BIBLIOGRAPHY ANDRES, REALIZA S. MARCH...

BIBLIOGRAPHY

ANDRES, REALIZA S. MARCH 2006. Growth and Flowering of Angel’s
Wing (Spathiphyllum kochii) as Affected by Different Potting Media Mixtures. Benguet
State University, La Trinidad, Benguet.
Adviser: Fernando R. Gonzales, Ph.D.
ABSTRACT
The study was conducted at the Ornamental Horticultural Research Project Area
of the Benguet State University, La Trinidad, Benguet from Semptember 2005 to January
2006 to determine the effect of different potting media mixture on the growth and
flowering of Spathiphyllum kochii and to determine the effect of different potting media
mixes with regards to cutflower yield, cutflower quality and vaselife of cutflower.
Plants grown in compost (alnus) had significantly longer cutflower stems, had the
longest and widest spathes; while cutflowers of plants grown in a media mixture of 1:1:1
ricehull + garden soil + chicken manure had the longest vaselife under ambient
conditions, and the shortest vaselife was observed from cutflowers of plants grown in
1:1:1 ricehull + sawdust + pig manure. Final height, final number of leaves per plant,
average number of suckers produced per plant, number of days from transplanting to
flower bud formation, days from transplanting to fully opened spathe and cutflower yield
per plant were not significantly affected by the different growing media composition used
in the study.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Page
Bibliography………………………………………………………………
i
Abstract……….…………………………………………………………..
i
Table of Contents………………………………………………………..
ii

INTRODUCTION……………………………………………………..

1

Nature of the Study……………………………………………

1

Importance of the Study………………………………………
2

Objectives of the Study……………………………………….

2

Time and Place of the Study……………………………………

2
REVIEW OF LITERATURE………………………………………..

3

Description of Spathiphyllum kochii…………………………

3

Growth/Potting Media Mixtures……………………………..

4
MATERIALS AND METHODS…………………………………….

9

Materials……………………………………………………..

9

Methods……………………………………………………..

9

Data gathered………………………………………………….

11
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Final Height of Plants at Flowering (cm) ………………………
14

Final Number of Leaves per Plant at Flower Stage ……………

15

Average Number of Suckers Produced per Plant ……………..

16

Number of Days from Transplanting to 1 cm Flower Bud Size…
17
ii

Days from Transplanting to fully opened spathe ……….. ……..
18

Average Length and Width of Spathe (cm) ..…………………..

19

Average Length of Stem at Harvestable Stage (cm) ……………
20

Cutflower Yield per Plant (4 months) ………………………..

22

Vaselife (days) ……………………………………………….

23
SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION

Summary …………………………………………………….

24

Conclusion …………………………………………………..

25

Recommendation ……………………………………………

26
LITERATURE CITED ……………………………………………..

27
APPENDICES ……………………………………………………..

29

iii

1

INTRODUCTION

Nature of the Study

Spathiphyllum (Spathiphyllum kochii L.) is a herbaceous perennial plant that
belongs to the family Araceae. There are five species of spathiphyllum and these are the:
Spathiphyllum cannifolium L. originated from South America; Spathiphyllum
commutatum schott L. endemic in the Philippines but it is also found in Borneo, Sumatra
and Java; Spathiphyllum kochii L. originated from tropical America; Spathiphyllum
phyniifolium schott L. from Nicaragua and Panama; and Spathiphyllum clevalandii L. of
unknown origin (www.yahoo.com).

In the Cordillera region particularly in Benguet, Spathiphyllum kochii L. is the
common species being cultivated. Farmer’s locally know this plant as Angel’s Wings
(Personal Communication with Dr. Araceli G. Ladilad, 2005).

Spathiphyllum kochii L. is characterized as leafy, ground aroid that is 50cm tall
with long leaves, petiole lanciolate to 40 cm long, entire margin with flowers cream to
almost white in color erect and rigid (Madulid, 1995).

Unlike other cutflowers such as anthurium whose flowers are readily available in
the market every time it is needed. Angel’s wing is rarely seen in the flower shop and if
available the quantity is limited. This is attributed to the few number of growers who
ventured in the production of this potential Cutflower crop. This will also explain why it
is sold from pay 40 to 60php which is consider higher per dozen. Related to this,
observations had shown that the vase life of spathiphyllum is very short compared to
anthurium and chrysanthemum.
Growth and Flowering of Angel’s Wing (Spathiphyllum kochii)
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Furthermore, spathiphyllum is grown around the world. It is usually used as both
as a flowering and as a foliage plant. Since it is one of the best indoor plants and holds up
very well in the interior escape and provides tropical beauty for long a period of time.

Importance of the study

Growing Spathiphyllum kochii can be developed as a profitable business in
Baguio, Benguet. Production of Spathiphyllum Cutflower and potted plants could also
provide a good source of income.

Due to the economic potential and aesthetic value of potted plants, it is important
to study the appropriate potting media for the growth and flowering of Spathiphyllum
kochii L. grown in container.

Objectives of the study

1. To determine the effect of different potting media mixtures on the growth and
flowering of Spathiphyllum kochii L.
2. To identify the best potting media mixtures for the culture of potted Spathiphyllum
kochii L.
3. To determine the effect of different potting media mixes with regards to cutflower,
yield and cutflower quality.

Time and place of the study

The study was conducted at Benguet State University Floriculture Research Area,
La Trinidad, Benguet under greenhouse condition from September 2005 to January 2006

Growth and Flowering of Angel’s Wing (Spathiphyllum kochii)
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REVIEW OF LITERATURE

Description of Spathiphyllum kochii L.

Spathiphyllum is a member of the Araceae that also includes Aglaouema,
Anturium, Caladium, Dieffenbachia and Philodendron. During the early 70’s only two
varieties of hybrids grown, “clevalandii” and “mauna loa”. Since the 1970’s the selection,
production and popularity of Spathiphyllum has grown (Anonymous, undated).

Even though spaths originated in South and Central America mainly in Columbia
and Venezuela they are today the most popular indoor plant in the US and U.K.

Madulid (1975) reported that Spathiphyllum kochii originated from tropical
America, it is characterized as leafy, ground aroid that is 50 cm tall with long leaves,
petiole lanciolate to 40 cm long entire margin, with flowers ream to almost white in color
erect and rigid.

Spaths grow not higher but wider as they age. New leaves appear among and
around the base of old leaves, coming straight out of the soil. Its flowers are very similar
to calla flowers. They are large in various tones of white from snow white to very pale
green and they appear on top of thin long branches in the same way as the leaves. In
reality they are not flowers but differentiated leaves that surround the stamen
(Anonymous, 2005).

