BIBLIOGRAPHY PONASI, MEASING W. MAY 2008....

BIBLIOGRAPHY
PONASI, MEASING W. MAY 2008. Growth and Yield Performance of Five
Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) Varieties Under Naguey, Atok, Benguet Condition.
Benguet State University, La Trinidad, Benguet.

Adviser: Fernando R. Gonzales, Ph.D.
ABSTRACT

The growth and yield of five chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) varieties under
Naguey, Atok, Benguet condition was evaluated from November 2007 to March 2008.
The study was conducted to introduce and promote chickpea production in Benguet
Province specifically in Naguey, Atok, Benguet to determine the growth and yield of
chickpea under Naguey, Atok, Benguet condition; and to select chickpea varieties that
could be profitability grown under Naguey, Atok, Benguet.

After four months of growing the plants, the variety ICCV 95332 a kabuli type
variety had the highest number of lateral branches (4.08), most number of harvest (4.0),
heaviest weight of pods produced per plant (34.455g), heaviest weight of 1,000 seeds
(383.33g), widest seed diameter (0.760cm), highest yield per plant (19.21g) and having
also the heaviest total yield per plot (1.061 kg) and total yield per hectare (530.663 kg per
hectare). The remaining varieties had lower yield ranging from 0.436 to 0.614 kg per plot
or 219.250 to 306.888 kg per hectare.

As to number of days from planting to flowering, ICCV 2 was the earliest to
produce flowers after 31.95 days from planting while ICCV 93952 were the latest with

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50.99 days from planting. Similarly, ICCV 2 had the earliest to attain first harvesting
stage.

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

Page
Bibliography. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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Abstract . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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Table of Contents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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INTRODUCTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1
REVIEW OF LITERATURE

Description of the Crop . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3
Importance of Chickpea . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4
Soil and Climatic Requirement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4
Soil Fertility and Lime Requirement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5
Harvesting and Threshing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
6
Drying and Storage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
7
Uses of Chickpea . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
7
Importance of Varietal Evaluation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
8
MATERIALS AND METHODS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
11
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Emergence Percentage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
18
Days from Planting to Flowering . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
19
Average Height of Flowering . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
20
Days from Planting to First Harvest . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
21

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Average Number of Lateral Branches
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at Flowering . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Total Number of Harvest . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
22
Percentage Pod Setting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
24
Average Number of Seeds per Pod . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
24
Average Weight of Pods Produced

per Plant . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
26
Average Yield Per Plant . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
26
Total Yield per Plot and Total Yield

per Hectare . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
28
Weight of 1000 seeds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
29
Average Seed Diameter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
30
Germination Test . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
31
Varietal Characteristics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
33
Pest and Diseases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
35
SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
38
LITERATURE CITED . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
41
APPENDICES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
43

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1
INTRODUCTION

Atok is located at the center of Benguet Province, bounded on the north by
Kibungan and Buguias municipalities, and on the south of Tublay, on the east by Bokod
and Kabayan and on the west by Kapangan. It has an average temperature of 14-29oC and
an elevation of 720 meter above sea level.

Atok, being an agricultural municipality has a total area of 10, 310, 334 hectares
primarily devoted to all agricultural activities such as vegetable farming, rice farming and
tree farming, pastured and used for grazing animal is included in this area.

The major crops grown are potatoes, cabbage and carrots as a cash crop. Likely,
they also raised domesticated animals in the backyards. In the lower portion of the
mountainous areas like Naguey, Pasdong and Poblacion, rice, sweet potatoes and other
root crops and fruit trees are produced.

Chickpea is one of the legume crops whose seeds are not locally produced due to
the lack of information and no available planting materials. The difficulty of producing
chickpea seed in the country makes it necessary to import seeds from other countries.

Chickpea (Cicer arietinum) is an annual cool season legume or pulse crop or as a
green vegetable with the former use being the most common. It has one of the highest
nutritional compositions of any dry edible legume. It is the most important food legume
grown globally because it is grown for its nutritious edible seeds, the whole seed or split
seed are used in flour for preparing variety of snack, raw or roasted fresh green chickpeas
and straw as a livestock feed. On an average chickpea seed contains 23% protein, 47%
starch, 56% fat, 6% crude fiber, 6% soluble sugar and 3% ash. Chickpeas are rich in

Growth and Yield Performance of Five Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) Varieties Under
Naguey, Atok, Benguet Condition / Measing W. Ponasi. 2008

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minerals and vitamins. It is mainly used for human consumption and only a small
proportion is used as feed. The Kabuli type (White or cream seed coat) is generally used
as a whole grains, while Desi type (coloured seed coat) is used as whole seeds, dehulled
splits or flour.

Chickpea have not been introduce or cultivated in the Cordilleras especially in
Benguet even the agro climatic condition is suitable for its production due to lack of
information and no available planting materials. The introduction of new highbred
ICRISAT cultivars of chickpea coupled with the generation of location specific
technologies for the highlands of CAR, chickpea could became a major cash earner.
Moreover, the supply of chickpea in the Philippines depends mainly on importation from
chickpea producing countries like India, Turkey, Pakistan, Iran, Mexico, Australia, and
Canada.

Sustaining the domestic demand, introducing chickpea in the highlands of
Cordillera like in Benguet and increasing yield per area through the selection of adaptable
varieties is the cheapest and easiest technology intervention.

The objective of the study were to introduce and promote chickpea production in
Benguet province specifically in Naguey, Atok, Benguet, determine the growth and yield
of chickpea under Naguey, Atok, Benguet condition, and select chickpea varieties that
could be profitably grown under Naguey, Atok, Benguet.

The study was conducted at Naguey, Atok, Benguet from November 2007 to
March 2008.

Growth and Yield Performance of Five Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) Varieties Under
Naguey, Atok, Benguet Condition / Measing W. Ponasi. 2008

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REVIEW OF LITERATURE

Description of the Crop

Chickpea( Cicer arietinum) a small bushy annual plant. It approximately grows
about 1 to 2 feet (30 to 60cm) tall. The root system is well develop and usually include
central strong tap root with numerous lateral branches that spread out in all directions in
at the upper layer of the soil. The stem is generally grayish in appearance. Stem is
branded with one terminal leaflet. However, the number as well as the size of the leaflet
varies in different sizes. Leaflets have 9 to 15 pairs. The leaflets of the pinnate leaves are
small and have serrated edges. A leaf of chickpea also varies in colors, some being light
green while others are green to dark green. Certain types possess leaflets with red
margins. The flowers are typical papilionaceous consisting of five sepals, five petals of
the one standard, two wings and two keels, ten stamens, nine fored to form one staminal
column and one free and a carpel with the style borne laterally on the ovary. The pod is
about 2cm long and usually contains two seeds. A single plant produces about 50 to 150
pods. Seeds are spherical in shape, wrinkled and with a pointed beak. The seed vary in
great deal in size as well as in color. Seed color may vary from white, light brown,
yellowish-orange, brown, dark brownish and with a little bluish tinge. The seed coat may
be smooth or puckered and wrinkled. The cotyledons are thick and yellowish in color
(Singh, 1983).

There are two main seed types: the Desi types with small, angular seeds, which
account for more than 85% of the world’s production, and the Kabuli type which has
large, rounded seeds. Desi types are grown principally in India, Ethiopia, Mexico and

Growth and Yield Performance of Five Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) Varieties Under
Naguey, Atok, Benguet Condition / Measing W. Ponasi. 2008

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Iran and the Kabuli types in Afghanistan, North Africa, Southern Europe and the
Americas (Giller, 2001).

Importance of Chickpea
Legumes are highly valued as food because of the high protein content of their
seeds. They are also valued for cultural purposes – they enrich the soil with Nitrogen;
they are used as green manures; they are usually good cover crops, and as such they help
in controlling soil erosion and weeds; and being deep rooted, they serve to bring up
nutritive elements from the deeper strata of soils to the surface soil where they become
available to shallower rooted crops. (Mendiola, 1958).

Generally, chickpea is grown for its economic importance and of its nutritive
value. Chickpeas are a good source of zinc, foliate, calcium and protein. They are also
very high in dietary fiber and this is a healthy food source, especially as a source of
carbohydrates for persons with insulin sensitivity or diabetes. According to the
International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics, chickpea has one of the
highest nutritional compositions of any dry edible legume and does not contain any
specific major anti-nutritional factors. On an average, chickpea seed contains 23%
protein, 64% total carbohydrates, 47% starch, 5% fat, 6% crude fiber, 6% soluble sugar
and 3% ash (Oplinger, 1990).

