BIBLIOGRAPHY MAGCIANO, DAISY B. MAY 2009. ...
BIBLIOGRAPHY
MAGCIANO, DAISY B. MAY 2009. Response of Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.)
Varieties to Organic Fertilizer Application. Benguet State University, La Trinidad, Benguet.
Adviser: Fernando R. Gonzales, PhD.
ABSTRACT
The study aimed to determine the response of chickpea as affected by the
different organic fertilizers and to identify the chickpea accessions that would perform
productively with the application of the different organic fertilizer. The study was
conducted from October 2008 to February 2009.
The responses of the different chickpea accessions to the organic fertilizer were
studied under open field condition. The four accessions used were ICCV 93952 and
ICCV 93954 (Desi type) and, ICCV 95332 and ICCV V2 (Kabuli type) while the five
organic fertilizers used were control (farmers practice), chicken dung, BSU compost,
processed chicken dung and Sagana 100.
The computed yield per hectare of the different chickpea accessions showed
highly significant differences. ICCV 95332 (Kabuli type) produced the highest yield per
hectare with 953.96 kg/ha; followed by ICCV 93954 (Desi type) with 773.48 kg/ha;
ICCV 93952 (Desi type) with 412.14 kg/ha; lastly, ICCV 2 (Kabuli type) produced the
lowest yield per hectare with 258.87 kg/ha.
Analysis also reveals highly significant differences on the yield per hectare of
chickpea as affected by the different organic fertilizers. Chickpea applied with control
(farmers practice) produced the highest yield per hectare with 733.71 kg/ha; followed by
Sagana100 with 683.16 kg/ha; chicken dung and processed chicken dung with 544.71
kg/ha and 545.76 kg/ha, respectively; lastly, chickpea applied with BSU compost
produced the lowest yield per hectare of 490.73 kg/ha.
Highly significant differences were noted on the yield per hectare of chickpea as
affected by the interaction of the accessions and organic fertilizer. Results revealed that
ICCV 95332 (Kabuli type) applied with chicken dung produced the highest yield with
1066.90 kg/ha while ICCV 93952 (Desi type) applied with processed chicken dung
produced the lowest yield per hectare with 162.995 kg/ha.
ii
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
Bibliography. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . i
Abstract . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . i
Table of Contents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . iii
INTRODUCTION
Nature of the Study . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
Importance of the Study . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
Objectives of the Study . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
Place of the Study . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
REVIEW OF LITERATURE
Botany of Chickpea . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
Fertilizer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
Kinds of Fertilizer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
Fertilizer Value of Organic Matter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
Effect of Organic Fertilizer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
Importance of N-P-K . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Materials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
Methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
Care and Maintenance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
Data Gathered . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
iii
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Days from Planting to Flowering . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
Average Plant Height at Flowering . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
Days from Planting to First Harvest . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
Total Number of Harvest/Picking . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
Number of Lateral Stems at Flowering . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
Percentage Pod Setting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
Average Number of Pods per Plant . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
Total Yield per Plot . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
Computed Yield per Hectare . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
Number of Filled Pods Produced per Plant . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
Number of Unfilled Pods Produced per Plant . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
Weight of 100 Seeds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
Conclusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
Recommendations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
LITERATURE CITED . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
APPENDICES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
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1
INTRODUCTION
Nature of the Study
Organic matter is unifying elements in the soil, having a prominent influence on
soil organisms, plant growth and on physical properties of the soil. We might regard the
soil as the furnace of life, wherein organic matter is the fuel, soil organisms are the fire
consuming the fuel, and the plant nutrient are the ashes of combustion. The fire needs no
matches, only fuel on a modest amount of air and water; it is vigorous at the first addition
of residues but slows to a smoldering oxidation the last for centuries.
According to Parnes (1986), fresh organic residues are a good source of all
nutrients, but after decomposition, the resulting humus is rich in Nitrogen, Phosphorous,
and Sulfur but low in Calcium, Magnesium and Potassium.
Organic matter added to garden soil improves the soil structure and feeds the
microorganisms and insects. The more beneficial microorganisms the soil can support,
the less bad organisms will survive.
Organic matter also contains acids that can make plant roots more permeable,
improving their uptake of water and nutrients, and can dissolve minerals within the soil,
leaving them available for plant roots.
Furthermore, organic fertilizers also feed the diverse food web of bacteria, fungi,
earthworms and other beneficial soil life. These organisms convert soil minerals into
available nutrients that can be absorbed by plant roots. These organisms also improve the
texture of the soil; creating passage ways for air and water and aggregating soil particles
into “crumbs”. Beneficial bacteria and fungi also release many disease inhibiting
substances.
Response of Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) Varieties to Organic
Fertilizer Application / Daisy B. Magciano. 2009
2
The chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) also called garbanzo bean, Indian bean,
Bengal grain, a chana, kadale, sanagapappil, shimbra, is an edible legume of the family
Febaceae, sub-family Faboideae. Chickpea are high in protein and one of the earliest
cultured vegetable, 7,500 old remains have been found in the Middle East.
Chickpea is a plant grown for its nutritious edible seeds. The chickpea plant is
cultured in India, the Middle East, Northern Africa, and Southern Europe, Central
America and the United States. The chickpea plant grows approximately 30-60 cm high.
The plant bears rectangular pods that contain one or two seeds. Chickpea maybe white,
creamy yellow, red, brown, and nearly black.
Chickpeas are high in carbohydrates and are good source of protein. In India,
people eat roasted chickpeas as a snack; they also use chickpeas to make a split pea soup
called dhal. People in Middle East and Southern Europe make hummus by mashing
cooked chickpeas and assign lemon juice, olive oil, garlic and crushed sesame seeds. It is
used as a spread, dip or sauce. Chickpeas also are used to make small cakes called folafel
which are deep fried in oil.
Importance of the Study
Renewed concern about the environment has stipulated interest in the use of
organic fertilizers. Organic farming is a farming system that promotes, among other
practices, the use of organic fertilizer. Organic matter is an essential component of
healthy soils, and all sound farming practices integrates and allocates available organic
materials to maintain and improve soil fertility. Regular additions of organic matter are
important as food for microorganisms; insects, worms and other organisms degrade
potential pollutants, help control disease and bind soil particles into larger aggregates.
Response of Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) Varieties to Organic
Fertilizer Application / Daisy B. Magciano. 2009
3
Well aggregated crumbly coil allows good root penetration, improves water infiltration,
makes tillage easier and reduce erosion.
Chickpea are helpful source of zinc foliate and protein. They are also very high in
dietary fiber and hence a healthy source of a carbohydrates for persons with insulin
sensitivity or diabetes. Chickpea are low in fat and most of this is poly saturated.
One hundred grams of mature bale chickpea contains 164 calories, 2.6 grams of
fat (of which only .27 grams is sotured) 7.6 grams of dietary fiber and 8.9 grams of
protein. Chickpea also provide dietary calcium (49-53 mg/ .100g) with some source
citing the garbanzo’s calcium content as about the same as yogurt and close milk.
According to the International Crops Research Institute for Semi Arid Tropics, chickpea
seeds contain an average: 23% protein, 64% total carbohydrates (47% starch, 6% soluble
sugar) 5% fat, 6% crude fiber and 3% ash. There is also a high reported mineral content
of phosphorus (340mg/100g), magnesium (140mg/100g), iron (7mg/100g) and zinc
(3mg/100mg).
Objectives of the Study
The study aimed to:
1.
Determine the response of chickpea as affected by the different organic
fertilizers.
2.
Identify the chickpea accessions that would perform productively with the
application of different organic fertilizers.
Response of Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) Varieties to Organic
Fertilizer Application / Daisy B. Magciano. 2009
4
Time and Place of the Study
This study was conducted at BSU Experimental Station, Benguet State
University, La Trinidad, Benguet from October 2008 to January 2009.
Response of Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) Varieties to Organic
Fertilizer Application / Daisy B. Magciano. 2009
5
REVIEW OF LITERATURE
Botany of Chickpea
The chickpea plant grows to between 20 and 60 cm high and has small feathery
leaves on either side of the stem. One seedpod contains two or three peas. The flowers are
white or sometimes reddish blue. Chickpeas need subtropical or tropical climate more
than 4100 mm of annual rain. They can be grown in temperature climate but yields will
be much lower.
The “Desi,” has small, darker seeds and rough coat, cultivated mostly in the
Indian subcontinent, Ethiopia, Mexico and Iran. The “Kabuli,” has a lighter colored,
larger seeds and a smoother coat, mainly grown in Southern Europe, Northern Africa,
Afghanistan and Chile, also introduced during the 18th century to the Indian subcontinent.
The Desi, moaning country or local in Hindi is also known as Bengal grain or Kala
chana. Kabuli, meaning from Kabul in Hindi, since they were thought to have come from
Afghanistan when first seen in India is the kind widely grown throughout the
Mediterranean. Desi is likely the earliest form since it closely resembles seeds found both
or archaeological sites and the wild plant ancestor or domesticated chickpeas (Cicer
arietinum L.) which only grows in Southeast Turkey, where it is believed to have
originated. Desi chickpeas have markedly higher fiber content than Kabulis and hence a
very low glycemic index which may make then suitable for people with blood sugar
problems.
Response of Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) Varieties to Organic
Fertilizer Application / Daisy B. Magciano. 2009
6
Fertilizer
Fertilizer is a substance that is added to soil to help plants grow. Farmers use
various kinds of fertilizers to produce abundant crops. Home gardeners use fertilizers to
raise larger, healthy flowers and vegetables. Landscapes spread fertilizers on lawns and
golf course to thicken green grass.
Fertilizers contain nutrients (nourishing substances) that are essential for plant
growth. Some fertilizers are made from organic waste such as manure or sewage. Others
are manufactured from certain minerals or from synthetic compounds produced in
factories.
Kinds of Fertilizer
Fertilization is an important factor that affects production. The right method of
fertilizer application influenced the production of better quality product.
Fertilizers are of two types: organic and inorganic or chemical fertilizers. Organic
fertilizers are derived from organic wastes such as plant residues and animal wastes while
inorganic chemical fertilizers consist of chemically prepared substance containing
varying amount of nitrogen, phosphoric acid and potash. Organic fertilizers have an
advantage over chemical because they are renewable, and soil fertility gradually declines
as a result of their continued application (Balco, 1986).
Inorganic fertilizers are available for the plants as it is dissolve, unlike organic
materials that must rot and decay before they become beneficial to the plants. Bautista et
al. (1983) stated that inorganic fertilizers release great quantities of nutrients elements
that can be easily absorbed by the roots. The results of application can be seen within a
few days.
Response of Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) Varieties to Organic
Fertilizer Application / Daisy B. Magciano. 2009
7
Fertilizer Value of Organic Matter
Parnes (1986) mentioned that organic matter is principally a source of nitrogen,
phosphorus and sulfur nutrients which soil organisms require and retain. These nutrients
slowly become available as the organic matter continues to decompose. Most of the
calcium, magnesium and potassium in the decaying organic residues are discarded by the
soil organisms during the first stage of decomposition, and these nutrients are quickly
available to plants. Owing to the energy which it contains, organic matter serves many
purposes, its own as well as indirectly through the soil organisms which it nourishes.
Tangible value is set on this energy by relating it to energy in fuel.
Nutrient elements from organic fertilizers are released slowly which is
particularly important in avoiding salt injury, ensuring a continuous supply of nutrients
throughout the growing season and in producing of better quality.
Effect of Organic Fertilizer
Knott (1976) mentioned that the application of organic fertilizer in soil prior to
planting or sowing time results high yield. Manure does not only provide nutrients but
also humus, which improves physical condition of the soil. The author also said that well
decomposed manure should be applied at a rate of 10-20 tons/ha after the first plowing.
This amount will slowly provide nitrogen during vegetative growth of the crop. However,
full benefits of such practice would be realized over a period of 2 years.
Similarly, Rodriguez (1981) reported that organic fertilizer such as compost and
green manuring are very important needs in the vegetable production. The fertility also
makes production continuous. As explained by Tisdale and Nelson (1975), organic
fertilization releases the nutrient element slowly especially nitrogen for efficient
Response of Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) Varieties to Organic
Fertilizer Application / Daisy B. Magciano. 2009
8
utilization of plants. Once available nutrients are translocated to plant parts, growth and
yield tend to increase. Chicken manure was found to contain about 1% nitrogen, 0.8%
phosphorus, 0.40% potassium (Brady and Buckham, 1960).
On the other hand, Akiew (1978) reported that chicken dung contains 11%
nitrogen which is the highest among organic fertilizers. But lower in phosphorus and
potassium. However, chicken dung promotes faster and better vegetative growth.
Under La Trinidad, Deanon (1976) discovered that it is customary to mix a truck
load of compost chicken dung with the soil of a hectare before planting. The author also
wrote that most short season vegetable crops need various amounts of nutrients in readily
available form for growth and development. As explained by Capiz and Aycado (1977)
there is a need for sustained application of compost to provide the food supply needs of
crops as well as to feed the beneficial flora and fauna especially the microbes that make
the tied nutrients available.
Crops fertilized with organic matter have greater resistance to pest and diseases.
The writer explained that humid acids and growth substances are absorbed into the plant
tissue through the roots and they favor the formation of proteins by influencing the
synthesis of enzymes increasing the vigor and insect resistance of the plant. Soils high in
organic matter allow little or no soil borne disease because of the oxygen ethylene cycle
in the soil. It was also mentioned that the sap of the plants fertilized with organic matter
is more bactericidal than plant not fertilized with organic matter. Not only does humus
confer immunity to plant pest and disease. It also improves the quality of crops,
characteristics that has very definite commercial value (Abadilla, 1982).
Response of Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) Varieties to Organic
Fertilizer Application / Daisy B. Magciano. 2009
9
Importance of N-P-K
Nitrogen plays a vital role in plant growth and development. As Mendiola (1958)
stated that nitrogen promotes the growth of sexual lands and flowers. He further added
that most plants at certain period of their growth cease to produce new branches and
leaves or to increase those already formed and commenced to produce flowers and fruits.
If a plant is provided with mush available nitrogen that it can use at a time it begins to
flower, the formation of flowers maybe checked and the growth activity is sent back to
the stems which taken on new sugar and multiply profusely.
According to Mullins, the presence of phosphorus in the soil encourages plant
growth because phosphorus is a major building block of DNA molecules. It is responsible
for the storage of energy in the form of adenosine diphosphate (ADP) and adenosine
triphosphate (ATP). The energy stored in this phosphate compounds allow for the
transportation of nutrients across the cell wall and the synthesis of nucleic acid and
proteins. The addition of phosphorus fertilizers ensures that the crops will reach their full
potential by using additional phosphorus to encourage root growth and stalk strength
while promoting resistance to root knot disease.
Potassium as an essential element is the backbone to a plant life and it plays many
vital roles in its nutrition. It increases root growth, improves drought resistance, enhances
several enzymes functions, builds cellulose, reduces lodging, controls plant turgidity,
maintains the selectivity and integrity of cell membranes, helps in protein synthesis and
uplifts the protein content of plants, produces grain rich in starch and controls pests and
diseases.
Response of Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) Varieties to Organic
Fertilizer Application / Daisy B. Magciano. 2009
10
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Materials
The materials used were seeds of chickpea, garden tools, unprocessed chicken
dung, processed chicken dung, Sagana 100, BSU compost, 14-14-14, record book and
identifying pegs.
Methods
Experimental Design and Treatments. This study was laid out in a Randomized
Complete Block Design (RCBD) in factorial arrangement. Factor A was the lines of
cultivar and Factor B was the source of organic matter. Hilling up operations was done
one month from planting. The treatments were as follows:
Factor A (cultivar/line)
Desi Type
Kabuli Type
V1 - ICCV 93952
V3 - ICCV 95332
V2 - ICCV 93954
V4 - ICCV 2
Factor B (organic fertilizers)
S1 – Farmers practice (control) 1 kerosene can chicken dung + 250g 14-
14-14/5m²
S2 – Chicken dung
S3 – Compost (BSU compost)
S4 – Processed chicken dung
S5 – Sagana 100
Response of Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) Varieties to Organic
Fertilizer Application / Daisy B. Magciano. 2009
11
Care and Maintenance
Care and maintenance were done to all samples throughout the duration of the
study.
Data Gathered
There were five samples per replicate where the following parameters were
gathered.
1. Vegetative growth
a. Days from planting to flowering. This was obtained by counting the number
of days from planting to first flowering.
b. Average plant height at flowering (cm). This was taken at first flowering
stage.
c. Days from planting to first harvest. This was noted on the first harvest of
seeds.
d. Total number of harvest/picking. This was the total number of harvesting
done for one cropping season.
e. Number of lateral stems at flowering. This was determined by counting the
lateral stem of the plant at flowering.
2. Yield
a. Percentage pod setting. This was taken using the formula.
Percentage Pod Setting = No. of Pods/Plant x 100
No. of Flowers Produced/Plant
b. Average number of pods/plant. This was computed by dividing the number
of pods produced by sample plants after which the average was solved using the formula.
Response of Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) Varieties to Organic
Fertilizer Application / Daisy B. Magciano. 2009
12
Average Number of Pods = Total Number of Pods Produced by Sample Plants
No. of Sample Plants
c. Total yield per plot (kg). This was obtained by taking all the weight of the
seeds per plot in the whole cropping season.
d. Computed yield/ha. This was computed using the formula:
Yield per ha = Total yield per plot 5m² (2000 m²)
e. Mean number of filled and unfilled pods produced per plant. This was the
total number of pods produced by sample plants divided by the number of sample plants.
3. Seed Quality
a. Weight of 100 seeds. This was taken by weighing 100 seeds (g).
Response of Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) Varieties to Organic
Fertilizer Application / Daisy B. Magciano. 2009
13
Figure 1. Overview of the experimental area during the application of the
different organic fertilizers
Figure 2. Overview of the experiment of chickpea accessions at transplanting
Response of Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) Varieties to Organic
Fertilizer Application / Daisy B. Magciano. 2009
14
Figure 3. Overview of the experiment at flowering stage
Figure 4. Overview of the experiment at harvesting
Response of Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) Varieties to Organic
Fertilizer Application / Daisy B. Magciano. 2009
15
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Days from Planting to Flowering
Effect of variety/accession. Highly significant differences were noted in the
number of days from planting to flowering of the four accessions of chickpea used (Table
1). ICCV 2 (Kabuli type) produced flowers the earliest with 49 days after planting,
followed by ICCV 95332 (Kabuli type) and ICCV 93954 (Desi type) within 51days and
60 days, respectively. ICCV 93952 (Desi type) were the latest to produce flowers after 68
days after planting. Results showed that Kabuli type chickpea produced flowers earlier
than Desi type. Nevertheless, different accessions of chickpea differ in the number of
days from planting to flowering.
Effect of organic fertilizers. Table 1 shows the number of days from planting to
flowering as affected by the different organic fertilizers. Analysis reveals significant
differences on the number of days from planting to flowering of chickpea as affected by
the organic fertilizers. It was noted that chickpea applied with the control (farmers
practice) produced flowers the earliest after 54 days from planting.
According to Abadilla (1982), crops fertilized with organic matter have greater
resistance to pest and diseases. Not only does humus confer immunity to plant pest and
diseases. It also improves the quality of crops, characteristics that has very definite
commercial value.
Interaction effect. No significant differences were noted on the interaction effect
of the accession and the organic fertilizers on the number of days from planting to
flowering of the chickpea.