Spaths will survive at low interior light but would prefer bright filtered light. Ideal
temperature for spaths is between 21-24 degrees celcius during the day and night while
fluctuating temperatures will harm the plant.

To keep the plants in shape, all purpose fertilizer can be used.

Growth and Flowering of Angel’s Wing (Spathiphyllum kochii)
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Growing/Potting Media Mixture

Organic matter (OM) in the soil perform several functions such as prevention of
the loss of nutrient by forming complexes with the nutrient element, facilitates absorption
and perculation of water into and through the soil. Thus increasing water holding ability
and reducing erosion also source of nutrient element and improves the penetration of
roots through the soil by good structure by its decomposed (Bautista et. al., 1994).

Brady (1984) stated the organic matter is composed of living or dead plants and
animal’s residues, which are very active and important portion of the soilage. They
protect soil against erosion; supplies cementing substance for desirable aggregation
formation and it loosen the soil to provide better aeration and water movement.

Ware (1937) as cited by Sumakey (2004) added that OM improves the physical
condition and chemical properties of the soil. Chemical properties may include the
following materials depending on the kind of plant and its state of decomposition,
carbohydrates, sugars, starch, cellulose, lignin, tannin, fats, oil, waxes, resin, portions,
pigments, and minerals such as calcium (Ca), phosphorus (P), Sulfur (S), Iron (Fe),
Magnesium (Mg), and Potassium (K). These properties of the soil raise the capacity of
heavy soil and lessens surface run-off, leaching and erosion. It also enhances the porosity
of the soil OM like compost, which contains 25% N, 0.03% Mg, and OM content of
5.6%.

Compost is used as mulches in vegetable or flower gardens. This practice
provides not only nutrients for the plant but soil cover for moisture conservation as well.
Indoor potted plants also thrive on a mixture of high-composted material (Brady, 1984)

Jankowiak (1978) stated that compost encourages the formation of vigorous roots,
Growth and Flowering of Angel’s Wing (Spathiphyllum kochii)
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which in turn produce a healthy plant, one, which is capable of taking in more food and
water.

Thompson and Troeh (1978) claimed that the nutrients release from well rotten
compost is probably better balanced and regulates than that from fresh manure whereby
gardeners can therefore apply larger amounts of compost than the use of fresh manure,
without danger of injuring plants. They added that the use of compost also results in
humus information and promotes good soil structure. Composts also supply nutrients
such as nitrogen, phosphorous and sulfur which are essential for plant growth.

Acop (1987) recommended that plants grow from media in consisting of 1:1 part
horse manure + garden soil and 1:1:1 horse manure + compost + garden soil were the
tallest had higher leaf count at anthesis and initiated flowers the earliest in
Chrysanthemum.

Diaz (2000) recommended that a mixture of 1:1:1 ricehull + compost + sand
could be recommended for the growing of “Non stop Rose Peticoat (Begonia sp.) under
La Trinidad Benguet condition.

Einert (1972) stated that ricehull provides high to medium texture with good
drainage and aeration and does not affect soil pH. He further stated that maximum
effectiveness obtained when ricehull is not more than 20% by volume of potting mixture.

Whole ricehull are moderately resistant to decomposition. They hold little water
and improve aeration. They are useful lightweight component of mixes for orchids and
are also to increase the porosity of bedding mixture based on peat (Hhandreck and Black,
1994).

Cabalo (2001) recommended that a mixture of 1:1:1:1 sand + sawdust + ricehull +
Growth and Flowering of Angel’s Wing (Spathiphyllum kochii)
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cow manure will promote thicker stems, bigger cyme diameter, longer aesthetic duration
and high return on investments in Milflores
Donahue (1979) stated that sawdust is a good bedding mixture material since it
absorbs liquid and is good soil condition. The greatest resistant of lignin of
decomposition offers intriguing possibilities in horticulture and the use of sawdust a
common surplus material, which frequently is obtained free of change.
He furthered that sawdust is composed of 4lbs.Nitrogen, 2lbs.Potassium and
4lbs.phosphorus per ton of sawdust on an over dry weight basis.
Baldwin and Weslh (1997) as cited by Aladog (2005) found that the use of
organic mulches such as untreated sawdust or straw will aid in controlling weeds and
conserve soil moisture and texture.
Sumakey (2005) found that a media composition 1:1:1:1 garden soil + cocofiber +
coco soil + horse manure as a growing media for white calla recommend for improved
growth, earlier flowering and higher quality Cutflowers and big sized corms with a return
on investments of 213.11%.
Allan (1999) recommended that potted roses grown in media consisting 1:1:1
horse manure + compost + garden soil, or 1:1:1 sand + garden soil + horse manure were
the best potting mixtures; they promoted compact growth and profuse flowering in potted
roses.
Handreck and Black (1994) mentioned that many grades of sand are available.
Those with mainly medium to very coarse sizes (0.25-2mm) are generally preferred finer
grades can be used to increase water holding capacity of mixes hose other component are
coarser.
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Gerald (1970) as cited by Allan (1999) stated that the usage of sterilized mixture
of 1/3 loam, 1/3 drainage material such as sand and gravel and 1/3 moisture retaining
materials such as peat moss and sphagnum mosses with small amount of fertilizer added
was found satisfactory.
Oryan (1994) recommended that media composition 1:1:1:1 part of weight of
garden soil + horse manure + sand + compost greatly improved the vegetative growth and
flowering of African Violets grown in pots under partial shade.
Manure it stimulates the work of soil microbes that unlock plant food held in soil
borne mineral compounds. It adds nutrients and humus to the soil aids composting
operations and in the green state provides heat for cold frames as it decomposes. Lastly it
improves the physical condition of heavy soil (Jankowiak, 1978).
Brady (1984) mentioned that farm manure is degraded plant material and they
tend to increase the yield crops. The nutrient elements taken by animals are found on the
voided element for this reason; animal manures are valuable sources of both macro
element and microelement.
Foth and Turk (1972) noted that rotten manure is a rich food constituent. This
concentration of plant nutrient is due to shrinkage in dry weight, which would
automatically raise the level of plant food.
Christopher (1958) stated that fresh manure is relatively higher in nitrogen and
potassium than in phosphorus. He further that manure may increase water holding
capacity, improve structure and provide a satisfactory medium in which various desirable
bacteria may develop. It supplies a great many of the chemicals recognized as minor
element and in all probability some other elements and possibly, hormones which as yet
Growth and Flowering of Angel’s Wing (Spathiphyllum kochii)
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not recognized.
Jankowiak (1978) stated that chicken manure is generally the highest in all levels
of plant nutrients, some times up to four times as rich as cow manure, but it contains far
less humus. Horse manure is a little higher in most nutrients than cow and has the
advantage along with chicken and sheep of being “hotter” that is, it decomposes faster
and generates a higher composting temperature. Cow and hog manure are cool these
wetter and don’t have as much nitrogen.
He further stared that compost, manure’s and most mulches are both humus
builders and excellent sources of macro and micro nutrients and there make excellent
natural fertilizers.
Gawaban (1999) recommended that a media of 1:1:1 alnus + compost + garden
soil, significantly improved the vegetative growth of impatiens and produced taller
plants.
Micklay (1990) found that 1:1:1:1 part of weight of garden soil + horse manure +
sand + compost had greatly improved the vegetative growth and reproductive ability of
geranium plants
Laurie (1950) stated that humus increase the power of the soil to hold water and
soluble materials in water. Its colloidal properties permit absorption of gases and their
retention these colloidal properties improve the structure, making it granular.
Further humus aids in the absorption of gases and their retention of soil heat
(Laurie, 1950). It also makes potassium and phosphorus compounds are available through
the acids that are formed in the process of decomposition. Soil nitrogen normally is
derived from the decomposition of humus and it helpful in the growth or organism
Growth and Flowering of Angel’s Wing (Spathiphyllum kochii)
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needed in the soil.
In corporation of these different organic matters in the soil is very important
especially in florist crops since they enhance the growth of flowers (Laurie, 1956).