Soil and Climatic Requirement

Chickpea can be grown in medium and high altitudes of more than 800m. It is
typically adapted to cooler seasons after the monsoon at higher latitudes and the

Growth and Yield Performance of Five Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) Varieties Under
Naguey, Atok, Benguet Condition / Measing W. Ponasi. 2008

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subtropics, also at lower altitudes. Seedlings of chickpea are even known to revive from
snow cover. Drought resistant species withstand the largest temperature amplitudes.
Bright sunshine is essential for growth and fertilization of semi-arid pulses. Cloudy
weather harms fruit setting in chickpeas. Long duration climbers such as yam beans and
velvet beans may tolerate shade and moist conditions. The plant is a winter season crop
but severe in the failure of the flowers to develop seeds, or in the killing of the seeds
inside the pod. Similarly, according to Wein et al (undated), the most frequent cause of
abscission of pepper flowers, fruit and flower bus are environmental factors such as heat,
drought, or low light conditions, diseases or insect pests. Loss of flower buds, flowers
and young fruits in pepper is one of the most important factors limiting the production of
this crop in both temperate and tropical conditions.

Excessive rains soon after sowing or at flowering and fruiting or hail storm at
ripening cause heavy loss. It is best suited to areas having moderate rainfall with 60-
90cm per annum. It is generally grown under rain fed conditions but gives good returns in
irrigated conditions as well (Singh, 1983).

Chickpea does best on fertile sandy loam soils with good internal drainage and a
pH of 6.0 to 9.0. Good drainage is necessary because even short periods of flooded or
water logged fields reduce growth an increase susceptibility to root and stem rots
(Oplinger, 1990).

Soil Fertility and Lime Requirement

The best type of soil for chickpea is one that is well drained and not too heavy.
One dry and light soil, the plants remain short while on heavy soils having high water

Growth and Yield Performance of Five Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) Varieties Under
Naguey, Atok, Benguet Condition / Measing W. Ponasi. 2008

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retention capacity, the vegetative growth is abundant, light becomes limiting and fruiting
is retarded. The soil chosen for its cultivation should be free from excessive soluble salts
and near neutral in reaction. However, it is not suited to soils having a pH higher than 8.5
(Singh, 1983).

Soil texture suitable for chickpea in Minnesota and Wisconsin are not well known
but the crop will likely require the amounts of phosphorous, potassium and certain
micronutrients which are recommended for other pulse or legume crops in this area. Any
fertilizer application should be based on soil test level, previous crop and expected yield
level. Soil should be limed to a pH of 6.0 unless a crop with a higher pH requirement is
grown in rotation. Phosphate and potash recommendations based on soil test values.
(Singh, 1983).

Harvesting and Threshing

Chickpea can be harvested direct or swathed prior to combining depending upon
uniformity of maturity and weed problems. About one week of good drying weather is
required in the swath. Chickpea can be swathed when the plants are yellowing and the
pods are at their mature color. This should be done when the plants are slightly damp to
facilitate forming the swath without yield loss. When the vines, pods and seeds in the
window are dry enough (seed moisture about 13%) the swath can be combined. Seed
color is important (buyers prefer yellowish-cream color) so greenish and brown seeds are
generally unacceptable. About 1% immature color seed is allowed before deductions are
implemented (Oplinger, 1990).

Growth and Yield Performance of Five Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) Varieties Under
Naguey, Atok, Benguet Condition / Measing W. Ponasi. 2008

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Traditionally, farmers thresh their crop by trampling it with bullocks. The animals
are allowed to walk on the plants in circles. Continuous stirring of materials is required
for uniform threshing. For easy threshing and to avoid damage to the seeds, the seeds are
removed from the threshing lot when about 60-70% seeds have separated from the straw.
(Muehlbauer, 1997).

Drying and Storage

Moisture content should be around 10 to 12 % to prevent insect and disease
outbreaks in storage. Because of their relatively large seed size, chick pea can be dried
slightly with ambient temperature air flow through thin layers in a regular storage bin.
Storage system should be carefully fumigated before storing chickpea and all storage
areas should be monitored regularly to identify potential problems early (Oplinger, 1990).

Uses of Chickpea

Chickpea is mainly used for human consumption and only a small portion is used
as feed. It is also known for its use in herbal medicine and cosmetics. Chickpea seeds are
eaten fresh as green vegetables parched, fried, roasted and boiled; as snack food, sweet
and condiments; seeds are ground and the flour can be used as soup, dhal and to make
bread; prepared with pepper, salt, and lemon it is served as a side dish. Dhal is the split
chickpea soup or ground into flour for snacks and sweetmeats. “Sprouted seeds are eaten
as vegetable or added to salads. Young plants and green pods are eaten like spinach.
Chickpea is also used as animal feed in many developing countries. Gram husks, and
green or dried stems and leaves are used for stock feed; whole seeds may be milled

Growth and Yield Performance of Five Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) Varieties Under
Naguey, Atok, Benguet Condition / Measing W. Ponasi. 2008

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directly for feed. Leaves are said to yield our indigo like dye. Acid exudates from the
leaves can be applied medicinally or used as vinegar. In Chile a cooked chickpea –milk
(4) mixture was good for feeding infants, effectively controlling diarrhea. Chickpeas
yield 21% starch suitable for textile sizing giving a light finish to silk, wool, and cotton
cloth (Oplinger, 1990).
Chick pea could also be used for medicinal puposes. It could be use for
aphrodisiac, bronchitis, catarrh, cutamenia, cholera, constipation, diarrhea, dyspepsis,
flatulence, snake bite, sunstroke and warts. Acids are supposed to lower the blood
cholesterol levels. Seeds are considered antibiotics (Muehlbauer, 1997).

Importance of Varietal Selection

Selection of varieties to be planted is one of the most important decision that
commercial vegetable grower must know (Lorenz and Maynard, 1988). New varieties
must perform well under wide range of environmental conditions usually encountered on
the individual farms and posses excellent resistance against pest and diseases, and the
products must also have characteristics desired by the factories, shipper, wholesaler and
retailers as to size, shape, color, flavor and nutritional quality.
According to Work and Carew (1981), varietal evaluation is necessary to observe
plant characteristics such as yield, earliness, vigor, maturity and keeping quality because
different varieties have a wide range of different performance. It is also essential for a
adaptability purpose in a given location. Similarly, Thompson and Kelly (1957)
mentioned that main, agricultural experiments were conducted in variety and strain test of
economic crop and have recommended varieties in order to determine if they fit or not in

Growth and Yield Performance of Five Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) Varieties Under
Naguey, Atok, Benguet Condition / Measing W. Ponasi. 2008

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this particular area or conditions. Earlier, Ware (1937) suggested that the importance of
good seeds of the right variety or strain suitable for the locality can’t be overemphasized.
Since varieties produce exceptionally well under one set of conditions and become
worthless under other conditions.

Rerly and Shry (1991) reported that variety must be adapted to the area in which
it is grown. Different varieties which were grown under the same method have a great
variation in the yielding ability. A variety that yields well in one region is not a guarantee
that it can perform in another region. Likewise, Edmund and Andrews (1957) said that
varieties differ in productivity as expression of hereditary genes influenced by the
environment. The variety best adapted to the environment reflects the high yield potential
according to Villareal and Wallace (1969).

According to Villareal (19690 to understand why and how genetic and
environmental factors influence plant growth, it is helpful to recognize a concept
accepted by biologists. This concept states that all variations of all characteristics, both
observed and unobserved, biological organisms are a consequence of only two factors:
genetic and environment. According to this concept, nothing except genetics and
environment is responsible for any variations among within all plant species, you are one
of these biological organisms and this concept means that your features are all jointly
determined by genetics and environments.

Bautista et al (1983), pointed that plant species/ varieties has a set of genetic
make-up and it is termed genotype. It determines the yield potentials, relative
susceptibility to unfavorable environment, earliness and regularity of bearing, length of
productive life and size and shape of the plant at maturity.

Growth and Yield Performance of Five Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) Varieties Under
Naguey, Atok, Benguet Condition / Measing W. Ponasi. 2008

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In addition, Villareal (1969) pointed out that the difference in the characteristics
weight is the influence of the genetic and environmental factors.

Moreover, Liu et al (2003) cited that the number of seeds per pod is relatively
correlated with seed size. It seems that a genetic factor is responsible for the number of
seeds formed in a pod. Large seeded kabuli cultivars produce fewer seeds per pod. Large
seeded kabuli cultivars produce more usually two seeds.

Growth and Yield Performance of Five Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) Varieties Under
Naguey, Atok, Benguet Condition / Measing W. Ponasi. 2008

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MATERIALS AND METHODS

Seeds of five chickpea varieties, fungicides, organic and inorganic fertilizers,
insecticides, watering cans, weighing scale, grub hoes, identifying tags, meter stick,
thermometer, verner caliper and altimeter were the materials provided for the study.

