeds (0.20 g)
5.67a
Mixed sizes (0.17 g)
5.43a
Means with the same letter are not significantly different at 5% level by DMRT.
Table 6. Fresh weight of individual plant as affected by seed size
SEED SIZE
MEAN
(g)
Small seeds (0.11 g)
25.27a
Medium seeds (0.15 g)
25.87a
Large seeds (0.20 g)
25.97a
Mixed sizes (0.17 g)
25.70a
Means with the same letter are not significantly different at 5% level by DMRT.
Growth and Yield of French Beans (Phaseolus vulgaris spp) as Affected by Seed Size Under La
Trinidad Benguet Condition. ALEJO, KEVIN F. APRIL 2011
24
Length of Pods
Table 7 shows that French bean pods have different lengths which were
significantly affected by the different seed sizes planted. This results shows that the
length of pods was correspondingly related to the size of seeds of French beans when
they were sorted and planted separately, wherein the large seeds produced significantly
larger pods compared to ht mixed and the small seeds, but did not differ from the medium
seeds.
The observed differences in the length of pods are directly related to the sizes as
McCollum (1973) explained that larger seeds give earlier and more uniform maturity.
This advantage, the author mentioned, makes it profitable to separate the seeds into three
sizes, planting the two larger sizes separately and discarding the small seeds which are
usually weak and improperly mature.
Weight of Marketable Yield (g)
Table 8 shows the marketable yield of French beans from varying seed sizes.
Pods harvested from large seeds produced the heaviest weight but it did not differ
significantly from the other seed sizes planted. The very low yield was due to the very
low percentage of germination (Table 1) where few plants survived the heavy down pour
after planting the seeds to emergence.
Growth and Yield of French Beans (Phaseolus vulgaris spp) as Affected by Seed Size Under La
Trinidad Benguet Condition. ALEJO, KEVIN F. APRIL 2011
25
Table 7. Length of pods produced as affected by seed size
MEAN
SEED SIZE
(cm)
Small seeds (0.11 g)
12.06b
Medium seeds (0.15 g)
12.36ab
Large seeds (0.20 g)
12.57a
Mixed sizes (0.17 g)
12.10b
Means with the same letter are not significantly different at 5% level by DMRT
Table 8. Weight of marketable yield of French beans as affected by seed size
SEED SIZE
MEAN
(g)
Small seeds (0.11 g)
491.67a
Medium seeds (0.15 g)
533.33a
Large seeds (0.20 g)
548.67a
Mixed sizes (0.17 g)
547.33a
Means with the same letter are not significantly different at 5% level by DMRT.
Weight of Non-Marketable Yield
Table 9 shows the marketable yield of French beans from varying seed sizes.
Again, the large seeds have resulting plants producing slightly heavier non-marketable
pods from the other seed sizes. This result might imply that the non-marketable pods are
not affected by the size of seeds planted
Growth and Yield of French Beans (Phaseolus vulgaris spp) as Affected by Seed Size Under La
Trinidad Benguet Condition. ALEJO, KEVIN F. APRIL 2011
26
Total Yield per Plot
As presented in Table 10, large seeds of French beans produced the heaviest
total yield, while the plants from small seeds produced the lowest total yield but the
differences were not significant. As mentioned earlier, the experiment was severely
affected by the heavy rains after planting the seeds to emergence. In fact, the yield of less
than one kilo from a plot measuring five meters reflect the severity of the rainfall that
coincided during the germination period.
Table 9. Weight of non- marketable pods of French beans pods as affected by seed size
SEED SIZE
MEAN
(g)
Small seeds (0.11 g)
44.33a
Medium seeds (0.15 g)
53.67a
Large seeds (0.20 g)
60.33a
Mixed sizes (0.17 g)
37.67a
Means with the same letter are not significantly different at 5% level by DMRT.
