BIBLIOGRAPHY BUGTONG, ARON W. OCTOBER 2008....

BIBLIOGRAPHY
BUGTONG, ARON W. OCTOBER 2008. Effect of Different Methods of Sowing
Seeds on the Growth and Yield of Cabbage. Benguet State University, La Trinidad,
Benguet.
Adviser: Franklin G. Bawang, MSc
ABSTRACT
The study was conducted to determine the effect and to determine the best
methods of sowing and to evaluate also the yield of cabbage using different methods of
seed sowing.
It was consistently observed on the different methods of sowing seeds that used
plastic cups (treatment 3), seed box sowing (treatment 4), and polyethylene plastic bags
sowing (treatment 6) had the heaviest average weight of heads from 0.84 to 0.95 kg and
having also the highest marketable heads from (25.33 to 28.67 kg/plot), yield per plot
(26.42 to 29.17 kg/plot) and computed marketable yield per hectare from (52.83 to 58.33
tons/hectare. This was followed by direct seeding of 26.33 kg/plot (treatment 1), open
field sowing of 26.08 (treatment 5), and seedling tray sowing had the least yield of 24.33
kg/plot.
The direct seeding (treatment 1) were harvested 89 days from planting
followed by the used plastic cups (treatment 3), seed box sowing (treatment 4) open field
sowing (treatment 5), and sowing in polyethylene plastic bags. Lastly, nursery bed
sowing (treatment 2) was the last to reach the harvesting stage of 98 days from planting.

However, all the treatments showed very firm heads except for treatment 2
which was son in the nursery bed with firm heads. Among the 7 treatments, sowing in
polyethylene plastic bags (treatment 6), direct seeding (treatment 1), used plastic cups
(treatment 3) were identified to have the higher yield potentials (ROI) of 49.08%, 43.05%
and 41.56% respectively.

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

Page

Bibliography...………………………………………………………….. i
Abstract…………………………………………………………………. i
Table of Content………………………………………………………... iii
INTRODUCTION……………………………………………………… 1
REVIEW OF LITERATURE
The Cabbage Plant………………………………………………... 3
Nutritional Value…………………………………………………. 4
Soil and Climatic Requirements………………………………….. 5
Advantages and Disadvantages of Transplanting………………… 6
The Seed bed……………………………………………………… 7
Sowing……………………………………………………………. 7
MATERIALS AND METHODS
RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS
Days to Head Formation………………………………………….. 12
Percentage Heading………………………………………………. 13
Days to Harvest…………………………………………………… 14
Head Firmness……………………………………………………. 15
Equatorial Circumference………………………………………… 16
Average Weight of Heads………………………………………. 17
Weight of Marketable……………………………………………... 18
Weight Non-marketable…………………………………………… 19
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Total Yield………………………………………………………… 20
Computed Marketable Heads…………………………………….. 21
Return on Investment…………………………………………….. 22
SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
Summary…………………………………………………………. 24
Conclusion………………………………………………………... 25
Recommendation………………………………………………….. 25
LITERATURE CITED…………………………………………………… 26
APPENDICES……………………………………………………………. 28

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1
INTRODUCTION

Cabbage (Brassica oleracea var. capitata L.) is one of the important leafy
vegetable produced and eaten in all parts of the world. It is a crop commercially grown in
highland areas of the country particularly in Benguet and Mountin Province and is one of
the main sources of income of the people. In fact, it is one of the two leading vegetables
crop being grown in the Cordillera Region. However, some farmer’s cannot make the
most profit in the production of the crop due to the lack of knowledge in proper methods
of sowing seeds that must be used. During the 1970’s, Tamayo (1935) reported that
46.5M worth of cabbage was marketed every year making it number one among the ten
listed major leafy vegetable in the Philippines. However, the planting materials are 100%
imported due to lack of chilling temperature in the country that promotes flowering of
cabbage.

As described by Lloyd (1935), cabbage seedling production is not one of the
easiest activities because all garden soils appear to have been infected with club root and
other diseases. There are some farmers with newly opened operated areas but complained
of cabbage plants infected with club root which might have been transferred through
infected seedling and tools. Damping-off appears to be common in garden soil before
sowing the seed but they require additional cost and time. Cabbage production starts from
seeding established in seed bed which is a common practice of farmers. Vegetable
production according to Work (1995), moisture control is the grower’s most effective
means of managing the growth of his plants, and is important for growth of damping-off.
In general, it is better to water the in the morning so that the plant and the soil surface can
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dry off before night. If the weather is cool and cloudy, water lightly: if warm and bright,
more water will be needed.

Proper seed bed preparation is important for the successful field sowing
(Hartman, 1968), the requirements of a good seed bed are (a) initial supply of sufficient
moisture to carry the seed bed through germination and early seedling period, (b) good
physical condition that allows moisture to be supplied continuously to seed, (c) good
aeration.

This study was conducted to determine the effect of different methods of
sowing seeds on the growth and yield of cabbage; to determine the best methods to be
used in growing cabbage seedlings and evaluate the yield of cabbage using different
methods of seed sowing.

This study was conducted at Benguet State University Experimental Station,
Balili, La Trinidad, Benguet on October 2007 to January 2008

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REVIEW OF LITERATURE

The Cabbage Plant

The cabbage plant locally known as daun Kobis, belongs to the cruciferea or
mustard family, and known by the botanical name Brassica oleracea var. capitata L. it is
a biennial crop with a short thickened stem rounded by a series of developing expanded
leaves in whorls which from compact head (Tindall, 1983)

Cabbage is a shallow rooted crop. Its root reaches 30cm only above the soil layer.
The crop has a very limited area for water and nutrients absorption, thus, water should be
applied often enough in order to replace the water expenditures of the plant. Cabbage
plant supplied abundantly with water has more rapid and succulent growth than those
crop less supplied. Rapid growth in many varieties of cabbage plants means earlier
marketable condition and large head size. Cabbage heads of good quality are therefore
dependent and a considerable extend upon the moisture supply avail to the plant (Bautista
1983).