Response of Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) Varieties to Organic
Fertilizer Application / Daisy B. Magciano. 2009
16
Table 1. Number of days from planting to flowering
TREATMENT
WEIGHTED MEAN
Variety/Accession
ICCV 93952 (Desi type)
68a
ICCV 93954 (Desi type)
60b
ICCV 95332 (Kabuli type)
51c
ICCV 2 (Kabuli type)
49d
Organic Fertilizers
Control
54d
Chicken Dung
56c
BSU Compost
60a
Processed Chicken Dung
58b
Sagana 100
57b
CV (%)
8.53
Means with common letters are not significantly different from each other at 5% level of
significance using DMRT.
Average Plant Height at Flowering
Effect of variety/accession. Table 2 shows highly significant differences on the
average plant height at flowering as affected by the accessions used. Results showed that
ICCV 93952 (Desi type) had the tallest plant height at flowering with 34.40 cm; followed
by ICCV 93954 (Desi type) with 31.47 cm; ICCV 2 (Kabuli type) with 25.29 cm; lastly,
ICCV 95332 (Kabuli type) produced the shortest plant height at flowering with 22.13 cm.
Response of Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) Varieties to Organic
Fertilizer Application / Daisy B. Magciano. 2009
17
Further, it was shown that Desi type produced taller plants at flowering as compared to
Kabuli type.
Environmental factors like temperature certainly contributed to the duration of
flowering in chickpea. As stated by Summerfield and Roberts (1988), flowering time of
chickpea is variable depending on the effect of the season, sowing date, latitude, and
attitude. Roberts et al. (1994) also said that the time to flowering was function of
temperature and photoperiod.
Table 2. Average plant height (cm) at flowering
TREATMENT
WEIGHTED MEAN
Variety/Accessions
ICCV 93952 (Desi type)
34.40a
ICCV 93954 (Desi type)
31.47b
ICCV 95332 (Kabuli type)
22.13d
ICCV 2 (Kabuli type)
25.29c
Organic Fertilizers
Control
29.06a
Chicken Dung
28.18a
BSU Compost
28.18a
Processed Chicken Dung
27.54a
Sagana 100
28.66a
CV (%)
3.09
Means with common letters are not significantly different from each other at 5% level of
significance using DMRT.
Response of Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) Varieties to Organic
Fertilizer Application / Daisy B. Magciano. 2009
18
Effect of organic fertilizers. No significant differences were noted on the average
plant height of chickpea as affected by the different organic fertilizers. Plant height of
flowering ranged from 27.54 cm. to 29.06 cm. This result showed that the different
organic fertilizers did not affect the average plant height of chickpea at flowering.
Average plant height at flowering (cm)
40
35
Farmers
) 30
practice
c
m
( 25
Chicken
i
ght
dung
he 20
a
nt
BSU
pl
compost
15
r
a
ge
Processed
ve
chicken
A 10
dung
Sagana
5
100
0
ICCV 93952 ICCV 93954 ICCV 95332
ICCV 2
Chickpea accessions
Figure 5. Average plant height at flowering
Response of Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) Varieties to Organic
Fertilizer Application / Daisy B. Magciano. 2009
19
Interaction effect. Highly significant differences were noted on the average plant
height at flowering of the chickpea as affected by the accession and the different organic
fertilizers used. It was noted that ICCV 93952 (Desi type) applied with Sagana 100
produced the tallest plant height at flowering with 36.53 cm. while ICCV 95332 (Kabuli
type) applied with BSU compost produced the shortest plant at flowering with 20.5 cm.
Further, results revealed that Desi type chickpea applied with organic fertilizers produced
taller plants compared to Kabuli type chickpeas applied with the same organic fertilizers.
Days from Planting to First Harvest
Effect of variety/accessions. Highly significant difference was noted on the days
from planting to first harvest as affected by the different accessions of chickpea used
(Table 3). Results showed that ICCV 2 (Kabuli type) were the earliest to be harvested
after 86 days from planting; followed by ICCV 95332 (Kabuli type) that was harvested
within 122 days; ICCV 93952 (Desi type) and ICCV 93954 (Desi type) were the latest to
be harvested after 127 days from planting.
Effect of organic fertilizers. Highly significant differences were noted on the days
from planting to first harvest of chickpea as affected by the different organic fertilizers.
Results showed that chickpea applied with Sagana 100 were the earliest to be harvested
after 114 days from planting; followed by chickpea applied with BSU compost and
processed chicken dung with 115 days; chickpea applied with control (farmers practice)
and chicken dung were the latest to be harvested after 117 days from planting.
Rodriguez (1981) said that Sagana 100 as an organic fertilizer contains some
major trace elements essential for plant growth.
Response of Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) Varieties to Organic
Fertilizer Application / Daisy B. Magciano. 2009
20
Interaction effect. No significant differences were noted on the days from planting
to first harvest of the chickpea as affected by the interaction of the accession and
thedifferent organic fertilizers.
Table 3. Days from planting to first harvest
TREATMENT
WEIGHTED MEAN
Variety/Accession
ICCV 93952 (Desi type)
127a
ICCV 93954 (Desi type)
127a
ICCV 95332 (Kabuli type)
122b
ICCV 2 (Kabuli type)
86c
Organic Fertilizers
Control
117a
Chicken Dung
117a
BSU Compost
115b
Processed Chicken Dung
115b
Sagana 100
114c
CV (%)
6.68
Means with common letters are not significantly different from each other at 5% level of
significance using DMRT.
Response of Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) Varieties to Organic
Fertilizer Application / Daisy B. Magciano. 2009
21
Total Number of Harvest or Picking
Effect of variety/accession. Significant differences were noted on the total number
of harvest as affected by the different accessions of chickpea used (Table 4). It was noted
that ICCV 95332 and ICCV 2 both Kabuli type had higher number of harvest/picking
with 2.25 and 2.30, respectively. On the other hand, ICCV 93952 and ICCV 93954 both
Desi type had the lower number of harvest/picking with 1.80 and 1.85, respectively. This
result showed that pods of Desi type chickpea matures faster than Kabuli type.
Effect of organic fertilizers. No significant differences were noted on the total
number of harvest/picking of chickpea as affected by the different organic fertilizers.
Interaction effect. No significant interaction effect existed between the accession
of chickpea and the different organic fertilizer on the total number of harvest of chickpea.
Number of Lateral Stems at Flowering
Effect of variety/accession. Table 5 shows highly significant differences on the
number of lateral stems at flowering as affected by the different accessions of chickpea.
ICCV 93952 and ICCV 93954 both Desi type produced higher number of lateral stems at
flowering among the accessions while ICCV 95332 and ICCV 2 both Kabuli type
produced lower number of lateral stems at flowering. Each plant produces three lateral
branches and a maximum of five branches were observed during the conduct of the study.
Effect of organic fertilizers. No significant differences were noted on the number
of lateral stems at flowering of chickpea as affected by the different accessions and
different organic fertilizers. It ranged from 1.68 to 1.86 lateral stems.
Response of Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) Varieties to Organic
Fertilizer Application / Daisy B. Magciano. 2009
22
Table 4. Total number of harvest
TREATMENT
WEIGHTED MEAN
Variety/Accession
ICCV 93952 (Desi type)
1.80b
ICCV 93954 (Desi type)
1.85b
ICCV 95332 (Kabuli type)
2.25a
ICCV 2 (Kabuli type)
2.30a
Organic Fertilizers
Control
2.00a
Chicken Dung
2.06a
BSU Compost
2.13a
Processed Chicken Dung
2.00a
Sagana 100
2.06a
CV (%)
28.86
Means with common letters are not significantly different from each other at 5% level of
significance using DMRT.
Interaction effect. No significant interaction existed between the accession of
chickpea and organic fertilizers in terms of the number of lateral stems at flowering.
Percentage Pod Setting
Effect of variety/accession. Results showed that ICCV 93954 (Desi type) had the
highest percentage pod setting of 97.60% while ICCV 2 (Kabuli type) had the lowest
percentage pod setting of 92.06%. Desi type had relatively higher percentage pod setting
Response of Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) Varieties to Organic
Fertilizer Application / Daisy B. Magciano. 2009
23
as compared to Kabuli type. However, analysis revealed no significant differences on the
percentage pod setting of the different accessions of chickpea (Table 6).
Effect of organic fertilizers. No significant differences were noted on the
percentage pod setting of chickpea as affected by the different organic fertilizers. The
percentage pod setting ranged from 95.47% to 98.21%.
Results showed that control (farmers practice) had the highest percentage pod
setting of 98.21 while processed chicken dung had the lowest percentage pod setting of
95.16.
Table 5. Number of lateral stems at flowering
TREATMENT
WEIGHTED MEAN
Variety/Accession
ICCV 93952 (Desi type)
2.04a
ICCV 93954 (Desi type)
2.11a
ICCV 95332 (Kabuli type)
1.17b
ICCV 2 (Kabuli type)
1.87b
Organic Fertilizers
Control
1.86a
Chicken Dung
1.83a
BSU Compost
1.83a
Processed Chicken Dung
1.80a
Sagana 100
1.68a
CV (%)
32.83
Means with common letters are not significantly different from each other at 5% level of
significance using DMRT.
Response of Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) Varieties to Organic
Fertilizer Application / Daisy B. Magciano. 2009
24
Table 6. Percentage pod setting
TREATMENT
PERCENTAGE (%)
Variety/Accession
ICCV 93952 (Desi type)
96.55a
ICCV 93954 (Desi type)
97.60a
ICCV 95332 (Kabuli type)
94.84a
ICCV 2 (Kabuli type)
92.06a
Organic Fertilizers
Control
98.21a
Chicken Dung
97.91a
BSU Compost
95.47a
Processed Chicken Dung
95.16a
Sagana 100
97.06a
CV (%)
4.66
Means with common letters are not significantly different from each other at 5% level of
significance using DMRT.
Interaction effect. No significant differences were noted on the percentage pod
setting as affected by the interaction of accession and organic fertilizers.
Average Number of Pods per Plant
Effect of variety/accession. Table 7 shows highly significant differences on the
number of pods per plant as affected by the different accessions of chickpea. ICCV
95332 (Kabuli type) produced the highest average number of pods per plant with 256.73;
followed by ICCV 93954 (Desi type) with 132.72; lastly, ICCV 93952 (Desi type) and
Response of Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) Varieties to Organic
Fertilizer Application / Daisy B. Magciano. 2009
25
ICCV 2 (Kabuli type) produced the lowest number of pods per plant with 103.88 and
103.51, respectively.
Effect of organic fertilizers. Highly significant differences were noted on the
average number of pods per plant of chickpea as affected by the different organic
fertilizers. Chickpea applied with control (farmers practice) produced the most number of
pods per plant while those applied with BSU compost had the least number of pods per
plant. The average number of pods per plant of chickpea as affected by the different
organic fertilizers ranged from 111.56 to 189.66.
Rodriguez (1981) reported that organic fertilizer such as compost and green
manuring are very important needs in the vegetable production.
Table 7. Average number of pods per plant
TREATMENT
WEIGHTED MEAN
Variety/Accession
ICCV 93952 (Desi type)
103.88c
ICCV 93954 (Desi type)
132.72b
ICCV 95332 (Kabuli type)
256.73a
ICCV 2 (Kabuli type)
103.51c
Organic Fertilizers
Control
189.66a
Chicken Dung
146.18c
BSU Compost
111.56d
Processed Chicken Dung
151.05b
Sagana 100
147.60c
CV (%)
13.62
Means with common letters are not significantly different from each other at 5% level of
significance using DMRT.
Response of Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) Varieties to Organic
Fertilizer Application / Daisy B. Magciano. 2009
26
Interaction effect. Analysis revealed highly significant interaction effect between
accession and organic fertilizers on the average number of pods per plant of chickpea.
Results revealed that ICCV 95332 (Kabuli type) applied with control (farmers practice)
produced the highest average number of pods per plant with 334.80 pods per plant while
ICCV 2 (Kabuli type) applied with compost produced the lowest average number of pods
per plant with 73.25 pods per plant.
Average number of pods per plant
s
400
Farmers
350
pods
practice
300
r
of
Chicken
be
250
dung
200
num
150
BSU
ge
compost
r
a
100
ve
50
Processed
A
0
chicken
dung
ICCV
ICCV ICCV ICCV 2
Sagana 100
93952 93954 95332
Chickpea acces ions
Figure 6. Average number of pods per plant
Response of Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) Varieties to Organic
Fertilizer Application / Daisy B. Magciano. 2009
27
Total Yield per Plot
Effect of variety/accession. Highly significant differences were noted on the total
yield per plot as affected by the different accessions of chickpea (Table 8). ICCV 95332
(Kabuli type) had the highest yield of 0.48 kg/5m2; followed by ICCV 93954 (Desi type)
with 0.39 kg/5m2; ICCV 93952 (Desi type) with 0.24 kg/5m2; lastly, ICCV 2 (Kabuli
type) had the lowest total yield per plot of 0.13 kg/5m2.
Effect of organic fertilizers. Significant differences were noted on the total yield
per plot of chickpea as affected by the different organic fertilizers. Results showed that
chickpea applied with the control (farmers practice) produced the highest total yield per
plot among the different organic fertilizers. On the other hand, chickpea applied with
processed chicken dung produced the lowest total yield per plot as compared to the other
organic fertilizers.
Knott (1976) mentioned that the application of organic fertilizer in soil prior to
planting or sowing time results high yield.
Interaction effect. No significant differences were noted on the total yield per plot
of chickpea as affected by the interaction of accession and the different organic
fertilizers.
Computed Yield per Hectare
Effect of variety/accession. The computed yield per hectare of the different
varieties of chickpea showed highly significant differences (Table 9). ICCV 95332
(Kabuli type) produced the highest yield per hectare with 953.48 kg/ha; followed by
ICCV 93954 (Desi type) with 773.48 kg/ha; ICCV 93952 (Desi type) with 412.12 kg; ha.
Response of Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) Varieties to Organic
Fertilizer Application / Daisy B. Magciano. 2009
28
Result is due to the higher infestation rate of diseases to this particular variety. Poor
germination of this variety in this location also contributes lower yield.
Effect of organic fertilizers. Highly significant differences were noted on the yield
per hectare of chickpea as affected by the different organic fertilizers. Chickpea applied
with control (farmers practice) produced the highest yield per hectare with 733.71 kg/ha;
followed by Sagana 100 with 683.16 kg/ha; chicken dung and processed chicken dung
with 544.71 kg/ha and 545.76 kg/ha, respectively; lastly, chickpea applied with BSU
compost produced the lowest yield per hectare of 490.73 kg/ha.
Table 8. Total yield (kg/5m2) per plot
TREATMENT
TOTAL YIELD PER PLOT
(kg/5m2)
Variety/Accession
ICCV 93952 (Desi type)
0.24c
ICCV 93954 (Desi type)
0.39b
ICCV 95332 (Kabuli type)
0.48a
ICCV 2 (Kabuli type)
0.13d
Organic Fertilizers
Control
0.37a
Chicken Dung
0.27c
BSU Compost
0.29c
Processed Chicken Dung
0.26c
Sagana 100
0.34b
CV (%)
31.15
Means with common letters are not significantly different from each other at 5% level of
significance using DMRT.
Response of Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) Varieties to Organic
Fertilizer Application / Daisy B. Magciano. 2009
29
On the other hand, Akiew (1978) reported that chicken dung contains 11%
nitrogen which is the highest among organic fertilizers. But lower in phosphorus and
potassium. However, chicken dung promoted faster and better vegetative growth.
Interaction effect. Highly significant differences were noted on the yield per
hectare of chickpea as affected by the interaction of the accession and organic fertilizers.
Results revealed that ICCV 95332 (Kabuli type) applied with chicken dung produced the
highest yield with 1066.90 kg/ha while ICCV 93952 (Desi type) applied with compost
produced the lowest yield per hectare with 162.995 kg/ha.
Earlier findings of Mangosan (1996) on chickpea showed that application of
chicken dung/manure significantly produced taller plants, promoted earlier development
and produced more flower per plant.
Table 9. Computed yield per hectare (kg/ha)
TREATMENT
YIELD PER HECTARE (kg/ha)
Variety/Accession
ICCV 93952 (Desi type)
412.14c
ICCV 93954 (Desi type)
773.48b
ICCV 95332 (Kabuli type)
953.96a
ICCV 2 (Kabuli type)
258.87d
Organic Fertilizers
Control
733.71a
Chicken Dung
544.71c
BSU Compost
490.73d
Processed Chicken Dung
545.76c
Sagana 100
683.16b
CV (%)
10.96
Means with common letters are not significantly different from each other at 5% level of
significance using DMRT.
Response of Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) Varieties to Organic
Fertilizer Application / Daisy B. Magciano. 2009
30
Number of Filled Pods Produced per Plant
Effect of variety/accession. Table 10 shows highly significant differences on the
number of filled pods produced per plant of the different accessions of chickpea. Results
revealed that ICCV 2 (Kabuli type) produced the highest number of filled pods per plant
with 188; followed by ICCV 93954 (Desi type) with 98.96; ICCV 95332 (Kabuli type)
with 70.99; lastly, ICCV 93952 (Desi type) produced the lowest number of filled pods
per plant with 65.19.
Computed yield per hectare (kg)
1200
Farmers
) 1000
practice
kg)
800
Chicken
e
l
d (
dung
600
e
d yi
BSU
400
compost
put
om
200
Processed
C
chicken
0
dung
ICCV
ICCV
ICCV
ICCV 2
Sagana
93952
93954
95332
100
Chickpea acces ions
Figure 7. Computed yield per hectare
Response of Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) Varieties to Organic
Fertilizer Application / Daisy B. Magciano. 2009
31
Number of filed pods produced per plant
s 250
Farmers
200
practice
d pods
Chicken
i
l
l
e 150
f
dung
r
of 100
BSU
be
compost
50
um
N
Processed
0
chicken
ICCV
ICCV
ICCV
ICCV 2
dung
93952
93954
95332
Sagana
100
Chickpea acces ions
Figure 8. Number of filled pods produced per plant
Response of Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) Varieties to Organic
Fertilizer Application / Daisy B. Magciano. 2009
32
Table 10. Number of filled pods produced per plant
TREATMENT
WEIGHTED MEAN
Variety/Accession
ICCV 93952 (Desi type)
65.19d
ICCV 93954 (Desi type)
98.96b
ICCV 95332 (Kabuli type)
70.99c
ICCV 2 (Kabuli type)
188.00a
Organic Fertilizers
Control
129.53a
Chicken Dung
105.08c
BSU Compost
77.76d
Processed Chicken Dung
107.35c
Sagana 100
109.21b
CV (%)
14.42
Means with common letters are not significantly different from each other at 5% level of
significance using DMRT.
Effect of organic fertilizers. Analysis revealed highly significant differences on
the number of filled pods per plant. Chickpea applied with control (farmers practice)
produced the highest number of pods per plant with 129.53 while those applied with BSU
compost produced the lowest number of pods per plant with 77.76.
Interaction effect. Highly significant differences were noted on the number of
filled pods produced per plant of chickpea as affected by the interaction of the accession
and organic fertilizers. ICCV 2 (Kabuli type) applied with control (farmers practice)
produced the highest number of filled pods per plant with 219.3 while ICCV 95332
(Kabuli type) applied with Sagana 100 produced the lowest filled pods per plant with
49.15.
Response of Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) Varieties to Organic
Fertilizer Application / Daisy B. Magciano. 2009
33
Table 11. Number of unfilled pods produced per plant
TREATMENT
WEIGHTED MEAN
Variety/Accession
ICCV 93952 (Desi type)
40.19b
ICCV 93954 (Desi type)
30.33d
ICCV 95332 (Kabuli type)
32.82c
ICCV 2 (Kabuli type)
68.83a
Organic Fertilizers
Control
60.14a
Chicken Dung
41.10b
BSU Compost
33.93c
Processed Chicken Dung
40.58b
Sagana 100
39.48b
CV (%)
19.09
Means with common letters are not significantly different from each other at 5% level of
significance using DMRT.
