BIBLIOGRAPHY COPAS, RAY P. APRIL 2008. Growth,...

BIBLIOGRAPHY
COPAS, RAY P. APRIL 2008. Growth, Yield and Some Postharvest Characteristics of
Romaine ‘Xanadu’ Applied With Varying Rates of Fish-Kelp-Guano Liquid Fertilizer. Benguet
State University, La Trinidad, Benguet.
Adviser: Silvestre L. Kudan, Ph.D.
ABSTRACT
The growth and yield and some postharvest characteristics of romaine ‘Xanadu’ as
affected by the application of fish-kelp-guano liquid fertilizer were evaluated at the Balili
experiment area and Horticulture Laboratory room of the Benguet State University, La Trinidad,
Benguet from December 22, 2007 to February 2, 2008.
Methods of application. Although no significant difference was observed, applying fish-
kelp-guano liquid fertilizer through drenching effected higher yield giving an 87.59% return on
investment or Php 0.88 for every peso invested in the production compared to the 73.33% ROI
from foliar application. All the data gathered differed slightly.
Rates of application. The farmers’ practice of applying natural organic fertilizer and urea
effected significantly higher marketable yield due to significantly lower non-marketable yield
resulting to the highest return on investment of 128.08%.
Interaction of factors. There was no significant interaction effects of methods and rates of
application in all the data gathered.
Based on the results, the farmers applying chicken manure as basal fertilizer and
drenching urea one week after transplanting is still recommended for romaine ‘Xanadu’
production.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Page

Bibliography……………………………………………………………………... i

Abstract…………………………………………………………………………... i

Table of Contents………………………………………………………………… ii

INTRODUCTION ……………………………………………………………….. 1

Nature of the Study ……………………………………………………... 1

Importance of the Study …………………………………………………. 2

Objectives of the Study ………………………………………………….. 2

Time and Place of the Study …………………………………………….. 2

REVIEW OF LITERATURE …………………………………………………….. 3

Description of the Crop………………………………………………….. 3

Soil and Climatic Adaptability…………………………………………... 4

Importance of the Crop…………………………………………………… 5

Importance of Organic Fertilizer ……………………………………….... 5

Beneficial Effects of Organic Fertilizer………………………………….. 6

Fish-kelp-guano Liquid Fertilizer………………………………………… 8

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Materials………………………………………………………………….. 10

Methods…………………………………………………………………... 10

ii

RESULTS AND DISSCUSSION……………………………………...................... 16

Number of Days from Transplanting to Harvest ……………………….... 16

Plant Height at Harvest …………………………………………………... 16
Marketable Yield …………………………………………….................... 17
Non-marketable Yield ………………………………................................. 18
Total Yield ……………………………………………………………….. 18

Weight of individual plant ………………………………………………. 20

Computed yield per hectare ……………………………………………… 21

Phytotoxicity …………………………………………………………….. 23

Disease Incidence………………………………………………………… 24

Insect Pest Incidence …………………………………………………….. 24

Refractive Index of Crop Juice …………………………………………... 25

Shelf life …………………………………………………………………. 26

Weight loss ………………………………………………………………. 26

Days to 100% wilting ……………………………………………………. 28

Cost and Return Analysis ………………………………………………… 29

SUMMARY, CONCLUTION AND RECOMMENDATION

Summary …………………………………………………………………. 33

Conclusion ……………………………………………………………….. 34
Recommendation …………………..…………………………………… 34

LITERATURE CITED …………………………………………………………..... . 35

APPENDICES …………………………………………………………………….. 37

iii

INTRODUCTION

Nature of the Study

The vegetable industry in the Philippines plays an important role both in the
economy of the country and the nutrition of the populace. Romaine lettuce (Lactuca
sativa L.) is one of the salad vegetables being produced in the highlands of the Cordillera
region, especially in Benguet which mature early. Aside from its early maturing
characteristics, the price is as low as Php 20.00 to a high of Php 80.00 per kilo. This is
due to the low volume of production at present although Benguet and Mountain Province
have the best climatic condition for growing romaine lettuce.
The continues application of synthetic fertilizers from the introduction of “green
revolution” up to this time created many problems in the ecology, economy and social
dimensions. In ecological problems, Murakami (1991) mentioned the series of the
problems to be experienced like the degradation of the soil, increasing pests, degradation
of food quality, pollution of the soil and water, health hazard and disappearance of local
varieties.
Chemical fertilizers are applied to the soil in the form of granule or to the plant
leaves in the form of liquid solution. Soil application does not only make the soil acidic,
but also have the problem of fixation, leaching and nitrification. These observations may
be due to the fact that most of the fertilizers studied have nitrogen, phosphorous and
potassium but do not have micronutrients. The latest introduction of foliar fertilizers
guaranteed the inclusion of micronutrients which are commonly deficient in the soil.
These foliar fertilizers are synthetically or biologically produced. To evaluate the efficacy

Growth, Yield and Some Postharvest Characteristics of Romaine ‘Xanadu’ Applied With
Varying Rates of Fish-Kelp-Guano Liquid Fertilizer / Ray P. Copas. 2008

2
of these foliar fertilizers, especially those formulations from organic origin compatible
for organic production which is the trend, this study was proposed.

Importance of the Study
If the study on the varying rates of fish-kelp-guano liquid fertilizer show
increase on the growth and yield of romaine ‘Xanadu’ lettuce and reduced cost, it will
guide farmers to minimize their expenses on the fertilizers and to maximize their profit. If
this happens, farmers will not only increase food production to meet the requirement of
increasing population, but also raise their standard of living. This will lead to more
developments in the community. It will also help the technicians of the Department of
Agriculture promote their organic production program as well as the University whose
mandate is to conduct research.
This study was conducted at This study was conducted at the Balili Experiment
Area of Benguet State University, La Trinidad, Benguet from December 22, 2007 to
February 2, 2008 aimed to evaluate the growth and yield performance of the romaine
‘Tyrol’ applied with the varying rates of fish-kelp-guano liquid fertilizer by foliar or
drench method, to determine the best rates of fish-kelp-guano liquid fertilizer for romaine
‘Xanadu’ production, to determine the interaction between method of application and rate
of application and to determine the level of profitability of using the varying rates of the
fish-kelp-guano liquid fertilizer.

Growth, Yield and Some Postharvest Characteristics of Romaine ‘Xanadu’ Applied With
Varying Rates of Fish-Kelp-Guano Liquid Fertilizer / Ray P. Copas. 2008

3
REVIEW OF LITERATURE

Description of the Crop
According to Groman, (1997), there are three main kinds of lettuce: (1) head, (2)
leaf and (3) romaine. Head lettuce has leaves that curl around the center of the plant,
forming a ball-shaped head. Crisp head lettuce or iceberg lettuce has tight head and
brittle, juicy leaves. Leaf lettuce forms dense, leafy clumps instead of head. Gardeners
grow more of it than any kind. Most leaf lettuce has a tight green leaves but a few red
varieties have been developed for their taste and for the attractive color they give to
salads. The waxy, crinkled leaves vary in shape among various type of leaf lettuce. On
the other hand, romaine lettuce grows long and upright and its leaves are inward. The
leaves are tender can be easily damaged in shipment. Romaine lettuce is the most
nutritious among the lettuce crops.
Tied Jens (1964), stated that lettuce, a smooth annual plant of the family
compositae is extremely favored for its crisp tender leaves as salads. Lettuce grown on
well lime soil or sandy texture that permits adequate access to oxygen.
Moreover, McCollum (1924) said that after the leaf formation and leaf
branching, flowering stem develop, these stems range in height from 3 to 4 ft. (90-120
cm) and bear clusters of small yellow flower heads.
Historically, Watts (1922) presents the following classification and description
of the various types of lettuce recognized by most seeds men distinguished by their
upright growth habit, long-leaf shaped heads and the spatulate leaves. There is no
difficulty in identifying the romaine type, but certain crisp and the butter varieties are