Cabbage is a cool season crop that generally thrives best at a temperature of 50 to
700 F (Thompson and Kelly, 1975) According to watts (1972), the solidity and thickness,
crispiness and taste of cabbage are greatly affected by climate. As cited by cape (1980) he
reported that in places where altitude is 700 to 2,00m above sea level, cabbage be grown
any time of the year. He further added that at low elevation cabbage grows best during
the cool months from October to March. The same source also noted that cabbage
originated from Southern Europe and Mediterranean region, where it has been grown for
at least 300 years and is widely distribute through out the tropics. The nutritional value of
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cabbage is relatively high, although less than many other crops used in tropical areas as
leaf vegetables (Tindall, 1983).

Gardner (1949) suggested that the seedlings that are about to transplanted from
cold frames, hotbed, or greenhouses to field or garden are hardened. The result of this
treatment, he stated, is a less succulent, tougher and hardier plant that is better able to
survive the transplanting shock.

Kinoshita (1972) mentioned that transplanting can be best carried out when
seedling have 5 true leaves in the seed bed.

According to Reily (1991) he stated that cabbage may be planted often early
potatoes, peas, beans, spinach, or other early crops, or it may be set between rows of
crops before these are harvested.

Cabbage should be harvested when the head is firm. Late varieties are best for
storage and should be harvested before the head is too mature. The head is severed from
stem with a knife (Richey and Schillertter, 1940).

Nutritional Value

Cabbage is a well-liked vegetable. It can be sautéed, boiled with other
vegetables and meat, or prepared as salad. Cabbage contains 92% water, but it is quiet
high in vitamin C or ascorbic acid. However, cooked cabbage contains less ascorbic acid
and thiamine than raw cabbage green heads are more nutritious than the white ones
because they have carotenoids or vitamin A.

Infact, some vegetables have higher vitamin C than the best source of fruits and
that much of the vitamin C is lost in vegetable during cooking since this is a nutrients
easily destroyed by heat (Bawang and Kudan, 1989). Ascorbic acid prevents scurvy,
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while thiamine, known as vitamin B is necessary for growth and reproduction. Vitamin A
prevents night blindness, increase the resistant of the body to infection and necessary for
the normal functioning of the glands (Bantoc, 1976) he added that the crop contains
92.1% water and 82% portion. As food that cabbage contains 209.0% potassium, 62.0%
vitamin A, 58% calcium and other minor elements.

Bantoc, (1976) reported that cabbage contains sin gram compound which is also
known as crystalline glycoside which gives the characteristics flavor or taste in raw
vegetables that is why cabbage can be eaten as salad or can be used as flavoring.

Soil and Climatic Requirement
The largest and heaviest are produced in areas with low temperature because
cabbage is a crop that originated from temperate countries (Bautista and Dela Cruz,
1977).
At high elevation like the Mountain Province, Kanlaon,Occidental Negros, and
Mt. Matutum in Mindanao, the crop can be grown profitability the whole year round
because of the cool climate. At low elevation, it can be grown during the cool month of
the year. The optimum monthly temperature requirement of cabbage is 5 to15 o C and the
maximum monthly temperature should not be more than 24o C (Bautista and Dela Cruz,
1977).

Thompson and Kelly (1957) forwarded that cabbage can be grown on all type of
soil from sands, mucks, and heavy soils. They stated that for a very early crop, sandy or
loamy soils are considered the best. They same source suggested that for a late crop
where high yield is desirable, the most important consideration would be clay loam and
silky soils. Tindall (1983), added that the soil media for cabbage production should be
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well provided with organic matter and have good water holding capacity with a pH value
of 6.0 to 7.0

Bautista and Mabesa (1977) stated that the direct seeding is more common
practice than transplanting. It require less labor and shorten the time for the crop; but this
practice have many disadvantages such as more seeds are needed to plant a particular
area and disease control becomes a problem. (Aromin, 1968) also reported that the direct
seedling cabbage gave poor result as compared to transplanting the seedlings.
In vegetable seedling, Hartman (1968) claimed that direct seeding is more
economical since it utilize no special plant growing facilities, it involves no individual
handling of seedlings and it is a standard method of growing many commercially
cultivated vegetables as it is a standard method of growing many commercially cultivated
vegetables as it is demand less time and it enhance continuous and rapid development of
seedlings with check in growth which is associated with transplanting.

Advantages and Disadvantages of Transplanting

There are some different methods of establishing seedlings for transplanting.
Bautista and Mabesa (1977) reported that transplanting can be produced in seed bed,
containers, and other materials which can be used in establishing seedlings as well as
seed will germinate and grow. The methods to be used depend on the grower and the
available facilities. In 1972, Kinoshita mentioned that using good planting materials for a
seed is a means of improving the raising of seedlings. In addition, Knott and Deanon
(1967) in their experiment with Erikhuizen Glory in Nueva Ecija involving four, six,
eight, and ten week old seedlings transplanted to the field on the same data, found that
four week-old plants received the least check in growth from transplanting. Thus, the
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given heads are significantly greater in circumference and weight than older seedlings
that were transplanted. Growth was earlier compared to the most common practices in
sowing the seeds in a seed bed which is 6-8 weeks old before time for transplanting in the
field (Thompson, (1931).