Number of Unfilled Pods Produced per Plant
Effect of variety/accession. As shown in Table 11, the numbers of unfilled pods
produced per plant significantly differ from each other as affected by the different
accessions of chickpea. ICCV 2 (Kabuli type) produced the highest number of unfilled
pods per plant with 68.83 while ICCV 93954 (Desi type) produced the lowest number of
unfilled pods per plant with 30.33.
Effect of organic fertilizers. Analysis revealed that highly significant differences
existed on the number of unfilled pods per plant of chickpea cultivated with different
Response of Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) Varieties to Organic
Fertilizer Application / Daisy B. Magciano. 2009
34
organic fertilizers. Chickpea applied with control produced the highest number of unfilled
pods per plant; followed by chicken dung, processed chicken dung and Sagana 100;
lastly, BSU compost produced the lowest number of unfilled pods per plant.
Interaction effect. Highly significant differences were noted on the number of
unfilled pods per plant of chickpea as affected by the interaction of accession and organic
fertilizers. Results revealed that ICCV 2 (Kabuli type) applied with control produced the
highest number of unfilled pods per plant with 115.5 while ICCV 93954 (Desi type)
applied with BSU compost produced the lowest number of unfilled pods per plant with
19.65.
Weight of 100 Seeds
Effect of variety/accession. Table 12 shows highly significant differences on the
weight of 100 seeds as affected by the different accessions of chickpea. ICCV 95332
(Kabuli type) produced the heaviest weight of 100 seeds with 24.49 g; followed by ICCV
2 (Kabuli type) with 21.49 g; lastly, ICCV 93952 (Desi type) and ICCV 93954 (Desi
type) produced the lowest weight of 100 seeds with 18.42 g and 18.78 g, respectively.
This finding signifies that Kabuli type produced heavier seeds than Desi type. Thus, the
result indicates that seed weight depends on the seed size. The bigger the seed, the
heavier the weight and the smaller it is, the lightest weight.
In Poland, minimum Kabuli type seed weight (1000) is about 495g especially to
the larger seeded Kabuli chickpea. Desi type, a small seeded one has a minimum weight
of 245g per 1000 seeds.
Response of Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) Varieties to Organic
Fertilizer Application / Daisy B. Magciano. 2009
35
Number of unfiled pods produced per plant
140
Farmers
120
practice
100
Chicken
i
l
l
e
d pods
80
dung
unf
60
BSU
r
of
40
compost
be
20
um
Processed
N
0
chicken
ICCV
ICCV
ICCV
ICCV 2
dung
93952
93954
95332
Sagana 100
Chickpea accessions
Figure 9. Number of unfilled pods produced per plant
Effect of organic fertilizers. No significant differences were noted on the weight
of 100 seeds of chickpea as affected by the different organic fertilizers. Results revealed
that the weight of 100 seeds as affected by the source of organic matter ranged from
20.16 g to 21.49 g.
Interaction effect. No significant interaction effect existed between the accession
and organic fertilizers on the weight of 100 seeds of chickpea.
Response of Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) Varieties to Organic
Fertilizer Application / Daisy B. Magciano. 2009
36
Table 12. Weight of 100 seeds (grains)
TREATMENT
WEIGHTED MEAN
Variety/Accession
ICCV 93952 (Desi type)
18.42c
ICCV 93954 (Desi type)
18.78c
ICCV 95332 (Kabuli type)
24.49a
ICCV 2 (Kabuli type)
21.49b
Organic Fertilizers
Control
21.49a
Chicken Dung
20.58a
BSU Compost
20.16a
Processed Chicken Dung
20.77a
Sagana 100
20.97a
CV (%)
13.17
Means with common letters are not significantly different from each other at 5% level of
significance using DMRT.
Response of Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) Varieties to Organic
Fertilizer Application / Daisy B. Magciano. 2009
37
SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
Summary
The study was conducted to determine the response of chickpea as affected by the
different organic fertilizers; and to identify the chickpea accessions that would perform
productively with the application of the different organic matter.
The responses of the different accessions of chickpea to the organic fertilizers
were studied under open field condition. The four accessions were ICCV 93952 and
ICCV 93954 (Desi type), ICCV and ICCV 2 (Kabuli type) while the five organic
fertilizers were Control (farmers practice), Chicken Dung, BSU Compost, Processed
Chicken Dung and Sagana 100.
ICCV 2 (Kabuli type) produced flowers the earliest while ICCV 93952 (Desi
type) were the latest to produced flowers. Findings showed that Kabuli type chickpeas
produced flowers earlier than Desi type. ICCV 93952 (Desi type) were the tallest at
flowering while ICCV 95332 (Kabuli type) produced the shortest plant at flowering.
Results showed that ICCV 2 (Kabuli type), an early maturing accession, were the
earliest to be harvested while ICCV 93952 (Desi type) and ICCV 93954 (Desi type) were
both harvested the latest. ICCV 95332 and ICCV 2 both Kabuli type produced higher
total number of harvest as compared to ICCV 93952 and ICCV 93954 both Desi type
which produced lower total number of harvest.
ICCV 93952 and ICCV 93954 both Desi type produced higher number of lateral
stems at flowering while ICCV 95332 and ICCV 2 both Kabuli type produced lower
number of lateral stems at flowering.
Response of Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) Varieties to Organic
Fertilizer Application / Daisy B. Magciano. 2009
38
ICCV 95332 (Kabuli type) produced the highest average number of pods per plant
while ICCV 93952 (Desi type) and ICCV 2 (Kabuli type) produced the lowest number of
pods per plant. ICCV 95332 (Kabuli type) produced the highest yield per plot and highest
yield per hectare while ICCV 2 (Kabuli type) produced the lowest total yield per plot as
well as the yield per hectare.
ICCV 2 (Kabuli type) produced the highest number of filled and unfilled pods per
plant while ICCV 93952 (Desi type) produced the lowest number of filled and unfilled
pods per plant.
ICCV 95332 (Kabuli type) produced the heaviest weight of 100 seeds; followed
by ICCV 2 (Kabuli type); lastly, ICCV 93952 (Desi type) and ICCV 93954 (Desi type)
produced the lowest weight of 100. This finding signifies that Kabuli type produced
heavier seeds than Desi type.
Chickpea applied with the control (farmers practice) produced flowers the earliest
as compared to chickpea applied to the other organic fertilizers.
No significant differences were noted on the average plant height, total number of
harvest, number of lateral stems at flowering and percentage pod setting of chickpea as
affected by the different sources of organic matter.
Chickpea applied with Sagana 100 was harvested first while chickpea applied
with control and chicken dung were harvested last.
Chickpea applied with control produced the most pods per plant while chickpea
applied with BSU compost produced the least number of pods per plant.
Results showed that chickpea applied with the control produced the highest total
yield per plot among the organic fertilizers. On the other hand, chickpea applied with
Response of Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) Varieties to Organic
Fertilizer Application / Daisy B. Magciano. 2009
39
processed chicken dung produced the lowest total yield per plot as compared to the other
organic fertilizers. Chickpea applied with control produced the highest yield per hectare,
highest number of pods per plant and highest number of unfilled pods per plant while
chickpea applied with BSU compost produced the lowest yield per hectare, highest
number of pods per plant as well as highest number of unfilled pods per plant.
No significant differences were noted on the weight of 100 seed of chickpea as
affected by the different organic fertilizers.
As for the interaction, no significant differences were noted on the interaction
effect of the accession and organic fertilizers on the number of days from planting to
flowering, days from planting to first harvest, total number of harvest, of lateral stems at
flowering, percentage setting, total yield per plot and weight of 100 seeds of the
chickpea.
Highly significant differences were noted on the average plant height at flowering
of the chickpea as affected by the interaction effect of accession and the organic
fertilizers. It was noted that ICCV 93952 (Desi type) applied with Sagana 100 produced
the tallest plant at flowering with 36.53 cm. while ICCV 95332 (Kabuli type) applied
with BSU compost produced the shortest plant at flowering. Further, results revealed that
Desi type applied with the different organic fertilizers produced taller plant as compared
to Kabuli type applied with the same organic fertilizers.
ICCV 95332 (Kabuli type) applied with control produced the highest average
number of pods per plant while ICCV 2 (Kabuli type) applied with processed chicken
dung produced the lowest average number of pods per plant.
Response of Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) Varieties to Organic
Fertilizer Application / Daisy B. Magciano. 2009
40
Results revealed that ICCV 95332 (Kabuli type) applied with chicken dung
produced the highest yield per plot while ICCV 93952 (Desi type) applied with processed
chicken dung produced the lowest yield per hectare.
ICCV 2 (Kabuli type) applied with control produced the highest number of filled
pods per plant while ICCV 95332 (Kabuli type) applied with Sagana 100 produced the
lowest filled pods per plant. Also, ICCV 2 (Kabuli type) applied with control produced
the highest number of unfilled pods per plot while ICCV 93954 (Desi type) applied with
BSU compost produced the lowest number of unfilled pods per plant.
Conclusion
Based on the results presented and discussed, the best accession tested was Kabuli
type ICCV 95332 and Desi type ICCV 93954 since they produced higher yield potential
among the cultivars evaluated. The best organic fertilizer for the selected accession is the
application of the farmers practice (1 kerosene can chicken dung + 250g 14-14-14) and
the Sagana 100.
Recommendation
Based on the findings and conclusion of the study, it is therefore recommended
that Kabuli type ICCV 95332 and Desi type ICCV 93954 can be productively grown with
the application of the farmers practice (1 kerosene can chicken dung+250g 14-14-14l)
and Sagana 100.
Response of Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) Varieties to Organic
Fertilizer Application / Daisy B. Magciano. 2009
41
LITERATURE CITED
ABADILLA, D.C.1982. Organic farming. Quezon City: AFA Publ., Inc .Pp. 181- 81
AKIEW, E.1978. MSAC Farm News Bulletin. Mountain State Agricultural College.
Publication Office, La Trinidad, Benguet. P. 6.
BALCO, G.R. 1986. Non-metallic minerals: fertilizer research. Philippine Council for
Agriculture and Resource Research Development. National Council for
Agriculture and Resource Development National Science and Technology
Authority Los Baijos, Laguna. P. 76.
BAUTISTA, O. K., H. V. VALMAYOR, P.C. TABORA, JR., R.C. ESPINO and J.S.
SAINGALANG.1983. Introduction to Tropical Horticulture. UPLB, College, Los
Bafios, Laguna. P. 231.
BRADY, N. L. and HO. BUCKHAM, 1960. The Nature and Properties of Soil. 6th ed.
New York; Mc Millan Book, Inc. P.739.
CAPIZ, T. G. and H. B. AYCADO, 1977. Multiple Cropping with Vegetable Production.
O. R. Bautista and R.G. Mabessa (eds) N.D. University of the Philippines,
College, Laguna. Pp.194 -204.
DEANON, J.D. 1976. Vegetable Production in Southeast Asia. University of the
Philippines, College of Agriculture, Laguna. Pp. 26 - 2, 322.
KNOTT, J.E. 1976. Handbook for Vegetable Growers London: John Wiley and Sons,
Inc. P. 28.
MANG-OSAN, J.B.1996.Effects of organic and inorganic fertilizer on the growth and
flowering of English Daisy. Unpublished BS Thesis. Benguet State University, a
Trinidad, Benguet.p.45.
MENDIOLA, N.B. 1958. Effects of Nitrogen and Plant Density on Field and Quality of
Cabbage. MS Thesis Laguna, University of the Philippines. College of
Agriculture, Los Banos, Laguna.
MULLINS, G.L. et al., Phosphorus in Agriculture. Soil Quality Institute Technical
Pamphlet No. 2. Department of Agronomy and Soils, Auburn University, Auburn
Al.
PARNES, R. 1986. Organic and Inorganic Fertilizers. Woods and Agricultural Institute.
Pp. 10, 16, 24.
Response of Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) Varieties to Organic
Fertilizer Application / Daisy B. Magciano. 2009
42
RODRIGUEZ, S.B. 1981. The Effects of Different Kinds of Organic Fertilizers on the
Growth and Yield of Sugar Beets. Unpublished B.S. Thesis. Mountain State
Agricultural College, La Trinidad, Benguet. P. 73.
TISDALE, S.L. and N.L. Nelson. 1975. Soil Fertility and Fertilizers. 3rd ed. New York
McMillan Publishing Co. Inc. Pp. 262 -263, 439.
Response of Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) Varieties to Organic
Fertilizer Application / Daisy B. Magciano. 2009
43
APPENDICES
Appendix Table 1. Number of days from planting to flowering
TREATMENT
BLOCK
TOTAL
MEAN
I
II
III
IV
ICCV 93952
66
60
69
62
257
64.25
Control
(Farmers practice)
Chicken dung
68
63
75
60
266
66.5
BSU compost
64
81
75
71
291
72.75
Processed
67
69
73
62
271
67.75
chicken dung
Sagana 100
68
64
67
69
268
67
ICCV 93954
55
56
52
64
227
56.75
Control
(Farmers practice)
Chicken dung
59
56
54
64
233
58.25
BSU compost
65
56
58
70
249
62.25
Processed
62
58
61
65
246
61.5
chicken dung
Sagana 100
53
54
73
65
245
61.25
ICCV 95332
55
55
44
49
203
50.75
Control
(Farmers practice)
Chicken dung
49
53
47
50
199
49.75
BSU compost
56
53
49
49
207
51.75
Processed
53
54
50
49
206
51.5
chicken dung
Sagana 100
52
55
49
49
205
51.25
ICCV 2
42
54
44
39
179
44.75
Control
(Farmers practice)
Chicken dung
44
55
47
49
195
48.75
BSU compost
55
52
49
50
206
51.5
Processed
48
56
49
47
200
50
chicken dung
Sagana 100
49
51
48
50
198
49.5
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCE OF
DF
SUM OF
MEAN OF
FCOMP
FTAB
VARIATION
SQUARES
SQUARES
0.05 0.01
Variety
3
4479.638
1493.213
63.417 **
2.76
4.13
Sources
4
267.425
66.856
2.839*
2.52
3.65
Factor AB
12
92.175
7.681
0.326
1.92
2.50
Error
60
1412.750
23.546
TOTAL
79
6251.987
**highly significant Coefficient of variation (%) = 8.53
ns- not significant
Response of Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) Varieties to Organic
Fertilizer Application / Daisy B. Magciano. 2009
44
Appendix Table 2. Average plant height (cm) at flowering
TREATMENT
BLOCK
TOTAL
MEAN
I
II
III
IV
ICCV 93952
43.14
32.34
28.58
33.2
137.26
34.315
Control
(Farmers practice)
Chicken
40.7
29.1
28.8
31.4
130
32.5
dung
BSU
39.3
34.04
31.9
34.12
139.36
34.84
compost
Processed
37.2
33.3
29.4
35.38
135.28
33.82
chicken dung
Sagana 100
35.2
35.1
34.3
41.5
146.1
36.525
ICCV 93954
28.92
33.48
34.2
32.48
129.08
32.27
Control
(Farmers practice)
Chicken
31.2
34.8
30.8
28.76
125.56
31.39
dung
BSU
30.1
35.5
27.94
35.1
128.64
32.16
compost
Processed
27.04
33.14
29
30.56
119.74
29.935
chicken dung
Sagana 100
32.54
32.4
30.7
30.8
126.44
31.61
ICCV 95332
24.2
21.74
29.24
24.1
99.28
24.82
Control
(Farmers practice)
Chicken
19.9
21
24.54
22.8
88.24
22.06
dung
BSU
21.2
18.7
22.9
19.2
82
20.5
compost
Processed
20
22
24.2
19.7
85.9
21.475
chicken dung
Sagana 100
22.1
19.9
23.9
21.2
87.1
21.775
ICCV 2
27.06
22.78
22.9
26.6
99.34
24.835
Control
(Farmers practice)
Chicken
27.24
26.66
23.58
29.54
107.02
26.755
dung
BSU compost
25.9
23.2
24.6
27.1
100.8
25.2
Processed
24.54
25.28
22.96
26.94
99.72
24.93
chicken dung
Sagana 100
21.4
24.48
21.42
31.6
98.9
24.725
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCE OF
DF
SUM OF
MEAN OF
FCOMP
FTAB
VARIATION
SQUARES
SQUARES
0.05 0.01
Variety
3
1889.208
629.736
99.341**
2.76
4.13
Sources
4
20.999
5.250
0.828
2.52
3.65
Factor
12
302.098
25.175
3.971**
1.92
2.50
AB
Error
60
380.350
6.339
TOTAL
79
2592.654
**highly significant
ns-not significant
Coefficient of variation (%) = 3.09
Response of Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) Varieties to Organic
Fertilizer Application / Daisy B. Magciano. 2009