An area of 500 square meters that is previously planted with rice was used for the
study. The area was divided into four blocks. Each treatment was planted in two (1m x
10m) plot or a total of 500 square meters. Two furrows were made within the plot at 30
cm apart where the inorganic (14-14-14) fertilizer of ½ kg and 1 kerosene can chicken
dung was applied evenly and mixed with the soil before sowing the seeds singly at 30 cm
between rows and 10 cm between hills. There were 20 samples per treatment replicate
selected randomly.

The experiment was laid in a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with
four replications. The treatments were as follows:
Treatment
Variety
Type
T1
ICCV 93952
Desi Type
T2
ICCV 93954
Desi Type
T3
ICCV 94954
Desi Type
T4
ICCV 2
Kabuli Type
T5
ICCV 95332
Kabuli Type
The data gathered were subjected to analysis of variance and mean separation test
by Duncan’s Multiple Range Test (DMRT) were the following:

Growth and Yield Performance of Five Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) Varieties Under
Naguey, Atok, Benguet Condition / Measing W. Ponasi. 2008

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A. Vegetative Growth
1. Emergence Percentage (%). This was recorded 15 days after sowing the seeds
using the formula;
Emergence percentage (%) = Number of Seed Germinated x 100

Number of Seed Sown

2. Days from planting to flowering. This was taken at flowering stage. This was
gathered by counting the number of days from planting to flowering.
3. Average height at flowering (cm). This was taken at flowering stage (first
flower). The height of the plants in every sample was gathered from planting to flowering
stage.
4. Days from planting to first harvest. This was noted on the first harvest of
seeds. This was gathered by counting the number of days from planting to first harvest.
5. Average number of lateral branches at flowering. This was taken at flowering
(first flowers). This was gathered by counting the lateral branches at flowering. This was
computed as follows:

Ave. No. of Lateral Branches = No. of Lateral Branches of Samples Plants

at flowering

Sample Plant

6. Total number of harvests. This was the total number of harvesting done for
one cropping season.
7. Percentage pod setting. This was taken using the formula:
Percentage (%) pod setting = Number of Pods Per Plant x 100

Number of Flowers Produced Per Plant
8. Average number of seeds per pod. This was computed using the formula:

Growth and Yield Performance of Five Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) Varieties Under
Naguey, Atok, Benguet Condition / Measing W. Ponasi. 2008

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Average number of seeds per pod = Number of Seeds Produced Per Plant

Number of Pods Per Plant
9. Average weight of pods produced per plant. This was computed as follows:
Ave. weight of pods produced = Total Weight of Pods Produced by Sample Plants
per plant

Number of Sample Plants

10. Average yield per plant (g). This was taken by using the formula:
Average yield per plant (g) = Total Yield of Sample Plants

Number of Samples

11. Total yield per plot (kg). This was the total yield of the experimental plot (20
sq. m.)
12. Total yield per hectare (t/ha). This was the total yield of experimental plot (20
sq.m) (500).
13. Weight of 1000 seeds (g). This was taken by weighing 1000 seeds.
14. Average seed diameter. This was taken by measuring the seed diameter using
verner caliper.
15. Germination test. This was conducted one month from seed storage using petri
dish and the ragdoll method. This was computed using the formula;
Emergence percentage (%) = Number of Seed Germinated x 100

Number of Seed Sown

16. Varietal Characterization
1. Leaf. The shape, color and other leaf characteristics was recorded.
2. Flower/ pod. The color of flower and pod was recorded at flowering and at
first harvesting stage.
3. Seed. The color shape and size was recorded at harvest.

Growth and Yield Performance of Five Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) Varieties Under
Naguey, Atok, Benguet Condition / Measing W. Ponasi. 2008

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17. Incidence of Pest and Diseases
1. Insect pest. Insects that infest the plant during the cropping season was
noted and identified during the vegetative and reproductive stages of plant growth.
2. Diseases. Plant diseases observed during the cropping season was
recorded and the causal organism was identified including the degree of infestation.
18. Meteorological Data
1. Temperature (OC)
19. Documentation. This was taken through pictures.

Figure 1. Planting Chickpea at Naguey, Atok

Growth and Yield Performance of Five Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) Varieties Under
Naguey, Atok, Benguet Condition / Measing W. Ponasi. 2008

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Figure 2. Flowering stage

Figure 3. Pod stage

Growth and Yield Performance of Five Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) Varieties Under
Naguey, Atok, Benguet Condition / Measing W. Ponasi. 2008

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Figure 4. Overview of the experiment and the researcher during harvesting stage

Ragdoll Method

Petri dish

Figure 5. Germination test

Growth and Yield Performance of Five Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) Varieties Under
Naguey, Atok, Benguet Condition / Measing W. Ponasi. 2008

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Figure 6. Chickpea stunt caused by Sclerotium isolfsii Sacc

Figure 7. Wet root rot caused by Rhizoctonia solani

Growth and Yield Performance of Five Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) Varieties Under
Naguey, Atok, Benguet Condition / Measing W. Ponasi. 2008

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RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

The results and discussion from the growth and yield performance of five chick
pea varieties under Naguey, Atok, Benguet condition from November 2007 to March
2008 are presented and discussed in this section.

Emergence Percentage
Table 1 reveals significant differences among the different varieties of chick pea
in terms of emergence percentage. The highest emergence percentage was observed in
ICCV 2, ICCV 93954, ICCV 93952 and ICCV 95954 which showed similar emergence
percentage which differed significantly from ICCV 95332 which had the lowest
percentage emergence.

Table 1. Emergence percentage (%)
VARIETY
MEAN
Desi Type

ICCV 93952
97.20a
ICCV 93954
97.64a
ICCV 94954
94.37a
Kabuli Type

ICCV 2
99.66a
ICCV 95332
78.6b
Means with a common letter are not significantly different at 5% by DMRT

Growth and Yield Performance of Five Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) Varieties Under
Naguey, Atok, Benguet Condition / Measing W. Ponasi. 2008

19
This result indicates that all the varieties evaluated can grow under Naguey, Atok,
Benguet conditions.

Days from Planting to Flowering
As presented in Table 2, ICCV 2 was the earliest to produce flowers. On the other
hand ICCV 95332 had significantly shorter period of flowering compared to ICCV
93952, ICCV 94954 and ICCV 93954 which were the latest to produce flower.
Differences on the days to flowering could be attributed to varietal characteristics of the
plant were desi type cultivars are generally late maturing while kabuli type are early
maturing varieties.

Table 2. Days from planting to flowering
VARIETY
MEAN
Desi Type

ICCV 93952
50.99a
ICCV 93954
46.01ab
ICCV 94954
48.48ab
Kabuli Type

ICCV 2
31.95c
ICCV 95332
42.71b
Means with a common letter are not significantly different at 5% by DMRT

Growth and Yield Performance of Five Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) Varieties Under
Naguey, Atok, Benguet Condition / Measing W. Ponasi. 2008

20
These results confirm that varietal evaluation is necessary to observe plant
characteristics such as yield, earliness, vigor maturity and keeping quality because
different varieties have a wide range of different performance (Work and Carew, 1981).
These results also agrees well with the statement of Bautista et al (1989) that each plant
species/variety has a set genetic make-up that determines the earliness and regularity of
flowering.

Average Height at Flowering
The average height at flowering of the various chickpea varieties is shown in
Table 3. Although no significant differences were noted, variety ICCV 93952
numerically, was the tallest followed by the variety ICCV 95332, ICCV 94954 and ICCV
93954 while ICCV 2 obtained the shortest at flowering stage.

Table 3. Average height at flowering
VARIETY
MEAN
Desi Type

ICCV 93952
34.68a
ICCV 93954
29.86a
ICCV 94954
31.10a
Kabuli Type

ICCV 2
29.00a
ICCV 95332
31.26a
Means with a common letter are not significantly different at 5% by DMRT

Growth and Yield Performance of Five Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) Varieties Under
Naguey, Atok, Benguet Condition / Measing W. Ponasi. 2008

21
This implies that all the chickpea varieties have similar average height at
flowering under Naguey, Atok, Benguet condition.

Days from Planting to First Harvest

There were significant statistical differences on the days from planting to first
harvest among the various chickpea entries observed as revealed in Table 4 which can be
attributed to the varietal characteristics of the different chickpea cultivars. The days from
planting to first harvest varies according to the cultivars, Bautista et al (1983). He also
pointed out that each variety contains a set of genetic make up which determines the
earliness of maturity.

Table 4. Days from planting to first harvest
VARIETY
MEAN
Desi Type

ICCV 93952
95.75a
ICCV 93954
92.75a
ICCV 94954
92.75a
Kabuli Type

ICCV 2
85.00b
ICCV 95332
94.00a
Means with a common letter are not significantly different at 5% by DMRT

Growth and Yield Performance of Five Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) Varieties Under
Naguey, Atok, Benguet Condition / Measing W. Ponasi. 2008

22
The earliest to mature and reach harvesting stage earlier among the different
entries tested was ICCV2 which differed significantly from ICCV 93952, ICCV 95332,
ICCV 93954 and ICCV 94954 which had longer days. The differences in the days of
planting to first harvest seem to be directly related to the days from planting to flowering.
It follows the same trend that the first to produce flowers was also the first to have a pod
harvest. It also shows that ICCV2 is an early maturing variety compared to the other
entries evaluated.