Knott (1955) found that the degree of checking a transplanted seedling has
relation to the age. In addition, he reported that seedling whose first true leaves are just
beginning to show can be transplanted with little check because the effect of the shift will
be outgrown by the harvest. The seedlings are watered just before transplanting to enable
easy removal from the nursery (Sahadevan).

The Seed Bed
The seed bed should be in an open, sunny but sheltered position. Ideally, make a
seed bed on soil manures for a previous crop. If this is not possible, in autumn apply
well-rooted manure or garden compost and leave the plot to weather over the winter
(Biggs, 1994).

Sowing

Biggs (1994) cited that if the seed bed is dry, water thoroughly before sowing.

Use a foot board to avoid compacting the surface of the bed while sowing.

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MATERIALS AND METHODS

Materials

The materials used in the experiment were the following: urea, 14-14-14, cabbage
seeds “Scorpio”, tags, meter stick, used plastics cups (5-10 cm diameter), polyethylene
plastics bags (2x5 inches), seedling tray, seed boxes (18x26x3 inches), chicken dung,
knapsack sprayer, weighing scale, garden tools.

Methods
An area of 105m2 was prepared for the experiment. The area was divided into
three blocks to represent the replication. Each block was divided into seven plots
measuring 1x5 to represent the treatments. The experiment was laid out following the
randomized complete block design represent the different treatments (RCBD) with three
replications per treatment. The following treatments were as follows:

Code Treatments
T1 direct seeding
T2 seed bed sowing (nursery bed)
T3 used plastics cups (5-10 cm diameter)
T4 seed box sowing (18x26x3 inches)
T5 seed bed sowing (open field)
T6 sowing in polyethylene plastics bags (3x5 inches)
T7 seedling tray sowing
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Prior to land preparation, seeds of “Scorpio” were germinated following the
treatments. The seedlings were hardened after four weeks from sowing before
transplanting to avoid transplanting shock.
The experiment plots were dug, leveled and holed before planting following the
distance of 30x30 cm both ways. The double-row bed methods were used with 15 plants
in one row or 30 plants per plot.
Prior to transplanting, the applications of chicken dung with a rate of one had full
per hole were applied and mixed thoroughly with the soil before transplanting the four
week-old seedlings to their assigned plots late in the afternoon. These was followed by
irrigation, which were twice a week up to head maturity.

Two weeks after transplanting, complete and urea fertilizer side dress at the rate
of 428g per plot (14.3g/plant) followed by hilling-up.
To ensure optimum growth and yield crop protection and cultural management
practices necessary for cabbage production was employed to all the treatment plots. Such
as: irrigation, hilling-up, weeding and control of pest and diseases.

Data Gathered
The data gathered subjected to variance analysis and mean separation by
Duncan’s Multiple Range Test (DMRT) was the following:

1. Days to head formation. The number of days from sowing to head formation
was counted.
2. Percentage heading. This was computed by using the
Formula:

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Heading (%) = Number head harvested x 100
Total number of plants/plot

3. Days to harvest. This was the number of days from sowing to head harvesting
was determined by holding the head to feel the firmness. .

4. Head firmness. Ten sample plants per treatment were selected at random and
head firmness was determined by “feel” method. The following scale was used
Scale Description
4

very firm
3

firms
2

slightly firm
1

flabby

5. Equatorial circumference of heads (cm). Ten heads were selected at random per
plot then the equatorial circumference was measured.
6. Average weight of heads (kg). This was determined by:

Average weight of heads = Total weight per plot
Number of heads per plot

7. Weight of marketable heads (kg). This was the weight of all the heads per plot
with out any defects and is saleable.

8. Weight of non- marketable heads (kg). This was the weight of flabby heads,
small heads plants which head formed that are considered unfit for the market.

9. Total yield (kg). This was the weight of marketable and non-marketable heads
per plot.
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10. Computed yield per hectare (ton). The marketable yield per plot was
converted to per hectare basis by multiplying the yield per plot by 2,000. Two thousand is
the number of plots per hectare based on 1x5m plot that was used in the study.

11. Economic analysis. The cost of seedling production for each treatment was
recorded. This includes the cost of material used, labor in preparing the seed bed, mixing
the media etc. The return on investment (ROI) from the treatment was computed using
the formula:
ROI (%) = gross sale/plot-Total expenses/plot x 100

Total expenses/plot

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RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS

Days to Head Formation
As presented in table 1, the different methods of sowing had significant
differences in the number of days to head formation. Results showed that the shortest
period of head formation was observed from treatment 1 or direct seeding. It was
followed by treatment 6 which was sown in polyethylene plastic bags and then treatment
3 using plastic cups, treatment 4 utilizing a seed box, and treatment 5 which is seed bed
sowing in open field all which indicated longer head formation from transplanting but
comparable with each other. Meanwhile, treatment 7 which was sown in seedling tray
significantly formed heads longer than the other treatment. On the other hand, treatment 2
which was sown in the nursery bed took the longest period to head formation from
transplanting stage.
Cabbage seeds germinated thou direct seeding was the earliest to form heads
because there were no transplanting shock and disturbance of the growth. Similarly,
Hartman and Kester (1967) claimed that direct seeding is more economical since it
utilizes no special plant growing facilities, it involves no individual handling of seedlings
and it is standard methods of growing many commercially grown cultivated vegetables as
it demands less time and it enhances continuous and rapid development of seedlings with
check in growth which is associated with transplanting

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Percentage Heading

As shown in table 1, the different treatments significantly differed in the
heading percentage. The highest heading percentage was obtained from treatment 6
which were sown in polyethylene plastics bags. This was followed by treatment 3 which
was sown in used plastics cups and treatment 4 which was sown in seed box and
treatment 5 that was sown in open field indicated the higher heading percentage but did
not statistically differed with each other. Likewise, the former treatments are also
comparable to treatment 1 or direct seeding. Treatment 7 which was sown in seedling
tray had significantly lower heading percentage as compared to the other treatments with
94% except for the treatment 2 which attained the lowest heading percentage of 90%.