45
Appendix Table 3. Days from planting to first harvest
TREATMENT
BLOCK
TOTAL
MEAN
I
II
III
IV
ICCV 93952
127
128
117
134
506
126.5
Control
(Farmers practice)
Chicken
127
128
117
134
506
126.5
dung
BSU
127
128
117
134
506
126.5
compost
Processed
127
128
117
134
506
126.5
chicken dung
Sagana 100
127
128
117
134
506
126.5
ICCV 93954
135
127
128
117
507
126.75
Control
(Farmers practice)
Chicken
135
127
128
117
507
126.75
dung
BSU
135
127
128
117
507
126.75
compost
Processed
135
127
128
117
507
126.75
chicken dung
Sagana 100
135
127
128
117
507
126.75
ICCV 95332
130
116
120
126
492
123
Control
(Farmers practice)
Chicken
130
116
120
126
492
123
dung
BSU
130
116
120
126
492
123
compost
Processed
130
116
120
126
492
123
chicken dung
Sagana 100
116
116
120
126
478
119.5
ICCV 2
83
87
113
81
364
91
Control
(Farmers practice)
Chicken
83
87
113
81
364
91
dung
BSU compost
83
87
78
81
329
82.25
Processed
83
87
78
81
329
82.25
chicken dung
Sagana 100
83
87
78
81
329
82.25
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCE OF
DF
SUM OF MEAN OF
FCOMP
FTAB
VARIATION
SQUARES
SQUARES
0.05 0.01
Variety
3
131464.450
43821.483
739.395**
2.76
4.13
Sources
4
416474.575
104118.644
1756.783**
2.52
3.65
Factor
12
-107609.075
-8967.423
-151.306
1.92
2.50
AB
Error
60
35556.000
59.267
TOTAL
79
443885.950
**highly significant
ns- not significant
Coefficient of variation (%) =6.68
Response of Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) Varieties to Organic
Fertilizer Application / Daisy B. Magciano. 2009
46
Appendix Table 4. Total number of harvest/picking
TREATMENT
BLOCK
TOTAL
MEAN
I
II
III
IV
ICCV 93952
1
2
2
2
7
1.4
Control
(Farmers practice)
Chicken
1
2
2
2
7
1.4
dung
BSU
2
2
2
2
8
2
compost
Processed
1
2
2
2
7
1.4
chicken dung
Sagana 100
1
2
2
2
7
1.4
ICCV 93954
1
2
2
2
7
1.4
Control
(Farmers practice)
Chicken
2
2
2
2
8
2
dung
BSU
1
2
2
2
7
1.4
compost
Processed
1
2
2
2
7
1.4
chicken dung
Sagana 100
2
2
2
2
8
2
ICCV 95332
3
2
2
2
9
2.25
Control
(Farmers practice)
Chicken
3
2
2
2
9
2.25
dung
BSU
3
2
2
2
9
2.25
compost
Processed
3
2
2
2
9
2.25
chicken dung
Sagana 100
3
2
2
2
9
2.25
ICCV 2
2
3
1
3
9
2.25
Control
(Farmers practice)
Chicken
2
3
1
3
9
2.25
dung
BSU compost
2
3
2
3
10
2.5
Processed
2
3
1
3
9
2.25
chicken dung
Sagana 100
2
3
1
3
9
2.25
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCE OF
SUM OF
MEAN OF
FTAB
VARIATION
DF
SQUARES
SQUARES
FCOMP
0.05 0.01
Variety
3
4.100
1.367
3.905*
2.76
4.13
Sources
4
0.175
0.044
0.125
2.52
3.65
Factor
12
0.525
0.044
0.125
1.92
2.50
AB
Error
60
21.000
0.350
TOTAL
79
25.800
*significant ns- not significant Coefficient of variation (%) =28
Response of Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) Varieties to Organic
Fertilizer Application / Daisy B. Magciano. 2009
47
Appendix Table 5. Number of lateral stems at flowering
TREATMENT
BLOCK
TOTAL
MEAN
I
II
III
IV
ICCV 93952
2.4
2.4
1.6
2.4
8.8
2.2
Control
(Farmers practice)
Chicken
2.4
1.8
1.2
2.4
7.8
1.95
dung
BSU
3.2
1.4
1.8
2
8.4
2.1
compost
Processed
2.6
1.6
1.8
2
8
2
chicken dung
Sagana 100
2.2
1.6
1.8
2.2
7.8
1.95
ICCV 93954
2.6
2.4
2.2
1
8.2
2.05
Control
(Farmers practice)
Chicken
2.4
3.2
2
1.6
9.2
2.3
dung
BSU
1.6
3
1.8
1.2
7.6
1.9
compost
Processed
2.4
2.6
1.4
2
8.4
2.1
chicken dung
Sagana 100
2.2
2.8
2
1.8
8.8
2.2
ICCV 95332
1.2
1
1.6
1
4.8
1.2
Control
(Farmers practice)
Chicken
1
1
1.6
1
4.6
1.15
dung
BSU
1
1
1.6
1.2
4.8
1.2
compost
Processed
1
1.2
1.4
1.4
5
1.25
chicken dung
Sagana 100
1
1
1
1.2
4.2
1.05
ICCV 2
2.8
1.2
1.2
2.8
8
2
Control
(Farmers practice)
Chicken
2.6
1.4
1.2
2.4
7.6
1.9
dung
BSU compost
3.4
1
1.4
2.6
8.4
2.1
Processed
2.6
1.4
1.4
2
7.4
1.85
chicken dung
Sagana 100
1.8
1
1
2.2
6
1.5
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCE OF
DF
SUM OF
MEAN OF
FCOMP
FTAB
VARIATION
SQUARES
SQUARES
0.05 0.01
Variety
3
11.110
3.703
10.636**
2.76
4.13
Sources
4
0.332
0.083
0.238
2.52
3.65
Factor
12
1.148
0.096
0.275
1.92
2.50
AB
Error
60
20.890
0.348
TOTAL
79
33.480
**highly significant
ns- not significant Coefficient of variation (%) =32.83
Response of Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) Varieties to Organic
Fertilizer Application / Daisy B. Magciano. 2009
48
Appendix Table 6. Percentage pod setting
TREATMENT
BLOCK
TOTAL
MEAN
I
II
III
IV
ICCV 93952
96.5
99
95.3
97.4
388.2
97.05
Control
(Farmers practice)
Chicken
94.6
95.7
97.2
97.8
385.3
96.325
dung
BSU
97.7
94.2
95.2
96.5
383.6
95.9
compost
Processed
97.9
97.6
97.6
98.1
391.2
97.8
chicken dung
Sagana 100
96.6
96.2
91.4
98.5
382.27
95.675
ICCV 93954
99.4
98.7
97.4
98.5
394
78.8
Control
(Farmers practice)
Chicken
99.6
97.3
98.2
98.4
393.5
98.375
dung
BSU
97.7
95.7
97.1
92.2
382.7
95.675
compost
Processed
98.4
97
97.7
98.3
391.4
97.85
chicken dung
Sagana 100
97.9
98
96.6
97.8
390.3
97.575
ICCV 95332
98.4
98.3
98.9
98
393.6
98.4
Control
(Farmers practice)
Chicken
97.7
98.5
98.5
98.3
393
98.25
dung
BSU
79.4
95.7
97
97.5
369.6
92.4
compost
Processed
63.2
97.6
95.3
97
353.1
88.275
chicken dung
Sagana 100
95.4
97.7
98
96.4
387.5
96.875
ICCV 2
99
97.5
99.5
99.5
395.5
98.875
Control
(Farmers
practice)
Chicken dung
98.5
99.3
98.5
98.5
394.7
98.675
BSU
97.7
96.8
98.5
98.6
391.6
97.9
compost
Processed
99.1
89.7
99.1
99
386.9
96.725
chicken dung
Sagana 100
97.5
97.5
98.8
98.6
392.4
98.1
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCE OF
SUM OF
MEAN OF
FTAB
VARIATION
DF
SQUARES
SQUARES
FCOMP
0.05 0.01
Variety
3
122.095
40.698
2.002
2.76
4.13
Sources
4
123.402
30.851
1.518
2.52
3.65
Factor AB
12
230.910
19.242
0.947
1.92
2.50
Error
60
1219.665
20.328
TOTAL
79
1696.072
ns- not significant Coefficient of variation (%) =4.66
Response of Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) Varieties to Organic
Fertilizer Application / Daisy B. Magciano. 2009
49
Appendix Table 7. Average number of pods/plant
TREATMENT
BLOCK
TOTAL
MEAN
I
II
III
IV
ICCV 93952
116.8
145
105.2
148.4
515.4
128.85
Control
(Farmers practice)
Chicken
108.8
85.4
104.8
90.2
389.2
97.3
dung
BSU
103
81.2
96
65.4
345.6
86.4
compost
Processed
113
136.6
104.4
114.2
468.2
114.05
chicken dung
Sagana 100
80.2
95
35.6
118.4
359.2
89.8
ICCV 93954
133.4
135.4
149.8
160.4
579
144.75
Control
(Farmers practice)
Chicken
133.8
101
153.4
123.4
511.6
127.9
dung
BSU
84.2
75.6
65.8
76
301.6
75.4
compost
Processed
125
114.8
176.2
178.8
684.8
171.2
chicken dung
Sagana 100
173
156.8
182
155.6
601
150.25
ICCV 95332
321.8
328.8
299
389.6
1339.2
334.8
Control
(Farmers practice)
Chicken
194.6
202.6
211.8
255
864
216
dung
BSU
202
196.2
195.2
242
835.4
208.85
compost
Processed
299.6
249.2
263.2
248.8
1060.8
265.2
chicken dung
Sagana 100
246.8
254.4
245
289
1035.2
258.8
ICCV 2
124.6
138.8
182
155.6
601
150.25
Control
(Farmers practice)
Chicken
127
141.4
168.8
136.8
574
143.5
dung
BSU compost
83.4
67
75.2
76.8
302.4
75.6
Processed
72.6
80.4
69.2
70.8
293
73.25
chicken dung
Sagana 100
78.4
76.6
75.6
69.2
299.8
74.95
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCE OF
SUM OF
MEAN OF
FTAB
VARIATION
DF
SQUARES
SQUARES
FCOMP
0.05 0.01
Variety
3
319515.388
106505.129
257.788**
2.76
4.13
Sources
4
49102.847
12275.715
29.712**
2.52
3.65
Factor
12
41434.397
3452.866
8.357**
1.92
2.50
AB
Error
60
24789.040
413.151
TOTAL
79
434841.672
*highly significant
Coefficient of variation (%) =13.62
Response of Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) Varieties to Organic
Fertilizer Application / Daisy B. Magciano. 2009
50
Appendix Table 8. Total yield (kg/5m2) per plot
TREATMENT
BLOCK
TOTAL
MEAN
I
II
III
IV
ICCV 93952
0.27377
0.3359
0.33
039
1.33
0.33
Control
(Farmers practice)
Chicken
0.1477
0.16983
0.16
0.20
0.68
0.17
dung
BSU
0.0815
0.075
0.87
0.08
2.23
0.63
compost
Processed
0.16517
0.18
0.20
0.20
0.74
0.19
chicken dung
Sagana 100
0.2072
0.29957
0.26
0.28
1.05
0.26
ICCV 93954
0.1446
0.45
0.45
0.48
1.80
0.45
Control
(Farmers practice)
Chicken
0.2622
0.23
0.26
0.29
1.04
0.26
dung
BSU
0.4012
0.34
0.45
0.40
1.59
0.40
compost
Processed
0.32121
0.31
0.31
0.30
1.24
0.31
chicken dung
Sagana 100
0.51881
0.50
0.52
0.52
2.07
0.52
ICCV 95332
0.40
0.49
0.56
1.97
0.49
Control
(Farmers practice)
Chicken
0.53
0.51
0.27
2.13
0.53
dung
BSU
0.47
0.40
0.40
1.60
0.40
compost
Processed
0.52
0.48
0.48
1.94
0.49
chicken dung
Sagana 100
0.48
0.47
0.49
1.90
0.48
ICCV 2
0.15
0.20
0.24
0.78
0.20
Control
(Farmers practice)
Chicken
0.10
0.13
0.16
1.37
0.34
dung
BSU compost
0.08
0.10
0.13
1.12
0.28
Processed
0.12
0.09
0.15
1.27
0.32
chicken dung
Sagana 100
0.11
0.14
0.11
0.45
0.11
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCE OF
SUM OF
MEAN OF
FTAB
VARIATION
DF
SQUARES
SQUARES
FCOMP
0.05 0.01
Variety
3
1.435
0.478
52.140**
2.76
4.13
Sources
4
0.130
0.033
3.545*
2.52
3.65
Factor
12
0.200
0.017
1.817
1.92
2.50
AB
Error
60
0.550
0.009
TOTAL
79
2.315
**highly significant
ns- not significant Coefficient of variation (%) =31.15
Response of Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) Varieties to Organic
Fertilizer Application / Daisy B. Magciano. 2009
51
Appendix Table 9. Computed yield per hectare (kg/ha)
TREATMENT
BLOCK
TOTAL
MEAN
I
II
III
IV
ICCV 93952
547.54
671.8
665.38
776.8
2664.52
665.38
Control
(Farmers practice)
Chicken
295.4
339.66
321.24
402.2
1358.5
339.635
dung
BSU
163
150.94
173.4
164.64
651.98
162.995
compost
Processed
330.34
369.78
383.98
395.04
1479.14
369.785
chicken dung
Sagana 100
414.4
599.14
522.94
555.2
2091.68
522.92
ICCV 93954
829.2
896.58
909.34
951.18
3586.3
896.575
Control
(Farmers practice)
Chicken
524.4
459.2
521.14
580.94
2085.68
521.42
dung
BSU
802.4
675.4
901.46
793.08
3172.34
793.085
compost
Processed
642.42
614.66
620.54
604.56
2482.18
620.545
chicken dung
Sagana 100
1037.62
983.26
1080.8
1041.42
4143.1
1035.775
ICCV 95332
1032.4
801
970.4
1127
3930.8
982.7
Control
(Farmers practice)
Chicken
1062.2
1060.4
1011.6
1133.4
4267.6
1066.9
dung
BSU
655.8
940.6
799.26
801.4
3197.06
799.265
compost
Processed
914.74
1037.6
959.8
967.38
3879.52
969.88
chicken dung
Sagana 100
960
951.06
922
971.2
3804.26
951.065
ICCV 2
382.42
299.86
390.16
488.22
1560.66
390.165
Control
(Farmers practice)
Chicken
249.78
193.54
250.9
309.38
1003.6
250.9
dung
BSU compost
205.96
155.86
207.56
260.94
830.32
207.58
Processed
179.66
234.96
182.32
294.34
891.28
222.82
chicken dung
Sagana 100
168.54
219.18
280.9
222.88
891.5
222.875
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCE OF
SUM OF
MEAN OF
FTAB
VARIATION
DF
SQUARES
SQUARES
FCOMP
0.05 0.01
VARIETY
3
6140917.066
2046972.355
474.197**
2.76
4.13
SOURCES
4
683686.549
170921.637
39.595**
2.52
3.65
FACTOR
12
824668.148
68722.346
15.920**
1.92
2.50
AB
ERROR
60
259003.052
TOTAL
79
**highly significant
Coefficient of variation (%) = 10.96
Response of Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) Varieties to Organic
Fertilizer Application / Daisy B. Magciano. 2009
52
Appendix Table 10. Number of filled pods produced per plant
TREATMENT
BLOCK
TOTAL
MEAN
I
II
III
IV
ICCV 93952
73.6
90.6
64.2
91.4
319.8
79.95
Control
(Farmers practice)
Chicken
62.8
49.2
65.8
65.2
243
60.75
dung
BSU
59.8
45.4
55
44
204.2
51.05
compost
Processed
71.4
76.2
88.2
67.2
273
68.25
chicken dung
Sagana 100
44.4
67.6
46.2
75.6
233.8
58.45
ICCV 93954
98.4
103
117
138.8
457.2
114.3
Control
(Farmers practice)
Chicken
110
82
136.4
101
429.4
107.35
dung
BSU
64.6
55
47.8
55.6
223
55.75
compost
Processed
88.4
71.6
115.6
92.6
298.2
74.55
chicken dung
Sagana 100
114.8
112
136.6
138
501.4
125.35
ICCV 95332
86.8
94.6
129
107.8
418.2
104.55
Control
(Farmers practice)
Chicken
85
98.6
114.2
88.4
386.2
96.55
dung
BSU
63.8
46.8
52.4
48.4
211.4
52.85
compost
Processed
57.4
57
47.6
45.4
207.4
51.85
chicken dung
Sagana 100
51.8
52.8
47.4
44.6
196.6
49.15
ICCV 2
208.4
214.8
194.6
259.4
877.2
219.3
Control
(Farmers practice)
Chicken
137.8
149
159.8
176
622.6
155.65
dung
BSU compost
149.6
134.8
153.8
167.4
605.6
151.4
Processed
238.4
187.6
221.4
191.6
839
209.75
chicken dung
Sagana 100
192.4
204
196.8
222.4
815
203.9
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCE OF
DF
SUM OF
MEAN OF
FCOMP
FTAB
VARIATION
SQUARES
SQUARES
0.05 0.01
VARIETY
3
193290.658
64430.219
276.966**
2.76
4.13
SOURCES
4
21816.787
5454.197
23.446**
2.52
3.65
FACTOR
12
20403.457
1700.288
7.309**
1.92
2.50
AB
ERROR
60
13957.720
232.629
TOTAL
79
249468.622
**highly significant
Coefficient of variation (%) =14.42
Response of Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) Varieties to Organic
Fertilizer Application / Daisy B. Magciano. 2009
53
Appendix Table 11. Number of unfilled pods produced per plant
TREATMENT
BLOCK
TOTAL
MEAN
I
II
III
IV
ICCV 93952
43.2
54.4
41
57
195.6
48.9
Control
(Farmers practice)
Chicken
46
36.2
39
25
146.2
36.55
dung
BSU
43.2
35.8
41
21.4
141.4
35.35
compost
Processed
41.6
60.4
46.2
47
195.2
48.8
chicken dung
Sagana 100
35.8
27.4
19.4
42.8
125.4
31.35
ICCV 93954
35
32.4
32.8
21.6
121.8
30.45
Control
(Farmers practice)
Chicken
23.8
19
17
22.4
82.2
20.55
dung
BSU
19.6
20.6
18
20.4
78.6
19.65
compost
Processed
36.6
43.2
22.6
38.2
140.6
35.15
chicken dung
Sagana 100
58.2
44.8
39.6
40.8
183.4
45.85
ICCV 95332
37.8
44.2
53
47.8
182.8
45.7
Control
(Farmers practice)
Chicken
42
42.8
54.6
48.4
187.8
46.95
dung
BSU
19.6
20.2
22.8
28.4
91
22.75
compost
Processed
21.2
23.4
21.6
25.4
91.6
22.9
chicken dung
Sagana 100
26.6
23.8
28.2
24.6
103.2
25.8
ICCV 2
113.4
114
104.4
130.2
462
115.5
Control
(Farmers practice)
Chicken
56.8
53.6
52
79
241.4
60.35
dung
BSU compost
52.4
61.4
41.4
76.6
231.8
57.95
Processed
61.2
61.6
41.8
57.2
221.8
55.45
chicken dung
Sagana 100
54.4
50.4
48.2
66.6
219.6
54.9
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCE OF
DF
SUM OF
MEAN OF
FCOMP
FTAB
VARIATION
SQUARES
SQUARES
0.05 0.01
Variety
3
18784.782
6261.594
92.725**
2.76
4.13
Sources
4
6367.308
1591.827
23.573**
2.52
3.65
Factor
12
10011.616
834.301
12.355**
1.92
2.50
AB
Error
60
4051.710
67.528
TOTAL
79
39215.416
**highly significant
Coefficient of variation (%) =19.09
Response of Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) Varieties to Organic
Fertilizer Application / Daisy B. Magciano. 2009
54
Appendix Table 12. Weight of 100 seeds (grains)
TREATMENT
BLOCK
TOTAL
MEAN
I
II
III
IV
ICCV 93952
16
18.2
17
21.6
72.8
18.2
Control
(Farmers practice)
Chicken
15.3
17.9
22.9
20.9
77
19.25
dung
BSU
16.3
15.2
19
18.9
69.4
17.35
compost
Processed
16.8
17.5
17.9
21.8
74
18.5
chicken dung
Sagana 100
16.6
19.4
22.6
16.5
75.1
18.775
ICCV 93954
22
21.5
18.9
16.4
78.8
19.7
Control
(Farmers practice)
Chicken
21.4
17.0
19.7
13.9
72
18
dung
BSU
22.1
19
17.7
16.3
75.1
18.775
compost
Processed
21.7
18.5
18.2
15.9
74.3
18.575
chicken dung
Sagana 100
24.8
18.8
15.7
16.1
75.4
18.85
ICCV 95332
23.2
27.5
32.2
21.2
104.1
26.025
Control
(Farmers practice)
Chicken
22
23.7
27.6
19.8
93.1
23.275
dung
BSU
23.7
24.3
23.4
25
97.3
24.325
compost
Processed
24
26
25
23.4
98.4
24.6
chicken dung
Sagana 100
25.5
22.2
30
20
97.7
24.425
ICCV 2
22
20.8
24.7
20.6
88.1
22.025
Control
(Farmers practice)
Chicken
21.9
23.5
20.7
21
87.1
21.775
dung
BSU compost
19.7
21
19.1
21.9
81.7
20.425
Processed
23.2
22.1
20.1
20.2
85.6
21.4
chicken dung
Sagana 100
18.9
23.8
22.8
21.8
87.3
21.825
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCE OF
SUM OF
MEAN OF
FTAB
VARIATION
DF
SQUARES
SQUARES
FCOMP
0.05 0.01
Variety
3
476.474
158.825
21.190**
2.76
4.13
Sources
4
15.342
3.835
0.512
2.52
3.65
Factor
12
21.214
1.768
0.236
1.92
2.50
AB
Error
60
449.725
7.495
TOTAL
79
962.755
**highly significant
ns- not significant Coefficient of variation (%) =13.17
Response of Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) Varieties to Organic
Fertilizer Application / Daisy B. Magciano. 2009
MAGCIANO, DAISY B. MAY 2009. Response of Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.)
Varieties to Organic Fertilizer Application. Benguet State University, La Trinidad, Benguet.
Adviser: Fernando R. Gonzales, PhD.
ABSTRACT
The study aimed to determine the response of chickpea as affected by the
different organic fertilizers and to identify the chickpea accessions that would perform
productively with the application of the different organic fertilizer. The study was
conducted from October 2008 to February 2009.