Growth, Yield and Some Postharvest Characteristics of Romaine ‘Xanadu’ Applied With
Varying Rates of Fish-Kelp-Guano Liquid Fertilizer / Ray P. Copas. 2008

4
much alike, the latter are generally more delicately flavored, softer and with more pliable
texture; while the crisp varieties are coarser veined and larger ribbed than the other parts
of the leaf. On account of their much developed borders they are sometimes called frilled
lettuce. Romaine is the most upright growing of the four major types of lettuce. Romaine
has long, upright, crisp leaves with a distinctive midrib almost to the tip. The tip of the
leaf is blunt. Leaves are somewhat folded (cupped) and grouped into loose heads. The
interior leaves are more delicate and blanched than those toward the outside. This
cylindrically-hearted lettuce known to the Romans as Cappadocian lettuce is now called
Roman lettuce or more commonly, romaine. According to vegetable history, this dates
from the time when the Popes moved from Rome to Avignon in the 14th century,
bringing this type with them and having it grown in the palace gardens. It was therefore
known as Avignon lettuce. In England, however, it is called cos lettuce after the Greek
island that was the birthplace of Hippocrates. It was also grown and eaten raw or cooked
in China in early history. Paintings in Egyptian tombs dating from about 4500 BC reveal
a type of lettuce with long pointed leaves, not much different from romaine lettuce.

Soil and Climatic Adaptability
According to McCollum (1924), lettuce can be grown in a wide variety of soils,
including muck and sandy or silt loam. Lettuce prefers a moist but well-drained soil type,
rich in organic matter, sandy loam or loam with pH ranging from 6.55 to 7.50.
Temperature requirements, Groman (1997) wrote that most kinds of commercial
lettuce grow well in 21 to 24 degree Celsius. In contrast, Wallace (1975) mentioned that

Growth, Yield and Some Postharvest Characteristics of Romaine ‘Xanadu’ Applied With
Varying Rates of Fish-Kelp-Guano Liquid Fertilizer / Ray P. Copas. 2008

5
the optimum high for lettuce is 10 to 15 Celsius with a day temperature of 15 to 20
Celsius. Seeds germinate in 6 to 10 day and can be directly planted.

Importance of the Crop
Ensminge et al (1986) said that romaine lettuce is guaranteed to be packed with
nutrients. The vitamin and minerals found in romaine lettuce are especially good for
alleviation or preservations of many health complaints due to its extremely low calorie
amount and high water volume. Romaine lettuce while often over looked in the nutrition
world actually a very nutritive food. Based on its nutrients density, the food ranking
system qualified. It is source of vitamin A, C and foliate manganese.
Good source of dietary fiber. The fiber adds another plus in its collism of heart
healthy effects. Folic acid (vitamin B), is needed by the body to covert a damaging
chemical called “Homocytene” into another benign substances. In addition romaine
lettuce is a very good source of potassium, which is in lowering high blood pressure.

Importance of Organic Fertilizer
Plants use nutrients at different rates and at different times during the growing
season. For best results, ensure that the nutrients are available on a consistent basis.
Organic fertilizers are like an insurance policy. Most contain rock powders and complex
proteins that are not very water-soluble. This means organic fertilizers persist in the soil
for many months or even years. They become part of the soil, improving its texture and
long-term fertility.

Growth, Yield and Some Postharvest Characteristics of Romaine ‘Xanadu’ Applied With
Varying Rates of Fish-Kelp-Guano Liquid Fertilizer / Ray P. Copas. 2008

6
Organic fertilizers (including compost) also feed the diverse food web of
bacteria, fungi, earthworms and other beneficial soil life. These organisms convert soil
minerals into available nutrients that can be absorbed by plant roots. These organisms
also improve the texture of the soil by creating passageways for air and water and
aggregating soil particles into "crumbs." Beneficial bacteria and fungi also release many
disease-inhibiting substances.
Organic matter added to garden soil improves the soil structure and feeds the
microorganisms and insects. The more beneficial microorganisms your soil can support,
the less bad organisms will survive. The good guys feed on harmful microbes like
nematodes and certain soil born diseases.
They also release their nutrients into the soil when they die. So the more
beneficial microorganisms that are in the soil, the more nutrients will be in the soil. And
many types of organic matter add still more soil nutrients to the mix.

Beneficial Effects of Organic Fertilizer
Incorporating moderate amounts of animal manure and other organic materials
into the field is an established agricultural practice generally recognized to have
beneficial effects on the soil's physical, chemical, and microbiological properties. For
example, the use of properly composted organic soil amendments has been associated
with desirable soil properties. These properties include greater plant water-holding and
cation exchange capacity, lower bulk density of soils, and inducer of beneficial
microorganisms (Lin et al. 1973; Parr et al. 1986; Chao et al. 1996).

Growth, Yield and Some Postharvest Characteristics of Romaine ‘Xanadu’ Applied With
Varying Rates of Fish-Kelp-Guano Liquid Fertilizer / Ray P. Copas. 2008

7
One of the reasons for the unsustainability of cultivated soils is the decline in
soil organic matter content. Adequate amount of soil organic matter also greatly reduces
the difficulties of good crop production (Allison 1978). Therefore, restoring and
maintaining a high soil organic matter content is the principal strategy for attaining
economic progress and improving environmental quality. Increases in soil biomass,
biological abundance, and diversity are directly related to increased levels of organic
matter and good management practices, which, in turn, positively influence soil structure,
nutrient cycling and availability, buffering capacity, and pest and disease control in
cultivation systems.
There is also a close relationship between the nutrient status of soils and the
organic matter content. Researches have shown that under long-term treatments, adding
farmyard manure has raised soil fertility and yields to levels greater than those under
synthetic fertilizer treatments. In addition to directly supplying nutrients from the
mineralization of organic matter, the mechanisms of higher availability of nutrients with
soil of higher organic matter contents are multiple. Parsa and Wallace (1979) showed that
both dog manure and sewage sludge at lower rates were very effective in correcting the
Fe deficiency of sorghum in calcareous soil by significantly increasing the dry matter
yield and the uptake of Fe, Zn, Cu, and Mn. Benefits of compost amendments to soil also
include pH stabilization and faster water infiltration rate due to enhanced soil aggregation
(Stamatoados et al., 1999). Soils applied with compost initially had a lower soil pH than
those applied with synthetic fertilizers, but over time soil pH increased to higher levels in
soils with compost than those with synthetic fertilizers (Bulluck et al. 2002). The levels
of mycorrhizal colonization were greater under organic treatments than under the

Growth, Yield and Some Postharvest Characteristics of Romaine ‘Xanadu’ Applied With
Varying Rates of Fish-Kelp-Guano Liquid Fertilizer / Ray P. Copas. 2008

8
conventional. Organic matter increased the available phosphorus in the soil through the
organic anion, preventing P fixation and replacing the P bound to the soil (Swenson et al.
1949; Nagarajak et al., 1970; Kafkafi et al., 1998).
It has been shown that microbial activity and biomass are higher in fields with
organic amendments than fields with conventional fertilizers (Drinkwater et al. 1995).
Soils with compost application have higher propagule densities of Trichoderma species
than soils amended with synthetic fertilizers regardless of their production system history
(Bulluck et al. 2002). The supply of organic manure allows the direct uptake by plants of
specific chemicals needed for the development of their immune system. Therefore, the
application of organic manure also makes a direct contribution to the anti-
phytopathogenic potential of soils . This is particularly important in the case of the fungal
damping-off diseases such as Rhizotinia, Fusarium, and Pythium (Lampkin 1990). The
most important mechanism is the antagonism of soil microorganisms toward each other,
which may take the form of producing toxins and antibiotics, competing for nutrients and
energy, and/or parasitism (Lampkin, 1990).
The buildup of soil organic matter and maintenance of a protective surface cover
under organic and minimum tillage systems favor a reduction in soil loss and its
associated problems.