Table 10. Total yield of French bean per plot as affected by seed size
SEED SIZE
MEAN
(g)
Small seeds (0.11 g)
536.00a
Medium seeds (0.15 g)
587.00a
Large seeds (0.20 g)
609.00a
Mixed sizes (0.17 g)
585.00a
Means with the same letter are not significantly different at 5% level by DMRT.
Growth and Yield of French Beans (Phaseolus vulgaris spp) as Affected by Seed Size Under La
Trinidad Benguet Condition. ALEJO, KEVIN F. APRIL 2011
27
Yield per Plant
The yield per plant from the large seeds obtained the highest but it did not
significantly differ from the yields of the other seed sizes (Table 11). The similar number
of lateral branches and fresh weight of individual plant might have contributed to the
slight differences in the yield per plant, although the length of pods was longer from the
large seeds.
Economic analysis from the
different seed sizes planted in 5 sq. m.
Table 12 show the profitability of planting the different seed sizes of French
beans.Statistical analysis show that there were no significant differences on the
profitability of French beans from varying seed sizes.
Table 11. Yield per plant as affected by seed size
MEAN
SEED SIZE
(g)
Small seeds (0.11 g)
12.11a
Medium seeds (0.15 g)
12.95a
Large seeds (0.20 g)
13.54a
Mixed sizes (0.17 g)
13.42a
Means with the same letter are not significantly different at 5% level by DMRT.
Growth and Yield of French Beans (Phaseolus vulgaris spp) as Affected by Seed Size Under La
Trinidad Benguet Condition. ALEJO, KEVIN F. APRIL 2011
28
Table 12. Economic analysis from the different seed sizes planted in 5 sq. m.
PARTICULARS
SEED SIZES
SMALL
MEDIUM LARGE
MIXED SIZES
Market yield (g)
1475.00
1600.00
1646.00
1642.00
Sales (peso)
150.00
160.00
170.00
Expenses
Compost
90.00
90.00
90.00
90.00
Seeds
13.00
18.53
24.46
20.33
Packaging
1.25
1.50
1.50
1.50
cellophane
Labor
Digging
50.00
50.00
50.00
50.00
Applying
45.00
45.00
45.00
45.00
compost
Planting
25.00
25.00
25.00
25.00
Maintenance
30.00
30.00
30.00
30.00
Harvesting
50.00
50.00
50.00
50.00
Total
304.25
310.03
315.96
318.30
Net Income
-155.25
-150.3
-145.96
-143.83
ROI
-50.70% -48.40% -46.19%
-46.12%
RANK
4
3
2
1
Growth and Yield of French Beans (Phaseolus vulgaris spp) as Affected by Seed Size Under La
Trinidad Benguet Condition. ALEJO, KEVIN F. APRIL 2011
29
SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
Summary
The study was conducted at the BSU Organic Farm, in Balili La Trinidad
Benguet, from November 2010 to February 2011 to assess the growth and yield
performance of French beans from varying seed sizes and to determine which size of
French beans seeds can give the best growth and yield.
The result of the study shows that French bean plants from large seeds had the
tallest, produced the longest pods, it was respectively followed by French beans from
medium sized seeds and mixed seed sizes then lastly the French bean plants from small
seeds(28.29 cm,26.70 cm, 26.66 cm and 26.66cm respectively).
The length of pods produced by French beans from large seeds (12.57 cm)
significantly differed over the shortest pods produced by the French beans grown from
mixed seed sizes and small seeds (12.10 cm and 12.06 cm respectively)
In terms of days from sowing to flowering and first pod setting, there were no
significant differences between the treatments (36 days and 56 respectively). The varying
sizes of French beans seeds didn’t show any significant difference interns of percentage
germination, number of lateral branches produced, fresh weight of individual plant,
weight of marketable yield, non-marketable yield, total yield and yield per plant, there
were also no significant difference in terms of the profitability of the varying seed sizes.