The responses of the different chickpea accessions to the organic fertilizer were
studied under open field condition. The four accessions used were ICCV 93952 and
ICCV 93954 (Desi type) and, ICCV 95332 and ICCV V2 (Kabuli type) while the five
organic fertilizers used were control (farmers practice), chicken dung, BSU compost,
processed chicken dung and Sagana 100.
The computed yield per hectare of the different chickpea accessions showed
highly significant differences. ICCV 95332 (Kabuli type) produced the highest yield per
hectare with 953.96 kg/ha; followed by ICCV 93954 (Desi type) with 773.48 kg/ha;
ICCV 93952 (Desi type) with 412.14 kg/ha; lastly, ICCV 2 (Kabuli type) produced the
lowest yield per hectare with 258.87 kg/ha.
Analysis also reveals highly significant differences on the yield per hectare of
chickpea as affected by the different organic fertilizers. Chickpea applied with control
(farmers practice) produced the highest yield per hectare with 733.71 kg/ha; followed by
Sagana100 with 683.16 kg/ha; chicken dung and processed chicken dung with 544.71
kg/ha and 545.76 kg/ha, respectively; lastly, chickpea applied with BSU compost
produced the lowest yield per hectare of 490.73 kg/ha.
Highly significant differences were noted on the yield per hectare of chickpea as
affected by the interaction of the accessions and organic fertilizer. Results revealed that
ICCV 95332 (Kabuli type) applied with chicken dung produced the highest yield with
1066.90 kg/ha while ICCV 93952 (Desi type) applied with processed chicken dung
produced the lowest yield per hectare with 162.995 kg/ha.
ii
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
Bibliography. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . i
Abstract . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . i
Table of Contents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . iii
INTRODUCTION
Nature of the Study . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
Importance of the Study . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
Objectives of the Study . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
Place of the Study . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
REVIEW OF LITERATURE
Botany of Chickpea . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
Fertilizer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
Kinds of Fertilizer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
Fertilizer Value of Organic Matter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
Effect of Organic Fertilizer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
Importance of N-P-K . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Materials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
Methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
Care and Maintenance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
Data Gathered . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
iii
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Days from Planting to Flowering . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
Average Plant Height at Flowering . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
Days from Planting to First Harvest . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
Total Number of Harvest/Picking . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
Number of Lateral Stems at Flowering . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
Percentage Pod Setting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
Average Number of Pods per Plant . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
Total Yield per Plot . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
Computed Yield per Hectare . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
Number of Filled Pods Produced per Plant . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
Number of Unfilled Pods Produced per Plant . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
Weight of 100 Seeds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
Conclusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
Recommendations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
LITERATURE CITED . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
APPENDICES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
iv
1
INTRODUCTION
Nature of the Study
Organic matter is unifying elements in the soil, having a prominent influence on
soil organisms, plant growth and on physical properties of the soil. We might regard the
soil as the furnace of life, wherein organic matter is the fuel, soil organisms are the fire
consuming the fuel, and the plant nutrient are the ashes of combustion. The fire needs no
matches, only fuel on a modest amount of air and water; it is vigorous at the first addition
of residues but slows to a smoldering oxidation the last for centuries.
According to Parnes (1986), fresh organic residues are a good source of all
nutrients, but after decomposition, the resulting humus is rich in Nitrogen, Phosphorous,
and Sulfur but low in Calcium, Magnesium and Potassium.
Organic matter added to garden soil improves the soil structure and feeds the
microorganisms and insects. The more beneficial microorganisms the soil can support,
the less bad organisms will survive.
Organic matter also contains acids that can make plant roots more permeable,
improving their uptake of water and nutrients, and can dissolve minerals within the soil,
leaving them available for plant roots.
Furthermore, organic fertilizers also feed the diverse food web of bacteria, fungi,
earthworms and other beneficial soil life. These organisms convert soil minerals into
available nutrients that can be absorbed by plant roots. These organisms also improve the
texture of the soil; creating passage ways for air and water and aggregating soil particles
into “crumbs”. Beneficial bacteria and fungi also release many disease inhibiting
substances.
Response of Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) Varieties to Organic
Fertilizer Application / Daisy B. Magciano. 2009
2
The chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) also called garbanzo bean, Indian bean,
Bengal grain, a chana, kadale, sanagapappil, shimbra, is an edible legume of the family
Febaceae, sub-family Faboideae. Chickpea are high in protein and one of the earliest
cultured vegetable, 7,500 old remains have been found in the Middle East.
Chickpea is a plant grown for its nutritious edible seeds. The chickpea plant is
cultured in India, the Middle East, Northern Africa, and Southern Europe, Central
America and the United States. The chickpea plant grows approximately 30-60 cm high.
The plant bears rectangular pods that contain one or two seeds. Chickpea maybe white,
creamy yellow, red, brown, and nearly black.
Chickpeas are high in carbohydrates and are good source of protein. In India,
people eat roasted chickpeas as a snack; they also use chickpeas to make a split pea soup
called dhal. People in Middle East and Southern Europe make hummus by mashing
cooked chickpeas and assign lemon juice, olive oil, garlic and crushed sesame seeds. It is
used as a spread, dip or sauce. Chickpeas also are used to make small cakes called folafel
which are deep fried in oil.
Importance of the Study
Renewed concern about the environment has stipulated interest in the use of
organic fertilizers. Organic farming is a farming system that promotes, among other
practices, the use of organic fertilizer. Organic matter is an essential component of
healthy soils, and all sound farming practices integrates and allocates available organic
materials to maintain and improve soil fertility. Regular additions of organic matter are
important as food for microorganisms; insects, worms and other organisms degrade
potential pollutants, help control disease and bind soil particles into larger aggregates.
Response of Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) Varieties to Organic
Fertilizer Application / Daisy B. Magciano. 2009
3
Well aggregated crumbly coil allows good root penetration, improves water infiltration,
makes tillage easier and reduce erosion.
Chickpea are helpful source of zinc foliate and protein. They are also very high in
dietary fiber and hence a healthy source of a carbohydrates for persons with insulin
sensitivity or diabetes. Chickpea are low in fat and most of this is poly saturated.
One hundred grams of mature bale chickpea contains 164 calories, 2.6 grams of
fat (of which only .27 grams is sotured) 7.6 grams of dietary fiber and 8.9 grams of
protein. Chickpea also provide dietary calcium (49-53 mg/ .100g) with some source
citing the garbanzo’s calcium content as about the same as yogurt and close milk.
According to the International Crops Research Institute for Semi Arid Tropics, chickpea
seeds contain an average: 23% protein, 64% total carbohydrates (47% starch, 6% soluble
sugar) 5% fat, 6% crude fiber and 3% ash. There is also a high reported mineral content
of phosphorus (340mg/100g), magnesium (140mg/100g), iron (7mg/100g) and zinc
(3mg/100mg).
Objectives of the Study
The study aimed to:
1.
Determine the response of chickpea as affected by the different organic
fertilizers.
2.
Identify the chickpea accessions that would perform productively with the
application of different organic fertilizers.
Response of Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) Varieties to Organic
Fertilizer Application / Daisy B. Magciano. 2009
4
Time and Place of the Study
This study was conducted at BSU Experimental Station, Benguet State
University, La Trinidad, Benguet from October 2008 to January 2009.
Response of Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) Varieties to Organic
Fertilizer Application / Daisy B. Magciano. 2009
5
REVIEW OF LITERATURE
Botany of Chickpea
The chickpea plant grows to between 20 and 60 cm high and has small feathery
leaves on either side of the stem. One seedpod contains two or three peas. The flowers are
white or sometimes reddish blue. Chickpeas need subtropical or tropical climate more
than 4100 mm of annual rain. They can be grown in temperature climate but yields will
be much lower.
The “Desi,” has small, darker seeds and rough coat, cultivated mostly in the
Indian subcontinent, Ethiopia, Mexico and Iran. The “Kabuli,” has a lighter colored,
larger seeds and a smoother coat, mainly grown in Southern Europe, Northern Africa,
Afghanistan and Chile, also introduced during the 18th century to the Indian subcontinent.
The Desi, moaning country or local in Hindi is also known as Bengal grain or Kala
chana. Kabuli, meaning from Kabul in Hindi, since they were thought to have come from
Afghanistan when first seen in India is the kind widely grown throughout the
Mediterranean. Desi is likely the earliest form since it closely resembles seeds found both
or archaeological sites and the wild plant ancestor or domesticated chickpeas (Cicer
arietinum L.) which only grows in Southeast Turkey, where it is believed to have
originated. Desi chickpeas have markedly higher fiber content than Kabulis and hence a
very low glycemic index which may make then suitable for people with blood sugar
problems.
Response of Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) Varieties to Organic
Fertilizer Application / Daisy B. Magciano. 2009
6
Fertilizer
Fertilizer is a substance that is added to soil to help plants grow. Farmers use
various kinds of fertilizers to produce abundant crops. Home gardeners use fertilizers to
raise larger, healthy flowers and vegetables. Landscapes spread fertilizers on lawns and
golf course to thicken green grass.
Fertilizers contain nutrients (nourishing substances) that are essential for plant
growth. Some fertilizers are made from organic waste such as manure or sewage. Others
are manufactured from certain minerals or from synthetic compounds produced in
factories.
Kinds of Fertilizer
Fertilization is an important factor that affects production. The right method of
fertilizer application influenced the production of better quality product.
Fertilizers are of two types: organic and inorganic or chemical fertilizers. Organic
fertilizers are derived from organic wastes such as plant residues and animal wastes while
inorganic chemical fertilizers consist of chemically prepared substance containing
varying amount of nitrogen, phosphoric acid and potash. Organic fertilizers have an
advantage over chemical because they are renewable, and soil fertility gradually declines
as a result of their continued application (Balco, 1986).
Inorganic fertilizers are available for the plants as it is dissolve, unlike organic
materials that must rot and decay before they become beneficial to the plants. Bautista et
al. (1983) stated that inorganic fertilizers release great quantities of nutrients elements
that can be easily absorbed by the roots. The results of application can be seen within a
few days.
Response of Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) Varieties to Organic
Fertilizer Application / Daisy B. Magciano. 2009
7
Fertilizer Value of Organic Matter
Parnes (1986) mentioned that organic matter is principally a source of nitrogen,
phosphorus and sulfur nutrients which soil organisms require and retain. These nutrients
slowly become available as the organic matter continues to decompose. Most of the
calcium, magnesium and potassium in the decaying organic residues are discarded by the
soil organisms during the first stage of decomposition, and these nutrients are quickly
available to plants. Owing to the energy which it contains, organic matter serves many
purposes, its own as well as indirectly through the soil organisms which it nourishes.
Tangible value is set on this energy by relating it to energy in fuel.
Nutrient elements from organic fertilizers are released slowly which is
particularly important in avoiding salt injury, ensuring a continuous supply of nutrients
throughout the growing season and in producing of better quality.
Effect of Organic Fertilizer
Knott (1976) mentioned that the application of organic fertilizer in soil prior to
planting or sowing time results high yield. Manure does not only provide nutrients but
also humus, which improves physical condition of the soil. The author also said that well
decomposed manure should be applied at a rate of 10-20 tons/ha after the first plowing.
This amount will slowly provide nitrogen during vegetative growth of the crop. However,
full benefits of such practice would be realized over a period of 2 years.
Similarly, Rodriguez (1981) reported that organic fertilizer such as compost and
green manuring are very important needs in the vegetable production. The fertility also
makes production continuous. As explained by Tisdale and Nelson (1975), organic
fertilization releases the nutrient element slowly especially nitrogen for efficient
Response of Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) Varieties to Organic
Fertilizer Application / Daisy B. Magciano. 2009
8
utilization of plants. Once available nutrients are translocated to plant parts, growth and
yield tend to increase. Chicken manure was found to contain about 1% nitrogen, 0.8%
phosphorus, 0.40% potassium (Brady and Buckham, 1960).
On the other hand, Akiew (1978) reported that chicken dung contains 11%
nitrogen which is the highest among organic fertilizers. But lower in phosphorus and
potassium. However, chicken dung promotes faster and better vegetative growth.
Under La Trinidad, Deanon (1976) discovered that it is customary to mix a truck
load of compost chicken dung with the soil of a hectare before planting. The author also
wrote that most short season vegetable crops need various amounts of nutrients in readily
available form for growth and development. As explained by Capiz and Aycado (1977)
there is a need for sustained application of compost to provide the food supply needs of
crops as well as to feed the beneficial flora and fauna especially the microbes that make
the tied nutrients available.
Crops fertilized with organic matter have greater resistance to pest and diseases.
The writer explained that humid acids and growth substances are absorbed into the plant
tissue through the roots and they favor the formation of proteins by influencing the
synthesis of enzymes increasing the vigor and insect resistance of the plant. Soils high in
organic matter allow little or no soil borne disease because of the oxygen ethylene cycle
in the soil. It was also mentioned that the sap of the plants fertilized with organic matter
is more bactericidal than plant not fertilized with organic matter. Not only does humus
confer immunity to plant pest and disease. It also improves the quality of crops,
characteristics that has very definite commercial value (Abadilla, 1982).
Response of Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) Varieties to Organic
Fertilizer Application / Daisy B. Magciano. 2009
9
Importance of N-P-K
Nitrogen plays a vital role in plant growth and development. As Mendiola (1958)
stated that nitrogen promotes the growth of sexual lands and flowers. He further added
that most plants at certain period of their growth cease to produce new branches and
leaves or to increase those already formed and commenced to produce flowers and fruits.
If a plant is provided with mush available nitrogen that it can use at a time it begins to
flower, the formation of flowers maybe checked and the growth activity is sent back to
the stems which taken on new sugar and multiply profusely.
According to Mullins, the presence of phosphorus in the soil encourages plant
growth because phosphorus is a major building block of DNA molecules. It is responsible
for the storage of energy in the form of adenosine diphosphate (ADP) and adenosine
triphosphate (ATP). The energy stored in this phosphate compounds allow for the
transportation of nutrients across the cell wall and the synthesis of nucleic acid and
proteins. The addition of phosphorus fertilizers ensures that the crops will reach their full
potential by using additional phosphorus to encourage root growth and stalk strength
while promoting resistance to root knot disease.
Potassium as an essential element is the backbone to a plant life and it plays many
vital roles in its nutrition. It increases root growth, improves drought resistance, enhances
several enzymes functions, builds cellulose, reduces lodging, controls plant turgidity,
maintains the selectivity and integrity of cell membranes, helps in protein synthesis and
uplifts the protein content of plants, produces grain rich in starch and controls pests and
diseases.
Response of Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) Varieties to Organic
Fertilizer Application / Daisy B. Magciano. 2009
10
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Materials
The materials used were seeds of chickpea, garden tools, unprocessed chicken
dung, processed chicken dung, Sagana 100, BSU compost, 14-14-14, record book and
identifying pegs.
Methods
Experimental Design and Treatments. This study was laid out in a Randomized
Complete Block Design (RCBD) in factorial arrangement. Factor A was the lines of
cultivar and Factor B was the source of organic matter. Hilling up operations was done
one month from planting. The treatments were as follows:
Factor A (cultivar/line)
Desi Type
Kabuli Type
V1 - ICCV 93952
V3 - ICCV 95332
V2 - ICCV 93954
V4 - ICCV 2
Factor B (organic fertilizers)
S1 – Farmers practice (control) 1 kerosene can chicken dung + 250g 14-
14-14/5m²
S2 – Chicken dung
S3 – Compost (BSU compost)
S4 – Processed chicken dung
S5 – Sagana 100
Response of Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) Varieties to Organic
Fertilizer Application / Daisy B. Magciano. 2009
11
Care and Maintenance
Care and maintenance were done to all samples throughout the duration of the
study.
Data Gathered
There were five samples per replicate where the following parameters were
gathered.
1. Vegetative growth
a. Days from planting to flowering. This was obtained by counting the number
of days from planting to first flowering.
b. Average plant height at flowering (cm). This was taken at first flowering
stage.
c. Days from planting to first harvest. This was noted on the first harvest of
seeds.
d. Total number of harvest/picking. This was the total number of harvesting
done for one cropping season.
e. Number of lateral stems at flowering. This was determined by counting the
lateral stem of the plant at flowering.
2. Yield
a. Percentage pod setting. This was taken using the formula.
Percentage Pod Setting = No. of Pods/Plant x 100
No. of Flowers Produced/Plant
b. Average number of pods/plant. This was computed by dividing the number
of pods produced by sample plants after which the average was solved using the formula.
Response of Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) Varieties to Organic
Fertilizer Application / Daisy B. Magciano. 2009
12
Average Number of Pods = Total Number of Pods Produced by Sample Plants
No. of Sample Plants
c. Total yield per plot (kg). This was obtained by taking all the weight of the
seeds per plot in the whole cropping season.
d. Computed yield/ha. This was computed using the formula:
Yield per ha = Total yield per plot 5m² (2000 m²)
e. Mean number of filled and unfilled pods produced per plant. This was the
total number of pods produced by sample plants divided by the number of sample plants.
3. Seed Quality
a. Weight of 100 seeds. This was taken by weighing 100 seeds (g).
Response of Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) Varieties to Organic
Fertilizer Application / Daisy B. Magciano. 2009
13
Figure 1. Overview of the experimental area during the application of the
different organic fertilizers
Figure 2. Overview of the experiment of chickpea accessions at transplanting
Response of Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) Varieties to Organic
Fertilizer Application / Daisy B. Magciano. 2009
14
Figure 3. Overview of the experiment at flowering stage
Figure 4. Overview of the experiment at harvesting
Response of Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) Varieties to Organic
Fertilizer Application / Daisy B. Magciano. 2009
15
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Days from Planting to Flowering
Effect of variety/accession. Highly significant differences were noted in the
number of days from planting to flowering of the four accessions of chickpea used (Table
1). ICCV 2 (Kabuli type) produced flowers the earliest with 49 days after planting,
followed by ICCV 95332 (Kabuli type) and ICCV 93954 (Desi type) within 51days and
60 days, respectively. ICCV 93952 (Desi type) were the latest to produce flowers after 68
days after planting. Results showed that Kabuli type chickpea produced flowers earlier
than Desi type. Nevertheless, different accessions of chickpea differ in the number of
days from planting to flowering.
Effect of organic fertilizers. Table 1 shows the number of days from planting to
flowering as affected by the different organic fertilizers. Analysis reveals significant
differences on the number of days from planting to flowering of chickpea as affected by
the organic fertilizers. It was noted that chickpea applied with the control (farmers
practice) produced flowers the earliest after 54 days from planting.
According to Abadilla (1982), crops fertilized with organic matter have greater
resistance to pest and diseases. Not only does humus confer immunity to plant pest and
diseases. It also improves the quality of crops, characteristics that has very definite
commercial value.
Interaction effect. No significant differences were noted on the interaction effect
of the accession and the organic fertilizers on the number of days from planting to
flowering of the chickpea.
Response of Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) Varieties to Organic
Fertilizer Application / Daisy B. Magciano. 2009
16
Table 1. Number of days from planting to flowering
TREATMENT
WEIGHTED MEAN
Variety/Accession
ICCV 93952 (Desi type)
68a
ICCV 93954 (Desi type)
60b
ICCV 95332 (Kabuli type)
51c
ICCV 2 (Kabuli type)
49d
Organic Fertilizers
Control
54d
Chicken Dung
56c
BSU Compost
60a
Processed Chicken Dung
58b
Sagana 100
57b
CV (%)
8.53
Means with common letters are not significantly different from each other at 5% level of
significance using DMRT.
Average Plant Height at Flowering
Effect of variety/accession. Table 2 shows highly significant differences on the
average plant height at flowering as affected by the accessions used. Results showed that
ICCV 93952 (Desi type) had the tallest plant height at flowering with 34.40 cm; followed
by ICCV 93954 (Desi type) with 31.47 cm; ICCV 2 (Kabuli type) with 25.29 cm; lastly,
ICCV 95332 (Kabuli type) produced the shortest plant height at flowering with 22.13 cm.