Growth and Flowering of Angel’s Wing (Spathiphyllum kochii)
as Affected by Different Potting Media Mixtures /Realiza S. Andres. 2006

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MATERIALS AND METHODS

Materials

To successfully carry-out the activities in this study, the following materials will
be used: Angel’s Wings (Spathiphyllum kochii L.) plants at flowering stage, polyethylene
bags 15 x 20 cm. Animal manure (cattle, pig, chicken) media and labeling materials.

Methods

The study was laid-out following the Completely Randomized Design (CRD)
with four (4) replications. Each replication will have two sample plants per treatment.

The different potting media mixtures will be as follows:

T0 – Garden soil (control)

T1 – Compost (ALNUS)

T2 – Compost + chicken manure + sawdust (1:1:1)

T3 – Compost + rice hull + garden soil (1:1:1)

T4 – Compost + sawdust + cattle manure (1:1:1)

T5 – Sand + rice hull + sawdust (1:1:1)

T6 – Rice hull + sawdust + pig manure (1:1:1)

T7 – Rice hull + garden soil + chicken manure (1:1:1)

The different potting media was mixed following the indicated ratio and will be
placed in black plastic bags, where the angel’s wing will be planted.

The study was conducted under greenhouse conditions with a temperature range
of 19-22oC. Recommended cultural practices such as weeding, irrigation and crop
protection were applied uniformly to all test plants.
Growth and Flowering of Angel’s Wing (Spathiphyllum kochii)
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The data gathered, were statistically analyzed using the analysis of Variance for
Completely Randomized Design (CRD). Significance of differences between treatments
was tested using the Duncan’s Multiple Range Test (DMRT).

Data Gathered

A. Vegetative Growth

1. Final height of plant (cm) at flowering. This was obtained by measuring the
plant height at flowering stage.
2. Final number of leaves per plant at flowering stage. This was obtained by
counting the leaves produced per plant at flowering stage.
3. Number of suckers produced per plant at flowering. The number of suckers
was recorded at flowering.

B. Reproductive Growth
1. Number of days from transplanting to 1 cm flower bud size. This was
obtained by counting the number of days from transplanting until 1 cm flower bud size
observed.

2. Days from transplanting to fully opened spathe. This was obtained by
counting the number of days from transplanting to flowering (fully opened spathe).

a. Vaselife. The number of days from harvesting at fully opened spathe and
holding in tap water until the onset of senescence.

b. Length of spathe (cm). This was obtained by measuring the length o f the
spathe after harvesting.

c. Width of spathe (cm.) This was obtained by measuring the width of spathe
Growth and Flowering of Angel’s Wing (Spathiphyllum kochii)
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after harvesting.

d. Stem length (cm). This was obtained by measuring the stem length after
harvesting.
C. Cutflowers yield per plant. Yield per plant for four months duration was
recorded.
D. Documentation. Pictures were taken during the conduct of the experiment.

Growth and Flowering of Angel’s Wing (Spathiphyllum kochii)
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Plate 1. Newly Transplanted

Plate 2. One month from transplanting

Plate 3. Flowering stage

Growth and Flowering of Angel’s Wing (Spathiphyllum kochii)
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RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Table 1. Final height of plant at flowering (cm)

TREATMENT
MEAN

Garden soil (control)
34.750 a

Compost (alnus)
40.000 a

Compost + chicken manure + sawdust (1:1:1)
29.125 a

Compost + ricehull + garden soil (1:1:1)
33.125 a

Compost + sawdust + cattle manure (1:1:1)
33.375 a

Sand + ricehull + sawdust (1:1:1)
27.625 a

Ricehull + sawdust + pig manure (1:1:1)
38.750 a

Ricehull + garden soil + chicken manure (1:1:1)
19.625 a
Means with a letter are not significantly different at 5% level by DMRT

Final Height of Plants at Flowering (cm)

Results showed no significant differences on the final height of Spathiphyllum
kochii at flowering stage as affected by different growing media. However plants grown
in compost (alnus) was the tallest with a mean of 40.000 cm and was followed by plants
planted in a media grown in consisting 1:1:1 ricehull + sawdust + pig manure. Results,
further showed that the shortest plant at flowering were observed in plans planted in
media consisting 1:1:1 ricehull + garden soil + chicken manure with means of 19.625 cm.
Gawaban in 1999 however found that 1:1:1 alnus compost + garden soil + ricehull and
1:1:1 alnus compost + ricehull + sand had significantly promoted taller plants at
flowering in Impatience.