Fish-kelp-guano Liquid Fertilizer
According to the brochure of the liquid fertilizer, fresh marine fish extracts
contain substantial amount of protein, such as nitrogen, which is indispensable for plant
growth due to its effect on chlorophyll, protein and amino acid production. Apart from

Growth, Yield and Some Postharvest Characteristics of Romaine ‘Xanadu’ Applied With
Varying Rates of Fish-Kelp-Guano Liquid Fertilizer / Ray P. Copas. 2008

9
being an important source of nitrogen, it also offers healthy balance of all 18 nutrients
known to be significant for plants growth.
Moreover, fresh seaweeds Extracts contain more than 60 trace minerals and variety of
amino acids, enzymes and alginates that feed and increase the necessary microorganisms
in the soil. Includes plant growth hormones like Auxins, Cytokinins, and Giberilins
responsible for cell elongation, division etc. A healthy, vigorous microbial population
will divide organic materials and improve the quality and texture of the soil.
Furthermore, first class guano has so many agricultural uses, which guarantee
efficient soil regeneration and abundant harvests of high quality, making it an invaluable
agricultural fertilizer for producing organic food. It has a wide range of chelated material
(natural organo-mineral compounds with high molecular weight), giving it greater
structural stability and an extended residual effect on the soil.
The typical analysis printed on the container label are the following: Nitrogen –
0.42%, Phosphorous – 0.23%; Potassium – 5.31%; Magnesium – 0.16%, Calcium –
0.42%, Magnesium – trace; Copper – trace; Sodium – 0.21%; Iron – 50.46 ppm; and Zinc
– 9.53 ppm.

Growth, Yield and Some Postharvest Characteristics of Romaine ‘Xanadu’ Applied With
Varying Rates of Fish-Kelp-Guano Liquid Fertilizer / Ray P. Copas. 2008

10
MATERIALS AND METHOD

Materials
The materials used in the study are the seeds of Romaine ‘Xanadu’, garden tools,
water pumps, knapsack sprayer, measuring tools, watering cans, labeling materials,
compost, urea (46-0-0), and fish-kelp-guano liquid fertilizer (organic).

Methods
The study was laid out in Split-plot design with three replications. The treatment
combinations are represented as follows.
Methods of Application – Factor A
A1 – Foliar application
A2 – Drench application
Rate of Application – Factor B
R1 – 10 ml Fish-Kelp-Guano/gallon of water
R2 – 15 ml Fish-Kelp-Guano/gallon of water
R3 – 20 ml Fish-Kelp-Guano/gallon of water
R4 – Farmer’s practice

Seedling Production
Seeds of romaine ‘Xanadu’ were sown on seedling trays. The media used was
coconut coir dust. Proper care was done in order to produce healthy and vigorous
seedlings. The seedlings were transplanted 3 weeks after sowing the seeds.

Growth, Yield and Some Postharvest Characteristics of Romaine ‘Xanadu’ Applied With
Varying Rates of Fish-Kelp-Guano Liquid Fertilizer / Ray P. Copas. 2008

11
Land preparation
An area of 120 sq m was prepared for the study. The area was prepared into 24
plots measuring 1 m x 5 m and these plots were grouped into three blocks representing
the three replications and each replication contained eight plots to represent the eight
treatment plot combinations. Each plot was applied with 1 can coconut coir dust compost
and mixed thoroughly with the soil. The plant spacing was marked by pressing the tip of
the finger on the plot surface at a distance of 15 cm x 15 cm before transplanting the
seedlings.

Transplanting
Three weeks old seedlings were transplanted to their assigned plots in a triple
row with triangle arrangement at 15 cm marked during land preparation. These mean 33
seedlings per row or 99 seedlings per plot.

Fertilizer Application
The application of foliar fertilizer followed the rate specified in the treatments,
which was applied 9:00 in the morning. The treatments were implemented five days after
transplanting the seedlings at seven days interval. The farmers practice was drenched
with 200 grams urea in 16 liters water seven days after transplanting.

Growth, Yield and Some Postharvest Characteristics of Romaine ‘Xanadu’ Applied With
Varying Rates of Fish-Kelp-Guano Liquid Fertilizer / Ray P. Copas. 2008

12
Care and Maintenance
Irrigation was done every three days from transplanting to a day before harvest.
Pest control was done manually when insects were observed for the area is under
transition for conversion to organic crop production.

Harvesting
Harvesting the plants was done 36 days after transplanting or when the leaves of
the plants are erect and are capping. The crop was harvested by cutting the base with
sharp knife then packed in cartoon and sold to buyers.

Data Gathered
The data gathered, tabulated, computed and means subjected to separation test
by the Duncan’s Multiple Range Test (DMRT) were the following:
1. Number of days from transplanting to harvest. This was the number of days from
transplanting the seedlings to the day the plants were harvested.
2. Plant height at harvest (cm). This was obtained from ten samples plants by
measuring the leaves from the base to the tip of the leaves at harvest time.
3. Non-marketable yield (kg/plot). The weight of non-marketable plant with defects
such as diseased and rotten that were not sold in the market.
4. Marketable yield (kg/plot). This was the weight of marketable plants without
defects that were sold in the market.
5. Total Yield (kg/plot). The total weight of marketable and non marketable plants
per plot was recorded.

Growth, Yield and Some Postharvest Characteristics of Romaine ‘Xanadu’ Applied With
Varying Rates of Fish-Kelp-Guano Liquid Fertilizer / Ray P. Copas. 2008

13
6. Weight of individual plant (g). This was taken using the formula:
Plant weight (g) = Total plant weight/number of harvested plants per plot
7. Computed yield per hectare (tons). The yield per plot was converted to tons per
hectare by multiplying the yield per plot by 2000 then divided by 1000. Two
thousand is the number of plots per hectare based on the plot size of 1 m x 5 m
used in the study while 1000 is the weight of 1 ton.
8. Cost and Return Analysis. All expenses that were incurred in the study were
recorded and the Return on Investment (ROI) was computed using the formula:
ROI (%) = Gross sales per plot – Total expenses per plot x 100
Total expenses per plot
9. Phytotoxicity. The plants in each plot were observed if there were burning effects,
discoloration and other abnormalities as an effect of the foliar fertilizer applied.
10. Incidence of Insect Pest and Diseases.
A. Disease Incidence. This was evaluated on a per plot basis using the
following scale:
Rating Scale Description
1 No disease (no plant infested)
2 Slight Incidence (1-19% of plant is
infested per plot)
3 Moderate Incidence (20- 39% of
plant is infected per plot)
4 Severe Incidence (40% or more of
the plants is infected per plot)

Growth, Yield and Some Postharvest Characteristics of Romaine ‘Xanadu’ Applied With
Varying Rates of Fish-Kelp-Guano Liquid Fertilizer / Ray P. Copas. 2008

14
B. Insect Pest Incidence. This was evaluated on a per plot using the following
scale description:
Rating Scale Description
1 No disease (no damaged by
insect)
2 Slight Incidence (1-19% of the
plants is damaged by insect)
3 Moderate Incidence (20- 39%
of plant is damaged by insects)
4 Severe Incidence (40% or
more of plants is damaged by
insects).