Response of Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) Varieties to Organic
Fertilizer Application / Daisy B. Magciano. 2009
17
Further, it was shown that Desi type produced taller plants at flowering as compared to
Kabuli type.
Environmental factors like temperature certainly contributed to the duration of
flowering in chickpea. As stated by Summerfield and Roberts (1988), flowering time of
chickpea is variable depending on the effect of the season, sowing date, latitude, and
attitude. Roberts et al. (1994) also said that the time to flowering was function of
temperature and photoperiod.
Table 2. Average plant height (cm) at flowering
TREATMENT
WEIGHTED MEAN
Variety/Accessions
ICCV 93952 (Desi type)
34.40a
ICCV 93954 (Desi type)
31.47b
ICCV 95332 (Kabuli type)
22.13d
ICCV 2 (Kabuli type)
25.29c
Organic Fertilizers
Control
29.06a
Chicken Dung
28.18a
BSU Compost
28.18a
Processed Chicken Dung
27.54a
Sagana 100
28.66a
CV (%)
3.09
Means with common letters are not significantly different from each other at 5% level of
significance using DMRT.
Response of Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) Varieties to Organic
Fertilizer Application / Daisy B. Magciano. 2009
18
Effect of organic fertilizers. No significant differences were noted on the average
plant height of chickpea as affected by the different organic fertilizers. Plant height of
flowering ranged from 27.54 cm. to 29.06 cm. This result showed that the different
organic fertilizers did not affect the average plant height of chickpea at flowering.
Average plant height at flowering (cm)
40
35
Farmers
) 30
practice
c
m
( 25
Chicken
i
ght
dung
he 20
a
nt
BSU
pl
compost
15
r
a
ge
Processed
ve
chicken
A 10
dung
Sagana
5
100
0
ICCV 93952 ICCV 93954 ICCV 95332
ICCV 2
Chickpea accessions
Figure 5. Average plant height at flowering
Response of Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) Varieties to Organic
Fertilizer Application / Daisy B. Magciano. 2009
19
Interaction effect. Highly significant differences were noted on the average plant
height at flowering of the chickpea as affected by the accession and the different organic
fertilizers used. It was noted that ICCV 93952 (Desi type) applied with Sagana 100
produced the tallest plant height at flowering with 36.53 cm. while ICCV 95332 (Kabuli
type) applied with BSU compost produced the shortest plant at flowering with 20.5 cm.
Further, results revealed that Desi type chickpea applied with organic fertilizers produced
taller plants compared to Kabuli type chickpeas applied with the same organic fertilizers.
Days from Planting to First Harvest
Effect of variety/accessions. Highly significant difference was noted on the days
from planting to first harvest as affected by the different accessions of chickpea used
(Table 3). Results showed that ICCV 2 (Kabuli type) were the earliest to be harvested
after 86 days from planting; followed by ICCV 95332 (Kabuli type) that was harvested
within 122 days; ICCV 93952 (Desi type) and ICCV 93954 (Desi type) were the latest to
be harvested after 127 days from planting.
Effect of organic fertilizers. Highly significant differences were noted on the days
from planting to first harvest of chickpea as affected by the different organic fertilizers.
Results showed that chickpea applied with Sagana 100 were the earliest to be harvested
after 114 days from planting; followed by chickpea applied with BSU compost and
processed chicken dung with 115 days; chickpea applied with control (farmers practice)
and chicken dung were the latest to be harvested after 117 days from planting.
Rodriguez (1981) said that Sagana 100 as an organic fertilizer contains some
major trace elements essential for plant growth.
Response of Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) Varieties to Organic
Fertilizer Application / Daisy B. Magciano. 2009
20
Interaction effect. No significant differences were noted on the days from planting
to first harvest of the chickpea as affected by the interaction of the accession and
thedifferent organic fertilizers.
Table 3. Days from planting to first harvest
TREATMENT
WEIGHTED MEAN
Variety/Accession
ICCV 93952 (Desi type)
127a
ICCV 93954 (Desi type)
127a
ICCV 95332 (Kabuli type)
122b
ICCV 2 (Kabuli type)
86c
Organic Fertilizers
Control
117a
Chicken Dung
117a
BSU Compost
115b
Processed Chicken Dung
115b
Sagana 100
114c
CV (%)
6.68
Means with common letters are not significantly different from each other at 5% level of
significance using DMRT.
Response of Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) Varieties to Organic
Fertilizer Application / Daisy B. Magciano. 2009
21
Total Number of Harvest or Picking
Effect of variety/accession. Significant differences were noted on the total number
of harvest as affected by the different accessions of chickpea used (Table 4). It was noted
that ICCV 95332 and ICCV 2 both Kabuli type had higher number of harvest/picking
with 2.25 and 2.30, respectively. On the other hand, ICCV 93952 and ICCV 93954 both
Desi type had the lower number of harvest/picking with 1.80 and 1.85, respectively. This
result showed that pods of Desi type chickpea matures faster than Kabuli type.
Effect of organic fertilizers. No significant differences were noted on the total
number of harvest/picking of chickpea as affected by the different organic fertilizers.
Interaction effect. No significant interaction effect existed between the accession
of chickpea and the different organic fertilizer on the total number of harvest of chickpea.
Number of Lateral Stems at Flowering
Effect of variety/accession. Table 5 shows highly significant differences on the
number of lateral stems at flowering as affected by the different accessions of chickpea.
ICCV 93952 and ICCV 93954 both Desi type produced higher number of lateral stems at
flowering among the accessions while ICCV 95332 and ICCV 2 both Kabuli type
produced lower number of lateral stems at flowering. Each plant produces three lateral
branches and a maximum of five branches were observed during the conduct of the study.
Effect of organic fertilizers. No significant differences were noted on the number
of lateral stems at flowering of chickpea as affected by the different accessions and
different organic fertilizers. It ranged from 1.68 to 1.86 lateral stems.
Response of Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) Varieties to Organic
Fertilizer Application / Daisy B. Magciano. 2009
22
Table 4. Total number of harvest
TREATMENT
WEIGHTED MEAN
Variety/Accession
ICCV 93952 (Desi type)
1.80b
ICCV 93954 (Desi type)
1.85b
ICCV 95332 (Kabuli type)
2.25a
ICCV 2 (Kabuli type)
2.30a
Organic Fertilizers
Control
2.00a
Chicken Dung
2.06a
BSU Compost
2.13a
Processed Chicken Dung
2.00a
Sagana 100
2.06a
CV (%)
28.86
Means with common letters are not significantly different from each other at 5% level of
significance using DMRT.
Interaction effect. No significant interaction existed between the accession of
chickpea and organic fertilizers in terms of the number of lateral stems at flowering.
Percentage Pod Setting
Effect of variety/accession. Results showed that ICCV 93954 (Desi type) had the
highest percentage pod setting of 97.60% while ICCV 2 (Kabuli type) had the lowest
percentage pod setting of 92.06%. Desi type had relatively higher percentage pod setting
Response of Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) Varieties to Organic
Fertilizer Application / Daisy B. Magciano. 2009
23
as compared to Kabuli type. However, analysis revealed no significant differences on the
percentage pod setting of the different accessions of chickpea (Table 6).
Effect of organic fertilizers. No significant differences were noted on the
percentage pod setting of chickpea as affected by the different organic fertilizers. The
percentage pod setting ranged from 95.47% to 98.21%.
Results showed that control (farmers practice) had the highest percentage pod
setting of 98.21 while processed chicken dung had the lowest percentage pod setting of
95.16.
Table 5. Number of lateral stems at flowering
TREATMENT
WEIGHTED MEAN
Variety/Accession
ICCV 93952 (Desi type)
2.04a
ICCV 93954 (Desi type)
2.11a
ICCV 95332 (Kabuli type)
1.17b
ICCV 2 (Kabuli type)
1.87b
Organic Fertilizers
Control
1.86a
Chicken Dung
1.83a
BSU Compost
1.83a
Processed Chicken Dung
1.80a
Sagana 100
1.68a
CV (%)
32.83
Means with common letters are not significantly different from each other at 5% level of
significance using DMRT.
Response of Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) Varieties to Organic
Fertilizer Application / Daisy B. Magciano. 2009
24
Table 6. Percentage pod setting
TREATMENT
PERCENTAGE (%)
Variety/Accession
ICCV 93952 (Desi type)
96.55a
ICCV 93954 (Desi type)
97.60a
ICCV 95332 (Kabuli type)
94.84a
ICCV 2 (Kabuli type)
92.06a
Organic Fertilizers
Control
98.21a
Chicken Dung
97.91a
BSU Compost
95.47a
Processed Chicken Dung
95.16a
Sagana 100
97.06a
CV (%)
4.66
Means with common letters are not significantly different from each other at 5% level of
significance using DMRT.
Interaction effect. No significant differences were noted on the percentage pod
setting as affected by the interaction of accession and organic fertilizers.
Average Number of Pods per Plant
Effect of variety/accession. Table 7 shows highly significant differences on the
number of pods per plant as affected by the different accessions of chickpea. ICCV
95332 (Kabuli type) produced the highest average number of pods per plant with 256.73;
followed by ICCV 93954 (Desi type) with 132.72; lastly, ICCV 93952 (Desi type) and
Response of Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) Varieties to Organic
Fertilizer Application / Daisy B. Magciano. 2009
25
ICCV 2 (Kabuli type) produced the lowest number of pods per plant with 103.88 and
103.51, respectively.
Effect of organic fertilizers. Highly significant differences were noted on the
average number of pods per plant of chickpea as affected by the different organic
fertilizers. Chickpea applied with control (farmers practice) produced the most number of
pods per plant while those applied with BSU compost had the least number of pods per
plant. The average number of pods per plant of chickpea as affected by the different
organic fertilizers ranged from 111.56 to 189.66.
Rodriguez (1981) reported that organic fertilizer such as compost and green
manuring are very important needs in the vegetable production.
Table 7. Average number of pods per plant
TREATMENT
WEIGHTED MEAN
Variety/Accession
ICCV 93952 (Desi type)
103.88c
ICCV 93954 (Desi type)
132.72b
ICCV 95332 (Kabuli type)
256.73a
ICCV 2 (Kabuli type)
103.51c
Organic Fertilizers
Control
189.66a
Chicken Dung
146.18c
BSU Compost
111.56d
Processed Chicken Dung
151.05b
Sagana 100
147.60c
CV (%)
13.62
Means with common letters are not significantly different from each other at 5% level of
significance using DMRT.
Response of Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) Varieties to Organic
Fertilizer Application / Daisy B. Magciano. 2009
26
Interaction effect. Analysis revealed highly significant interaction effect between
accession and organic fertilizers on the average number of pods per plant of chickpea.
Results revealed that ICCV 95332 (Kabuli type) applied with control (farmers practice)
produced the highest average number of pods per plant with 334.80 pods per plant while
ICCV 2 (Kabuli type) applied with compost produced the lowest average number of pods
per plant with 73.25 pods per plant.
Average number of pods per plant
s
400
Farmers
350
pods
practice
300
r
of
Chicken
be
250
dung
200
num
150
BSU
ge
compost
r
a
100
ve
50
Processed
A
0
chicken
dung
ICCV
ICCV ICCV ICCV 2
Sagana 100
93952 93954 95332
Chickpea acces ions
Figure 6. Average number of pods per plant
Response of Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) Varieties to Organic
Fertilizer Application / Daisy B. Magciano. 2009
27
Total Yield per Plot
Effect of variety/accession. Highly significant differences were noted on the total
yield per plot as affected by the different accessions of chickpea (Table 8). ICCV 95332
(Kabuli type) had the highest yield of 0.48 kg/5m2; followed by ICCV 93954 (Desi type)
with 0.39 kg/5m2; ICCV 93952 (Desi type) with 0.24 kg/5m2; lastly, ICCV 2 (Kabuli
type) had the lowest total yield per plot of 0.13 kg/5m2.
Effect of organic fertilizers. Significant differences were noted on the total yield
per plot of chickpea as affected by the different organic fertilizers. Results showed that
chickpea applied with the control (farmers practice) produced the highest total yield per
plot among the different organic fertilizers. On the other hand, chickpea applied with
processed chicken dung produced the lowest total yield per plot as compared to the other
organic fertilizers.
Knott (1976) mentioned that the application of organic fertilizer in soil prior to
planting or sowing time results high yield.
Interaction effect. No significant differences were noted on the total yield per plot
of chickpea as affected by the interaction of accession and the different organic
fertilizers.
Computed Yield per Hectare
Effect of variety/accession. The computed yield per hectare of the different
varieties of chickpea showed highly significant differences (Table 9). ICCV 95332
(Kabuli type) produced the highest yield per hectare with 953.48 kg/ha; followed by
ICCV 93954 (Desi type) with 773.48 kg/ha; ICCV 93952 (Desi type) with 412.12 kg; ha.
Response of Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) Varieties to Organic
Fertilizer Application / Daisy B. Magciano. 2009
28
Result is due to the higher infestation rate of diseases to this particular variety. Poor
germination of this variety in this location also contributes lower yield.
Effect of organic fertilizers. Highly significant differences were noted on the yield
per hectare of chickpea as affected by the different organic fertilizers. Chickpea applied
with control (farmers practice) produced the highest yield per hectare with 733.71 kg/ha;
followed by Sagana 100 with 683.16 kg/ha; chicken dung and processed chicken dung
with 544.71 kg/ha and 545.76 kg/ha, respectively; lastly, chickpea applied with BSU
compost produced the lowest yield per hectare of 490.73 kg/ha.
Table 8. Total yield (kg/5m2) per plot
TREATMENT
TOTAL YIELD PER PLOT
(kg/5m2)
Variety/Accession
ICCV 93952 (Desi type)
0.24c
ICCV 93954 (Desi type)
0.39b
ICCV 95332 (Kabuli type)
0.48a
ICCV 2 (Kabuli type)
0.13d
Organic Fertilizers
Control
0.37a
Chicken Dung
0.27c
BSU Compost
0.29c
Processed Chicken Dung
0.26c
Sagana 100
0.34b
CV (%)
31.15
Means with common letters are not significantly different from each other at 5% level of
significance using DMRT.
Response of Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) Varieties to Organic
Fertilizer Application / Daisy B. Magciano. 2009
29
On the other hand, Akiew (1978) reported that chicken dung contains 11%
nitrogen which is the highest among organic fertilizers. But lower in phosphorus and
potassium. However, chicken dung promoted faster and better vegetative growth.
Interaction effect. Highly significant differences were noted on the yield per
hectare of chickpea as affected by the interaction of the accession and organic fertilizers.
Results revealed that ICCV 95332 (Kabuli type) applied with chicken dung produced the
highest yield with 1066.90 kg/ha while ICCV 93952 (Desi type) applied with compost
produced the lowest yield per hectare with 162.995 kg/ha.
Earlier findings of Mangosan (1996) on chickpea showed that application of
chicken dung/manure significantly produced taller plants, promoted earlier development
and produced more flower per plant.
Table 9. Computed yield per hectare (kg/ha)
TREATMENT
YIELD PER HECTARE (kg/ha)
Variety/Accession
ICCV 93952 (Desi type)
412.14c
ICCV 93954 (Desi type)
773.48b
ICCV 95332 (Kabuli type)
953.96a
ICCV 2 (Kabuli type)
258.87d
Organic Fertilizers
Control
733.71a
Chicken Dung
544.71c
BSU Compost
490.73d
Processed Chicken Dung
545.76c
Sagana 100
683.16b
CV (%)
10.96
Means with common letters are not significantly different from each other at 5% level of
significance using DMRT.
Response of Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) Varieties to Organic
Fertilizer Application / Daisy B. Magciano. 2009
30
Number of Filled Pods Produced per Plant
Effect of variety/accession. Table 10 shows highly significant differences on the
number of filled pods produced per plant of the different accessions of chickpea. Results
revealed that ICCV 2 (Kabuli type) produced the highest number of filled pods per plant
with 188; followed by ICCV 93954 (Desi type) with 98.96; ICCV 95332 (Kabuli type)
with 70.99; lastly, ICCV 93952 (Desi type) produced the lowest number of filled pods
per plant with 65.19.
Computed yield per hectare (kg)
1200
Farmers
) 1000
practice
kg)
800
Chicken
e
l
d (
dung
600
e
d yi
BSU
400
compost
put
om
200
Processed
C
chicken
0
dung
ICCV
ICCV
ICCV
ICCV 2
Sagana
93952
93954
95332
100
Chickpea acces ions
Figure 7. Computed yield per hectare
Response of Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) Varieties to Organic
Fertilizer Application / Daisy B. Magciano. 2009
31
Number of filed pods produced per plant
s 250
Farmers
200
practice
d pods
Chicken
i
l
l
e 150
f
dung
r
of 100
BSU
be
compost
50
um
N
Processed
0
chicken
ICCV
ICCV
ICCV
ICCV 2
dung
93952
93954
95332
Sagana
100
Chickpea acces ions
Figure 8. Number of filled pods produced per plant
Response of Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) Varieties to Organic
Fertilizer Application / Daisy B. Magciano. 2009
32
Table 10. Number of filled pods produced per plant
TREATMENT
WEIGHTED MEAN
Variety/Accession
ICCV 93952 (Desi type)
65.19d
ICCV 93954 (Desi type)
98.96b
ICCV 95332 (Kabuli type)
70.99c
ICCV 2 (Kabuli type)
188.00a
Organic Fertilizers
Control
129.53a
Chicken Dung
105.08c
BSU Compost
77.76d
Processed Chicken Dung
107.35c
Sagana 100
109.21b
CV (%)
14.42
Means with common letters are not significantly different from each other at 5% level of
significance using DMRT.
Effect of organic fertilizers. Analysis revealed highly significant differences on
the number of filled pods per plant. Chickpea applied with control (farmers practice)
produced the highest number of pods per plant with 129.53 while those applied with BSU
compost produced the lowest number of pods per plant with 77.76.
Interaction effect. Highly significant differences were noted on the number of
filled pods produced per plant of chickpea as affected by the interaction of the accession
and organic fertilizers. ICCV 2 (Kabuli type) applied with control (farmers practice)
produced the highest number of filled pods per plant with 219.3 while ICCV 95332
(Kabuli type) applied with Sagana 100 produced the lowest filled pods per plant with
49.15.
Response of Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) Varieties to Organic
Fertilizer Application / Daisy B. Magciano. 2009
33
Table 11. Number of unfilled pods produced per plant
TREATMENT
WEIGHTED MEAN
Variety/Accession
ICCV 93952 (Desi type)
40.19b
ICCV 93954 (Desi type)
30.33d
ICCV 95332 (Kabuli type)
32.82c
ICCV 2 (Kabuli type)
68.83a
Organic Fertilizers
Control
60.14a
Chicken Dung
41.10b
BSU Compost
33.93c
Processed Chicken Dung
40.58b
Sagana 100
39.48b
CV (%)
19.09
Means with common letters are not significantly different from each other at 5% level of
significance using DMRT.
Number of Unfilled Pods Produced per Plant
Effect of variety/accession. As shown in Table 11, the numbers of unfilled pods
produced per plant significantly differ from each other as affected by the different
accessions of chickpea. ICCV 2 (Kabuli type) produced the highest number of unfilled
pods per plant with 68.83 while ICCV 93954 (Desi type) produced the lowest number of
unfilled pods per plant with 30.33.