The results were influenced by the different methods of sowing. Environmental
conditions influenced the growth yielding ability of plants. Ware et.al. (1975) explained
that control of soil moisture is important. Sudden increase in soil moisture through heavy
rains may cause damage especially during vegetative stage. Seedling sown in nursery bed
attained the least heading percentage because it is not totally exposed to sunlight during
the early vegetative growth that probably might have cause the low heading percentage.

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Table 1. Days to head formation and percentage heading

TREATMENTS
DAYS TO HEAD
PERCENTAGE HEADING

FORMATION
(%)
Direct seeding
60e
95.33ab

Nursery bed
68a
90c

Used plastic cups
64c
96ab

Seed box
64c
96ab

Open field
64c
95ab

PEP bags
62d
98.67ab

Seedling tray
65b
94b

Means with a common letters are not significantly different at 5% level by DMRT

Days to Harvest

There were significant differences on the number of days from sowing up to
harvesting among the treatment that as observed in table 2. The number of days to
harvesting varied according to the different methods of sowing.

The earliest to mature and reach harvesting stage earlier among the different
treatments were the cabbage that was directly seeded. It was followed by treatment 3
which was sown in used plastic cups, treatment 4 (seed box sowing), treatment 5 seed
bed sowing in open field, and treatment 6 which was sown on individual polyethylene
plastic bags. Treatment 7 indicated longer maturity than the other except treatment 2
(seed bed sowing in the nursery) which was the last to attain the maturity and reach the
harvesting stage.
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Bautista and Mabesa (1977) stated that direct seeding method is a more
common practice than transplanting because no transplanting shock which leads to earlier
in harvesting. Compared to direct seeding, transplanted seedlings especially seedlings
transplanted from the nursery where in the growth was disturb as it took more time to
recover might have caused additional days to reach the harvesting stage.

Head Firmness

In head firmness (table 2) cabbages head produced mostly from the different
treatments had very firm heads except for treatment 2 which was sown in the nursery bed
as having produce firm heads. Each treatment had its sown head firmness characteristics
as emphasized by Lorenz and Maynard (1986) that each produce must have the
characteristics desired by the packers, shippers, wholesalers, retailers, and consumers.

Bawang (2005) cited that backyard and small scale cabbage production
seedlings are started in seed boxes and in commercial forms. Seedbeds and seed boxes
are usually prepared in areas that are fully exposed to sunlight. This maybe the reason
why cabbage heads which was sown in the nursery bed produced slightly firm and flabby
heads. Based on some observations very firm cabbage heads is mostly preferred by
consumers.

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Table 2. Days to harvest and head firmness

TREATMENTS
DAYS TO HARVEST
HEAD FIRMNESS

Direct seeding
89d
very firm

Nursery bed
98a
firm

Used plastic cups
90c
very firm

Seed box
90c
very firm

Open field
90c
very firm

PEP bags
90c
very firm

Seedling tray
92b
very firm

Means with a common letters are not significantly different at 5% level by DMRT

Equatorial Circumference (cm)
This results in table 3 shows that the different treatments significantly differed
in equatorial circumference. This results revealed that the treatment 6 which were sown
in polyethylene plastic bags had significantly wider equatorial circumference over the
treatment 5 (open field) and treatment 7 (seedling tray). This was followed by treatment 1
(direct seeding), treatment 3 (used plastic cups), and treatment 4 (seed box sowing) but
are comparable with each other. Treatment 2 (nursery bed) produced the least equatorial
circumference of heads.

According to Gutierrez (2000), cabbage seeds sown in polyethylene plastic bags
produced bigger heads over those raised using normal seed bed, commercial seed box and
recycled plastic cups during harvesting.
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This conforms to the findings of Knott (1935) that seedlings planted at four
weeks old received the least check in growth from transplanting thus, it produced heads
with significantly greater circumference and heavier weight over the older transplanted
seedlings.

Average Weight of Heads (kg)

It was observed from the result in table 3 that the heaviest average head weight
of cabbage as affected by the different treatments studied was produced from treatment 6
(Polyethylene plastic bags) but did not significantly differ with treatment 4 (seed box
sowing). Similarly, treatment 4 differed significantly from treatments 3 and 5, which was
sown in used plastic cups and open field beds. Treatment 1, 2 and 7 which was sown
directly, sown in nursery beds and sown in seedling trays, respectively had also
comparable average head weights and produced the lightest average head weight with a
means of 0.74 kg/head.

This findings on treatment 6 which sown in polyethylene plastic bags and
treatment 4 sown in the seed box may imply that is a suitable and well adapted method
of germinating cabbage seeds if the weight of heads are to be considered.

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Table 3. Equatorial circumference (cm) and average weight of heads (kg/plot)

TREATMENTS
EQUATORIAL
AVERAGE WEIGHT OF
CIRCUMFERENCE (cm)
HEADS (kg/plot)

Direct seeding
46.5d
0.74c

Nursery bed
45.83cd
0.74c

Used plastic cups
46.5d
0.84b

Seed box
46.83cd
0.92a

Open field
47.5b
0.81b

PEP bags
48.5a
0.95a

Seedling tray
47.5b
0.74c

Means with a common letters are not significantly different at 5% level by DMRT

Weight of Marketable Heads (kg/plot)

As presented in table 4, treatment 6 which was sown in polyethylene plastic
bags significantly attained the highest marketable yield but statistically comparable with
treatment 4 (seed box sowing). Treatment 3, germinated in (used plastic cups) produced
slightly higher marketable yields over treatments 1 and 2 which sown directly and sown
in the nursery bed which in turn did not differ significantly with treatment 7 (seedling
tray) and treatment 5 (open field). The former treatments had significantly lower
marketable heads than the other treatments except for treatment 2 which was sown in the
nursery bed that produced the lowest weight of marketable heads with a mean of 22.33
kg/plot.
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According to Gutierrez, as previously mentioned (2000), seedlings in
polyethylene plastic bags and seed boxes outweighed the fresh weight from seedling
sown in recycled plastic cups and commercial seed boxes.
Moreover, growing seedlings in used plastic cups, fruit juice, containers, and
plastic bags have higher head diameter, weight of individual head that resulted to heavier
marketable heads per plot (Tegwa, 1996).