11. Refractive index of crop juice (oBrix). Leaves were taken from each plot and
crushed and squeezed three drops of juice onto the prism of the hand
refractometer and the reading was recorded during harvest. This gave an idea of
the quality of the vegetable produce.

12. Post harvest
a.) Shelf life. This was the number of days from the day the plants
were harvested and displayed in the storage room to the day they
were not fit for consumption.

Growth, Yield and Some Postharvest Characteristics of Romaine ‘Xanadu’ Applied With
Varying Rates of Fish-Kelp-Guano Liquid Fertilizer / Ray P. Copas. 2008

15
b.) Weight loss. The initial weight of the three plant samples in each
plot was recorded and the weight during the termination was also
recorded and the difference was the loss of weight.
c.) Days to 100% wilting. This was the number of days from the day
the sample were displayed under ambient storage room to the
day all the leaves of sample plants wilted.
13. Other Observations. Other observation that cannot be measured was recorded by
means of photographs.

Growth, Yield and Some Postharvest Characteristics of Romaine ‘Xanadu’ Applied With
Varying Rates of Fish-Kelp-Guano Liquid Fertilizer / Ray P. Copas. 2008

16
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Days from Transplanting to Harvest
Effect of application methods. The plants were harvested at the same time as
they attained the same maturity period (Table 1). This means that foliar and drench
application have similar effect.
Effect of application rates. The varying rates of fish-kelp-guano liquid fertilizer
and the farmer’s practice of drenching inorganic fertilizer have similar number of days
from transplanting to crop harvest (Table 1). Apparently, the application rates did not
significantly affect the number of days from transplanting to harvest in romaine
‘Xanadu’.
Interaction effect. There were no significant effects between application methods
and rates of application on plant height at harvest.

Plant Height at Harvest
Effect of application methods. Table 1 shows the similar height of romaine
‘Xanadu’ applied with fish-kelp-guano liquid fertilizer through foliar or drench method at
harvest.
Effect of application rates. The application of 20 ml fish-kelp-guano liquid
fertilizer per gallon of water produced the tallest plants, but did not significantly differ
from the other rates and from the farmers practice as shown in Table 1. This means that
the varying rates did not have marked influence on romaine ‘Xanadu’ height at harvest.

Growth, Yield and Some Postharvest Characteristics of Romaine ‘Xanadu’ Applied With
Varying Rates of Fish-Kelp-Guano Liquid Fertilizer / Ray P. Copas. 2008

17
Interaction effect. There were no significant interaction effects between
application methods and rates of application on plant height at harvest.

Table 1. Number of days to harvest and plant height at harvest

TREATMENT
DAYS TO HARVEST
PLANT HEIGHT

(days)
(cm)

Methods of Application

Foliar
36a
26.55a

Drench
36a
26.51 a

Rates of Application

10 ml
36a
26.70 a

15 ml
36a
25.80 a

20 ml
36a
27.09 a

Farmer’s practice
36a
26.52 a

Means in a column with the same letter are not significantly different at 5% level by
DMRT

Marketable Yield
Effect of application methods. Drenching the fish-kelp-guano liquid fertilizer
produced slightly heavier marketable yield than foliar application as shown in table 2.
This means that the application may be either drenching or by foliar spraying.
Effect of application rates. The marketable yield from the farmer’s practice
significantly surpassed the yield obtained from the plants applied with varying rates of
fish-kelp-guano liquid fertilizers, which did not show marked differences among the 10

Growth, Yield and Some Postharvest Characteristics of Romaine ‘Xanadu’ Applied With
Varying Rates of Fish-Kelp-Guano Liquid Fertilizer / Ray P. Copas. 2008

18
to 20 ml liquid fertilizer per gallon of water (Table 2). The higher marketable yield from
the farmer’s practice maybe due to the significantly lighter non-marketable yield shown
from the same table.
The application of 46-0-0 (urea) in the farmers practice produced the
heaviest marketable romaine due to the higher percentage of nitrogen than from the liquid
fertilizer which has only 0.42 %.
Interaction effect. There were no significant interaction effect between the
methods of application and the rate of application.

Non-marketable Yield
Effect of application methods. The weight of non-marketable yield is shown in
Table 2. Statistical analysis shows that there was no significant difference between foliar
and drench methods of applying fish-kelp-guano liquid fertilizer.
Effect of application rates. As presented in Table 2, the weight of non-
marketable yield from the farmers practice was significantly lighter compared to those
plants applied with fish-kelp-guano liquid fertilizer. The application of 46-0-0 may have
promoted more marketable with lesser non-marketable plants.
Interaction effect. There was no significant interaction effect observed between
methods and rates of application on the non-marketable yield of romaine ‘Xanadu’.

Total Yield
Effect of application methods. There were no significant differences observed
between the two methods of applying the liquid fertilizer (Table 2). However, drenching

Growth, Yield and Some Postharvest Characteristics of Romaine ‘Xanadu’ Applied With
Varying Rates of Fish-Kelp-Guano Liquid Fertilizer / Ray P. Copas. 2008

19
the fish-kelp-guano liquid has a slight advantage of 1.01 kg per 5 sq. m, which when
expanded to a hectare area will mean great economic benefit for the grower.
Effect of application rates. As shown in Table 2, plants applied with 10 ml fish-
kelp-guano liquid fertilizer per gallon of water has significantly lower total yield than 15-
20 ml per gallon of water and farmer’s practice with similar total yield. This observation
confirms the instruction in the container that 15 ml concentrate solution is to one gallon
of water. The application of 10 ml may suggest that it is not enough to promote
significant increase in yield of a crop to be applied.
Fish-kelp-guano liquid fertilizer at the rate of 15 – 20 ml per gallon of
water and farmers practice did not show significant difference.
Interaction effect. There were no significant interaction effect between the
methods and the rate of application.

Growth, Yield and Some Postharvest Characteristics of Romaine ‘Xanadu’ Applied With
Varying Rates of Fish-Kelp-Guano Liquid Fertilizer / Ray P. Copas. 2008

20
Table 2. Marketable yield, non-marketable yield and total yield

TREATMENT
MARKETABLE
NON-MARKETABLE
TOTAL YIELD

YIELD (kg)
YIELD (kg)
(kg)

Methods of
Application

Foliar
13.26a
1.55 a
14.81 a

Drench
14.42 a
1.40 a
15.82 a

Rates of
Application

10 ml
12.73b
1.63 a
14.36 b

15 ml
13.55 b
1.63 a
15.18 a

20 ml
13.72 b
1.48 a
15.20 a

Farmer’s practice
15.35 a
1.15 b
16.50 a

Means in a column with a common letter are not significantly different at 5% level by
DMRT

Weight of Individual Plant
Effect of application methods. Table 3 shows the similar weights of the
individual romaine ‘Xanadu’ applied with fish-kelp-guano liquid fertilizer through foliar
and drench.
Effect of application rates. The weight of individual romaine ‘Xanadu’ from the
farmer’s practice and applied with 15 to 20 ml per gallon of water significantly
outweighed the 10 ml per gallon of water (Table 3).

Growth, Yield and Some Postharvest Characteristics of Romaine ‘Xanadu’ Applied With
Varying Rates of Fish-Kelp-Guano Liquid Fertilizer / Ray P. Copas. 2008

21
As mentioned earlier the application of 46-0-0 in the farmer’s practice and
15 to 20 ml per gallon of water may have provided the nutrient elements that enhanced
growth and yield.
Interaction effect. There were no significant interaction effect between the
methods and the rate of application.