Growth and Flowering of Angel’s Wing (Spathiphyllum kochii)
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Table 2. Final number of leaves per plant at flowering stage

TREATMENT
MEAN

Garden Soil (control)
10.125 a
Compost (alnus)
12.625 a
Compost + chicken manure + sawdust (1:1:1)
7.375 a
Compost + ricehull + garden soil (1:1:1)
10.750 a
Compost + sawdust + cattle manure (1:1:1)
9.500 a
Sand + ricehull + sawdust (1:1:1)
6.500 a
Ricehull + sawdust + pig manure (1:1:1)
11.375 a
Ricehull + garden soil + chicken manure (1:1:1)
6.250 a
Means with the same letter are not significantly different at 5% level by DMRT

Final Number of Leaves per Plant at Flower Stage

The different growing media used did not significantly affected the final number
of leaves per plant at flowering stage (Table 2). However, plants grown in compost
(alnus) had the highest number of leaves at flowering with an average leaves of 12.625
while the lowest was from 1:1:1 ricehull + garden soil + chicken manure with a mean of
6.25.
Daiz (2000) on the other hand found that media composition of 1:2 sawdust +
compost promoted the production of more leaves in Begonia sp.

Growth and Flowering of Angel’s Wing (Spathiphyllum kochii)
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Table 3. Average number of sucker produced per plant

TREATMENT
MEAN

Garden Soil (control)
2.000 a

Compost (alnus)
3.250 a

Compost + chicken manure + sawdust (1:1:1)
2.250 a

Compost + ricehull + garden soil (1:1:1)
1.500 a

Compost + sawdust + cattle manure (1:1:1)
2.125 a

Sand + ricehull + sawdust (1:1:1)
1.875 a

Ricehull + sawdust + pig manure (1:1:1)
1.500 a

Ricehull + garden soil + chicken manure (1:1:1)
1.750 a
Means with the s ame letter are not significantly different at 5% level by DMRT

Average Number of Suckers Produced per Plant

Table 3 shows no significant differences among the different potting media
mixtures used on the number of suckers produced per plant. However, plants grown in
compost (alnus) tended to produced more suckers that the other mixtures used.

In a related study of Thompson and Troeh (1978) they claim that the nutrients
released from well-rotted compost is probably better balanced and regulated from fresh
manure whereby gardeners can therefore apply larger amounts of compost than the use of
fresh manure, without the danger of injuring plants. They added that the use of compost
also resulted in humus formation and promoted good soil structure.

Growth and Flowering of Angel’s Wing (Spathiphyllum kochii)
as Affected by Different Potting Media Mixtures /Realiza S. Andres. 2006

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Table 4. Number of days from transplanting to 1 cm flower bud size

TREATMENT
MEAN

Garden Soil (control)
50.500 a
Compost (alnus)
38.250 a
Compost + chicken manure + sawdust (1:1:1)
36.500 a
Compost + ricehull + garden soil (1:1:1)
43.125 a
Compost + sawdust + cattle manure (1:1:1)
37.875 a
Sand + ricehull + sawdust (1:1:1)
47.250 a
Ricehull + sawdust + pig manure (1:1:1)
41.375 a
Ricehull + garden soil + chicken manure (1:1:1)
53.125 a
Means with the same letter are not significantly different at 5% level of DMRT

Number of Days from Transplanting to 1 cm Flower Bud Size

The number of days from planting Spathiphyllum kochii to visible flower buds at
1 cm size is shown in Table 4. Results showed no significant differences on the growing
media used. However, plants grown in media mixture 1:1:1 ricehull + garden soil +
chicken manure showed earlier flower bud formation with a mean of 53.125 while the
latest was 1:1:1 compost + chicken manure + sawdust with a mean of 36.500.
This findings conforms with earlier study where plants are grown in medium
consisting 1:1:1:1 of wood shaving + sawdust + cow manure + sunflower leaves showed
the earliest flower buds in anthurium as reported by Cais (1996).

Growth and Flowering of Angel’s Wing (Spathiphyllum kochii)
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Table 5. Days from transplanting to fully opened spathe

TREATMENT
MEAN

Garden Soil (control)
78.500 a
Compost (alnus)
69.875 a
Compost + chicken manure + sawdust (1:1:1)
61.500 a
Compost + ricehull + garden soil (1:1:1)
76.000 a
Compost + sawdust + cattle manure (1:1:1)
64.375 a
Sand + ricehull + sawdust (1:1:1)
80.875 a
Ricehull + sawdust + pig manure (1:1:1)
73.625 a
Ricehull + garden soil + chicken manure (1:1:1)
61.250 a
Means with the same letter are not significantly different at 5% level by DMRT

Days from Transplanting to Fully opened Spathe

Table 5 shows that there was no significant difference among the different media
used in growing Spathiphyllum kochii. However, plants grown in 1:1:1 sand + ricehull +
sawdust + flowered earlier than other treatments which mean of 80.875 days.

Aladog in 2005 however found that plants planted in a medium mixture of garden
soil + chicken manure and 1:1:1:1 sand + sawdust + ricehull + alnus compost flowered
slightly earlier than plants grown in the other treatment in Zinnia.

Growth and Flowering of Angel’s Wing (Spathiphyllum kochii)
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Table 6. Length and width of spathe

MEAN
TREATMENT
LENGTH
WIDTH

Garden Soil (control)
10.750 abc
4.375 ab

Compost (alnus)
13.625 a
5.375 a

Compost + chicken manure + sawdust (1:1:1)
6.750 cd
3.250 bc

Compost + ricehull + garden soil (1:1:1)
11.250 ab
4.875 ab

Compost + sawdust + cattle manure (1:1:1)
9.500 abc
4.250 abc

Sand + ricehull + sawdust (1:1:1)
9.250 bc
4.250 abc

Ricehull + sawdust + pig manure (1:1:1)
10.500 abc
5.000 a

Ricehull + garden soil + chicken manure (1:1:1)
4.625 d
2.625 c

Means with the same letters are not significantly different at 5% level by DMRT

Average Length and Width of Spathe

Table 6 shows the length and width of Spathiphyllum kochii cutflowers as
affected by the different growing media composition. Longest spathe were significantly
measured in cutflowers harvested from plants grown in compost (alnus) with a mean
13.625 cm. However, it was comparable with plants grown in garden soil 1:1:1 compost
+ ricehull + garden soil, 1:1:1 compost + sawdust + cattle manure and 1:1:1 ricehull +
sawdust + pig manure which range from 11.250 cm to 9.500 cm. The smallest spathes
were measured with a mean 4.625 cm in plants grown in 1:1:1 ricehull + garden soil +
chicken manure.
Cutflowers from plants grown in compost and 1:1:1 ricehull + sawdust + pig
manure had significantly wider spathe with a mean 5.375 and 5.000 cm which was
Growth and Flowering of Angel’s Wing (Spathiphyllum kochii)
as Affected by Different Potting Media Mixtures /Realiza S. Andres. 2006

20

comparable with the spathe width from plants grown in garden soil, 1:1:1 compost +
ricehull + garden soil, 1:1:1 compost + sawdust + cattle manure and 1:1:1 sand + ricehull
+ sawdust which range from 4.875 to 4.250 cm. The shortest width was obtained from
1:1:1 ricehull + garden soil + chicken manure with only mean 2.625 cm spathe at 50%
anthesis.