Growth and Yield of French Beans (Phaseolus vulgaris spp) as Affected by Seed Size Under La
Trinidad Benguet Condition. ALEJO, KEVIN F. APRIL 2011
30
Conclusion
Based on the results presented and discussed, large seeds of French beans have
higher potential of producing taller plants with longer pods resulting to heavier yield than
the medium and small seeds. However, the profitability did not show the real
performance due to the damage done by the heavy rains.
Recommendation
It is therefore recommended that larger seeds must be planted in the production of
French beans to obtain the highest benefit. It is strongly recommended that the study be
verified using the same condition of the experiment except the rainfall.
Growth and Yield of French Beans (Phaseolus vulgaris spp) as Affected by Seed Size Under La
Trinidad Benguet Condition. ALEJO, KEVIN F. APRIL 2011
31
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Growth and Yield of French Beans (Phaseolus vulgaris spp) as Affected by Seed Size Under La
Trinidad Benguet Condition. ALEJO, KEVIN F. APRIL 2011
34
APPENDICES
Appendix Table 1.Percentage of emergence
REPLICATION
TREATMENT
I
II
III
TOTAL
MEAN
T1
56.25
52.50
65.00
173.75
57.92
T2
52.50
57.50
61.25
171.25
57.08
T3
68.75
57.50
60.00
186.25
62.08
T4
65.00
52.25
57.50
174.75
58.25
TOTAL
242.50
219.75
243.75
706.00
235.33
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCE OF DEGREES SUM OF
MEAN OF COMPUTED TABULAR F
VARIATION OF
FREEDOM SQUARES SQUARES F
0.05 0.01
Block
2
91.26
45.63
0.49ns
4.76 9.78
Treatment
3
44.42
14.81
Error
6
181.49
30.25
Total
11
317.17
ns- Not significant Coefficient of variation = 9.35%
Growth and Yield of French Beans (Phaseolus vulgaris spp) as Affected by Seed Size Under La
Trinidad Benguet Condition. ALEJO, KEVIN F. APRIL 2011
35
Appendix Table 2. Number of days from sowing to flower bud appearance as affected by
seed size
REPLICATIONS
TREATMENT
MEAN
I
II
III
TOTAL
T1
43.00
43.00
43.00
129.00
43.00
T2
43.00
43.00
43.00
129.00
43.00
T3
43.00
43.00
43.00
129.00
43.00
T4
43.00
43.00
43.00
129.00
43.00
TOTAL
172.00
172.00
172.00
516.00
172.00
Appendix Table 3. Number of days from sowing to first pod setting as affected by seed
size
REPLICATIONS
TREATMENT
I
II
III
TOTAL
MEAN
T1
59.00
59.00
59.00
177.00
59.00
T2
59.00
59.00
59.00
177.00
59.00
T3
59.00
59.00
59.00
177.00
59.00
T4
59.00
59.00
59.00
177.00
59.00
TOTAL
236.00
236.00
236.00
708.00
236.00
Growth and Yield of French Beans (Phaseolus vulgaris spp) as Affected by Seed Size Under La
Trinidad Benguet Condition. ALEJO, KEVIN F. APRIL 2011
36
Appendix Table 4. Plant height (cm)
REPLICATIONS
TREATMENT
I
II
III
TOTAL
MEAN
T1
24.42
24.64
25.00
74.06
24.69
T2
26.61
27.33
26.15
80.09
26.70
T3
27.80
28.93
28.13
84.86
28.29
T4
26.09
26.96
26.94
79.99
26.66
TOTAL
104.92
107.86
106.22
319.00
106.33
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCE OF DEGREES SUM OF