Computed Yield per Hectare
Effect of application methods. Consistent with all the other data, the computed
yield per hectare shows similar yield of romaine ‘Xanadu’ applied with fish-kelp-guano
liquid fertilizer through foliar and drench (Table 3).
Effect of application rates. Table 3 shows that the application of farmer’s
practice and 15 to 20 ml fish-kelp-guano liquid fertilizer per gallon of water produced
more yield than 10 ml fish-kelp-guano liquid fertilizer per gallon of water. This may
suggest that 10 ml is not enough to provide the nutrient for optimum growth and yield.
Interaction effect. There were no significant interaction effect between the
methods and the rate of application.

Growth, Yield and Some Postharvest Characteristics of Romaine ‘Xanadu’ Applied With
Varying Rates of Fish-Kelp-Guano Liquid Fertilizer / Ray P. Copas. 2008

22

a.) Overview of the experiment

b.) Close – up view

Figure 1. Photographs of showing the overview of the experiment (a) and close-up
without pest damage and liquid fertilizer toxicity

Growth, Yield and Some Postharvest Characteristics of Romaine ‘Xanadu’ Applied With
Varying Rates of Fish-Kelp-Guano Liquid Fertilizer / Ray P. Copas. 2008

23
Table 3. Weight of individual plant and computed yield per hectare

TREATMENT
WEIGHT OF
COMPUTED YIELD PER

INDIVIDUAL PLANT (g)
HECTARE (ton)

Methods of Application

Foliar
255.17a
29.60 a

Drench
260.80 a
30.35 a

Rates of Application

10 ml
243.39b
28.67 b

15 ml
259.48 a
30.10 a

20 ml
262.07 a
30.40 a

Farmer’s practice
267.01 a
30.73 a

Means in a column with a common letter are not significantly different at 5% level of
DMRT

Phytotoxicity.
Effect of application methods. The plants did not show any burning effects,
discoloration and other abnormalities. This means that foliar and drench application do
not have any toxicity to romaine ‘Xanadu’ as shown in Table 4.
Effect of application rates. The varying rates of fish-kelp-guano liquid fertilizer
and the farmer’s practice of drenching inorganic fertilizer did not show any burning
effects, discoloration and abnormalities on the plants (Table 4).
Interaction effect. There were no significant effect between application method
and rates of applications in terms of phytotoxicity.

Growth, Yield and Some Postharvest Characteristics of Romaine ‘Xanadu’ Applied With
Varying Rates of Fish-Kelp-Guano Liquid Fertilizer / Ray P. Copas. 2008

24
Disease Incidence
Effect of application methods. Table 4 shows the similar roting of disease
incidence in romaine ‘Xanadu’ applied with fish-kelp-guano liquid fertilizer through
foliar or drench method.
Effect of application rates. As presented in Table 4, the disease incidence from
different rates of applying fish-kelp-guano liquid fertilizer and farmer’s practice did not
differ significantly.
Interaction effect. There were no significant interaction effect between the
methods and the rate of application in terms of disease incidence.

Insect Pest Incidence
Effect of application methods. Table 4 shows the similar rating on insect pest
incidence in romaine ‘Xanadu’ applied with varying rates of fish-kelp-guano liquid
fertilizer through foliar and drench methods.
Effect of application rates. As presented in Table 4, insect pest incidence from
the different rates of applying fish-kelp-guano liquid fertilizer and farmer’s practice did
not show significant differences. This means that the varying rates studied did not
influence the insect incidence to romaine ‘Xanadu’
Interaction effect. There was no interaction effect observed between application
methods and rates of application.

Growth, Yield and Some Postharvest Characteristics of Romaine ‘Xanadu’ Applied With
Varying Rates of Fish-Kelp-Guano Liquid Fertilizer / Ray P. Copas. 2008

25
Table 4. Phytotoxicity, and incidence of insect pest and diseases

TREATMENT
PHYTOTOXICITY
INSECT PEST
DISEASE

INCIDENCE
INCIDENCE

Methods of
Application

Foliar
None
2.17a
2.00 a

Drench
None
2.17 a
1.92 a

Rates of Application

10 ml
None
2.33 a
2.00 a

15 ml
None
2.33 a
2.00 a

20 ml
None
2.00 a
2.00 a

Farmer’s practice
None
2.00 a
1.83 a

Means in a column with the same letter are not significantly different at 5% level by
DMRT

Refractive Index of Crop Juice
Effect of application methods. The sugar content of romaine ‘Xanadu’ is shown
in Table 5. Statistical analysis shows that there was no significant difference between
foliar and drench methods of applying fish-kelp-guano liquid fertilizer.
Effect of application rates. As presented in Table 5, the sugar content of romaine
‘Xanadu’ was not affected by the different rates of applying fish-kelp-guano-liquid
fertilizer.
Interaction effect. There was no significant interaction effect observed between
application methods and rates of applying fish-kelp-guano liquid fertilizer.

Growth, Yield and Some Postharvest Characteristics of Romaine ‘Xanadu’ Applied With
Varying Rates of Fish-Kelp-Guano Liquid Fertilizer / Ray P. Copas. 2008

26
Shelf-life
Effect of application methods. The plants were displayed in the storage room at
ambient condition has the same shelf-life. This means that foliar and drench applications
did not influence the shelf-life of the romaine ‘Xanadu’ (Table 5).
Effect of application rates. The varying rates of fish-kelp-guano liquid fertilizer
and the farmer’s practice have similar number of days from harvest from to the day it is
still fit for consumption.
Interaction effect. There were no significant effect between application method
and rates of application on shelf-life of romaine ‘Xanadu’.

Weight Loss
Effect of application. The weight loss is shown in Table 5. Statistical analysis
shows that there was no significant difference between foliar and drench methods of
applying fish-kelp-guano-liquid fertilizer
Effect of application rates. As shown in Table 5. Statistical analysis shows that
no significant differences among the rates of applying fish-kelp-guano liquid fertilizer
and the farmer’s practice on the weight loss during storage of romaine ‘Xanadu’.
Interaction effect. There was no significant interaction effect observed between
methods and the rates of application on the weight loss of displayed crops.

Growth, Yield and Some Postharvest Characteristics of Romaine ‘Xanadu’ Applied With
Varying Rates of Fish-Kelp-Guano Liquid Fertilizer / Ray P. Copas. 2008

27

Figure 2. Photograph of the different samples set-up inside the horticulture service
laboratory room

Growth, Yield and Some Postharvest Characteristics of Romaine ‘Xanadu’ Applied With
Varying Rates of Fish-Kelp-Guano Liquid Fertilizer / Ray P. Copas. 2008

28
Table 5. Refractive index of crop juice, shelf-life, and weight loss

TREATMENT
REFRACTIVE INDEX OF
SHELF-LIFE
WEIGHT LOSS
CROP JUICE (0brix)
(days)
(g)

Methods of
Application

Foliar
3.52 a
5.58 a
248.93 a

Drench
3.45 a
5.83 a
246.64 a

Rate of Application

10 ml
3.30 a
5.67 a
254.50 a

15 ml
3.37 a
5.67 a
280.80 a

20 ml
3.60 a
5.67 a
225.97 a

Farmer’s practice
3.67 a
5.83 a
232.87 a

Means in a column with the same letter are not significantly different at 5% level by
DMRT

Days to 100% Wilting
Effect of application method. The plants displayed in the storage room wilted at
the same time as shown in Table 6. This means that foliar and drench application have
similar effect on the duration of wilting.
Effect of application rate. As shown in Table 6, the varying rates of fish-kelp-
guano liquid fertilizer and the farmers practice have similar days from harvest to storage
to attain 100 % wilting.
Interaction effect. There were no significant effect between application method
and rates of application on the days to 100% wilting.

