BIBLIOGRAPHY

BADAY, MELIO P. APRIL 2012. Yield Performance of F1 Hybrid ‘Dynasty’
Spinach As Affected by Different Frequency and Volume of Irrigation. Benguet State
University, La Trinidad, Benguet.

Adviser: Darwin A. Basquial, MSc.

ABSTRACT


Performance of the F1 Hybrid ‘Dynasty’ spinach affected by different frequency
and volume of irrigation were evaluated in January to February 2012 at the Ornamental
Horticulture experiment area, Benguet State University, La Trinidad Benguet. Economic
analysis of the crop as affected by the treatments was also done.

Results reveal that there were no significant differences obtained from the
application of treatment. However, highest return of investment was obtained by irrigation
of 5/m2 irrigated every 6 days at 104.39%, implying a PhP 1.04 income per peso spent.








Yield Performance of F1 Hybrid ‘Dynasty’ Spinach As Affected by Different Frequency and
Volume of Irrigation | BADAY, MELIO P. APRIL 2012

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RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Plant Height

Effect of volume of irrigation water. There were no significant differences obtained
on the plant height as shown in Table 1.

According to MC Mahon, 2002 irrigation will frequently bring up the crop the more
volume of water irrigated it accelerates growth of spinach.

Effect of frequency of irrigation. There were no significant differences obtained in
the plant height as shown in Table 1. However, the more number of days interval results to
shorter spinach.

According to Hansen et. al., (1980) an application of one inch of water every 3 to
5 days is already sufficient for normal growth of spinach.

Interaction effect. There were no significant interaction effects obtained between
volume and frequency of irrigation on plant height (Table1).
Table 1. Plant height (cm) of spinach as affected by different frequency and volume of
Irrigation
TREATMENTS
MEAN HEIGHT (cm)
Volume of irrigation (li/1.25m2)


17.11
5

17.47
10

17.53
15


Frequency of irrigation (Days interval)

17.73
2

17.78
4

16.80
6
Means with common letters are not significant at 5% level by DMRT
Yield Performance of F1 Hybrid ‘Dynasty’ Spinach As Affected by Different Frequency and
Volume of Irrigation | BADAY, MELIO P. APRIL 2012

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Average Plant weight

Effect of volume of irrigation water. There were no significant differences obtained
on the average plant weight as shown in Table 2.

Effect of frequency of irrigation. Differences obtained on the effect of day’s interval
on the average weight were not significant as shown in Table 2.

Interaction effect. There were no significant effects between the volume and
frequency on the average plant weight (Table 2).

Table 2. Average plant weight (kg) of spinach as affected by different frequency and
volume of irrigation

TREATMENTS
MEAN PLANT WEIGHT (kg)

Volume of irrigation (li/1.25m2)

5
5.82
10
5.56
15
5.62
Frequency of irrigation (Days interval)
2
5.94
4
5.60
6
5.46
Means with common letter are not significant at 5% level by DMRT

Plant Canopy

Effect of volume of irrigation. There were no significant differences obtained on
the canopy of plants irrigated at different volumes as shown in Table 3.
Yield Performance of F1 Hybrid ‘Dynasty’ Spinach As Affected by Different Frequency and
Volume of Irrigation | BADAY, MELIO P. APRIL 2012

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Effect of frequency of irrigation. Table 3 shows that there were no significant
differences on the plant canopy of spinach as affected by the different frequency of
irrigation.
Interaction effect. There were no significant differences noted on the effect of volume and
frequency on the plant canopy.

Table 3. Plant canopy of spinach as affected by different frequency and volume of
Irrigation

TREATMENT
MEAN PLANT CANOPY (%)

Volume of Irrigation (li/1.25m2)


5
78.17
10
74.92
15
78.73
Frequency of irrigation (Days interval)

2
73.56
4
83.81
6
74.45
Means with common letter are not significant at 5% level by DMRT

Marketable Yield Per Plot
Effect of volume of irrigation. There were no significant differences obtained from the
marketable yield as effected by volume of irrigation (Table 4).
According to Swader et. al., (1975) Good yields of fresh market spinach are from 3175 to
6883.89 kg per acre or 280 to 600 baskets or crates per acre containing 9.07 to 11.34 kg
each.
Yield Performance of F1 Hybrid ‘Dynasty’ Spinach As Affected by Different Frequency and
Volume of Irrigation | BADAY, MELIO P. APRIL 2012

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Effect of frequency of irrigation. There were no significant differences obtained
from the marketable yield per plot as shown in Table 4.
Interaction effect. There were no significant differences noted on the effect of volume and
frequency of irrigation on marketable yield per plot.