Sumakey (2004) on the other hand found that longest and widest spathe were
measured in cutflowers harvest from plants grown in 1:1:1:1 garden soil + coco fiber +
coco soil + horse manure in white calla.

Table 7. Stem length (cm)

TREATMENT
MEAN

Garden Soil (control)
22.125 ab

Compost (alnus)
24.875 a

Compost + chicken manure + sawdust (1:1:1)
12.625 cd

Compost + ricehull + garden soil (1:1:1)
22.000 ab

Compost + sawdust + cattle manure (1:1:1)
19.125 abc

Sand + ricehull + sawdust (1:1:1)
16.375 bc

Ricehull + sawdust + pig manure (1:1:1)
22.125 ab

Ricehull + garden soil + chicken manure (1:1:1)
7.625 d
Means with the same letter are not significantly different at 5% level of DMRT

Growth and Flowering of Angel’s Wing (Spathiphyllum kochii)
as Affected by Different Potting Media Mixtures /Realiza S. Andres. 2006

21

Average Length of Stem at Harvestable Stage

Table 7 shows that plants grown in compost (alnus) had significantly longer stem
length with a mean of 24.875 cm. However, it was comparable with those obtained from
cutflowers harvested from plants grown in garden soil, 1:1:1 compost + ricehull + garden
soil, 1:1:1 compost + sawdust + cattle manure and 1:1:1 ricehull + sawdust + pig manure
which range from 22.125 cm to 19.125 cm. On the other hand, shortest stem were
observed from plants grown in 1:1:1 ricehull + garden soil + chicken manure with a mean
of only 7.425 cm at 50% flower opening stage.

Acop (1987) however found that 1:1:1 part of horse manure, garden soil and
compost gave the tallest and highest leaf count at anthesis and initiated flowers earlier in
chrysanthemums.

Table 8. Cutflower yield per plant (4 months)

TREATMENT
MEAN

Garden Soil (control)
1.500 a
Compost (alnus)
1.500 a
Compost + chicken manure + sawdust (1:1:1)
1.125 a
Compost + ricehull + garden soil (1:1:1)
1.375 a
Compost + sawdust + cattle manure (1:1:1)
1.250 a
Sand + ricehull + sawdust (1:1:1)
1.125 a
Ricehull + sawdust + pig manure (1:1:1)
1.500 a
Ricehull + garden soil + chicken manure (1:1:1)
0.625 a
Means with same letter are not significantly different at 5% level by DMRT

Growth and Flowering of Angel’s Wing (Spathiphyllum kochii)
as Affected by Different Potting Media Mixtures /Realiza S. Andres. 2006

22

Cutflower Yield per Plant (4 months)

Results show no significant differences on the number of flowers produced per
plant (Table 8). However, plants grown on potting media of garden soil, compost (alnus)
and 1:1:1 ricehull + sawdust + pig manure had produced more cutflower with a mean of
1.500 on the 4 months duration of the study.

In a related study Diaz (2000) found that potted roses grown in media consisting
1:1:1 horse manure + compost + garden soil or 1:1:1:1 sand + compost + garden soil +
horse manure were the best potting mixtures, they promoted compact growth and profuse
flowering in potted roses.

Table 9. Vaselife

TREATMENT
MEAN (days)

Garden Soil (control)
6.667 bc
Compost (alnus)
12.000 ab
Compost + chicken manure + sawdust (1:1:1)
11.000 ab
Compost + ricehull + garden soil (1:1:1)
9.667 ab
Compost + sawdust + cattle manure (1:1:1)
11.333 ab
Sand + ricehull + sawdust (1:1:1)
11.333 ab
Ricehull + sawdust + pig manure (1:1:1)
4.333 c
Ricehull
+
garden
soil
+
chic
13.000 a
ken manure (1:1:1)
Means with the same letter are not significantly different at 5% level of DMRT

Growth and Flowering of Angel’s Wing (Spathiphyllum kochii)
as Affected by Different Potting Media Mixtures /Realiza S. Andres. 2006

23

Vaselife

Significant difference were noted on the effect of different potting media on the
vaselife of Spathiphyllum kochii cutflowers observed at ambient as conditions shown in
Table 9.

Cutflowers of Spathiphyllum kochii plants growth with a potting mixture of 1:1:1
ricehull + garden soil + chicken manure had the longest vaselife with a mean of 13.000
days from holding in tap water at ambient condition were comparable with compost
(alnus), 1:1:1 compost + sawdust + cattle manure, 1:1:1 sand + ricehull + sawdust and
1:1:1 compost + chicken manure + sawdust which ranged from 12.000 to 11.000 days.
Shortest vaselife of cutflower was obtained from plants grown in 1:1:1 ricehull + sawdust
+ pig manure with means of 4.333 days.

Results showed that plants that produces short stemmed cutflowers with small-
sized tended to have shorter vaselife from those with long stem and long size spathe
because of higher stored food that leads to longer vaselife.

Growth and Flowering of Angel’s Wing (Spathiphyllum kochii)
as Affected by Different Potting Media Mixtures /Realiza S. Andres. 2006

24

SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION

Summary

This study was conducted at the ornamental Horticulture Research Project Area of
Benguet State University, La Trinidad, Benguet from September 2005 to January 2006 to
determine the effect of different potting media mixture on the growth and flowering of
Spathyphyllum kochii, identify the best potting media mixtures for the culture of potted
Spathyphyllum kochii, and to determine the effect of different potting media mixes with
regards to cutflowers yield, cutflower quality and vaselife of cutflowers.

Results show that there were no significant differences on the vegetative growth
in terms of final height of plant at flowering (cm), final number of leaves per plant at
flowering stage and average number of suckers produced per plant at flowering as
affected by different media used among the eight potting media mixtures used, compost
(alnus) tended to improved the vegetative growth of Spathiphyllum kochii l. plants by
producing taller plants, higher leaf count and more suckers produced on the termination
of the study.