Growth, Yield and Some Postharvest Characteristics of Romaine ‘Xanadu’ Applied With
Varying Rates of Fish-Kelp-Guano Liquid Fertilizer / Ray P. Copas. 2008

29
Table 6. Days to 100% wilting

TREATMENT
DAYS TO WILTING (days)

Methods of Application

Foliar
3a

Drench
3 a

Rate of Application
3 a

10 ml
3 a

15 ml
3 a

20 ml
3 a

Farmer’s practice
3 a

Means with a common letter are not significantly different at 5% level by DMRT

Cost and Return Analysis

Methods of application. As shown in Table 7, drenching the fish-kelp-guano
lquid fertilizer obtained 83.03% return on investment in the production of romaine
‘Xanadu’ compared to the 73.33% ROI of spraying the foliage of the crop. While the
statistical analysis on the yield shows slight difference of Php 0.10 advantage from
drenching may provide tremendous economic contribution to the farmer in a hectare
basis.
Rates of application. Table 8 show’s that the farmer’s practice obtained the
highest return on investment of 128.08% or Php 1.28 for every peso spent in the

Growth, Yield and Some Postharvest Characteristics of Romaine ‘Xanadu’ Applied With
Varying Rates of Fish-Kelp-Guano Liquid Fertilizer / Ray P. Copas. 2008

30
production. This was followed by the application of 15 ml fish-kelp-guano liquid
fertilizer per gallon of water with 87.49% and 85.99%, respectively.

Growth, Yield and Some Postharvest Characteristics of Romaine ‘Xanadu’ Applied With
Varying Rates of Fish-Kelp-Guano Liquid Fertilizer / Ray P. Copas. 2008

31
Table 7. Cost and return analysis of rates from the methods of applying the liquid
fertilizer

ITEM
FOLIAR
DRENCH

YIELD (kg)
159.10
168.00

SALES (PhP)
2863.80
3024.00

INPUTS:

1. Compost
135.00
135.00

2. Seedlings
270.00
270.00

3. Fish-kelp-guano liquid
141.50
141.50
Fertilizer

LABOR:

1. Land preparation
140.64
140.64

2. Transplanting
84.39
84.39

3. Irrigation
323.46
323.46

4. Fertilizer application
168.75
168.75

5. Harvesting
196.89
196.89

DEPRECIATION COST
191.59
191.59

TOTAL EXPENSES
1652.22
1652.22

NET INCOME
1211.58

1371.78

ROI (%)
73.33
87.59
Note: Selling price was Php 18/kg

Growth, Yield and Some Postharvest Characteristics of Romaine ‘Xanadu’ Applied With
Varying Rates of Fish-Kelp-Guano Liquid Fertilizer / Ray P. Copas. 2008

32
Table 8. Cost and return analysis of the method of liquid fertilizer application

ITEM
RATES OF APLICATION
FARMER’S

10 ml
15 ml
20 ml
PRACTICE

YIELD (kg)
76.40
81.30
82.30
87.10

SALES (Php)
1375.20
1463.40
1481.40
1567.80

INPUTS:

1. Compost
90.00
90.00
90.00
90.00

2. Seedlings
180.00
180.00
180.00
180.00

3. Insecticides
---
---
---
21

4. Urea
---
---
---
24

5. Fish-kelp-guano liquid 63.00
94.50
126.00
---
fertilizer

LABOR:

1. Land
46.88
46.88
46.88
46.88
Preparation

2. Transplanting
28.13
28.13
28.13
28.13

3. Irrigation
107.82
107.82
107.82
107.82

4. Fertilizer application
56.25
56.25
56.25
18.75

5. Spraying
---
---
---
9.38

6. Harvesting
733.50
65.63
65.63
65.63

DEPRECIATION COST
191.59
191.59
191.59
191.59

TOTAL EXPENSES
733.50
765.00
796.50
687.38

NET INCOME
641.70
698.00
684.90
880.42

ROI (%)
87.49
91.29
85.99
128.08
Note: The selling price was Php 18.00/kg

Growth, Yield and Some Postharvest Characteristics of Romaine ‘Xanadu’ Applied With
Varying Rates of Fish-Kelp-Guano Liquid Fertilizer / Ray P. Copas. 2008

33
SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION

Summary

The study was conducted at the Balili expereiment area and Agriculture
laboratory room of Benguet State University, La Trinidad, Benguet from December 22,
2007 to February 2, 2008 to evaluate the growth and yield and some postharvest
characteristics of romaine ‘Xanadu’ as affected by the application of fish-kelp-guano
liquid fertilizer , determine the best method of applying the fertilizer, determine the
effective rate of application, determine the interaction effect of the factors and asses the
profitability of using the said fertilizer.
The following are the findings:
Methods of application. Foliar and drench application did differ in their effect on
the growth, yield and some postharvest characteristics of romaine ‘Xanadu’. However,
drenching effected slightly higher yield in than the foliar application resulting to higher
return on investment.
Rates of application. The farmers’ practice of applying natural organic fertilizer
and urea effected significantly higher marketable yield due to a significant lower non-
marketable yield obtaining the highest return on investment of 128.08%. This was
followed by 15 ml, 10 ml and 20 ml fish-kelp-guano liquid fertilizer per gallon of water
with return on investment of 91.29%, 87.49% and 85.99%. Slight differences were
observed in the incidence of pest and disease, sugar content, and no burning effect or
phytotoxicity was observed.

Growth, Yield and Some Postharvest Characteristics of Romaine ‘Xanadu’ Applied With
Varying Rates of Fish-Kelp-Guano Liquid Fertilizer / Ray P. Copas. 2008

34
Interaction between the two factors. There were no significant interaction effect
of methods and rates of application in all the data gathered.
Conclusion
Based on the results, the farmers’ practice applying natural organic fertilizer and
urea effected higher marketable yield of romaine ‘Xanadu’ and with lower cost of
production giving higher return on investment without marked differences on some post
harvest characteristics.

Recommendation
It is therefore recommended that farmers’ practice of applying chicken manure
as basal and drenching of urea one week after transplanting is still recommended for
romaine ‘Xanadu’ production.

Growth, Yield and Some Postharvest Characteristics of Romaine ‘Xanadu’ Applied With
Varying Rates of Fish-Kelp-Guano Liquid Fertilizer / Ray P. Copas. 2008

35
LITERATURE CITED

ALLISON,___. 1978. Soil organic matter and its role in crop production. Elsevier.
Amsterdam, the Netherlands.

BULLUCK, L.R., M. BROSIUS, G. K. EVANYLO AND J.B. RISTAINO.2002. Organic
and synthetic fertility amendments influence soil microbial, physical and chemical
properties on organic and conventional farms. Appl. Soil Ecol., 19: 147-160.

CHAO, W. L., H. J. TU, AND C. C. CHAO. 1996. Nitrogen transformations in tropical
soils under conventional and sustainable farming systems. Biol. Fertile. Soils, 21:
252-256.

DRINKWATER, L. E., D. K. LETOURNEAU, F. WORKNEH, A. C. H.VAN
BRUGGEN, AND C. SHENNAN. 1995. Fundamental differences between
conventional and organic tomato agroecosystems in California. Ecol. Appl. 5:
1098- 1112.

GROMAN, J. 1997. The World book Encyclopedia. London. World book Inc. 12: 194-
195

ENSMINGER, A.H., ESMINGER and M.J.K. ENSMINGER. 1986. Food for Health
Nutrition Encyclopedia California: Pegus Press. p. 1786

KATHYLALIBERTE.http://www.gardeners.com/The+Importance+of+fertilizer/5010,de
fault,pg.html?SC=. Accessed on November 5, 2007

LIN, C. F., T. S. WANG, A. H. CHANG AND C. Y. CHENG. 1973. Effects of some
long-term fertilizer treatments on the chemical properties of soil and yield of rice.
J. Taiwan Agric. Res., 22: 241-292.