Effect of organic fertilizers. Analysis revealed that highly significant differences
existed on the number of unfilled pods per plant of chickpea cultivated with different
Response of Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) Varieties to Organic
Fertilizer Application / Daisy B. Magciano. 2009
34
organic fertilizers. Chickpea applied with control produced the highest number of unfilled
pods per plant; followed by chicken dung, processed chicken dung and Sagana 100;
lastly, BSU compost produced the lowest number of unfilled pods per plant.
Interaction effect. Highly significant differences were noted on the number of
unfilled pods per plant of chickpea as affected by the interaction of accession and organic
fertilizers. Results revealed that ICCV 2 (Kabuli type) applied with control produced the
highest number of unfilled pods per plant with 115.5 while ICCV 93954 (Desi type)
applied with BSU compost produced the lowest number of unfilled pods per plant with
19.65.
Weight of 100 Seeds
Effect of variety/accession. Table 12 shows highly significant differences on the
weight of 100 seeds as affected by the different accessions of chickpea. ICCV 95332
(Kabuli type) produced the heaviest weight of 100 seeds with 24.49 g; followed by ICCV
2 (Kabuli type) with 21.49 g; lastly, ICCV 93952 (Desi type) and ICCV 93954 (Desi
type) produced the lowest weight of 100 seeds with 18.42 g and 18.78 g, respectively.
This finding signifies that Kabuli type produced heavier seeds than Desi type. Thus, the
result indicates that seed weight depends on the seed size. The bigger the seed, the
heavier the weight and the smaller it is, the lightest weight.
In Poland, minimum Kabuli type seed weight (1000) is about 495g especially to
the larger seeded Kabuli chickpea. Desi type, a small seeded one has a minimum weight
of 245g per 1000 seeds.
Response of Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) Varieties to Organic
Fertilizer Application / Daisy B. Magciano. 2009
35
Number of unfiled pods produced per plant
140
Farmers
120
practice
100
Chicken
i
l
l
e
d pods
80
dung
unf
60
BSU
r
of
40
compost
be
20
um
Processed
N
0
chicken
ICCV
ICCV
ICCV
ICCV 2
dung
93952
93954
95332
Sagana 100
Chickpea accessions
Figure 9. Number of unfilled pods produced per plant
Effect of organic fertilizers. No significant differences were noted on the weight
of 100 seeds of chickpea as affected by the different organic fertilizers. Results revealed
that the weight of 100 seeds as affected by the source of organic matter ranged from
20.16 g to 21.49 g.
Interaction effect. No significant interaction effect existed between the accession
and organic fertilizers on the weight of 100 seeds of chickpea.
Response of Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) Varieties to Organic
Fertilizer Application / Daisy B. Magciano. 2009
36
Table 12. Weight of 100 seeds (grains)
TREATMENT
WEIGHTED MEAN
Variety/Accession
ICCV 93952 (Desi type)
18.42c
ICCV 93954 (Desi type)
18.78c
ICCV 95332 (Kabuli type)
24.49a
ICCV 2 (Kabuli type)
21.49b
Organic Fertilizers
Control
21.49a
Chicken Dung
20.58a
BSU Compost
20.16a
Processed Chicken Dung
20.77a
Sagana 100
20.97a
CV (%)
13.17
Means with common letters are not significantly different from each other at 5% level of
significance using DMRT.
Response of Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) Varieties to Organic
Fertilizer Application / Daisy B. Magciano. 2009
37
SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
Summary
The study was conducted to determine the response of chickpea as affected by the
different organic fertilizers; and to identify the chickpea accessions that would perform
productively with the application of the different organic matter.
The responses of the different accessions of chickpea to the organic fertilizers
were studied under open field condition. The four accessions were ICCV 93952 and
ICCV 93954 (Desi type), ICCV and ICCV 2 (Kabuli type) while the five organic
fertilizers were Control (farmers practice), Chicken Dung, BSU Compost, Processed
Chicken Dung and Sagana 100.
ICCV 2 (Kabuli type) produced flowers the earliest while ICCV 93952 (Desi
type) were the latest to produced flowers. Findings showed that Kabuli type chickpeas
produced flowers earlier than Desi type. ICCV 93952 (Desi type) were the tallest at
flowering while ICCV 95332 (Kabuli type) produced the shortest plant at flowering.
Results showed that ICCV 2 (Kabuli type), an early maturing accession, were the
earliest to be harvested while ICCV 93952 (Desi type) and ICCV 93954 (Desi type) were
both harvested the latest. ICCV 95332 and ICCV 2 both Kabuli type produced higher
total number of harvest as compared to ICCV 93952 and ICCV 93954 both Desi type
which produced lower total number of harvest.
ICCV 93952 and ICCV 93954 both Desi type produced higher number of lateral
stems at flowering while ICCV 95332 and ICCV 2 both Kabuli type produced lower
number of lateral stems at flowering.
Response of Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) Varieties to Organic
Fertilizer Application / Daisy B. Magciano. 2009
38
ICCV 95332 (Kabuli type) produced the highest average number of pods per plant
while ICCV 93952 (Desi type) and ICCV 2 (Kabuli type) produced the lowest number of
pods per plant. ICCV 95332 (Kabuli type) produced the highest yield per plot and highest
yield per hectare while ICCV 2 (Kabuli type) produced the lowest total yield per plot as
well as the yield per hectare.
ICCV 2 (Kabuli type) produced the highest number of filled and unfilled pods per
plant while ICCV 93952 (Desi type) produced the lowest number of filled and unfilled
pods per plant.
ICCV 95332 (Kabuli type) produced the heaviest weight of 100 seeds; followed
by ICCV 2 (Kabuli type); lastly, ICCV 93952 (Desi type) and ICCV 93954 (Desi type)
produced the lowest weight of 100. This finding signifies that Kabuli type produced
heavier seeds than Desi type.
Chickpea applied with the control (farmers practice) produced flowers the earliest
as compared to chickpea applied to the other organic fertilizers.
No significant differences were noted on the average plant height, total number of
harvest, number of lateral stems at flowering and percentage pod setting of chickpea as
affected by the different sources of organic matter.
Chickpea applied with Sagana 100 was harvested first while chickpea applied
with control and chicken dung were harvested last.
Chickpea applied with control produced the most pods per plant while chickpea
applied with BSU compost produced the least number of pods per plant.
Results showed that chickpea applied with the control produced the highest total
yield per plot among the organic fertilizers. On the other hand, chickpea applied with
Response of Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) Varieties to Organic
Fertilizer Application / Daisy B. Magciano. 2009
39
processed chicken dung produced the lowest total yield per plot as compared to the other
organic fertilizers. Chickpea applied with control produced the highest yield per hectare,
highest number of pods per plant and highest number of unfilled pods per plant while
chickpea applied with BSU compost produced the lowest yield per hectare, highest
number of pods per plant as well as highest number of unfilled pods per plant.
No significant differences were noted on the weight of 100 seed of chickpea as
affected by the different organic fertilizers.
As for the interaction, no significant differences were noted on the interaction
effect of the accession and organic fertilizers on the number of days from planting to
flowering, days from planting to first harvest, total number of harvest, of lateral stems at
flowering, percentage setting, total yield per plot and weight of 100 seeds of the
chickpea.
Highly significant differences were noted on the average plant height at flowering
of the chickpea as affected by the interaction effect of accession and the organic
fertilizers. It was noted that ICCV 93952 (Desi type) applied with Sagana 100 produced
the tallest plant at flowering with 36.53 cm. while ICCV 95332 (Kabuli type) applied
with BSU compost produced the shortest plant at flowering. Further, results revealed that
Desi type applied with the different organic fertilizers produced taller plant as compared
to Kabuli type applied with the same organic fertilizers.
ICCV 95332 (Kabuli type) applied with control produced the highest average
number of pods per plant while ICCV 2 (Kabuli type) applied with processed chicken
dung produced the lowest average number of pods per plant.
Response of Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) Varieties to Organic
Fertilizer Application / Daisy B. Magciano. 2009
40
Results revealed that ICCV 95332 (Kabuli type) applied with chicken dung
produced the highest yield per plot while ICCV 93952 (Desi type) applied with processed
chicken dung produced the lowest yield per hectare.
ICCV 2 (Kabuli type) applied with control produced the highest number of filled
pods per plant while ICCV 95332 (Kabuli type) applied with Sagana 100 produced the
lowest filled pods per plant. Also, ICCV 2 (Kabuli type) applied with control produced
the highest number of unfilled pods per plot while ICCV 93954 (Desi type) applied with
BSU compost produced the lowest number of unfilled pods per plant.
Conclusion
Based on the results presented and discussed, the best accession tested was Kabuli
type ICCV 95332 and Desi type ICCV 93954 since they produced higher yield potential
among the cultivars evaluated. The best organic fertilizer for the selected accession is the
application of the farmers practice (1 kerosene can chicken dung + 250g 14-14-14) and
the Sagana 100.
Recommendation
Based on the findings and conclusion of the study, it is therefore recommended
that Kabuli type ICCV 95332 and Desi type ICCV 93954 can be productively grown with
the application of the farmers practice (1 kerosene can chicken dung+250g 14-14-14l)
and Sagana 100.
Response of Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) Varieties to Organic
Fertilizer Application / Daisy B. Magciano. 2009
41
LITERATURE CITED
ABADILLA, D.C.1982. Organic farming. Quezon City: AFA Publ., Inc .Pp. 181- 81
AKIEW, E.1978. MSAC Farm News Bulletin. Mountain State Agricultural College.
Publication Office, La Trinidad, Benguet. P. 6.
BALCO, G.R. 1986. Non-metallic minerals: fertilizer research. Philippine Council for
Agriculture and Resource Research Development. National Council for
Agriculture and Resource Development National Science and Technology
Authority Los Baijos, Laguna. P. 76.
BAUTISTA, O. K., H. V. VALMAYOR, P.C. TABORA, JR., R.C. ESPINO and J.S.
SAINGALANG.1983. Introduction to Tropical Horticulture. UPLB, College, Los
Bafios, Laguna. P. 231.
BRADY, N. L. and HO. BUCKHAM, 1960. The Nature and Properties of Soil. 6th ed.
New York; Mc Millan Book, Inc. P.739.
CAPIZ, T. G. and H. B. AYCADO, 1977. Multiple Cropping with Vegetable Production.
O. R. Bautista and R.G. Mabessa (eds) N.D. University of the Philippines,
College, Laguna. Pp.194 -204.
DEANON, J.D. 1976. Vegetable Production in Southeast Asia. University of the
Philippines, College of Agriculture, Laguna. Pp. 26 - 2, 322.
KNOTT, J.E. 1976. Handbook for Vegetable Growers London: John Wiley and Sons,
Inc. P. 28.
MANG-OSAN, J.B.1996.Effects of organic and inorganic fertilizer on the growth and
flowering of English Daisy. Unpublished BS Thesis. Benguet State University, a
Trinidad, Benguet.p.45.
MENDIOLA, N.B. 1958. Effects of Nitrogen and Plant Density on Field and Quality of
Cabbage. MS Thesis Laguna, University of the Philippines. College of
Agriculture, Los Banos, Laguna.
MULLINS, G.L. et al., Phosphorus in Agriculture. Soil Quality Institute Technical
Pamphlet No. 2. Department of Agronomy and Soils, Auburn University, Auburn
Al.
PARNES, R. 1986. Organic and Inorganic Fertilizers. Woods and Agricultural Institute.
Pp. 10, 16, 24.
Response of Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) Varieties to Organic
Fertilizer Application / Daisy B. Magciano. 2009
42
RODRIGUEZ, S.B. 1981. The Effects of Different Kinds of Organic Fertilizers on the
Growth and Yield of Sugar Beets. Unpublished B.S. Thesis. Mountain State
Agricultural College, La Trinidad, Benguet. P. 73.
TISDALE, S.L. and N.L. Nelson. 1975. Soil Fertility and Fertilizers. 3rd ed. New York
McMillan Publishing Co. Inc. Pp. 262 -263, 439.
Response of Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) Varieties to Organic
Fertilizer Application / Daisy B. Magciano. 2009
43
APPENDICES
Appendix Table 1. Number of days from planting to flowering
TREATMENT
BLOCK
TOTAL
MEAN
I
II
III
IV
ICCV 93952
66
60
69
62
257
64.25
Control
(Farmers practice)
Chicken dung
68
63
75
60
266
66.5
BSU compost
64
81
75
71
291
72.75
Processed
67
69
73
62
271
67.75
chicken dung
Sagana 100
68
64
67
69
268
67
ICCV 93954
55
56
52
64
227
56.75
Control
(Farmers practice)
Chicken dung
59
56
54
64
233
58.25
BSU compost
65
56
58
70
249
62.25
Processed
62
58
61
65
246
61.5
chicken dung
Sagana 100
53
54
73
65
245
61.25
ICCV 95332
55
55
44
49
203
50.75
Control
(Farmers practice)
Chicken dung
49
53
47
50
199
49.75
BSU compost
56
53
49
49
207
51.75
Processed
53
54
50
49
206
51.5
chicken dung
Sagana 100
52
55
49
49
205
51.25
ICCV 2
42
54
44
39
179
44.75
Control
(Farmers practice)
Chicken dung
44
55
47
49
195
48.75
BSU compost
55
52
49
50
206
51.5
Processed
48
56
49
47
200
50
chicken dung
Sagana 100
49
51
48
50
198
49.5
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCE OF
DF
SUM OF
MEAN OF
FCOMP
FTAB
VARIATION
SQUARES
SQUARES
0.05 0.01
Variety
3
4479.638
1493.213
63.417 **
2.76
4.13
Sources
4
267.425
66.856
2.839*
2.52
3.65
Factor AB
12
92.175
7.681
0.326
1.92
2.50
Error
60
1412.750
23.546
TOTAL
79
6251.987
**highly significant Coefficient of variation (%) = 8.53
ns- not significant
Response of Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) Varieties to Organic
Fertilizer Application / Daisy B. Magciano. 2009
44
Appendix Table 2. Average plant height (cm) at flowering
TREATMENT
BLOCK
TOTAL
MEAN
I
II
III
IV
ICCV 93952
43.14
32.34
28.58
33.2
137.26
34.315
Control
(Farmers practice)
Chicken
40.7
29.1
28.8
31.4
130
32.5
dung
BSU
39.3
34.04
31.9
34.12
139.36
34.84
compost
Processed
37.2
33.3
29.4
35.38
135.28
33.82
chicken dung
Sagana 100
35.2
35.1
34.3
41.5
146.1
36.525
ICCV 93954
28.92
33.48
34.2
32.48
129.08
32.27
Control
(Farmers practice)
Chicken
31.2
34.8
30.8
28.76
125.56
31.39
dung
BSU
30.1
35.5
27.94
35.1
128.64
32.16
compost
Processed
27.04
33.14
29
30.56
119.74
29.935
chicken dung
Sagana 100
32.54
32.4
30.7
30.8
126.44
31.61
ICCV 95332
24.2
21.74
29.24
24.1
99.28
24.82
Control
(Farmers practice)
Chicken
19.9
21
24.54
22.8
88.24
22.06
dung
BSU
21.2
18.7
22.9
19.2
82
20.5
compost
Processed
20
22
24.2
19.7
85.9
21.475
chicken dung
Sagana 100
22.1
19.9
23.9
21.2
87.1
21.775
ICCV 2
27.06
22.78
22.9
26.6
99.34
24.835
Control
(Farmers practice)
Chicken
27.24
26.66
23.58
29.54
107.02
26.755
dung
BSU compost
25.9
23.2
24.6
27.1
100.8
25.2
Processed
24.54
25.28
22.96
26.94
99.72
24.93
chicken dung
Sagana 100
21.4
24.48
21.42
31.6
98.9
24.725
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCE OF
DF
SUM OF
MEAN OF
FCOMP
FTAB
VARIATION
SQUARES
SQUARES
0.05 0.01
Variety
3
1889.208
629.736
99.341**
2.76
4.13
Sources
4
20.999
5.250
0.828
2.52
3.65
Factor
12
302.098
25.175
3.971**
1.92
2.50
AB
Error
60
380.350
6.339
TOTAL
79
2592.654
**highly significant
ns-not significant
Coefficient of variation (%) = 3.09
Response of Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) Varieties to Organic
Fertilizer Application / Daisy B. Magciano. 2009
45
Appendix Table 3. Days from planting to first harvest
TREATMENT
BLOCK
TOTAL
MEAN
I
II
III
IV
ICCV 93952
127
128
117
134
506
126.5
Control
(Farmers practice)
Chicken
127
128
117
134
506
126.5
dung
BSU
127
128
117
134
506
126.5
compost
Processed
127
128
117
134
506
126.5
chicken dung
Sagana 100
127
128
117
134
506
126.5
ICCV 93954
135
127
128
117
507
126.75
Control
(Farmers practice)
Chicken
135
127
128
117
507
126.75
dung
BSU
135
127
128
117
507
126.75