Average Number of Lateral Branches
As presented in Table 5, the average number of lateral branches of the various
chickpea varieties did not differ significantly. Apparently, ICCV 95332 variety produced
the highest number of lateral branches followed by ICCV 94954, ICCV 2 and ICCV
93952. The ICCV 93954 variety had lesser number of lateral branches produced.

This implies that all the chickpea varieties have similar average number of lateral
branches under Naguey, Atok, Benguet condition.

Total Number of Harvest
There were no significant differences observed on the total number of harvest
among the five varieties tested (Table 6). Apparently, ICCV 94954 and ICCV 95332 had
higher number of harvest. This was followed by ICCV 93952 and ICCV 93954 which
had almost similar total number of harvest while the lowest number of harvest was
recorded from ICCV 2.

Growth and Yield Performance of Five Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) Varieties Under
Naguey, Atok, Benguet Condition / Measing W. Ponasi. 2008

23
Table 5. Average number of lateral branches
VARIETY
MEAN
Desi Type

ICCV 93952
3.29a
ICCV 93954
2.98a
ICCV 94954
4.01a
Kabuli Type

ICCV 2
3.48a
ICCV 95332
4.08a
Means with a common letter are not significantly different at 5% by DMRT

Table 6. Total number of harvest
VARIETY
MEAN
Desi Type

ICCV 93952
3.75 a
ICCV 93954
3.75 a
ICCV 94954
4.00 a
Kabuli Type

ICCV 2
3.25 a
ICCV 95332
4.00a
Means with a common letter are not significantly different at 5% by DMRT

Growth and Yield Performance of Five Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) Varieties Under
Naguey, Atok, Benguet Condition / Measing W. Ponasi. 2008

24
Nevertheless, the result might suggest that all the varieties tested could be
terminated at the same time with few variations as far as days from planting to first
harvest is concerned. It also indicates that the period of harvest is similar on all the
varieties studied. This imply that all the chickpea varieties have similar total number of
harvest under Naguey, Atok, Benguet condition.

Percentage Pod Setting (%)
As presented in Table 7, similar percentage pod setting was observed from
ICCV2 and ICCV 95332 statistically. This variety slightly differ from ICCV 94954
which in turn did not differ from ICCV 93952 and ICCV 93954 which has the lowest
percentage pod setting. This result may be due to the differential responses of these
cultivars to the existing environment of the locality. Similarly, these results corroborate
with the statement of Wien et al (undated) who stated that the difference in fruit set
among the different pepper cultivars may be an expression of resistance to environmental
stresses such as temperature, moisture, shade, plant nitrogen status, fruit load and plant
diseases, the most important of which is high temperature.

Average Number of Seeds Per Pod

Table 8 reveals significant differences in terms of average number of seeds per
pod. ICCV 93954 variety had the highest number of seeds per pod. It was closely
followed by variety ICCV 93952. ICCV 94954, ICCV 2 and ICCV 95332 had lesser
number of seeds per pod with means of 1.092, 1.147 and 1.210, respectively.

Growth and Yield Performance of Five Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) Varieties Under
Naguey, Atok, Benguet Condition / Measing W. Ponasi. 2008

25
Table 7. Percentage (%) pod setting
VARIETY
MEAN
Desi Type

ICCV 93952
53.18b
ICCV 93954
57.82b
ICCV 94954
60.17ab
Kabuli Type

ICCV 2
70.55 a
ICCV 95332
70.22 a
Means with a common letter are not significantly different at 5% by DMRT

Table 8. Average number of seeds per pod
VARIETY
MEAN
Desi Type

ICCV 93952
1.483ab
ICCV 93954
1.800a
ICCV 94954
1.210b
Kabuli Type

ICCV 2
1.147b
ICCV 95332
1.092b
Means with a common letter are not significantly different at 5% by DMRT

Growth and Yield Performance of Five Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) Varieties Under
Naguey, Atok, Benguet Condition / Measing W. Ponasi. 2008

26

This was attributed to the fact that desi type (ICCV 93954) had greater number of
seeds per pod containing two seeds while the other type and varieties had one seed per
pod. These results corroborate with the statement of Liu et. at (2003) that the number of
seeds per pod is negatively. It seems that a genetic factor is responsible for the number of
fewer seed formed in a pod. Large seeded kabuli cultivars produce fewer seeds per pod,
whereas small seeded cultivars produced more usually two seeds.

Average Weight of Pods Produced Per Plant
There were no significant differences on the average weight of pods produced per
plant (Table 9). Numerically, the variety ICCV 93952 had the heaviest weight of pods
produced per plant followed by the variety ICCV 93954, ICCV 94954, and ICCV 2 while
ICCV 93952 had the lightest weight of pods produced.
It was observed that ICCV 95332 (Kabuli type) had bigger sizes of pods which
might have contributed to its heaviest weight of pods while ICCV 93952 (Desi type) had
smaller sizes of pods.

Average Yield Per Plant
There were no significant statistical differences among the five varieties of
chickpea in relation to average yield per plant as shown in Table 10. Numerically,
however the variety ICCV 95332 had the highest yield per plant followed by the variety
ICCV 93954, ICCV 94954 and ICCV 2 while variety ICCV 93952 attained the lowest
yield per plant.

Growth and Yield Performance of Five Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) Varieties Under
Naguey, Atok, Benguet Condition / Measing W. Ponasi. 2008

27
Table 9. Average weight of pods produced per plant
VARIETY
MEAN
Desi Type

ICCV 93952
25.86 a
ICCV 93954
30.013 a
ICCV 94954
29.443 a
Kabuli Type

ICCV 2
28.161 a
ICCV 95332
34.455 a
Means with a common letter are not significantly different at 5% by DMRT

Table 10. Average yield per plant
VARIETY
MEAN
Desi Type

ICCV 93952
14.74a
ICCV 93954
17.15a
ICCV 94954
15.61a
Kabuli Type

ICCV 2
14.83 a
ICCV 95332
19.21a
Means with a common letter are not significantly different at 5% by DMRT

Growth and Yield Performance of Five Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) Varieties Under
Naguey, Atok, Benguet Condition / Measing W. Ponasi. 2008

28
Total Yield per Plot and Total Yield
per Hectare
The total yield per hectare follows the trend of total yield per plot where ICCV
95332 had the highest computed yield. This was followed by ICCV 94954, ICCV 93954,
ICCV 2 and ICCV 93952 which produced the lowest yield (Table 11). The lowest yield
of these varieties was due to rotting of seeds due to excessive rains and was infected with
wet root rot, chickpea stunt and collar rot diseases.
Result show that ICCV 95332 is high yielding variety based on the computed
yield per plot and per hectare of the different varieties grown under Naguey, Atok,
Benguet condition. The high yield of ICCV 95332 is due to higher 1000-seed weight and
bigger seed size, thus increase in seed weight and seed size.
The result also supports the statement of Edmund and Andrews (1957) that
varieties differ in their productivity. This is an expression of their genetic memory to
respond to various environments. The variety best adaptable to the environment reflects
the high yield potential according to Villareal (1969). Moreover, Reily and Shry (1991),
reported that variety must be adopted to the area in which it is grown. Different varieties
which were grown under the same method have a great variation in the yielding potential.
A variety that yields well in one region is not guarantee that it can perform well in
another regions.

Growth and Yield Performance of Five Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) Varieties Under
Naguey, Atok, Benguet Condition / Measing W. Ponasi. 2008

29
Table 11. Total yield per plot and total yield per hectare
VARIETY
TOTAL YIELD PER PLOT
TOTAL YIELD PER
HECTARE

Desi Type

ICCV 93952
0.436 b
219.250b
ICCV 93954
0.574 b
287.025b
ICCV 94954
0.614 b
306.888b
Kabuli Type

ICCV 2
0.555 b
277.638b
ICCV 95332
1.061 a
530.663b
Means with a common letter are not significantly different at 5% by DMRT

Weight of 1000 Seeds
Table 12 shows the weight of 1000 seeds. ICCV 95332 produced the heaviest
weight of 1000 with a mean of 383.33g followed by ICCV 94954. On the other hand,
ICCV 93952, ICCV 93954 and ICCV 2 produced the lightest weight of 1000 seeds.
The differences in weight of 1000 seeds are attributed to the differences in
varietals characteristics such as sizes. ICCV 95332 had bigger sizes of seeds which might
have contributed to its weight. The difference could also be influenced by the genetic and
environmental factors according to Villareal (1969). Moreover, Lorenz and Maynard
(1988) emphasized that the harvested products must have characteristics desired by the
packer, shipper, retailer and consumer. Included among these qualities were size, shape,
color, flavor and nutritional qualities.