Weight of Non-marketable Heads (kg)

Table 4 shows that treatment 2 which was sown in nursery bed produced the
heaviest non-marketable heads which significantly differed from the other treatment but
comparable with treatment 5 which was sown in open field. It was followed by treatment
1, 7 which are directly seeded and sown in seedling tray. Further comparison showed that
treatment 4 (seed box sowing) and treatment 6 (sown in polyethylene plastic bags) have
similar non-marketable yield and the least weight of non-marketable heads.

According to the results, it could be presumed that cabbage seeds that are
germinated in individual polyethylene plastic bags will produce lesser weight of heads
considered unfit for the market as compared to the other methods which showed heavier
weight of non-marketable cabbage heads.

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Table 4. Weight of marketable (kg/plot) and non- marketable heads (kg)

TREATMENTS
WEIGHT OF
WEIGHT OF NON-
MARKETABLE HEADS
MARKETABLE HEADS
(kg/plot)
(kg/plot)

Direct seeding
25b
1.33bc

Nursery bed
22.33c
2a

Used plastic cups
25.33b
1.08cd

Seed box
27.67a
0.58de

Open field
24.33b
1.75ab

PEP bags
28.67a
0.5e

Seedling tray
24.67b
1.33bc

Means with a common letters are not significantly different at 5% level by DMRT

Total Yield

The highest total yield per plot (table 9) was attained by the cabbage heads with
polyethylene plastic bag seed sowing but did not differ significantly with treatment 4 or
seed box sowing. This was followed by the treatments that were sown in used plastic
cups, Treatment 1 which is direct seeding, Treatment 5 sown in open field and treatment
1 which is direct seeding. Treatment 5 sown in open field and Treatment 7 which was
seedling tray sowing. While the least total yield per plot was recorded in treatment 2 or
nursery bed sowing this produced 24.33 kg/plot.

As previously discussed Tegwa (1996), reported that the use of plastic cups,
fruit juice containers, and polyethylene plastic bags have higher head diameter, weight of
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individual head that resulted to heavier marketable heads per plot and total yield per plot
compared to seed bed method and direct seeding.

Computed Marketable Yield

The highest computed marketable yield of cabbage heads per hectares as
presented in table 5 was noted on treatment 6 or polyethylene plastic bags sowing. This
was followed by treatment 4 (seed box sowing). On the other hand, statistical analysis
indicated that treatment 3 (used plastic cups), treatment 1 (direct seeding), treatment 5
(open field sowing) and treatment 7 (seedling tray sowing) had similar computed
marketable yield per hectare. Nursery bed sowing (treatment 2) produced the lowest
computed marketable yield of cabbage heads hectare with 48.67 tons.

The marketable, total and computed yield were significantly higher by
transplanting younger seedlings at three or four weeks old. This implies that higher yield
in cabbage is obtained by transplanting younger seedlings based on the past study of
Palsaen (2004)

Effect of Different Methods of Sowing Seeds on the
Growth and Yield of Cabbage /Aron W. Bugtong. 2008

22
Table 5. Total yield (kg/plot) and computed marketable yield (tons/ha)

TREATMENTS
TOTAL YIELD
COMPUTED
(kg/plot)
MARKEATBLE YIELD
(tons/ha)

Direct seeding
26.33b
52.67b

Nursery bed
24.33c
48.67c

Used plastic cups
26.42b
52.83b

Seed box
28.26a
56.5a

Open field
26.08b
52.25b

PEP bags
29.17a
58.33a

Seedling tray
26b
52b

Means with a common letters are not significantly different at 5% level by DMRT

Return on Investment

Table 11 shows that treatment 6 (sown in polyethylene plastic bags) had the
highest return on investment (ROI) of 49.08%. This was followed by treatment 1 (direct
seeding) with 43.05% and treatment 3 or used plastic cups with 41.56% on return on
investment. This was further followed by treatment 5 and 4 which was sown in open field
and in seed box sowing with 37.51 % and 37.22%. It shows that the treatment 2 and 7
obtained the least return on investment.

Effect of Different Methods of Sowing Seeds on the
Growth and Yield of Cabbage /Aron W. Bugtong. 2008

23
Table 6. Cost and return analysis of 105m2

TREATMENTS
T1
T2
T3
T4
T5
T6
T7

Marketable
75
67
76
83
73
86
74

A. SALES
375
335
380
415
365
430
370

B.EXPENSES

1. FERTILIZER

a. Chicken
62.86 62.86
62.86 62.86
62.86
62.86
62.86
manure
b. Urea
16
16
16
16
16
16
16
c.Complete
14.29 14.29
14.29 14.29
14.29
14.29
14.29