Table 4. Marketable yield per plot of spinach as affected by different frequency and
volume of irrigation

TREATMENT
MEAN MRKETABLE YIELD (kg)

Volume of Irrigation (li/1.25m2)

5
0.19
10
0.17
15
0.20
Frequency of irrigation (Days interval)

2
0.19
4
0.19
6
0.19
Means with common letter are not significant at 5 % level by DMRT

Non-marketable Yield Per Plot

Effect of volume of irrigation. There were no significant differences obtained from
the non-marketable yield per plot as shown in Table 5.

Non-marketable yield were due to the incidence of cutworm during the seedling
stage of the spinach. Damage is most severe when a large number of cutworm larvae are
present at seedling emergence. Each larva can destroy up to 4 plants (Knott, 1967).

Effects of frequency of irrigation. There were no significant differences obtained
from the non-marketable yield per plot as shown in Table 5.
Yield Performance of F1 Hybrid ‘Dynasty’ Spinach As Affected by Different Frequency and
Volume of Irrigation | BADAY, MELIO P. APRIL 2012

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Interaction effect. There were no significant effect obtained from plants effected by
volume and frequency of irrigation on the non-marketable yield.

Table 5. Non-marketable yield per plot of spinach as affected by different frequency and
volume of irrigation

TREATMENT
MEAN NON-MARKETABLE
YIELD (kg)
Volume of Irrigation (li/1.25m2)


5
0.056
10
0.062
15
0.038
Frequency of irrigation (Days interval)

2
0.063
4
0.041
6
0.051
Means with common letter are not significant at 5%level by DMRT

Total Yield Per Plot
Effect of volume of irrigation. There were no significant differences obtained from the total
yield of spinach as affected by the volume of irrigation (Table 6).
Effect of frequency of irrigation. There were no significant differences obtained from the
total yield of spinach as affected by the frequency of irrigation (Table 6).

Interaction effect. There were no significant interaction effects obtained between
volume and frequency of irrigation on the total yield of spinach.




Yield Performance of F1 Hybrid ‘Dynasty’ Spinach As Affected by Different Frequency and
Volume of Irrigation | BADAY, MELIO P. APRIL 2012

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Table 6. Total yield per plot of spinach as affected by different frequency and volume of
Irrigation

TREATMENT
MEAN TOTAL YIELD (kg)

Volume of Irrigation (li/1.25m2)


5
0.25
10
0.23
15
0.25
Frequency of irrigation (Days interval)
2
0.26
4
0.24
6
0.34
Means with common letter are not significant at 5%level by DMRT

Cutworm and Moth Larvae Incidence

Effect of volume of irrigation. There were no significant differences obtained on
the incidence of cutworm and moth larvae at treatment application (Table 7a) and at
harvesting stage (Table 7b) as affected by volume of irrigation.
Effect of frequency of irrigation. Table 7a and 7b show no significant differences on the
average plant weight as affected by frequency of irrigation at treatment application and at
harvesting stage.
Interaction effect. There were no significant interaction effects obtained between volume
and frequency of irrigation on the incidence of cutworm and moth larvae.




Yield Performance of F1 Hybrid ‘Dynasty’ Spinach As Affected by Different Frequency and
Volume of Irrigation | BADAY, MELIO P. APRIL 2012

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Table 7a. Cutworm and moth larvae incidence of spinach as affected by different
frequency and volume of irrigation at treatment application.