MEAN OF COMPUTED TABULAR F
VARIATION OF
FREEDOM SQUARES SQUARES F
0.05
0.01
Block
2
1.09
0.54
4.64**
4.76 9.78
Treatment
3
19.55
6.52
Error
6
0.96
0.16
Total
11
21.6
**- highly significant Coefficient of variation = 1.51%
Growth and Yield of French Beans (Phaseolus vulgaris spp) as Affected by Seed Size Under La
Trinidad Benguet Condition. ALEJO, KEVIN F. APRIL 2011
37
Appendix Table 5. Number of lateral branches produced
REPLICATIONS
TREATMENT
I
II
III
TOTAL
MEAN
5.40
5.80
5.20
16.40
5.47
T1
6.10
5.50
5.80
17.40
5.80
T2
5.60
5.80
5.60
17.00
5.67
T3
5.90
5.00
5.40
16.30
5.43
T4
TOTAL
23.00
22.10
22.00
67.10
22.37
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCE OF
DEGREES SUM OF
MEAN OF COMPUTED TABULAR F
VARIATION
OF
FREEDOM SQUARES SQUARES F
0.05 0.01
Block
2
0.15
0.08
0.83ns
4.76 9.78
Treatment
3
0.27
0.09
Error
6
0.65
0.11
Total
11
1.07
ns- Not significant Coefficient of variation = 5.88%
Growth and Yield of French Beans (Phaseolus vulgaris spp) as Affected by Seed Size Under La
Trinidad Benguet Condition. ALEJO, KEVIN F. APRIL 2011
38
Appendix Table 6. Fresh weight of individual plant (g)
REPLICATIONS
TREATMENT
I
II
III
TOTAL
MEAN
T1
27.60
25.80
22.40
75.80
25.27
T2
27.20
25.90
24.50
77.60
25.87
T3
27.00
26.60
24.30
77.90
25.97
T4
24.40
26.00
26.70
77.10
25.70
TOTAL
106.20
104.30
97.90
308.40
102.80
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCE OF DEGREES SUM OF
MEAN OF COMPUTED TABULAR F
VARIATION OF
FREEDOM SQUARES SQUARES F
0.05 0.01
Block
2
9.46
4.73
0.12ns
4.76 9.78
Treatment
3
0.86
0.27
Error
6
15.17
2.53
Total
11
25.49
ns- Not significant Coefficient of variation = 6.19%
Growth and Yield of French Beans (Phaseolus vulgaris spp) as Affected by Seed Size Under La
Trinidad Benguet Condition. ALEJO, KEVIN F. APRIL 2011
39
Appendix Table 7. Length of pods (cm)
REPLICATIONS
TREATMENT
I
II
III
TOTAL
MEAN
T1
12.53
11.35
12.30
36.18
12.06
T2
12.56
12.15
12.38
37.09
12.36
T3
12.89
12.26
12.57
37.72
12.57
T4
12.40
11.69
12.21
36.30
12.10
TOTAL
50.38
47.45
49.46
147.29
49.10
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCE OF
DEGREES SUM OF
MEAN OF COMPUTED TABULAR F
VARIATION
OF
FREEDOM SQUARES SQUARES F
0.05 0.01
Block
2
1.12
0.56
4.89ns
4.76 9.78
Treatment
3
0.52
0.17
Error
6
0.21
0.03
Total
11
1.85
ns- Not significant Coefficient of variation = 1.54%
Growth and Yield of French Beans (Phaseolus vulgaris spp) as Affected by Seed Size Under La
Trinidad Benguet Condition. ALEJO, KEVIN F. APRIL 2011
40
Appendix Table 8. Weight of marketable yield (g)
REPLICATIONS
TREATMENT
I
II
III
TOTAL
MEAN
T1
551.00
484.00
440.00
1475.00
491.67
T2
581.00
501.00
518.00
1600.00
533.33
T3
593.00
554.00
499.00
1646.00
548.67
T4
562.00
543.00
537.00
1642.00
547.33
TOTAL
2287.00
2082.00
1994.00
6363.00
2121.00
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCE OF DEGREES SUM OF
MEAN OF COMPUTED TABULAR F