LAMPKIN, N. 1990. Organic farming. Ipswich, UK: Farming press. Pp. 214-271.

Mc COLLUM, P.J. 1942. The American Encyclopedia. Pp. 258.

TIEDJENS, X.A. 1964. Collier’s Encyclopedia. The Crowell-Collier Publixcation, Co.
4:523

PARSA, A. A. AND A. WALLACE. 1979. Organic solid wastes from urban
environment as iron sources of sourghum. Plant Soil, 53: 453-461.

STAMATOADOS, S., M. WERNER, AND M. BUCHANAM. 1999. Field assessment of
soil quality as affected by compost and fertilizer application in a broccoli field
(San Benito Country, California). Appl. Soil Ecol., 12: 217-225.

Growth, Yield and Some Postharvest Characteristics of Romaine ‘Xanadu’ Applied With
Varying Rates of Fish-Kelp-Guano Liquid Fertilizer / Ray P. Copas. 2008

36

SWENSON, R. M., C. V. COLE AND D. H. SIELING. 1949. Fixation of phosphorous
by iron and aluminum and replacement by organic and inorganic anions. Soil Sci.,
67: 3-22.

WATTS, R.L. 1922. Vegetable Gardening. New York: Orange Judd. Pp. 351-358

Growth, Yield and Some Postharvest Characteristics of Romaine ‘Xanadu’ Applied With
Varying Rates of Fish-Kelp-Guano Liquid Fertilizer / Ray P. Copas. 2008

37
APPENDICES

Appendix Table 1. Plant height at harvest (cm)

R E P L I CA T I O N

TREATMENT

TOTAL
MEAN

I II III

A1 R1
26.99
24.99
24.73
76.71
25.57

R2
24.97
26.68
24.99
76.64
25.55

R3
27.26
25.69
28.76
81.71
27.24

R4
26.96
27.04
26.48
80.48
26.83

A2 R1
26.71
26.65
27.14
80.50
26.83

R2
26.16
26.54
25.46
78.16
26.05

R3
25.50
26.54
28.76
80.80
26.93

R4
26.08
24.64
27.42
78.14
26.05

TWO WAY TABLE

R E P L I CA T I O N

TREATMENT

TOTAL MEAN

R1
R2
R3
R4

A1
25.57
25.55
27.24
26.83
105.18
26.30

A2
26.83
26.05
26.93
26.05
105.87
26.47

Growth, Yield and Some Postharvest Characteristics of Romaine ‘Xanadu’ Applied With
Varying Rates of Fish-Kelp-Guano Liquid Fertilizer / Ray P. Copas. 2008

38
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE

Source
Degrees of
Sum of
Mean
Computed
TABULAR F

Freedom
Squares
Square
F
0.05
0.01

Replication
2
0.85
0.43

Factor A
1
0.01
0.01
0.04ns
18.51
98.49

Error
2
3.85
1.92

Factor B
3
5.22
1.74
1.08ns
3.49
5.95

AB
3
1.18
0.39
0.24sn
3.49
5.95

Error
12
19.40
1.62

Total
23
30.51
ns= Not significant
Coefficient of Variation: 4.79%
sn= Significant

Growth, Yield and Some Postharvest Characteristics of Romaine ‘Xanadu’ Applied With
Varying Rates of Fish-Kelp-Guano Liquid Fertilizer / Ray P. Copas. 2008

39
Appendix Table 2. Non-marketable yield (kg)

R E P L I CA T I O N

TREATMENT

TOTAL
MEAN

I II III

A1 R1
1.80
1.80
2.10
5.70
1.90

R2
1.70
2.00
1.20
4.90
1.63

R3
1.60
1.80
1.30
4.70
1.57

R4
1.00
1.00
1.30
3.30
1.10

A2 R1
1.70
1.10
1.30
18.60
1.37

R2
1.90
2.00
1.00
4.10
1.63

R3
1.60
1.50
1.10
4.90
1.40

R4
1.20
1.60
0.80
4.20
1.20

TWO WAY TABLE

TREATMENT
R E P L I CA T I O N
TOTAL MEAN

R1
R2
R3
R4

A1
1.90
1.63
1.57
1.10
6.20
1.55

A2
1.37
1.63
1.40
1.20
5.60
1.40

Growth, Yield and Some Postharvest Characteristics of Romaine ‘Xanadu’ Applied With
Varying Rates of Fish-Kelp-Guano Liquid Fertilizer / Ray P. Copas. 2008

40
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE

Source
Degrees of
Sum of
Mean
Computed
TABULAR F

Freedom
Squares
Square
F
0.05
0.01

Replication
2
0.55
0.27

Factor A
1
0.14
0.14
1.05ns
18.51
98.49

Error
2
0.26
0.13

Factor B
3
0.94
0.31
3.66*
3.49
5.95

AB
3
0.35
0.12
1.36ns
3.49
5.95

Error
12
1.02
0.09

Total
23
3.25
ns- Not significant
Coefficient of Variation: 19.78%
* - Significant

Growth, Yield and Some Postharvest Characteristics of Romaine ‘Xanadu’ Applied With
Varying Rates of Fish-Kelp-Guano Liquid Fertilizer / Ray P. Copas. 2008

41
Appendix Table 3. Marketable yield (kg)

R E P L I CA T I O N

TREATMENT

TOTAL
MEAN

I II III

A1 R1
11.00
13.20
11.70
35.90
11.97

R2
13.20
12.70
13.50
39.40
13.13

R3
12.50
14.30
13.90
40.70
13.57

R4
14.00
14.60
14.50
43.10
14.37

A2 R1
14.60
12.40
53.60
40.50
13.05

R2
14.30
13.40
13.50
41.90
13.97

R3
13.80
13.40
14.20
41.60
13.87

R4
14.60
14.20
14.40
44.00
14.60

TWO WAY TABLE

TREATMENT
R E P L I CA T I O N
TOTAL MEAN

R1
R2
R3
R4

A1
11.97
13.13
13.57
14.37
53.03
13.26

A2
13.50
13.97
13.87
14.60
56.00
14.00

Growth, Yield and Some Postharvest Characteristics of Romaine ‘Xanadu’ Applied With
Varying Rates of Fish-Kelp-Guano Liquid Fertilizer / Ray P. Copas. 2008

42
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE

Source
Degrees of
Sum of
Mean
Computed
TABULAR F
Freedom
Squares
Square
F
0.05
0.01

Replication
2
1.45
0.72

Factor A
1
8.05
8.05
1.50ns
18.51
98.49

Error
2
10.73
5.36

Factor B
3
21.63
7.21
6.87**
3.49
5.95

AB
3
2.46
0.82
0.78ns
3.49
5.95

Error
12
12.59
1.05

Total
23
56.90
ns-Not significant
Coefficient of Variation: 7.40%
**- Highly significant

Growth, Yield and Some Postharvest Characteristics of Romaine ‘Xanadu’ Applied With
Varying Rates of Fish-Kelp-Guano Liquid Fertilizer / Ray P. Copas. 2008