TREATMENT
MEAN RATING
Cutworm Moth larvae
Volume of Irrigation (li/1.25m2)



5
1.44
1.61
10
1.44
1.61
15
1.37
1.56
Frequency of irrigation (Days interval)

2
1.37
1.79
4
1.44
1.50
6
1.44
1.50
Means with common letter are not significant at 5%level by DMRT
Scale

Description
1

No pest


2
1-25% of the plant affected
3
26-50% of the plant affected
4
51-75% of the plant affected
5
76-100% of the plant affected











Yield Performance of F1 Hybrid ‘Dynasty’ Spinach As Affected by Different Frequency and
Volume of Irrigation | BADAY, MELIO P. APRIL 2012

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Table 7b. Cutworm and moth larvae incidence of spinach as affected by different
frequency and volume of irrigation at harvesting stage.

TREATMENT
MEAN RATING
Cutworm Moth larvae
Volume of Irrigation (li/1.25m2)


5
1.44
1.61
10
1.44
1.61
15
1.37
1.56
Frequency of irrigation (Days interval)


2
1.37
1.79
4
1.44
1.50
6
1.44
1.50
Means with common letter are not significant at 5%level by DMRT
Scale

Description
1

No pest


2
1-25% of the plant affected
3
26-50% of the plant affected
4
51-75% of the plant affected
5
76-100% of the plant affected


Computed Marketable Yield
Effect of volume of irrigation. Results show in Table 8 that there were no significant
differences obtained from the computed marketable yield of spinach as affected by volume
of irrigation.
Yield Performance of F1 Hybrid ‘Dynasty’ Spinach As Affected by Different Frequency and
Volume of Irrigation | BADAY, MELIO P. APRIL 2012

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Effect of frequency of irrigation. There were no significant differences were observed on
the computed marketable yield of spinach as affected by frequency of irrigation.
Chapman and Carter (1975) stated that the amount of water use directly related to yield
increases; total water used increase because more water is needed for increased plant
growth within the limits of available moisture and others.
Interaction effect. There were no significant differences obtained from the volume and
frequency of irrigation on the computed marketable yield of spinach (Table 8).

Table 8. Computed marketable yield (t/ha) of spinach as affected by different frequency
and volume of irrigation.

TREATMENT
MEAN COMPUTED
MARKETABLE YIELD (t/ha)

Volume of Irrigation (li/1.25m2)


5
0.75
10
0.69
15
0.81
Frequency of irrigation (Days interval)

2
0.77
4
0.75
6
0.74
Means with common letter are not significant at 5% level by DMRT

Initial and Final Moisture Content

Effect of volume of irrigation. Results show that there were no significant
differences obtained on the initial and final moisture content as affected by the volume of
irrigation (Table 9).
Yield Performance of F1 Hybrid ‘Dynasty’ Spinach As Affected by Different Frequency and
Volume of Irrigation | BADAY, MELIO P. APRIL 2012

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Effect of frequency of irrigation. There were no significant differences obtained on
the initial and final moisture content as affected by frequency of irrigation shown (Table
9).

Interaction effect. There were no significant differences obtained between volume
and frequency of irrigation on the initial and final moisture content as shown in Table 9.

Table 9. Initial moisture content (%) of spinach as affected by different frequency and
volume of irrigation.

TREATMENT
MEAN MOISTURE CONTENT (%)
Initial Final
Volume of Irrigation (li/1.25m2)

5
83.72 71.67
10
83.33 72.03
15
83.37 72.67
Frequency of irrigation (Days interval)

2
84.76 74.84
4
84.61 71.72
6
81.06 69.94
Means with common letters are not significant at 5% level by DMRT
Soil Analysis
Table 10 shows the soil analysis before and after the study. The soil pH decreased slightly
from 6.22 to 5.79 before and after the study, respectively. On the other hand, organic matter
decreased from 3.0 to 2.5 %, phosphorous decreased from 49 to 45 ppm, and potassium
decreased from 230 to 186 ppm.


Yield Performance of F1 Hybrid ‘Dynasty’ Spinach As Affected by Different Frequency and
Volume of Irrigation | BADAY, MELIO P. APRIL 2012

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Table 10. Soil Analysis of the experimental area before and after the study.