VARIATION OF
FREEDOM SQUARES SQUARES F
0.05 0.01
Block
2
11301.2
5650.75
3.87ns
4.76 9.78
Treatment
3
6387.58
2129.19
Error
6
3301.17
550.19
Total
11
20989.9
ns- Not significant Coefficient of variation = 4.42%
Growth and Yield of French Beans (Phaseolus vulgaris spp) as Affected by Seed Size Under La
Trinidad Benguet Condition. ALEJO, KEVIN F. APRIL 2011
41
Appendix Table 9. Weight of non marketable yield (g)
TREATMENT
REPLICATIONS
TOTAL
MEAN
I
II
III
T1
36.00
46.00
51.00
133.00
44.33
T2
71.00
37.00
53.00
161.00
53.67
T3
43.00
61.00
77.00
181.00
60.33
T4
29.00
46.00
38.00
113.00
37.67
TOTAL
179.00
190.00
219.00
588.00
196.00
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCE OF
DEGREES SUM OF
MEAN OF COMPUTED TABULAR F
VARIATION
OF
FREEDOM SQUARES SQUARES F
0.05 0.01
Block
2
213.5
106.75
1.49ns
4.76 9.78
Treatment
3
901.33
300.44
Error
6
1205.17
200.86
Total
11
2320
ns- Not significant Coefficient of variation =28.92%
Growth and Yield of French Beans (Phaseolus vulgaris spp) as Affected by Seed Size Under La
Trinidad Benguet Condition. ALEJO, KEVIN F. APRIL 2011
42
Appendix Table 10. Total yield
REPLICATIONS
TREATMENT
I
II
III
TOTAL
MEAN
T1
587.00
530.00
491.00
1608.00
536.00
T2
652.00
538.00
571.00
1761.00
587.00
T3
636.00
615.00
576.00
1827.00
609.00
T4
591.00
589.00
575.00
1755.00
585.00
TOTAL
2466.00
2272.00
2213.00
6951.00
2317.00
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCE OF DEGREES
SUM OF MEAN OF COMPUTED TABULAR F
VARIATION OF
FREEDOM
SQUARES SQUARES F
0.05 0.01
Block
2
8760.50
4380.25
3.57ns
4.76 9.78
Treatment
3
8546.25
2848.75
Error
6
4789.50
798.25
Total
11
22096.25
ns- Not significant Coefficient of variation = 4.88%
Growth and Yield of French Beans (Phaseolus vulgaris spp) as Affected by Seed Size Under La
Trinidad Benguet Condition. ALEJO, KEVIN F. APRIL 2011
43
Appendix Table 11. Yield per plant
REPLICATIONS
TREATMENT
I
II
III
TOTAL
MEAN
T1
13.04
12.61
10.67
36.32
12.11
T2
15.52
11.69
11.65
38.86
12.95
T3
14.45
13.36
12.80
40.61
13.54
T4
13.74
14.02
12.50
40.26
13.42
TOTAL
56.75
51.68
47.62
156.05
52.02
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCE OF DEGREES SUM OF
MEAN OF Computed
TABULAR F
VARIATION OF
FREEDOM SQUARES SQUARES F
0.05 0.01
Block
2
10.46
5.23
1.42ns
4.76 9.78
Treatment
3
3.79
1.26
Error
6
5.33
0.89
Total
11
19.58
ns- Not significant Coefficient of variation = 7.24%
Growth and Yield of French Beans (Phaseolus vulgaris spp) as Affected by Seed Size Under La
Trinidad Benguet Condition. ALEJO, KEVIN F. APRIL 2011
Document Outline
- Growth and Yield of French Beans (Phaseolus vulgarisspp) as Affected by Seed Size Under La Trinidad Benguet Condition
- BIBLIOGRAPHY
- TABLE OF CONTENTS
- INTRODUCTION
- REVIEW OF LITERATURE
- MATERIALS AND METHODS
- RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
- SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
- LITERATURE CITED