Significantly longer cutflower stems of 24.875 at fully opened spathe were
recorded in plants grown in a mixture, compost (alnus). However stem lengths were
comparable with those obtained from cutflowers harvested from plants grown in garden
soil, 1:1:1 compost + sawdust + cattle manure, 1:1:1 ricehull + sawdust + pig manure and
1:1:1 compost + ricehull + garden soil shortest stem were recorded from plants grown in
1:1:1 ricehull + garden soil + chicken manure. Longest spathes were measured in
cutflowers harvested from plants grown in compost (alnus) with a mean of 13.625 cm.
The other growing media produced comparable spathe length at fully opened spathe is
Growth and Flowering of Angel’s Wing (Spathiphyllum kochii)
as Affected by Different Potting Media Mixtures /Realiza S. Andres. 2006

25

which range from 1 1.250 cm to 10.500 cm while the shortest length of spathe were
measured from plants in 1:1:1 ricehull + garden soil + chicken manure. The widest
spathes were recorded in cutflowers from plants grown from the same media composition
of compost (alnus) and the other was 1:1:1 ricehull + sawdust + pig manure with a mean
of 5.375 cm and 5.000 cm which was comparable with the spathe width of spathiphyllum
kochii cutflowers produced by plants grown in garden soil, 1:1:1 compost + ricehull +
garden soil, 1:1:1 compost + sawdust + cattle manure and 1:1:1 sand + ricehull +
sawdust which ranged from 4.875 cm to 4.250 cm while the shortest width were
measured from plants grown in 1:1:1 ricehull + garden soil + chicken manure with mean
4.625 spathes at fully opened spathe. Cutflower yield per plant to 4 months duration was
not significantly affected by different growing media composition. Means ranged from
1.500 to 0.625 cm.

The longest vaselife with a mean of 13.000 days from holding in tap water at
ambient condition observed in cutflowers planted in a media mixture of 1:1:1 ricehull +
garden soil + chicken manure comparable with compost (alnus), 1:1:1 compost + chicken
manure + sawdust, 1:1:1 sand + ricehull + sawdust and 1:1:1 compost + sawdust + cattle
manure which ranged from 12.000 to 11.000 days. Shortest vaselife was observed from
cutflowers grown in 1:1:1 ricehull + sawdust + pig manure with only means of 4.333
days.

Conclusion

Based on the results of the study, it is therefore concluded that a growing medium
of compost (alnus) should be used as a potting media in Spathiphyllum kochii to produce
longer cutflower with bigger length and width of fully opened spathe and longer vaselife.
Growth and Flowering of Angel’s Wing (Spathiphyllum kochii)
as Affected by Different Potting Media Mixtures /Realiza S. Andres. 2006

26

Recommendation

From the preceeding results of the study, the use of compost (alnus) as growing
media for Spathyphyllum kochii is therefore recommended for better growth, earlier,
flowering, better quality cutflowers for pot culture under greenhouse conditions.

Growth and Flowering of Angel’s Wing (Spathiphyllum kochii)
as Affected by Different Potting Media Mixtures /Realiza S. Andres. 2006

27

LITERATURE CITED

ACOP, C.C.1987. Effective of Different Potting Media on the growth and Flowering of
Chrysanthemum.BS Thesis BSU, La Trinidad, Benguet. P. 25.

ALADOG, N. K.2005. Effect of different Potting Media on the Growth and Flowering of
Zennia (Zinnia elegans L.).BS.Thesis BSU, La Trinidad Benguet.P.24.

ALLAN, B. 1999. Response of rose (Rosahybrida) to different Potting Media
Composition. BS Thesis BSU La Trinidad Benguet Province. P. 36.

ANONYMOUS 2005. Undated http://www.plant-care.com/peace-lilyspathiphyllum
removing flowers.html.

______________ 2005. http://www.wheatpngreenhouse.blogspot.com.

BAUTISTA, O.K, R.R ESPINO, H.L VALMAYOR and J. B SANGALANG.1994.
Introduction to Tropical Horticulture.2nd Ed. SEAKCA and UPLB. Laguna,
Philippines. P. 214.

BRADY. N. G.1984. The Nature and Properties of Soil. N. Y McMillan Publishing, Co.
Inc. P. 644.

CABALO, C. F. 2005. Growth and Flowering of Milflores (Hydrangea Macrophylla L.)

As affected by different potting media composition. BS thesis BSU, La

Trinidad, Benguet Province.

CHRISTOPHER. E. P. 1958. Introductory Horticulture. McGraw-Hill Book Company.
New York. USA. P. 90.

DIAZ, C. Y. 2000. Response of four Varieties of Begonia sp. To the different Potting
Media. BS Thesis BSU, La Trinidad Benguet Province.
.
DONAHUE, R. L., R. W. MILLER and J. C. SCHICKLUNA.1979. Soil and Introduction
to Soil and Plant Growth. 4th Ed. Prentice Hall Inc. New Jersey. P.197.

EINERT, A. E. 1972. Performance of Rice Hulls Media for Plant Aster Lilies Under
Three Farming Systems. Horticultural Science. Pp.60-61.

FOTH, D.H., and L.M. Turk. 1972. Fundamentals of Soil Science 5th Ed. New York
Wiley. Pp. 337-340.

GAWABAN, J. B. 1999. Response of Container-grown impatient sultanii to Different
Potting Media. BS Thesis BSU, La Trinidad, Benguet Province.

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as Affected by Different Potting Media Mixtures /Realiza S. Andres. 2006

28

JANKOWIAK. J. 1978. The Prosperous Gardener. A Guide to Gardening the Organic
Way. Rodale Press Emmans, P.A. Pp.

HANDRECK, K. A., and N.P. BLACK. 1994. Growing Media for Ornamental Plants and
Turf. Mc Pherson’s Printing Group Sydney, Pp. 111-121.

LAURIE, A.D., and K.S. NELSON. 1956. Commercial Flower Forcing 6thEd. N.Y.
Toronto, London. McGraw Hill Publication in Agricultural Science.

MADULID, D. 2000.A Doctorial Cyclopedia of Philippine Ornamental Plant, 2nd Ed.
Bookmark Incorporation. Makati City. Philippines. P.98.

MICKLAY, M.L. 1990. Effect of Different Potting Media on the Growth and Flowering
of Geranium. BS.Thesis BSU, La Trinidad, Benguet Province. P.10.