2. INSECTICIDE

a. Steward
25.71 25.71
25.71 25.71
25.71
25.71
25.71

3. FUNGICIDE

a. Daconil
21.43 21.43
21.43 21.43
21.43
21.43
21.43

4.SEEDLING

50
TRAY
5. PEP BAGS

20

6. SEED BOX

MATERIAL
a. 2x2x12 wood

30

7. GASOLINE
32.14 32.14
32.14 32.14
32.14
32.14
32.14

8. LABOR
89.71 93
96
100
93
96
91

TOTAL

EXPENSES
262.14 265.43 268.43 302.43 265.43 288.43 313.43

C.NET PROFIT
112.86 69.57
111.57 112.57 99.57
141.57 56.57

D. ROI (%)
43.05 26.21
41.56 37.22
37.51
49.08
18.05

RANK
2
6
3
5
4
1
7

Effect of Different Methods of Sowing Seeds on the
Growth and Yield of Cabbage /Aron W. Bugtong. 2008

24
SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION

Summary

The study was conducted from October 2007 to January 20008 to evaluate the
different methods of sowing seeds on the growth and yield of cabbage.
Results of the study indicated that sowing in polyethylene plastic bags
(Treatment 6) attained the highest heading percentage of 98.67% while nursery bed
sowing had the lowest heading percentage of 90%.
For maturity, head formation started with in 60 to 68 days after sowing and head
harvesting was done 89 to 98 days from sowing. Direct seeding and polyethylene plastic
bags were the first treatments harvested. Results showed that the earliest to initiate head
formation was the first to be harvested.
In terms of yield, polyethylene plastic bag sowing (Treatment 6), produced the
biggest equatorial circumference (48.5 cm) and nursery bed sowing (Treatment 2)
produced the least equatorial circumference of 45.83cm of heads. As well as having the
heaviest weight per head (0.74 to 0.95kg) resulting to a higher total yield per plot (28.26
to 29.17) and computed marketable yield per hectare (48.67 to 58.33 tons per hectare).
This was followed by used plastic cups, treatment 1 which is direct seeding, treatment 5
sown in open field and treatment 7 which was seeding tray sowing with tremendously
lower yield per plot of 26 to 26.42. The remaining treatment had the lowest yield range of
24.33 or 48.67 tons per hectare.
Nursery bed sowing (Treatment 2) produced the heaviest non-marketable heads
of 2kg per plot. Open field sowing (Treatment 5), direct sowing (Treatment 1), and
Effect of Different Methods of Sowing Seeds on the
Growth and Yield of Cabbage /Aron W. Bugtong. 2008

25
seedling tray sowing, and used plastic cups sowing produced non-marketable head with a
range of 0.5 to 0.58kg per plot.
Regarding head firmness, all the treatments had very firm heads except for
nursery bed sowing (treatment 2) with firm heads.
Economically, the highest return on investment was obtained from treatment 6
(sown in polyethylene plastic bags) of 49.08% with a selling price of P5.00 per kilogram
followed by treatment 1 (direct seeding), treatment 3 (used plastic cups).Treatment 5
(open field sowing), treatment 4 (seed box sowing), treatment 2 (nursery bed) and
treatment 7 (seedling tray sowing) with a return on investments of 43.05%, 41.56%,
37.51%, 37.22%, 26.21% and 18.05% respectively.

Conclusion
Based on the result presented and discussed, the polyethylene plastic sowing
out yielded the rest of the treatments studied. It had the highest total yield resulted to
highest return on investment of 49.08%.

Recommendation
From the preceding results and discussions, it is therefore recommended that
sowing in polyethylene plastic bags is the best method to be used in sowing seeds of
cabbage. Based on the yield performance, the polyethylene plastic bag sowing attained
the highest return on investment.

Effect of Different Methods of Sowing Seeds on the
Growth and Yield of Cabbage /Aron W. Bugtong. 2008

26
LITERATURE CITED

AROMIN, R.R. 1968. Integration of some factors that influence yield maturity and
agronomic characteristics of cabbage. In: Horticulture Abstract. P.122.

BANTOC, G.B.Jr. 1976. Cauliflower and Broccoli. In: Vegetable Production in
Southeast Asia. Edited by Knott, J.E and 1K. Dennon University of the
Philippines, Los Banos, Laguna. p. 174.

BAUTISTA, O.K. 1983. Introduction to Tropical Horticulture. College of Agriculture.
UPLB, College, Laguna. P.80-90.

BAUTISTA and DELA CRUZ. 1977. Cabbage Production in the Philippines. P. 1-2.

BAUTISTA and MABESA. 1977. Vegetable Production. UPLB. College of Agriculture,
Los Banos, Laguna. Pp. 129,560.

BAWANG, F.T. 2005. Cabbage Production Techno Guides. College of Agriculture.
Benguet State University, La Trinidad, Benguet. P.1, 20.

BAWANG, F.T. and KUDAN, S.L. 1989. Principles of Vegetable Production.
Compilation Teaching Materials in Horticulture 100. BSU, La Trinidad
Benguet.P.72.

BIGGS, TONY. 1994. Vegetable. P. 50-51.

CAPE, I.P. 1980. Evaluation of Twelve Varieties of Cabbage Grown During Rainy
Season under MSAC Condition. Unpublished BS Thesis. Mountain State
Agricultural College. La Trinidad Benguet. P. 31.

GARDNER, V.R. 1949. Basic Horticulture. Revised Ed. New York: Mc Millan Co.
P.451.
GUTIERREZ, A.C. 2000. Cost of Producing cabbage seedling from different methods of
establishment. BS Thesis. BSU. La Trinidad Benguet. P. 60.

HARTMAN, H.T. 1968. Plant Propagation, Principles and Practices. 2nd Ed. New Jersey:

Prentice Hall. Pp.225-226.

KNOTT, J.E. and DEANON, J.R. 1967. Vegetable Production in Southeast Asia.
University of the Philippines. College of Agriculture, Los Banos, Laguna. Pp.
277-283.