Ph
OM%
P, ppm
K, ppm
Before
6.22
3.0
49
230
After
5.79
2.5
45
186

Economic Analysis

Return on Cash Expense
Effect of volume of irrigation. Table 11a shows that there were no significant differences
on the return on cash expense (ROCE) were obtained from plants grown in different
volume of irrigation. Numerical values show that plants irrigated at a rate of 5 li/1.25m2
obtained the highest ROCE at 83.61%. This implies that for every peso spent,
83.61centavos is realized as an income.

Effect of frequency of irrigation. There were no significant differences on the return
on cash expense (ROCE) obtained from plants grown in different frequency of irrigation
as shown in Table 11a. Numerical values show that plants irrigated every 6 days obtained
the highest ROCE at 85.95%. This implies that for every peso spent, 89.95 centavos is
realized as an income.

Interaction effect. There were no significant differences obtained between volume
and frequency of irrigation on the return on cash expense as shown in Table 11b. Numerical
values show that plants irrigated at 5 li/1.25m2 every 6 days obtained the highest ROCE at
104.39%. This implies that for every peso spent, PhP1.04 is realized as an income.
Yield Performance of F1 Hybrid ‘Dynasty’ Spinach As Affected by Different Frequency and
Volume of Irrigation | BADAY, MELIO P. APRIL 2012

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Table 11. Return On cash expense (ROCE) from spinach production (100 m2 area) as affected by volume and frequency of irrigation

TREATMENT
TOTAL MARKETABLE
GROSS
PRODUCTION
NET INCOME
ROCE (%)
YIELD (Kg)
INCOME (PhP)
COST (PhP)
(PhP)
Volume of irrigation





(li/1.25m2)






5
15.02
1805.67
982.98
819.98
83.61
10
13.84
1644.00
1039.97
624.03
61.52
15
14.45
1952.00
1097.25
853.42
78.53
Frequency of irrigation





(Days interval)






2
15.38
1845.33
1147.25
696.75
61.37
4
15.02
17 92.00
1013.15
778.85
76.38
6
14.90
1781.33
959.51
821.82
85.95



Yield Performance of F1 Hybrid ‘Dynasty’ Spinach As Affected by Different Frequency and Volume of Irrigation | BADAY, MELIO P. APRIL 2012

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Table 11b. Return on cash expense from spinach production as affected by the treatment combination of volume and frequency of
irrigation
Volume of irrigation
(li/1.25m2)
5
10
15
Frequency of irrigation
(Days interval)
2
4
6
2
4
6
2
4
6
Gross Income









Computed marketable Yield
0.21
0.16
0.20
0.16
0.19
0.17
0.21
0.21
0.19
@ ₱120.00/kg
24.80
19.20
23.60
18.80
22.80
20.80
25.60
25.20
22.40
Projected Yield (100 sq.m)
1,984.00
1,536.00
1,888.00
1,504.00
1,824.00
1,664.00
2,048.00
2,016.00
1,792.00










Production Cost









Seeds @ ₱0.9/g X 60g
54.00
54.00
54.00
54.00
54.00
54.00
54.00
54.00
54.00
Water @ ₱0.0179/L
85.92
50.12
35.80
171.84
100.24
71.60
257.76
150.36
107.40
Farm Labor
868.41
805.91
780.91
868.41
805.91
780.91
868.41
805.91
780.91
Pencil, ballpen, pentel pen,
recordbook, and plastic bags
53.00
53.00
53.00
53.00
53.00
53.00
53.00
53.00
53.00
Subtotal
1,061.33
963.03
923.71
1,147.25
1,013.15
959.51
1,233.17
1,063.27
995.31










Net Income
922.67
572.97
964.29
356.75
810.85
704.49
814.83
952.73
796.69
ROCE
86.94
59.50
104.39
31.10
80.03
73.42
66.08
89.60
80.04
RANK
3
8
1
9
5
6
7
2
4




Yield Performance of F1 Hybrid ‘Dynasty’ Spinach As Affected by Different Frequency and Volume of Irrigation | BADAY, MELIO P. APRIL 2012

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Meteorological data

Table 12 shows the meteorological data from January to February 2012 which was
taken at the BSU- PAS-ASA station. During the conduct of the experiment, rainfall
averaged 1.84mm; relative humidity averaged at 85.71 %; mean sunshine duration was
270.22 minutes; maximum and minimum temperatures from Pag-asa Station were 24.580C
and 13.30C, respectively; and tunnel temperature averaged 23.97 0C.