Growth and Yield Performance of Five Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) Varieties Under
Naguey, Atok, Benguet Condition / Measing W. Ponasi. 2008

30
Table 12. Weight of 1000 seeds
VARIETY
MEAN
Desi Type

ICCV 93952
241.67c
ICCV 93954
235.06c
ICCV 94954
283.33b
Kabuli Type

ICCV 2
221.67c
ICCV 95332
383.33 a
Means with a common letter are not significantly different at 5% by DMRT

Average Seed Diameter
The widest seed diameter was significantly measured from ICCV 95332 followed
by ICCV 94954 which did not differ from ICCV 93952 and ICCV 93954. The smallest
seed diameter was measured from ICCV 2.
This result shows that the different chickpea varieties evaluated had varied
varietal characteristics in terms of seed diameter. Result show that the seed diameter is
related to the size and weight of 1000 seed weight. The differences in seed diameter
reflect the varietal characteristics and genetic make-up (Bautista et., al, 1983).

Growth and Yield Performance of Five Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) Varieties Under
Naguey, Atok, Benguet Condition / Measing W. Ponasi. 2008

31
Table 13. Average seed diameter
VARIETY
MEAN
Desi Type

ICCV 93952
0.665bc
ICCV 93954
0.675bc
ICCV 94954
0.700b
Kabuli Type

ICCV 2
0.645c
ICCV 95332
0.760 a
Means with a common letter are not significantly different at 5% by DMRT

Germination Test
Petri dish. There were no significant differences among the five entries of
chickpea tested in relation to germination test done in Petri dish as shown in Table 14.
Numerically variety ICCV 94954 seems to have the best percentage of emergence
followed by the varieties ICCV 93954, ICCV 2 and ICCV 95332 while variety ICCV
93954 appears to have the least performance. Nevertheless, the result show that all the
varieties could survive under the conditions in Naguey, Atok, Benguet.
Ragdoll method. All the five varieties of chickpea entries planted in Naguey,
Atok, Benguet had no significant differences in the germination test done in ragdoll
method.

Growth and Yield Performance of Five Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) Varieties Under
Naguey, Atok, Benguet Condition / Measing W. Ponasi. 2008

32
Table 14. Germination test
VARIETY
PETRI DISH
RAGDOLL METHOD
Desi Type

ICCV 93952
50.67 a
90.33 a
ICCV 93954
38.67 a
81.33 a
ICCV 94954
61.33 a
87.33 a
Kabuli Type

ICCV 2
49.33 a
93.33 a
ICCV 95332
43.33 a
86.67 a
Means with a common letter are not significantly different at 5% by DMRT
However, the variety ICCV 2 had the highest percentage of emergence with a
mean of 93.33 followed by the varieties ICCV 93952, ICCV 94954 and ICCV 95332
while ICCV 93954 had the lowest percentage of emergence. It is very evident, as shown
by the result, that all the varieties evaluated could adopt under Naguey, Atok, Benguet
condition.
The differences in the germination test done in Petri dish and ragdoll method is
that in ragdoll method, the whole seeds were completely wrapped with a moist cheese
cloth providing sufficient moisture to be absorbed by the seed during germination while
in the Petri dish, only one side of the seed absorbs water resulting to lower germination.

Growth and Yield Performance of Five Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) Varieties Under
Naguey, Atok, Benguet Condition / Measing W. Ponasi. 2008

33
Varietal Characteristics

This was obtained by recording the characteristics of each variety in terms of leaf
shape, leaf color, color of flower and pod, seed color, shape and size.

Leaf characteristics. The desi type (Table 15) which are ICCV 93952, ICCV
93954, ICCV 94954 have small rounded leaflets and has green color which is like a fern
leaf while the kabuli type which are ICCV 2 and ICCV 95332 have oblong leaflets which
is light green and dark green.

Flower characteristics. In Table 16, the flowers of desi type are violet while the
kabuli type is white. All the pods of the chickpea varieties are yellow at harvesting stage.
Seed characteristics. Desi type has brown seeds which are angular in shape and
are small to medium (Table 17). The kabuli type had cream seeds, owl’s head shape and
are big to medium in size.

Table 15. Leaf characteristics of the different varieties of chickpea
TREATMENT
LEAF SHAPE
LEAF COLOR
Desi Type

ICCV 93952
Small rounded
Green, “fern leaf”
ICCV 93954
Small rounded
Green, “fern leaf”
ICCV 94954
Small rounded
Green, “fern leaf”
Kabuli Type

ICCV 2
Oblong leaflets
Light green
ICCV 95332
Oblong leaflets
Dark green

Growth and Yield Performance of Five Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) Varieties Under
Naguey, Atok, Benguet Condition / Measing W. Ponasi. 2008

34
Table 16. Flower characteristics of the different varieties of chickpea
TREATMENT
FLOWER COLOR
COLOR OF POD AT 1ST
HARVESTING STAGE
Desi Type

ICCV 93952
Purple or violet
Yellow
ICCV 93954
Purple or violet
Yellow
ICCV 94954
Purple or violet
Yellow
Kabuli Type

ICCV 2
White
Yellow
ICCV 95332
White
Yellow

Table 17. Seed characteristics of the different varieties of chickpea
TREATMENT
SEED COLOR
SEED SHAPE
SEED SIZE
Desi Type

ICCV 93952
Brown
Angular
Small
ICCV 93954
Brown
Angular
Small
ICCV 94954
Brown
Angular
Medium
Kabuli Type

ICCV 2
Cream/ivory white
Owl’s head
Medium
ICCV 95332
Cream/ivory white
Owl’ head
Big

Growth and Yield Performance of Five Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) Varieties Under
Naguey, Atok, Benguet Condition / Measing W. Ponasi. 2008

35
Pests and Diseases

All of the varieties of chickpea tested were attacked by cutworm during the
vegetative stage and during the reproductive stage, it was infested by pod borer.

On the other hand, collar rot, chickpea stunt, and wet root rot were the diseases
which infected the chickpea during the cropping season.

Table 18. Insect pest observed during the conduct of the study
INSECT PEST
STAGE THEY ATTACKED
Cutworm (Agrotis ipsilon)
Vegetative stage
Pod Borer (Helicoverpa armigera)
Reproductive stage

Table 19. Diseases observed during the conduct of the study
DISEASE
CAUSAL ORGANISM
Collar rot
Sclerotium isolfsii sacc
Chickpea stunt
Bean (pea) leaf roll virus
Wet root rot
Rhizotonia solani

Growth and Yield Performance of Five Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) Varieties Under
Naguey, Atok, Benguet Condition / Measing W. Ponasi. 2008

36
Correlation Regression analysis
Figure 8 shows that total seed yield is positively correlated with 1000-seed weight
and seed size.

1.1

1
(a)

0.9

pl
ot
)
0.8
kg/

e
l
d (
0.7
S
e
e
d yi

0.6

0.5

0.4

200
250
300
350
400
1,000 seed weight (g)

1.1
(b)

1

0.9
pl
ot
)

0.8
kg/
e
l
d (

0.7
S
e
e
d yi
0.6

0.5

0.4

0.62
0.64
0.66
0.68
0.7
0.72
0.74
0.76
0.78
Seed size (cm)

Figure 8. Correlation and regression analysis between seed yield and 1000-seed weight
(a) and seed sized (b)

Growth and Yield Performance of Five Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) Varieties Under
Naguey, Atok, Benguet Condition / Measing W. Ponasi. 2008

37
Meteorological Data

Figure 9 shows the temperature during the conduct of the study. The temperature
ranges from 14 to 29 OC during the months of December 2007 to March 2008.

30
29

26 25

25
24 23
22

20
20
19
19
e
ur
17
17

at
December
15
per
14
January
T
em
February
10
March
5

0
6:00 AM
1:00 PM
5:00 PM

Time of Observation

Figure 9. Temperature during the conduct of the study

Growth and Yield Performance of Five Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) Varieties Under
Naguey, Atok, Benguet Condition / Measing W. Ponasi. 2008

38
SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION

Summary
The experiment was conducted at Naguey, Atok, Benguet from November 2007
to March 2008 to introduce and promote chickpea production in Benguet province
specifically in Naguey, Atok, Benguet to determine the growth and yield of chickpea
under Naguey, Atok, Benguet condition; and to select chickpea varieties that could be
profitability grown under Naguey, Atok, Benguet.

Result of the study revealed that the different chickpea cultivars significantly vary
in terms of emergence percentage where in ICCV 2, ICCV 93954, ICCV 93952 and
ICCV 94954 produced the highest emergence percentage while ICCV 95332 obtained the
lowest emergence percentage.