LLOYD, J.W. 1935. Productive Vegetable Growing, Philadelphia. P.35.

LORENZ, O.A. and MAYNARD, RN. 1988. Knott’s Hand Book for Vegetable Growers.
Effect of Different Methods of Sowing Seeds on the
Growth and Yield of Cabbage /Aron W. Bugtong. 2008

27
Ed. New York: John Wiley and Sons Inc.P.25-30.

PALSAEN, N.T. 2004. Effect of Seedling Age at Transplanting and Nitrogen Fertilizer
Solution on Growth and Yield of Cabbage. BSU. La Trinidad, Benguet. P.1.

REILY, H. 1991. Introductory Horticulture. P. 461.

RICHEY and SCH1LLERTTER 1940. Textbook of General Horticulture. P. 350-351.

SAHADEVAN, N. 1987. Green Fingers. P.60-6 1.

TAMAYO, D.B.Jr. 1975. Top Favorite Vegetable Forest and Farmers.V1 11.P.6

TEGWA, F.A. 1996. Growth and Yield Performance of cv. Scorpio Established from
Different Seedling Production Method. BS Thesis (unpub). BSU. La Trinidad
Benguet. P. 65.

THOMPSON, H..C. 1931. Vegetable Crops. P. 275.

THOMPSON and KELLY, C. 1957. Vegetable Crops 2nd Ed. New York: Mc GrawHill
Book Co. Inc. p. 79.

TENDALL, J.D. 1983. Vegetable in the Tropics. I Ed. London. Mc Millan. Publishing
Co. p. 124.

WARE, G.W. 1975. Production of Vegetable Crops. 2nd Ed. The Enter State Printers and
Publishers Inc. Danville, Illinois. P. 60.

Effect of Different Methods of Sowing Seeds on the
Growth and Yield of Cabbage /Aron W. Bugtong. 2008

28
APPENDICES

Appendix Table 1. Days to head formation

TREATMENTS REPLICATIONS
I II III TOTAL MEAN

T1
60
60
60
180
60

T2
68
68
68
204
68
T3
64
64
64
192
64
T4
64
64
64
192
64
T5
64
64
64
192
64
T6
62
62
62
186
62
T7
65
65
65
195
65

Analysis of Variance

Source of
Degrees of
Sum of
Mean of
Computed TABULAR F
variation
freedom
squares
square
F
0.05
0.01

Replication
2
68
0.000

Treatment
6
64
18.428
99999.99**
0.0001
Error
12
64
0.000

TOTAL
20
64

** Highly significant

Coefficient of Variation = 0%

Effect of Different Methods of Sowing Seeds on the
Growth and Yield of Cabbage /Aron W. Bugtong. 2008

29
Appendix Table 2. Percentage heading (%)

TREATMENT S REPLICATIONS
I II III TOTAL MEAN

T1
100
93
93
286
95.33

T2
90
90
90
240
90
T3
96
96
96
288
96
T4
96
96
96
288
96
T5
96
93
96
285
95
T6
100
100
96
295
98.67
T7
93
93
96
282
94

Analysis of Variance

Source of
Degrees of
Sum of
Mean of
Computed TABULAR F
variation
freedom
squares
square
F
0.05
0.01

8.000
4.000

Replication
2

Treatment
6
124.666
20.777
5.27**
0.0071
Error
12
47.333
3.944

TOTAL
20
180.000

** Highly significant

Coefficient of Variation = 2.09%
Effect of Different Methods of Sowing Seeds on the
Growth and Yield of Cabbage /Aron W. Bugtong. 2008

30
Appendix Table 3. Days to head harvest

TREATMENTS REPLICATIONS
I II III TOTAL MEAN

T1
89
89
89
267
89

T2
98
98
98
294
98
T3
90
90
90
270
90
T4
90
90
90
270
90
T5
90
90
90
270
90
T6
90
90
90
270
90
T7
92
92
92
276
92

Analysis of Variance

Source of
Degrees of
Sum of
Mean of
Computed TABULAR F
variation
freedom
squares
square
F
0.05
0.01

0.000
0.000

Replication
2

Treatment
6
172.285
28.714
99999.99**
0.0001
Error
12
0.000
0.000

TOTAL
20
172.285

** Highly significant

Coefficient of Variation = 0%
Effect of Different Methods of Sowing Seeds on the
Growth and Yield of Cabbage /Aron W. Bugtong. 2008

31
Appendix Table 4. Equatorial circumference (cm)

TREATMENTS REPLICATIONS
I II III TOTAL MEAN

T1
46.5
47.5
45.5
139.5
46.5

T2
45.5
46.5
45.5
137.5
45.83
T3
46.5
46.5
4.5
139.5
46.5
T4
47.5
46.5
46.5
140.5
46.83
T5
47.5
47.5
47.5
142.5
47.5
T6
48.5
48.5
48.5
145.5
48.5
T7
47.5
47.5
47.5
142.5
47.5

Analysis of Variance

Source of
Degrees of
Sum of
Mean of
Computed TABULAR F
variation
freedom
squares
square
F
0.05
0.01

46.5
47.5

Replication
2

Treatment
6
45.5
46.5
10.43**
0.0004
Error
12
46.5
46.5

TOTAL
20
47.5

** Highly significant

Coefficient of Variation = 1.00%
Effect of Different Methods of Sowing Seeds on the
Growth and Yield of Cabbage /Aron W. Bugtong. 2008