According Lloyd (1935) spinach grows well in an environment with a relative
humidity of 80-90 % with an optimum temperature of 16-18C. However if grown in high
temperature and especially long days causes spinach to bolt thus destroying its market
value.

Table 12. Average meteorological data and tunnel temperature taken from the PAG-ASA
station at Balili, La Trinidad, Benguet and Ornamental Horticulture experimental area,
respectively.

Month
Rainfall
Relative
Temperature C0
Tunnel
Sun Shine
(mm)
humidity
Maximum Minimum temperature Duration
(%)
C0
(Minutes)
January
1.4
86.63
24.13
13.1
23.48
296.95
February
3.4
86.6
23.9
10.7
24.45
286
Mean
1.84
85.71
24.58
13.3
23.97
270.22
Figure 1. Overview of the experimental field
Yield Performance of F1 Hybrid ‘Dynasty’ Spinach As Affected by Different Frequency and
Volume of Irrigation | BADAY, MELIO P. APRIL 2012

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SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION

Summary

The study was conducted at Ornamental Horticulture experimental area, Benguet
State University, La Trinidad Benguet from January to February 2012 to evaluate the effect
of volume and frequency of irrigation on the growth of spinach, determine the best volume
and frequency of irrigation for spinach production and to determine the economics of
applying the different treatment for spinach production.

Results reveal that there were no significant differences obtained from the
application of the different treatments. However, highest return on cash expense was
obtained by irrigation 5 li/1.25m2 every 6 days at 104.39%

Conclusion

It is therefore concluded that irrigation in spinach be done at 5 li/1.25m2 every six
days to obtain higher return on cash expense.

Recommendation

Based on the results of this irrigation study, water at 5 li/1.25m2 applied every six
days is desired for spinach.







Yield Performance of F1 Hybrid ‘Dynasty’ Spinach As Affected by Different Frequency and
Volume of Irrigation | BADAY, MELIO P. APRIL 2012

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LITERATURE CITED

AFOLAYAN, S.O. J.C. IGBEKA, O. BABALOLA. 2002. Effects of Irrigation Frequency
on Soil Moisture Potential And Chemical Properties, Growth And Shot Yield Of Large –
Green. Nigerian Journal of Horticultural Science. P. 279.

BECKMANN, H. C. and N.C. BRADY. 1969. The nature and Properties of Soils. New
York: Mac Millan Book Co. Pp. 152-161.

CAOILI,A.A.,W.P. DAVID,V.A. SAHAGUN and M.R. DE VERA. 1967. Irrigation and
Drainage Principles and Practices. Department of Development Communication. Pp l-2.

CHAPMAN, S.R. and L.P. CARTER. 1976. Crop Production, Principles and Practices.
San Francisco: W.H. Freeman and Co. P. 419.

HANSEN V. E., W.O. ISRAELSEN and G. E. STRINGHAM. 1980. Irrigation Principles
and Practices. John Wiley and Sous Inc. Fourth Edition.Pp 4-5, 315.

KNOTT J. 1967. Vegetable Production in South East asia. UPLB. University of the
Philippines, Los Banos. Pp. 174, 83.

LLOYD, J. W. 1935. Cool Season Crops. Productive Vegetable Growing. New York:
Lippincott Book Co. Pp. 255-25.

MCMAHON, M. J.. 2002. Hartsman’s plant science: growth, development and utilization
of Cultivated plants. New Jersey. Pearson Educations Inc, upper saddle River. Third
Edition. Pp 459-460.

SWADER , J. M. and R.B. WARE. 1975. Spinach and other leafy Vegetable Greens:
Producing Vegetable Crops. New York: The Mac Millan Co. Pp. 483-488, 490-491.






Yield Performance of F1 Hybrid ‘Dynasty’ Spinach As Affected by Different Frequency and
Volume of Irrigation | BADAY, MELIO P. APRIL 2012

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