In the days from planting to flowering, ICCV 2 was the earliest to produced
flowers after 31.95 days while ICCV93952 were the latest to flower among the cultivars
after 50.99 days. The rest of the varieties required 42.71 to 48.48 days from planting to
flowering. As to number of days to first harvest, ICCV2 significantly reach maturity
earlier over the other varieties. Results showed that the earliest to initiate flowers were
the first to have pod harvest.

All the cultivars evaluated had comparable average height at flowering although
ICCV93952 numerically were the tallest in terms of height while ICCV2 were the
shortest. In the average number of lateral branches, ICCV 95332 attained the highest
number of lateral branches with a mean of 4.08 which was followed by ICCV 94954
(4.01), ICCV 2, ICCV 93952 and ICCV 93954 (3.48 – 2.98) respectively.

Growth and Yield Performance of Five Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) Varieties Under
Naguey, Atok, Benguet Condition / Measing W. Ponasi. 2008

39
ICCV 94954 and ICCV 95332 had the most number of harvest while ICCV 2 had
the least. In the percentage pod setting ICCV 2 and ICCV 95332 had the highest
percentage with a mean of 70.55 and 70.22 while the lowest was ICCV 93952.

As to average number of seeds per pod, ICCV 93954 produced the most number
of seeds per pod while ICCV 94954 and ICCV 95332 had lesser number of seeds per
pod.

In terms of yield ICCV 95332 produced the heaviest average weight of pods
produced per plant (34.455g) while ICCV 93952 had the highest weight of pods
produced. In the average yield per plant, ICCV 95332 attained the highest while ICCV
93952 obtained the lowest yield per plant. The total yield per plot and total yield per
hectare showed that ICCV 95332 significantly out yielded the rest of the cultivars tested
with a mean of 1.061 kg per plot and 530.663 kg per hectare. The remaining varieties had
lower yield ranging from 0.436 to 0.614 kg per plot or 219.250 to 306.888 kg per hectare.

As to weight of 1000 seeds, heavier weight of seeds was produced by ICCV
95332. The lightest weight of seeds was produced by ICCV 2. In terms of seed diameter,
bigger seed size was measured from ICCV 95332 while the smallest seed was measured
from ICCV 2.

In terms of germination test done in petri dish and ragdoll method ICCV 94954
attained the highest percentage of germination in petri dish while ICCV 2 in ragdoll
method. ICCV 93954 obtained the lowest percentage of germination.

Growth and Yield Performance of Five Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) Varieties Under
Naguey, Atok, Benguet Condition / Measing W. Ponasi. 2008

40
Conclusion

Based on the result presented and discussed, the variety ICCV 95332 out yielded
the rest of the varieties evaluated. It had the highest total yield per plot and total yield per
hectare.

Recommendation

From the preceding result and discussion, it is recommended that the variety
ICCV 95332 will be the first priority chickpea variety under Naguey, Atok, Benguet
condition due to their higher yield per plot and per hectare that out yielded the variety
ICCV 93952, ICCV 93954, ICCV 94954 and ICCV 2. It is also recommended that the
results of this study should be verified in other warm vegetable growing areas in the
Cordillera.

Growth and Yield Performance of Five Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) Varieties Under
Naguey, Atok, Benguet Condition / Measing W. Ponasi. 2008

41
LITERATURE CITED

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1983. Introduction to Tropical Horticulture. UPLB, Los Banos, Laguna. Pp.
86,88.

BERSAMINA, K.U. 1995. Pesticides: its hazardous effect on the Benguet farmers and
the environment. Baguio City: Allied Printing Press. Pp. 8-9.

EDMUND, J. R., T.L. SLENN and F.S. ANDREWS. 1957. New York: Fundamental of
Horticulture. Mc Graw-Hill Book Co., Inc. Pp. 68-70.

GILLER, K.E. 2001. Nitrogen Fixation in Tropical Cropping Systems. 2nd edition C.A.B
Publishing. New York. P. 122.

LIU, P, Y. GAN, T. WARKENTIN and C. MCDONALD. 2003. Morphological
plasticity of chickpea in a semi arid environment. Crop Sci. 43:426-429.

MENDIOLA, N.B. 1958. Annual food crops. Malabon, Rizal: United Circular Inc. P.
358.

MUEHLBAUER, F. G. 1997. Retrieved August 4, 2007 from http://www.hort.
purdue.edu/ newcrop/cropfactsheets/Chickpea.html.

NENE, Y. L., M.V. REDDY, M. P. HAWARE, A. M. GHANEKAR, AND K.S AMIH.
1991. Field diagnosis of Chickpea Diseases and their control. International Crops
Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics Patancheru, Andhra Pradesh 502324,
India. Pp.1, 12, 24, 36.

OPLINGER, E. S. 1990. Retrieved July 28, 2007 from http://corn.agronomy.
wisc.edu/alternativecrops/chickpea.htm.

REILY, H.E. and L.C. SHRY JR. 1991. Introductory Horticulture. New York. Delmar
Pub., Inc. P. 562.

SINGH., C. E. 1983. Modern Techniques of Raising Field Crops. Oxford and IBA
Publishing Company. New Delhi, Bombay. Calcuta. Pp. 170-174.

SINGH, N. B., A.N. ASTHANA, R.L. PANDEY, S.C. AGRAWAL, M.M. VERMA,
R.B. GAUR, R.P. AHER, K.B. WANJARI, M.P. PATIL AND M.M. RAHMAN.
1997. Growing chickpea in India. International Crops Research Institute for the
Semi-Arid Tropics Patancheru 502 324, Andhra Pradesh, India. Pp. 30, 34, 48.

THOMPSON, J. H. and C. Kelly. 1957. Vegetable Crops. 5th Ed. McGrawhill Book Co.,
Inc. New York. P. 113.

Growth and Yield Performance of Five Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) Varieties Under
Naguey, Atok, Benguet Condition / Measing W. Ponasi. 2008

42
VILLAREAL, R.L. 1969. Seeds-vegetable training manual. UP Los Banos, College of
Agriculture. Laguna. Pp. 30-33.

WARE, G.W. 1937. Southern Vegetable Crop. American Book Co. New York. P. 36.

WIEN, H.C. K.E. TRIPP, R. HERNANDEZ-ARMENTA and A.D. TURNER. Undated.
Abscission of reproductive structures in peppers: causes, mechanisms and control.
Department of Vegetable Crops, Plant Science Building. Cornell University,
Ithaca, New York. Pp. 150-165.

Growth and Yield Performance of Five Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) Varieties Under
Naguey, Atok, Benguet Condition / Measing W. Ponasi. 2008

43
APPENDICES

APPENDIX TABLE 1. Emergence percentage (%)

REPLICATION

TREATMENT
I
II
III
IV
TOTAL MEAN
Desi Type

ICCV 93952
99.40
97.00
98.76
93.62
388.78
97.20
ICCV 93954
99.66
97.82
98.10
94.97
390.55
97.64
ICCV 94954
99.71
94.74
98.57
84.47
377.49
94.37
Kabuli Type

ICCV 2
100.00
99.69
98.95
100.00
398.64
99.66
ICCV 95332
70.88
94.53
78.21
70.81
314.43
78.61
TOTAL
469.65
483.78
472.59
443.87
1869.89
93.49

ANOVA TABLE

SOURCE
DEGREES SUM OF
MEAN
F
PROBABILITY
OF
OF
SQUARES SQUARE VALUE
0.05
0.01
VARIANCE FREEDOM
Treatment
4
1165.0608 291.2652 9.20**
3.26
5.41
Replication
3
170.7886
56.9295

Error
12
380.0325
31.6694

Total
19
1715.8819

**- highly significant

coefficient of variation – 6.02%

Growth and Yield Performance of Five Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) Varieties Under
Naguey, Atok, Benguet Condition / Measing W. Ponasi. 2008

44
APPENDIX TABLE 2. Days from planting to flowering

REPLICATION

TREATMENT
I
II
III
IV
TOTAL MEAN
Desi Type

ICCV 93952
45.40
57.60
49.70
51.25
203.95
50.99
ICCV 93954
42.95
49.50
47.25
44.35
184.05
46.01
ICCV 94954
44.90
47.40
46.15
55.45
193.90
48.48
Kabuli Type

ICCV 2
32.15
34.15
31.15
30.35
127.80
31.95
ICCV 95332
43.35
47.75
42.90
36.85
170.85
42.71
TOTAL
208.75
236.40
217.15
218.25
880.55
44.03

ANOVA TABLE
SOURCE DEGREES SUM OF MEAN
F
PROBABILITY
OF
OF
SQUARES SQUARE VALUE
0.05
0.01
VARIANCE FREEDOM
Treatment
4
879.0293 219.7573 16.75**
3.26
5.41
Replication
3
81.3264
27.1088