compost
Processed
135
127
128
117
507
126.75
chicken dung
Sagana 100
135
127
128
117
507
126.75
ICCV 95332
130
116
120
126
492
123
Control
(Farmers practice)
Chicken
130
116
120
126
492
123
dung
BSU
130
116
120
126
492
123
compost
Processed
130
116
120
126
492
123
chicken dung
Sagana 100
116
116
120
126
478
119.5
ICCV 2
83
87
113
81
364
91
Control
(Farmers practice)
Chicken
83
87
113
81
364
91
dung
BSU compost
83
87
78
81
329
82.25
Processed
83
87
78
81
329
82.25
chicken dung
Sagana 100
83
87
78
81
329
82.25
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCE OF
DF
SUM OF MEAN OF
FCOMP
FTAB
VARIATION
SQUARES
SQUARES
0.05 0.01
Variety
3
131464.450
43821.483
739.395**
2.76
4.13
Sources
4
416474.575
104118.644
1756.783**
2.52
3.65
Factor
12
-107609.075
-8967.423
-151.306
1.92
2.50
AB
Error
60
35556.000
59.267
TOTAL
79
443885.950
**highly significant
ns- not significant
Coefficient of variation (%) =6.68
Response of Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) Varieties to Organic
Fertilizer Application / Daisy B. Magciano. 2009
46
Appendix Table 4. Total number of harvest/picking
TREATMENT
BLOCK
TOTAL
MEAN
I
II
III
IV
ICCV 93952
1
2
2
2
7
1.4
Control
(Farmers practice)
Chicken
1
2
2
2
7
1.4
dung
BSU
2
2
2
2
8
2
compost
Processed
1
2
2
2
7
1.4
chicken dung
Sagana 100
1
2
2
2
7
1.4
ICCV 93954
1
2
2
2
7
1.4
Control
(Farmers practice)
Chicken
2
2
2
2
8
2
dung
BSU
1
2
2
2
7
1.4
compost
Processed
1
2
2
2
7
1.4
chicken dung
Sagana 100
2
2
2
2
8
2
ICCV 95332
3
2
2
2
9
2.25
Control
(Farmers practice)
Chicken
3
2
2
2
9
2.25
dung
BSU
3
2
2
2
9
2.25
compost
Processed
3
2
2
2
9
2.25
chicken dung
Sagana 100
3
2
2
2
9
2.25
ICCV 2
2
3
1
3
9
2.25
Control
(Farmers practice)
Chicken
2
3
1
3
9
2.25
dung
BSU compost
2
3
2
3
10
2.5
Processed
2
3
1
3
9
2.25
chicken dung
Sagana 100
2
3
1
3
9
2.25
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCE OF
SUM OF
MEAN OF
FTAB
VARIATION
DF
SQUARES
SQUARES
FCOMP
0.05 0.01
Variety
3
4.100
1.367
3.905*
2.76
4.13
Sources
4
0.175
0.044
0.125
2.52
3.65
Factor
12
0.525
0.044
0.125
1.92
2.50
AB
Error
60
21.000
0.350
TOTAL
79
25.800
*significant ns- not significant Coefficient of variation (%) =28
Response of Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) Varieties to Organic
Fertilizer Application / Daisy B. Magciano. 2009
47
Appendix Table 5. Number of lateral stems at flowering
TREATMENT
BLOCK
TOTAL
MEAN
I
II
III
IV
ICCV 93952
2.4
2.4
1.6
2.4
8.8
2.2
Control
(Farmers practice)
Chicken
2.4
1.8
1.2
2.4
7.8
1.95
dung
BSU
3.2
1.4
1.8
2
8.4
2.1
compost
Processed
2.6
1.6
1.8
2
8
2
chicken dung
Sagana 100
2.2
1.6
1.8
2.2
7.8
1.95
ICCV 93954
2.6
2.4
2.2
1
8.2
2.05
Control
(Farmers practice)
Chicken
2.4
3.2
2
1.6
9.2
2.3
dung
BSU
1.6
3
1.8
1.2
7.6
1.9
compost
Processed
2.4
2.6
1.4
2
8.4
2.1
chicken dung
Sagana 100
2.2
2.8
2
1.8
8.8
2.2
ICCV 95332
1.2
1
1.6
1
4.8
1.2
Control
(Farmers practice)
Chicken
1
1
1.6
1
4.6
1.15
dung
BSU
1
1
1.6
1.2
4.8
1.2
compost
Processed
1
1.2
1.4
1.4
5
1.25
chicken dung
Sagana 100
1
1
1
1.2
4.2
1.05
ICCV 2
2.8
1.2
1.2
2.8
8
2
Control
(Farmers practice)
Chicken
2.6
1.4
1.2
2.4
7.6
1.9
dung
BSU compost
3.4
1
1.4
2.6
8.4
2.1
Processed
2.6
1.4
1.4
2
7.4
1.85
chicken dung
Sagana 100
1.8
1
1
2.2
6
1.5
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCE OF
DF
SUM OF
MEAN OF
FCOMP
FTAB
VARIATION
SQUARES
SQUARES
0.05 0.01
Variety
3
11.110
3.703
10.636**
2.76
4.13
Sources
4
0.332
0.083
0.238
2.52
3.65
Factor
12
1.148
0.096
0.275
1.92
2.50
AB
Error
60
20.890
0.348
TOTAL
79
33.480
**highly significant
ns- not significant Coefficient of variation (%) =32.83
Response of Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) Varieties to Organic
Fertilizer Application / Daisy B. Magciano. 2009
48
Appendix Table 6. Percentage pod setting
TREATMENT
BLOCK
TOTAL
MEAN
I
II
III
IV
ICCV 93952
96.5
99
95.3
97.4
388.2
97.05
Control
(Farmers practice)
Chicken
94.6
95.7
97.2
97.8
385.3
96.325
dung
BSU
97.7
94.2
95.2
96.5
383.6
95.9
compost
Processed
97.9
97.6
97.6
98.1
391.2
97.8
chicken dung
Sagana 100
96.6
96.2
91.4
98.5
382.27
95.675
ICCV 93954
99.4
98.7
97.4
98.5
394
78.8
Control
(Farmers practice)
Chicken
99.6
97.3
98.2
98.4
393.5
98.375
dung
BSU
97.7
95.7
97.1
92.2
382.7
95.675
compost
Processed
98.4
97
97.7
98.3
391.4
97.85
chicken dung
Sagana 100
97.9
98
96.6
97.8
390.3
97.575
ICCV 95332
98.4
98.3
98.9
98
393.6
98.4
Control
(Farmers practice)
Chicken
97.7
98.5
98.5
98.3
393
98.25
dung
BSU
79.4
95.7
97
97.5
369.6
92.4
compost
Processed
63.2
97.6
95.3
97
353.1
88.275
chicken dung
Sagana 100
95.4
97.7
98
96.4
387.5
96.875
ICCV 2
99
97.5
99.5
99.5
395.5
98.875
Control
(Farmers
practice)
Chicken dung
98.5
99.3
98.5
98.5
394.7
98.675
BSU
97.7
96.8
98.5
98.6
391.6
97.9
compost
Processed
99.1
89.7
99.1
99
386.9
96.725
chicken dung
Sagana 100
97.5
97.5
98.8
98.6
392.4
98.1
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCE OF
SUM OF
MEAN OF
FTAB
VARIATION
DF
SQUARES
SQUARES
FCOMP
0.05 0.01
Variety
3
122.095
40.698
2.002
2.76
4.13
Sources
4
123.402
30.851
1.518
2.52
3.65
Factor AB
12
230.910
19.242
0.947
1.92
2.50
Error
60
1219.665
20.328
TOTAL
79
1696.072
ns- not significant Coefficient of variation (%) =4.66
Response of Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) Varieties to Organic
Fertilizer Application / Daisy B. Magciano. 2009
49
Appendix Table 7. Average number of pods/plant
TREATMENT
BLOCK
TOTAL
MEAN
I
II
III
IV
ICCV 93952
116.8
145
105.2
148.4
515.4
128.85
Control
(Farmers practice)
Chicken
108.8
85.4
104.8
90.2
389.2
97.3
dung
BSU
103
81.2
96
65.4
345.6
86.4
compost
Processed
113
136.6
104.4
114.2
468.2
114.05
chicken dung
Sagana 100
80.2
95
35.6
118.4
359.2
89.8
ICCV 93954
133.4
135.4
149.8
160.4
579
144.75
Control
(Farmers practice)
Chicken
133.8
101
153.4
123.4
511.6
127.9
dung
BSU
84.2
75.6
65.8
76
301.6
75.4
compost
Processed
125
114.8
176.2
178.8
684.8
171.2
chicken dung
Sagana 100
173
156.8
182
155.6
601
150.25
ICCV 95332
321.8
328.8
299
389.6
1339.2
334.8
Control
(Farmers practice)
Chicken
194.6
202.6
211.8
255
864
216
dung
BSU
202
196.2
195.2
242
835.4
208.85
compost
Processed
299.6
249.2
263.2
248.8
1060.8
265.2
chicken dung
Sagana 100
246.8
254.4
245
289
1035.2
258.8
ICCV 2
124.6
138.8
182
155.6
601
150.25
Control
(Farmers practice)
Chicken
127
141.4
168.8
136.8
574
143.5
dung
BSU compost
83.4
67
75.2
76.8
302.4
75.6
Processed
72.6
80.4
69.2
70.8
293
73.25
chicken dung
Sagana 100
78.4
76.6
75.6
69.2
299.8
74.95
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCE OF
SUM OF
MEAN OF
FTAB
VARIATION
DF
SQUARES
SQUARES
FCOMP
0.05 0.01
Variety
3
319515.388
106505.129
257.788**
2.76
4.13
Sources
4
49102.847
12275.715
29.712**
2.52
3.65
Factor
12
41434.397
3452.866
8.357**
1.92
2.50
AB
Error
60
24789.040
413.151
TOTAL
79
434841.672
*highly significant
Coefficient of variation (%) =13.62
Response of Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) Varieties to Organic
Fertilizer Application / Daisy B. Magciano. 2009
50
Appendix Table 8. Total yield (kg/5m2) per plot
TREATMENT
BLOCK
TOTAL
MEAN
I
II
III
IV
ICCV 93952
0.27377
0.3359
0.33
039
1.33
0.33
Control
(Farmers practice)
Chicken
0.1477
0.16983
0.16
0.20
0.68
0.17
dung
BSU
0.0815
0.075
0.87
0.08
2.23
0.63
compost
Processed
0.16517
0.18
0.20
0.20
0.74
0.19
chicken dung
Sagana 100
0.2072
0.29957
0.26
0.28
1.05
0.26
ICCV 93954
0.1446
0.45
0.45
0.48
1.80
0.45
Control
(Farmers practice)
Chicken
0.2622
0.23
0.26
0.29
1.04
0.26
dung
BSU
0.4012
0.34
0.45
0.40
1.59
0.40
compost
Processed
0.32121
0.31
0.31
0.30
1.24
0.31
chicken dung
Sagana 100
0.51881
0.50
0.52
0.52
2.07
0.52
ICCV 95332
0.40
0.49
0.56
1.97
0.49
Control
(Farmers practice)
Chicken
0.53
0.51
0.27
2.13
0.53
dung
BSU
0.47
0.40
0.40
1.60
0.40
compost
Processed
0.52
0.48
0.48
1.94
0.49
chicken dung
Sagana 100
0.48
0.47
0.49
1.90
0.48
ICCV 2
0.15
0.20
0.24
0.78
0.20
Control
(Farmers practice)
Chicken
0.10
0.13
0.16
1.37
0.34
dung
BSU compost
0.08
0.10
0.13
1.12
0.28
Processed
0.12
0.09
0.15
1.27
0.32
chicken dung
Sagana 100
0.11
0.14
0.11
0.45
0.11
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCE OF
SUM OF
MEAN OF
FTAB
VARIATION
DF
SQUARES
SQUARES
FCOMP
0.05 0.01
Variety
3
1.435
0.478
52.140**
2.76
4.13
Sources
4
0.130
0.033
3.545*
2.52
3.65
Factor
12
0.200
0.017
1.817
1.92
2.50
AB
Error
60
0.550
0.009
TOTAL
79
2.315
**highly significant
ns- not significant Coefficient of variation (%) =31.15
Response of Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) Varieties to Organic
Fertilizer Application / Daisy B. Magciano. 2009
51
Appendix Table 9. Computed yield per hectare (kg/ha)
TREATMENT
BLOCK
TOTAL
MEAN
I
II
III
IV
ICCV 93952
547.54
671.8
665.38
776.8
2664.52
665.38
Control
(Farmers practice)
Chicken
295.4
339.66
321.24
402.2
1358.5
339.635
dung
BSU
163
150.94
173.4
164.64
651.98
162.995
compost
Processed
330.34
369.78
383.98
395.04
1479.14
369.785
chicken dung
Sagana 100
414.4
599.14
522.94
555.2
2091.68
522.92
ICCV 93954
829.2
896.58
909.34
951.18
3586.3
896.575
Control
(Farmers practice)
Chicken
524.4
459.2
521.14
580.94
2085.68
521.42
dung
BSU
802.4
675.4
901.46
793.08
3172.34
793.085
compost
Processed
642.42
614.66
620.54
604.56
2482.18
620.545
chicken dung
Sagana 100
1037.62
983.26
1080.8
1041.42
4143.1
1035.775
ICCV 95332
1032.4
801
970.4
1127
3930.8
982.7
Control
(Farmers practice)
Chicken
1062.2
1060.4
1011.6
1133.4
4267.6
1066.9
dung
BSU
655.8
940.6
799.26
801.4
3197.06
799.265
compost
Processed
914.74
1037.6
959.8
967.38
3879.52
969.88
chicken dung
Sagana 100
960
951.06
922
971.2
3804.26
951.065
ICCV 2
382.42
299.86
390.16
488.22
1560.66
390.165
Control
(Farmers practice)
Chicken
249.78
193.54
250.9
309.38
1003.6
250.9
dung
BSU compost
205.96
155.86
207.56
260.94
830.32
207.58
Processed
179.66
234.96
182.32
294.34
891.28
222.82
chicken dung
Sagana 100
168.54
219.18
280.9
222.88
891.5
222.875
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCE OF
SUM OF
MEAN OF
FTAB
VARIATION
DF
SQUARES
SQUARES
FCOMP
0.05 0.01
VARIETY
3
6140917.066
2046972.355
474.197**
2.76
4.13
SOURCES
4
683686.549
170921.637
39.595**
2.52
3.65
FACTOR
12
824668.148
68722.346
15.920**
1.92
2.50
AB
ERROR
60
259003.052
TOTAL
79
**highly significant
Coefficient of variation (%) = 10.96
Response of Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) Varieties to Organic
Fertilizer Application / Daisy B. Magciano. 2009
52
Appendix Table 10. Number of filled pods produced per plant
TREATMENT
BLOCK
TOTAL
MEAN
I
II
III
IV
ICCV 93952
73.6
90.6
64.2
91.4
319.8
79.95
Control
(Farmers practice)
Chicken
62.8
49.2
65.8
65.2
243
60.75
dung
BSU
59.8
45.4
55
44
204.2
51.05
compost
Processed
71.4
76.2
88.2
67.2
273
68.25
chicken dung
Sagana 100
44.4
67.6
46.2
75.6
233.8
58.45
ICCV 93954
98.4
103
117
138.8
457.2
114.3
Control
(Farmers practice)
Chicken
110
82
136.4
101
429.4
107.35
dung
BSU
64.6
55
47.8
55.6
223
55.75
compost
Processed
88.4
71.6
115.6
92.6
298.2
74.55
chicken dung
Sagana 100
114.8
112
136.6
138
501.4
125.35
ICCV 95332
86.8
94.6
129
107.8
418.2
104.55
Control
(Farmers practice)
Chicken
85
98.6
114.2
88.4
386.2
96.55
dung
BSU
63.8
46.8
52.4
48.4
211.4
52.85
compost
Processed
57.4
57
47.6
45.4
207.4
51.85
chicken dung
Sagana 100
51.8
52.8
47.4
44.6
196.6
49.15
ICCV 2
208.4
214.8
194.6
259.4
877.2
219.3
Control
(Farmers practice)
Chicken
137.8
149
159.8
176
622.6
155.65
dung
BSU compost
149.6
134.8
153.8
167.4
605.6
151.4
Processed
238.4
187.6
221.4
191.6
839
209.75
chicken dung
Sagana 100
192.4
204
196.8
222.4
815
203.9
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCE OF
DF
SUM OF
MEAN OF
FCOMP
FTAB
VARIATION
SQUARES
SQUARES
0.05 0.01
VARIETY
3
193290.658
64430.219
276.966**
2.76
4.13
SOURCES
4
21816.787
5454.197
23.446**
2.52
3.65
FACTOR
12
20403.457
1700.288
7.309**
1.92
2.50
AB
ERROR
60
13957.720
232.629
TOTAL
79
249468.622
**highly significant
Coefficient of variation (%) =14.42
Response of Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) Varieties to Organic
Fertilizer Application / Daisy B. Magciano. 2009
53
Appendix Table 11. Number of unfilled pods produced per plant
TREATMENT
BLOCK
TOTAL
MEAN
I
II
III
IV
ICCV 93952
43.2
54.4
41
57
195.6
48.9
Control
(Farmers practice)
Chicken
46
36.2
39
25
146.2
36.55
dung
BSU
43.2
35.8
41
21.4
141.4
35.35
compost
Processed
41.6
60.4
46.2
47
195.2
48.8
chicken dung
Sagana 100
35.8
27.4
19.4
42.8
125.4
31.35
ICCV 93954
35
32.4
32.8
21.6
121.8
30.45
Control
(Farmers practice)
Chicken
23.8
19
17
22.4
82.2
20.55
dung
BSU
19.6
20.6
18
20.4
78.6
19.65
compost
Processed
36.6
43.2
22.6
38.2
140.6
35.15
chicken dung
Sagana 100
58.2
44.8
39.6
40.8
183.4
45.85
ICCV 95332
37.8
44.2
53
47.8
182.8
45.7
Control
(Farmers practice)
Chicken
42
42.8
54.6
48.4
187.8
46.95
dung
BSU
19.6
20.2
22.8
28.4
91
22.75
compost
Processed
21.2
23.4
21.6
25.4
91.6
22.9
chicken dung
Sagana 100
26.6
23.8
28.2
24.6
103.2
25.8
ICCV 2
113.4
114
104.4
130.2
462
115.5
Control
(Farmers practice)
Chicken
56.8
53.6
52
79
241.4
60.35
dung
BSU compost
52.4
61.4
41.4
76.6
231.8
57.95
Processed
61.2
61.6
41.8
57.2
221.8
55.45
chicken dung
Sagana 100
54.4
50.4
48.2
66.6
219.6
54.9
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCE OF
DF
SUM OF
MEAN OF
FCOMP
FTAB
VARIATION
SQUARES
SQUARES
0.05 0.01
Variety
3
18784.782
6261.594
92.725**
2.76
4.13
Sources
4
6367.308
1591.827
23.573**
2.52
3.65
Factor
12
10011.616
834.301
12.355**
1.92
2.50
AB
Error
60
4051.710
67.528
TOTAL
79
39215.416
**highly significant
Coefficient of variation (%) =19.09
Response of Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) Varieties to Organic
Fertilizer Application / Daisy B. Magciano. 2009
54
Appendix Table 12. Weight of 100 seeds (grains)
TREATMENT
BLOCK
TOTAL
MEAN
I
II
III
IV
ICCV 93952
16
18.2
17
21.6
72.8
18.2
Control
(Farmers practice)
Chicken
15.3
17.9
22.9
20.9
77
19.25
dung
BSU
16.3
15.2
19
18.9
69.4
17.35
compost
Processed
16.8
17.5
17.9
21.8
74
18.5
chicken dung
Sagana 100
16.6
19.4
22.6
16.5
75.1
18.775
ICCV 93954
22
21.5
18.9
16.4
78.8
19.7
Control
(Farmers practice)
Chicken
21.4
17.0
19.7
13.9
72
18
dung
BSU
22.1
19
17.7
16.3
75.1
18.775
compost
Processed
21.7
18.5
18.2
15.9
74.3
18.575
chicken dung
Sagana 100
24.8
18.8
15.7
16.1
75.4
18.85
ICCV 95332
23.2
27.5
32.2
21.2
104.1
26.025
Control
(Farmers practice)
Chicken
22
23.7
27.6
19.8
93.1
23.275
dung
BSU
23.7
24.3
23.4
25
97.3
24.325
compost
Processed
24
26
25
23.4
98.4
24.6
chicken dung
Sagana 100
25.5
22.2
30
20
97.7
24.425
ICCV 2
22
20.8
24.7
20.6
88.1
22.025
Control
(Farmers practice)
Chicken
21.9
23.5
20.7
21
87.1
21.775
dung
BSU compost
19.7
21
19.1
21.9
81.7
20.425
Processed
23.2
22.1
20.1
20.2
85.6
21.4
chicken dung
Sagana 100
18.9
23.8
22.8
21.8
87.3
21.825
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCE OF
SUM OF
MEAN OF
FTAB
VARIATION
DF
SQUARES
SQUARES
FCOMP
0.05 0.01
Variety
3
476.474
158.825
21.190**
2.76
4.13
Sources
4
15.342
3.835
0.512
2.52
3.65
Factor
12
21.214
1.768
0.236
1.92
2.50
AB
Error
60
449.725
7.495
TOTAL
79
962.755
**highly significant
ns- not significant Coefficient of variation (%) =13.17
Response of Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) Varieties to Organic
Fertilizer Application / Daisy B. Magciano. 2009
Document Outline
- Response of Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.)Varieties to Organic Fertilizer Application
- BIBLIOGRAPHY
- ABSTRACT
- TABLE OF CONTENTS
- INTRODUCTION
- Nature of the Study
- Importance of the Study
- Objectives of the Study
- Time and Place of the Study
- REVIEW OF LITERATURE
- Botany of Chickpea
- Fertilizer
- Kinds of Fertilizer
- Fertilizer Value of Organic Matter
- Effect of Organic Fertilizer
- Importance of N-P-K
- MATERIALS AND METHODS
- RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
- Days from Planting to Flowering
- Average Plant Height at Flowering
- Days from Planting to First Harvest
- Total Number of Harvest or Picking
- Number of Lateral Stems at Flowering
- Percentage Pod Setting
- Average Number of Pods per Plant
- Total Yield per Plot
- Computed Yield per Hectare
- Number of Filled Pods Produced per Plant
- Number of Unfilled Pods Produced per Plant
- Weight of 100 Seeds
- SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
- Summary
- Conclusion
- Recommendation
- LITERATURE CITED
- APPENDICES