ORYAN. L. M. 1994.Effect of Potting Media on the Growth and Flowering of African
Violets.

SUMAKEY JR, E.G. 2004. Effect of Potting Media on the Growth, Flowering and Corm
Yield of White Calla (Zanthedeshia sp.). BS Thesis BSU, La Trinidad, Benguet
Province.

THOMSON, L. M. and F.R. TOEH 1978. Soils and Soil Fertility 4th Ed. McGraw-hill,

Incorporation. New York. P. 232.

Growth and Flowering of Angel’s Wing (Spathiphyllum kochii)
as Affected by Different Potting Media Mixtures /Realiza S. Andres. 2006

29

Appendix Table 1. Final height of plant (cm at flowering)

REPLICATION

TREATMENT
I
II
III
IV
TOTAL
MEAN

T0
40.5
33.5
34.5
30.5
139.000
34.75

T1
39.5
41
38
41.5
160.000
40

T2
39
20.5
39
18
116.500
29.125

T3
40
37
30
25.5
132.500
33.125

T4
43.5
40
33.5
16.5
133.500
33.375

T5
34
30.5
15
31
110.500
27.625

T6
43
41
41.5
29.5
155.00
38.750

T7
0
34
30
14.5
78.500
19.625

GRAND TOTAL AND MEAN
1025.500
256.375

ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE

Source of
Degrees of
Sum of
Mean
Computed
Tabulated F
Variance
Freedom
Squares
Square
F
0.05 0.01

Treatments
7
1203.242 171.892
1.99ns
2.43 3.50

Error
24
2076.438 86.518

TOTAL
31
3279.680
ns = not significant

Coefficient of variation = 29.02%

Growth and Flowering of Angel’s Wing (Spathiphyllum kochii)
as Affected by Different Potting Media Mixtures /Realiza S. Andres. 2006

30

Appendix Table 2. Final number of leaves per plant at flowering
TREATMENT
REPLICATION
TOTAL
MEAN
I
II
III
IV

T0
8.5
10.5
11.5
10
40.500
10.125

T1
15
12
14
9.5
29.500
9.875

T2
10.5
2.5
6.5
10
29.500
7.376

T3
13.5
11
8.5
10
43.000
10.750

T4
10.5
13.5
7.5
6.5
38.000
9.500

T5
8
9.5
3
5.5
26.000
6.500

T6
11.5
15
11.5
7.5
45.000
11.375

T7
0
10.5
10.5
4
25.000
6.250

GRAND TOTAL AND MEAN
276.500
71.751

ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE

Source of
Degrees of
Sum of
Mean
Computed
Tabulated F
Variance
Freedom
Squares
Square
F
0.05 0.01

Treatments
7
156.125
22.304
2.233
ns
0.0673

Error
24
239.750
9.990

TOTAL
31
395.875
ns = not significant

Coefficient of variation = 33.94%

Growth and Flowering of Angel’s Wing (Spathiphyllum kochii)
as Affected by Different Potting Media Mixtures /Realiza S. Andres. 2006

31

Appendix Table 3. Average number of suckers produced per plant
TREATMENT
REPLICATION
TOTAL
MEAN
I
II
III
IV

T0
1
3
1
3
8.000
2.000

T1
0
6.5
3.5
3
13.000
3.250

T2
2.5
1.5
2
3
9.000
2.250

T3
3
0.5
1.5
1
6.000
1.500

T4
3
1.5
1
3
8.500
2.125

T5
1
2.5
3
1
7.500
1.875

T6
0.5
0.5
2.5
2.5
6.000
1.500

T7
1.5
3.5
1
1
7.000
1.750

GRAND TOTAL AND MEAN
65.000
16.25

ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE

Source of
Degrees of
Sum of
Mean
Computed
Tabulated F
Variance
Freedom
Squares
Square
F
0.05 0.01

Treatments
7
8.844
1.263
0.68ns
2.43 3.50

Error
24
44.625
1.857

TOTAL
31
53.469
ns = not significant

Coefficient of variation = 67.13%

Growth and Flowering of Angel’s Wing (Spathiphyllum kochii)
as Affected by Different Potting Media Mixtures /Realiza S. Andres. 2006

32

Appendix Table 4. Number of days from transplanting to 1 cm flower bud size
TREATMENT
REPLICATION
TOTAL
MEAN
I
II
III
IV

T0
43.5
49.5
57
52
202
50.500

T1
50
30
33
40
153
38.250

T2
44
25.5
62
14.5
146
36.500

T3
29
39.5
44
60
172
43.125

T4
44.5
30
46.5
30.5
151.5
37.875

T5
60
53
23.5
52.5
189
47.250

T6
38
43
34.5
50
165.5
41.375

T7
0
90
61
61.5
212.5
53.125

GRAND TOTAL AND MEAN
1392
348

ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE

Source of
Degrees of
Sum of
Mean
Computed
Tabulated F
Variance
Freedom
Squares
Square
F
0.05 0.01

Treatments
7
1074.250 153.464
0.48
ns
2.43

3.50
Error
24
7612.750 317.198

TOTAL
31
8687.000
ns = not significant

Coefficient of variation = 40.94%

Growth and Flowering of Angel’s Wing (Spathiphyllum kochii)
as Affected by Different Potting Media Mixtures /Realiza S. Andres. 2006

33

Appendix Table 5. Days from transplanting to fully opening spathe
TREATMENT
REPLICATION
TOTAL
MEAN
I
II
III
IV

T0
69
78.5
81
85.5
314
78.500

T1
90.5
59
62.5
67.5
279.5
69.875

T2
77
45
89.5
34.5
246
61.500

T3
69.5
67.5
74.5
92.5
304
76.000

T4
71
59
78.5
48
257.5
64.375

T5
108
87
43
85.5
323.5
80.875

T6
76
75
62.5
81
294.5
73.625

T7
0
92.5
118
34.5
245
61.250

GRAND TOTAL AND MEAN
2264
566

ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE

Source of
Degrees of
Sum of
Mean
Computed
Tabulated F
Variance
Freedom
Squares
Square
F
0.05 0.01

Treatments
7
1662.500 237.500
0.39ns
2.43 3.50

Error
24
14751.500 614.646

TOTAL
31
16414.000
ns = not significant

Coefficient of variation = 35.04%

Growth and Flowering of Angel’s Wing (Spathiphyllum kochii)
as Affected by Different Potting Media Mixtures /Realiza S. Andres. 2006