Error
12
157.4417
13.1201

Total
19
1117.7974

**- highly significant

coefficient of variation – 8.23%

Growth and Yield Performance of Five Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) Varieties Under
Naguey, Atok, Benguet Condition / Measing W. Ponasi. 2008

45
APPENDIX TABLE 3. Average height at flowering (cm)

REPLICATION

TREATMENT
I
II
III
IV
TOTAL MEAN
Desi Type

ICCV 93952
31.45
41.05
33.95
32.25
138.70
34.68
ICCV 93954
28.85
34.10
31.20
25.30
119.45
29.86
ICCV 94954
26.75
35.50
28.25
33.90
124.40
31.10
Kabuli Type

ICCV 2
29.55
30.50
25.70
30.25
116.00
29.00
ICCV 95332
31.45
34.20
29.40
30.00
125.05
31.26
TOTAL
148.05
175.35
148.50
151.70
623.60
31.18

ANOVA TABLE

SOURCE
DEGREES SUM OF
MEAN
F
PROBABILITY
OF
OF
SQUARES SQUARE VALUE
0.05
0.01
VARIANCE FREEDOM
Treatment
4
74.8658
18.7164
2.82ns
3.26
5.41
Replication
3
102.4650
34.1550

Error
12
79.5462
6.6289

Total
19
256.8770

ns - not significant

coefficient of variation – 8.26%

Growth and Yield Performance of Five Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) Varieties Under
Naguey, Atok, Benguet Condition / Measing W. Ponasi. 2008

46
APPENDIX TABLE 4. Days from planting to first harvest

REPLICATION

TREATMENT
I
II
III
IV
TOTAL MEAN
Desi Type

ICCV 93952
91
100
100
92
383
95.75
ICCV 93954
91
94
94
92
371
92.75
ICCV 94954
91
94
94
92
371
92.75
Kabuli Type

ICCV 2
85
85
85
85
350
85.00
ICCV 95332
94
94
94
94
376
94.00
TOTAL
452
467
467
455
1841
92.55

ANOVA TABLE
SOURCE DEGREES SUM OF MEAN F VALUE PROBABILITY
OF
OF
SQUARES SQUARE
0.05
0.01
VARIANCE FREEDOM
Treatment
4
272.7
68.175 16.7301**
3.26
5.41
Replication
3
37.35
12.45

Error
12
48.9
4.075

Total
19
358.95

**- highly significant

coefficient of variation – 2.24%

Growth and Yield Performance of Five Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) Varieties Under
Naguey, Atok, Benguet Condition / Measing W. Ponasi. 2008

47
APPENDIX TABLE 5. Average number of lateral branches

REPLICATION

TREATMENT
I
II
III
IV
TOTAL MEAN
Desi Type

ICCV 93952
3.75
3.25
2.90
3.25
13.15
3.29
ICCV 93954
3.10
3.55
2.65
2.60
11.90
2.98
ICCV 94954
3.20
5.05
3.15
4.65
16.05
4.01
Kabuli Type

ICCV 2
3.20
3.85
3.00
3.85
13.90
3.48
ICCV 95332
3.60
6.75
2.95
3.00
16.30
4.08
TOTAL
16.85
22.45
14.65
17.35
71.30
3.57

ANOVA TABLE
SOURCE DEGREES SUM OF MEAN F VALUE PROBABILITY
OF
OF
SQUARES SQUARE
0.05
0.01
VARIANCE FREEDOM
Treatment
4
3.5743
0.8936
1.39ns
3.26
5.41
Replication
3
6.5295
2.1765

Error
12
7.7017
0.6418

Total
19
17.8055

ns- not significant

coefficient of variation – 22.47%

Growth and Yield Performance of Five Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) Varieties Under
Naguey, Atok, Benguet Condition / Measing W. Ponasi. 2008

48
APPENDIX TABLE 6. Total number of harvest

REPLICATION

TREATMENT
I
II
III
IV
TOTAL MEAN
Desi Type

ICCV 93952
4
3
4
4
15
3.75
ICCV 93954
4
3
4
4
15
3.75
ICCV 94954
4
4
4
4
16
4.00
Kabuli Type

ICCV 2
1
4
4
4
13
3.25
ICCV 95332
4
4
4
4
16
4.00
TOTAL
17
18
20
20
75
3.75

ANOVA TABLE

SOURCE
DEGREES SUM OF
MEAN F VALUE
PROBABILITY
OF
OF
SQUARES SQUARE
0.05
0.01
VARIANCE FREEDOM
Treatment
4
1.5000
0.3750
0.65ns
3.26
5.41
Replication
3
1.3500
0.4500

Error
12
6.9000
0.5750

Total
19
9.7500

ns- not significant

coefficient of variation – 20.22%

Growth and Yield Performance of Five Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) Varieties Under
Naguey, Atok, Benguet Condition / Measing W. Ponasi. 2008

49
APPENDIX TABLE 7. Percentage pod setting (%)

REPLICATION

TREATMENT
I
II
III
IV
TOTAL MEAN
Desi Type

ICCV 93952
53.07
48.64
48.93
62.07
212.71
53.18
ICCV 93954
53.90
56.08
57.55
63.75
231.28
57.82
ICCV 94954
61.51
55.39
60.03
63.74
240.67
60.17
Kabuli Type

ICCV 2
62.36
66.51
73.57
79.77
282.21
70.55
ICCV 95332
86.80
59.06
65.46
69.57
280.89
70.22
TOTAL
317.64
285.68
305.54
338.90
1247.76
62.39

ANOVA TABLE

SOURCE
DEGREES SUM OF
MEAN F VALUE
PROBABILITY
OF
OF
SQUARES SQUARE
0.05
0.01
VARIANCE FREEDOM
Treatment
4
954.6760 238.6690
5.61**
3.26
5.41
Replication
3
297.9758
99.3253

Error
12
510.8313
42.5693

Total
19
1763.4831

**- highly significant

coefficient of variation – 10.46%

Growth and Yield Performance of Five Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) Varieties Under
Naguey, Atok, Benguet Condition / Measing W. Ponasi. 2008

50
APPENDIX TABLE 8. Average number of seeds per pod

REPLICATION

TREATMENT
I
II
III
IV
TOTAL MEAN
Desi Type

ICCV 93952
1.10
1.36
1.60
1.87
5.93
1.48
ICCV 93954
2.43
1.21
1.77
1.79
7.20
1.80
ICCV 94954
1.03
1.15
1.54
1.12
4.84
1.21
Kabuli Type

ICCV 2
1.04
1.09
1.43
1.03
4.59
1.15
ICCV 95332
1.02
1.06
1.03
1.26
4.37
1.09
TOTAL
6.62
5.87
7.37
7.07
26.93
6.73

ANOVA TABLE

SOURCE
DEGREES SUM OF
MEAN F VALUE
PROBABILITY
OF
OF
SQUARES SQUARE
0.05
0.01
VARIANCE FREEDOM
Replication
3
0.255
0.085
3.73*
3.26
5.41
Factor A
4
1.388
0.347

Error
12
1.116
0.093

Total
19
2.759

*- significant

coefficient of variation – 22.64%

Growth and Yield Performance of Five Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) Varieties Under
Naguey, Atok, Benguet Condition / Measing W. Ponasi. 2008

51
APPENDIX TABLE 9. Average weight of pods produced (g)

REPLICATION

TREATMENT
I
II
III
IV
TOTAL MEAN
Desi Type

ICCV 93952
24.325
23.250
28.455
27.425
103.455
25.864
ICCV 93954
26.075
30.845
37.585
25.545
120.050
30.013
ICCV 94954
28.595
30.485
34.080
24.610
117.770
29.443
Kabuli Type

ICCV 2
24.425
34.025
25.685
28.510
112.645
28.161
ICCV 95332
45.240
25.985
34.425
32.170
137.820
34.455
TOTAL
148.660
144.590
160.230
138.260
591.740
29.59

ANOVA TABLE

SOURCE
DEGREES SUM OF
MEAN F VALUE
PROBABILITY
OF
OF
SQUARES SQUARE
0.05
0.01
VARIANCE FREEDOM
Treatment
4
159.1788
39.7947
1.34ns
3.26
5.41
Replication
3
51.2975
17.0992

Error
12
355.0927
29.5911

Total
19
565.5690

ns- not significant

coefficient of variation – 18.39%

Growth and Yield Performance of Five Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) Varieties Under
Naguey, Atok, Benguet Condition / Measing W. Ponasi. 2008

52
APPENDIX TABLE 10. Average yield per plant (g)

REPLICATION

TREATMENT
I
II
III
IV
TOTAL MEAN
Desi Type

ICCV 93952
13.03
13.09
14.78
18.07
58.97
14.74
ICCV 93954
16.98
17.96
21.18
12.46
68.58
17.51
ICCV 94954
13.81
16.01
18.28
14.32
62.42
15.61
Kabuli Type