32
Appendix Table 5. Average weight of marketable heads (kg)

TREATMENTS REPLICATIONS
I II III TOTAL MEAN

T1
0.74
0.74
0.74
2.222
0.74

T2
0.73
0.7
0.76
2.222
0.74
T3
0.83
0.86
0.83
2..52
0.84
T4
0.93
0.9
0.93
2.76
0.92
T5
0.76
0.83
0.83
2.42
0.81
T6
0.96
0.96
0.93
2.85
0.95
T7
0.73
0.73
0.76
2.222
0.74

Analysis of Variance

Source of
Degrees of
Sum of
Mean of
Computed TABULAR F
variation
freedom
squares
square
F
0.05
0.01

Replication
2
0.000
0.000

Treatment
6
0.140
0.023
50.79**
0.0001
Error
12
0.005
0.000

TOTAL
20
0.146

** Highly significant

Coefficient of Variation = 2.615%
Effect of Different Methods of Sowing Seeds on the
Growth and Yield of Cabbage /Aron W. Bugtong. 2008

33
Appendix Table 6. Weight of marketable heads (kg/plot)

TREATMENTS REPLICATIONS
I II III TOTAL MEAN

T1
25
25
25
75
25

T2

22
22
23
67
22.33
T3

25
26
25
76
25.33
T4

28
27
28
83
27.67
T5

23
25
25
73
24.33
T6

28
29
29
86
28.67
T7

23
25
26
74
24.67

Analysis of Variance

Source of
Degrees of
Sum of
Mean of
Computed TABULAR F
variation
freedom
squares
square
F
0.05
0.01

Replication
2
3.714
13.523

Treatment
6
81.142
0.523
25.82**
0.0001
Error
12
6.285

TOTAL
20
91.142

** Highly significant

Coefficient of Variation = 2.846 %
Effect of Different Methods of Sowing Seeds on the
Growth and Yield of Cabbage /Aron W. Bugtong. 2008

34
Appendix Table 7. Weight of non- marketable (kg/plot)

TREATMENTS REPLICATIONS
I II III TOTAL MEAN

T1
1.5
1.5
1
4
1.33

T2
2
2.5
1.5
6
2
T3
1
0.75
1.5
3.25
1.08
T4
0.75
0.74
0.25
1.75
1.08
T5
2
1.75
1.5
5.25
1.75
T6
0.75
0.25
0.5
1.5
0.5
T7
1.5
1.5
1
4
1.33

Analysis of Variance

Source of
Degrees of
Sum of
Mean of
Computed TABULAR F
variation
freedom
squares
square
F
0.05
0.01

Replication
2
0.398
0.199

Treatment
6
5.571
0.928
9.75**
0.0005
Error
12
1.142
0.095

TOTAL
20
7.113

** Highly significant

Coefficient of Variation = 25.167%
Effect of Different Methods of Sowing Seeds on the
Growth and Yield of Cabbage /Aron W. Bugtong. 2008

35
Appendix Table 8. Total yield (kg)

TREATMENTS REPLICATIONS
I II III TOTAL MEAN

T1
26.5
26.5
26
79
26.33

T2
24
24.5
24.5
73
24.33
T3
26
26.75
26.5
79.25
26.42
T4
28.75
27.75
28.25
84.78
28.26
T5
25
26.75
26.5
78.25
26.08
T6
28.75
29.5
29.5
87.5
29.17
T7
24.5
26.5
27
78
29.17

Analysis of Variance

Source of
Degrees of
Sum of
Mean of
Computed TABULAR F
variation
freedom
squares
square
F
0.05
0.01

Replication
2
45.476
1.021

Treatment
6
4.667
7.579
19.49**
0.0001
Error
12
52.185
0.389

TOTAL
20
52.185

** Highly significant

Coefficient of Variation = 2.340%
Effect of Different Methods of Sowing Seeds on the
Growth and Yield of Cabbage /Aron W. Bugtong. 2008

36
Appendix Table 9. Computed marketable yields (tons/ha)

TREATMENTS REPLICATIONS
I II III TOTAL MEAN

T1
53.00
53.00
52.00
158
52.67

T2
48.00
49.00
49.00
146
48.67
T3
52.00
53.50
53.00
158.5
52.83
T4
57.50
5.50
56.50
169.5
56.5
T5
50.00
53.75
53.00
156.75
52.25
T6
57.50
58.50
59.00
175
58.33
T7
49.00
53.00
54.00
156
52

Analysis of Variance

Source of
Degrees of
Sum of
Mean of
Computed TABULAR F
variation
freedom
squares
square
F
0.05
0.01

Replication
2
7.542
3.771

Treatment
6
184.280
30.713
22.11**
0.0001
Error
12
16.667
1.389

TOTAL
20
208.488

** Highly significant

Coefficient of Variation = 2.212%

Effect of Different Methods of Sowing Seeds on the
Growth and Yield of Cabbage /Aron W. Bugtong. 2008

Document Outline

Effect of Different Methods of SowingSeeds on the Growth and Yield of Cabbage.
- BIBLIOGRAPHY
- ABSTRACT
- TABLE OF CONTENTS
- INTRODUCTION
- REVIEW OF LITERATURE
  - The Cabbage Plant
  - Nutritional Value
  - Soil and Climatic Requirement
  - Advantages and Disadvantages of Transplanting
  - The Seed Bed
  - Sowing
- MATERIALS AND METHODS
- RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS
  - Days to Head Formation
  - Percentage Heading
  - Days to Harvest
  - Head Firmness
  - Equatorial Circumference (cm)
  - Average Weight of Heads (kg)
  - Weight of Marketable Heads (kg/plot)
  - Weight of Non-marketable Heads (kg)
  - Total Yield
  - Computed Marketable Yield
  - Return on Investment
- SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
  - Summary
  - Conclusion
  - Recommendation
- LITERATURE CITED
- APPENDICES