34

Appendix Table 6. Length of spathe
TREATMENT
REPLICATION
TOTAL
MEAN
I
II
III
IV

T0
10.5
10.5
10.5
11.5
43
10.750

T1
12
14.5
16
12
54.5
13.625

T2
9
4
9
5
27
6.750

T3
14
12
9.5
9.5
45
11.250

T4
11
12
10
5
38
9.500

T5
8.5
13.5
4.5
10.5
37
9.250

T6
9.5
10
12.5
10
42
10.500

T7
0
7
7
4.5
18.5
4.625

GRAND TOTAL AND MEAN
305
76.250

ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE

Source of
Degrees of
Sum of
Mean
Computed
Tabulated F
Variance
Freedom
Squares
Square
F
0.05 0.01

Treatments
7
216.094
30.871
4.71**
2.43

3.50
Error
24
157.375
6.557

TOTAL
31
373.469
** - highly significant

Coefficient of variation = 26.87%

Growth and Flowering of Angel’s Wing (Spathiphyllum kochii)
as Affected by Different Potting Media Mixtures /Realiza S. Andres. 2006

35

Appendix Table 7. Width of spathe
TREATMENT
REPLICATION
TOTAL
MEAN
I
II
III
IV

T0
5
4.5
4.5
5
19
4.750

T1
5.5
6
5
5
21.5
5.375

T2
4.5
2
4
2.5
13
3.250

T3
5
5.5
4
5
19.5
4.875

T4
4.5
5
5
2.5
17
4.250

T5
4
5.5
2.5
5
17
4.250

T6
4.5
5
5.5
5
20
5.000

T7
0
4
4
2.5
10.5
2.625

GRAND TOTAL AND MEAN
137.5
34.375

ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE

Source of
Degrees of
Sum of
Mean
Computed
Tabulated F
Variance
Freedom
Squares
Square
F
0.05 0.01

Treatments
7
24.365
3.481
3.09*
2.43

3.50
Error
24
27.063
1.128

TOTAL
31
51.430
* - significant

CV = 24.71%

Growth and Flowering of Angel’s Wing (Spathiphyllum kochii)
as Affected by Different Potting Media Mixtures /Realiza S. Andres. 2006

36

Appendix Table 8. Stem length
TREATMENT
REPLICATION
TOTAL
MEAN
I
II
III
IV

T0
22.5
22.5
21
22.5
88.5
22.125

T1
24.5
25.5
25
24.5
99.5
29.875

T2
18
6
16.5
10
50.5
12.625

T3
21.5
24.5
22
20
88
22.000

T4
25.5
22
20
9
76.5
19.125

T5
16.5
23.5
8.5
17
65.5
16.375

T6
21.5
19.5
26
21.5
88.5
22.125

T7
0
12.5
9.5
8.5
30.5
7.625

GRAND TOTAL AND MEAN
587.5
151.875

ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE

Source of
Degrees of
Sum of
Mean
Computed
Tabulated F
Variance
Freedom
Squares
Square
F
0.05 0.01

Treatments
7
946.805 135.258
6.74**
2.43

3.50
Error
24
481.813
20.076

TOTAL
31
1428.617
** - highly significant

Coefficient of variation = 24.40%

Growth and Flowering of Angel’s Wing (Spathiphyllum kochii)
as Affected by Different Potting Media Mixtures /Realiza S. Andres. 2006

37

Appendix Table 9. Cutflowers yield per plant (4 months)
TREATMENT
REPLICATION
TOTAL
MEAN
I
II
III
IV

T0
2
1
1.5
1.5
6
1.500

T1
1
2
2
1
6
1.500

T2
1.5
.5
1.5
1
4.5
1.125

T3
2
1.5
1
1
5.5
1.375

T4
1.5
2
1
.5
5
1.250

T5
1
2
.5
1
4.5
1.125

T6
1.5
1.5
2
1
6
1.500

T7
0
1
1
.5
2.5
0.625

GRAND TOTAL AND MEAN
40
10.125

ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE

Source of
Degrees of
Sum of
Mean
Computed
Tabulated F
Variance
Freedom
Squares
Square
F
0.05 0.01

Treatments
7
2.500
0.357
1.32ns
2.43

3.50
Error
24
6.500
0.271

TOTAL
31
9.000
ns = not significant

Coefficient of variation = 41.63%

Growth and Flowering of Angel’s Wing (Spathiphyllum kochii)
as Affected by Different Potting Media Mixtures /Realiza S. Andres. 2006

38

Appendix Table 10. Vaselife
TREATMENT
REPLICATION
TOTAL
MEAN
I
II
III

T0
6
6
8

20
6.667

T1
14
10
12
36
12.000

T2
11
11
11
33
11.000

T3
11
13
5
29
9.667

T4
5
18
11
34
11.333

T5
13
10
11
34
11.333

T6
4
5
4
13
4.333

T7
14
12
13
39
13.000

GRAND TOTAL AND MEAN
238
79.333

ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE

Source of
Degrees of
Sum of
Mean
Computed
Tabulated F
Variance
Freedom
Squares
Square
F
0.05 0.01

Treatments
7
182.500
26.071
3.04*
2.66

4.05
Error
16
137.333
8.583

TOTAL
23
319.833
* - significant

Coefficient of variation = 29.54%

Growth and Flowering of Angel’s Wing (Spathiphyllum kochii)
as Affected by Different Potting Media Mixtures /Realiza S. Andres. 2006

Document Outline

Growth and Flowering of Angel�sWing (Spathiphyllum kochii) as Affected by Different Potting Media Mixtures
- BIBLIOGRAPHY
- ABSTRACT
- TABLE OF CONTENTS
- INTRODUCTION
  - Nature of the Study
  - Importance of the study
  - Objectives of the study
  - Time and place of the study
- REVIEW OF LITERATURE
  - Description of Spathiphyllum kochii L
  - Growing/Potting Media Mixture
- MATERIALS AND METHODS
  - Materials
  - Methods
  - Data Gathered
- RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
  - Final Height of Plants at Flowering (cm)
  - Final Number of Leaves per Plant at Flower Stage
  - Average Number of Suckers Produced per Plant
  - Number of Days from Transplanting to 1 cm Flower Bud Size
  - Days from Transplanting to Fully opened Spathe
  - Average Length and Width of Spathe
  - Average Length of Stem at Harvestable Stage
  - Cutflower Yield per Plant (4 months)
  - Vaselife
- SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
  - Summary
  - Conclusion
  - Recommendation
- LITERATURE CITED
- APPENDICES