ICCV 2
12.93
16.69
14.22
15.48
59.32
14.83
ICCV 95332
22.24
18.27
17.47
18.85
76.83
19.21
TOTAL
78.99
82.02
85.93
79.18
326.12
16.31

ANOVA TABLE

SOURCE
DEGREES SUM OF
MEAN F VALUE
PROBABILITY
OF
OF
SQUARES SQUARE
0.05
0.01
VARIANCE FREEDOM
Treatment
4
56.9485
14.2371
2.07ns
3.26
5.41
Replication
3
6.3148
2.1049

Error
12
82.6229
6.8852

Total
19
145.8863

ns- not significant

coefficient of variation – 16.09%

Growth and Yield Performance of Five Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) Varieties Under
Naguey, Atok, Benguet Condition / Measing W. Ponasi. 2008

53
APPENDIX TABLE 11. Total yield per plot (kg)

REPLICATION

TREATMENT
I
II
III
IV
TOTAL MEAN
Desi Type

ICCV 93952
0.4232
0.4919
0.3044
0.5265
1.746
0.436
ICCV 93954
0.3245
0.9451
0.7489
0.2777
2.296
0.574
ICCV 94954
0.5496
0.7359
0.7972
0.3724
2.455
0.614
Kabuli Type

ICCV 2
0.4324
0.7005
0.4377
0.6505
2.221
0.555
ICCV 95332
1.1673
0.9934
1.0705
1.0141
4.245
1.061
TOTAL
2.8970
3.8668
3.3587
2.8412
12.963
3.241

ANOVA TABLE

SOURCE
DEGREES SUM OF
MEAN F VALUE
PROBABILITY
OF
OF
SQUARES SQUARE
0.05
0.01
VARIANCE FREEDOM
Replication
3
0.137
0.046
6.95**
3.26
5.41
Factor A
4
0.923
0.231

Error
12
0.399
0.033

Total
19
1.459

**- highly significant

coefficient of variation – 28.12%

Growth and Yield Performance of Five Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) Varieties Under
Naguey, Atok, Benguet Condition / Measing W. Ponasi. 2008

54
APPENDIX TABLE 12. Total yield per hectare (kg/ha)

REPLICATION

TREATMENT
I
II
III
IV
TOTAL MEAN
Desi Type

ICCV 93952
211.60
245.95
152.20
263.25
877.00
219.250
ICCV 93954
162.25
472.55
374.45
138.85
1148.10 287.025
ICCV 94954
274.80
367.95
398.60
186.20
1227.55 306.888
Kabuli Type

ICCV 2
216.20
350.25
218.85
325.25
1110.55 277.638
ICCV 95332
583.65
496.70
535.25
507.05
2122.65 530.663
TOTAL
1448.50
1933.40
1679.35
1420.6
6481.85 1621.46

ANOVA TABLE

SOURCE
DEGREES
SUM OF
MEAN
F
PROBABILITY
OF
OF
SQUARES SQUARE VALUE
0.05
0.01
VARIANCE FREEDOM
Replication
3
33865.369 11288.456
6.88**
3.26
5.41
Factor A
4
229963.982 57490.996

Error
12
100337.712 8361.476

Total
19
364167.063

** - highly significant

coefficient of variation – 28.20%

Growth and Yield Performance of Five Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) Varieties Under
Naguey, Atok, Benguet Condition / Measing W. Ponasi. 2008

55
APPENDIX TABLE 13. Weighed of 1000 seeds (g)

REPLICATION

TREATMENT
I
II
III
TOTAL
MEAN
Desi Type

ICCV 93952
250
215
260
725
241.67
ICCV 93954
240
255
210
705
235.00
ICCV 94954
280
315
255
850
283.33
Kabuli Type

ICCV 2
225
230
210
665
221.67
ICCV 95332
390
400
360
1150
383.33
TOTAL
1385
1415
1295
4095
273.00

ANOVA TABLE

SOURCE
DEGREES
SUM OF
MEAN
F
PROBABILITY
OF
OF
SQUARES SQUARE
VALUE
0.05
0.01
VARIANCE FREEDOM
Treatment
4
52023.333 13005.8333 29.67 **
3.84
7.01
Replication
2
1560.0000
780.0000

Error
8
3506.6667
438.333

Total
14
57090.000

**- highly significant

coefficient of variation – 7.67%

Growth and Yield Performance of Five Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) Varieties Under
Naguey, Atok, Benguet Condition / Measing W. Ponasi. 2008

56
APPENDIX TABLE 14. Average seed diameter (cm)

REPLICATION

TREATMENT
I
II
III
IV
TOTAL MEAN
1
0.66
0.66
0.66
0.68
2.66
0.665
2
0.68
0.65
0.69
0.68
2.70
0.675
3
0.64
0.68
0.74
0.74
2.80
0.700
4
0.65
0.65
0.62
0.66
2.58
0.645
5
0.84
0.73
0.76
0.71
3.04
0.760
TOTAL
3.47
3.37
3.47
3.47
13.78
3.445

ANOVA TABLE

SV
DF
SS
MS
Fc
F0.05
F0.01
Replication
3
0.002
0.001
5.37*
3.26
5.41
Factor A
4
0.031
0.008

Error
12
0.018
0.001

Total
19
0.051

*- significant

coefficient of variation – 5.56%

Growth and Yield Performance of Five Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) Varieties Under
Naguey, Atok, Benguet Condition / Measing W. Ponasi. 2008

57
APPENDIX TABLE 15. Germination test

REPLICATION

TREATMENT
I
II
III
TOTAL
MEAN
Desi Type

ICCV 93952
54
40
58
152
50.67
ICCV 93954
58
34
24
116
38.67
ICCV 94954
60
66
58
184
61.33
Kabuli Type

ICCV 2
52
48
48
148
49.33
ICCV 95332
28
56
46
130
43.33
TOTAL
252
244
234
730
48.67

ANOVA TABLE

SV
DF
DD
MS
F c
F0.05
F0.01
Treatment
4
880.000
220.0000
1.46ns
3.26
5.41
Replication
3
32.53333
16.2667

Error
12
1204.8000 150.6000

Total
19
2117.333

ns- not significant

coefficient of variation – 25.22%

Growth and Yield Performance of Five Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) Varieties Under
Naguey, Atok, Benguet Condition / Measing W. Ponasi. 2008

58
APPENDIX TABLE 16. Ragdoll method

REPLICATION

TREATMENT
I
II
III
TOTAL
MEAN
Desi Type

ICCV 93952
92
85
94
271
90.33
ICCV 93954
92
80
72
244
81.33
ICCV 94954
90
86
86
262
87.33
Kabuli Type

ICCV 2
96
88
96
280
93.33
ICCV 95332
90
90
80
260
86.67
TOTAL
460
429
428
1317
87.80

ANOVA TABLE

SV
DF
SS
MS
Fc
0.05
0.01
Treatment
4
241.0667
60.2667
2.05ns
3.84
7.01
Replication
3
132.4000
66.2000

Error
12
234.9333
29.3667

Total
19
608.4000

ns- not significant

coefficient of variation – 6.02%

Growth and Yield Performance of Five Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) Varieties Under
Naguey, Atok, Benguet Condition / Measing W. Ponasi. 2008

59

Figure 10. Map of Atok

Growth and Yield Performance of Five Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) Varieties Under
Naguey, Atok, Benguet Condition / Measing W. Ponasi. 2008

Document Outline

Growth and Yield Performance of FiveChickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) Varieties Under Naguey, Atok, Benguet Condition
- BIBLIOGRAPHY
- ABSTRACT
- TABLE OF CONTENTS
- INTRODUCTION
- REVIEW OF LITERATURE
  - Description of the Crop
  - Importance of Chickpea
  - Soil and Climatic Requirement
  - Soil Fertility and Lime Requirement
  - Harvesting and Threshing
  - Drying and Storage
  - Uses of Chickpea
  - Importance of Varietal Selection
- MATERIALS AND METHODS
- RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
  - Emergence Percentage
  - Days from Planting to Flowering
  - Average Height at Flowering
  - Days from Planting to First Harvest
  - Average Number of Lateral Branches
  - Total Number of Harvest
  - Percentage Pod Setting (%)
  - Average Number of Seeds Per Pod
  - Average Weight of Pods Produced Per Plant
  - Average Yield Per Plant
  - Total Yield per Plot and Total Yieldper Hectare
  - Weight of 1000 Seeds
  - Average Seed Diameter
  - Germination Test
  - Varietal Characteristics
  - Pests and Diseases
  - Correlation Regression analysis
  - Meteorological Data
- SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
  - Summary
  - Conclusion
  - Recommendation
- LITERATURE CITED
- APPENDICES