43
Appendix Table 4. Total yield (kg)

R E P L I CA T I O N

TREATMENT

TOTAL
MEAN

I II III

A1 R1
12.80
15.00
13.80
41.60
13.87

R2
14.90
14.70
14.60
44.20
14.73

R3
14.10
16.10
15.20
45.40
15.13

R4
15.00
15.60
15.80
46.40
15.47

A2 R1
14.30
14.0
14.80
43.1
14.37

R2
16.20
14.70
15.20
46.10
15.37

R3
15.40
14.90
15.50
45.80
15.27

R4
15.8
15.30
16.00
47.10
15.70

TWO WAY TABLE

TREATMENT
R E P L I CA T I O N
TOTAL MEAN

R1
R2
R3
R4

A1
13.87
14.73
15.13
15.47
59.20
14.80

A2
14.37
15.37
15.27
15.70
60.53
15.13

Growth, Yield and Some Postharvest Characteristics of Romaine ‘Xanadu’ Applied With
Varying Rates of Fish-Kelp-Guano Liquid Fertilizer / Ray P. Copas. 2008

44
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE

Source
Degrees of
Sum of
Mean
Computed
TABULAR F

Freedom
Squares
Square
F
0.05
0.01

Replication
2
0.390
0.195

Factor A
1
0.844
0.844
0.48ns
18.51
98.49

Error
2
3.490
1.745

Factor B
3
6.975
2.325
9.60**
3.49
5.95

AB
3
0.241
0.080
0.33ns
3.49
5.95

Error
12
2.907
0.242

Total
23
14.846
ns-Not significant
Coefficient of Variation: 3.28%
** - Highly significant

Growth, Yield and Some Postharvest Characteristics of Romaine ‘Xanadu’ Applied With
Varying Rates of Fish-Kelp-Guano Liquid Fertilizer / Ray P. Copas. 2008

45
Appendix Table 5. Weight of individual plant (g)

R E P L I CA T I O N

TREATMENT

TOTAL
MEAN

I II III

A1 R1
220.69
258.62
237.93
717.24
239.08

R2
256.90
253.45
251.72
762.07
254.02

R3
243.10
277.59
262.07
782.76
260.92

R4
258.62
268.97
272.41
800.00
266.67

A2 R1
246.55
241.38
255.17
743.1
247.70

R2
279.31
253.45
262.07
794.83
264.94

R3
265.52
256.89
267.24
789.65
263.22

R4
272.41
263.79
275.86
812.06
270.69

TWO WAY TABLE

TREATMENT
R E P L I CA T I O N
TOTAL MEAN

R1
R2
R3
R4

A1
239.08
254.02
260.92
266.67
1020.69
255.17

A2
247.70
264.94
263.22
270.69
1046.55
261.64

Growth, Yield and Some Postharvest Characteristics of Romaine ‘Xanadu’ Applied With
Varying Rates of Fish-Kelp-Guano Liquid Fertilizer / Ray P. Copas. 2008

46
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE

Source
Degrees of
Sum of
Mean
Computed
TABULAR F
Freedom
Squares
Square
F
0.05
0.01

Replication
2
106.98
53.49

Factor A
1
190.24
190.24
0.31ns
18.51
98.49

Error
2
1218.48
609.24

Factor B
3
1880.30
626.77
8.39**
3.49
5.95

AB
3
108.71
36.24
0.48ns
3.49
5.95

Error
12
896.81
74.73

Total
23
4401.52
ns- Not significant
Coefficient of Variation: 3.35%
** - Highly significant

\\

Growth, Yield and Some Postharvest Characteristics of Romaine ‘Xanadu’ Applied With
Varying Rates of Fish-Kelp-Guano Liquid Fertilizer / Ray P. Copas. 2008

47
Appendix Table 6. Computed yield per hectare (ton)

R E P L I CA T I O N

TREATMENT

TOTAL
MEAN

I II III

A1 R1
25.60
30.00
27.60
83.20
27.73

R2
29.80
29.40
29.20
88.40
29.47

R3
28.20
32.20
30.40
90.80
30.27

R4
30.00
31.20
31.60
92.80
30.93

A2 R1
28.60
30.60
29.60
88.80
29.60

R2
32.40
29.40
30.40
92.20
30.73

R3
30.80
29.80
31.00
91.60
30.53

R4
31.60
28.00
32.00
91.60
30.53

TWO WAY TABLE

TREATMENT
R E P L I CA T I O N
TOTAL MEAN

R1
R2
R3
R4

A1
27.73
29.47
30.27
30.93
118.40
29.6

A2
29.60
30.73
30.53
30.53
121.40
30.35

Growth, Yield and Some Postharvest Characteristics of Romaine ‘Xanadu’ Applied With
Varying Rates of Fish-Kelp-Guano Liquid Fertilizer / Ray P. Copas. 2008

48
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE

Source
Degrees of
Sum of
Mean
Computed
TABULAR F

Freedom
Squares
Square
F
0.05
0.01

Replication
2
1.56
0.78

Factor A
1
3.38
3.38
0.48 ns
18.51
98.49

Error
2
13.96
6.98

Factor B
3
14.90
4.97
2.84 ns
3.49
5.95

AB
3
4.61
1.54
0.88 ns
3.49
5.95

Error
12
20.99
1.75

Total
23
59.39
ns- Not significant
Coefficient of Variation: 4.41%

Growth, Yield and Some Postharvest Characteristics of Romaine ‘Xanadu’ Applied With
Varying Rates of Fish-Kelp-Guano Liquid Fertilizer / Ray P. Copas. 2008

49
Appendix Table 7. Disease Incidence

R E P L I CA T I O N

TREATMENT

TOTAL
MEAN

I II III

A1 R1
2
2
2
6
2

R2
2
2
2
6
2

R3
2
2
2
6
2

R4
2
2
2
6
2

A2 R1
2
2
2
6
2

R2
2
2
2
6
2

R3
2
2
2
6
2

R4
2
1
2
5
1.5

TWO WAY TABLE

TREATMENT
R E P L I CA T I O N
TOTAL MEAN

R1
R2
R3
R4

A1
2
2
2
2
8
2

A2
2
2
2
1.50
7.50
1.88

Growth, Yield and Some Postharvest Characteristics of Romaine ‘Xanadu’ Applied With
Varying Rates of Fish-Kelp-Guano Liquid Fertilizer / Ray P. Copas. 2008

50
Analysis of Variance

Source
Degrees of
Sum of
Mean
Computed
TABULAR F

Freedom
Squares
Square
F
0.05
0.01

Replication
2
0.08
0.42

Factor A
1
0.04
0.42
1.00 ns
18.51
98.49

Error
2
0.08
0.42

Factor B
3
0.13
0.42
1.00 ns
3.49
5.95

AB
3
0.13
0.42
1.00 ns
3.49
5.95

Error
12
0.50
0.42

Total
23
0.96
ns- Not significant
Coefficient of Variation:10.42 %

Growth, Yield and Some Postharvest Characteristics of Romaine ‘Xanadu’ Applied With
Varying Rates of Fish-Kelp-Guano Liquid Fertilizer / Ray P. Copas. 2008

51
Appendix Table 8. Insect pest Incidence

R E P L I CA T I O N

TREATMENT

TOTAL
MEAN

I II III

A1 R1
2
2
3
7
2.33

R2
2
3
2
7
2.33

R3
2
2
2
6
2

R4
2
2
2
6
2

A2 R1
3
2
2
7
2.33

R2
2
3
2
6
2

R3
2
2
2
6
2

R4
2
2
2
6
2

TWO WAY TABLE

TREATMENT
R E P L I CA T I O N
TOTAL MEAN

R1
R2
R3
R4

A1
2.33
2.33
2
2
8.66
2.17

A2
2.33
2
2
2
8.33
2.08

Growth, Yield and Some Postharvest Characteristics of Romaine ‘Xanadu’ Applied With
Varying Rates of Fish-Kelp-Guano Liquid Fertilizer / Ray P. Copas. 2008

52
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE

Source
Degrees of
Sum of
Mean
Computed
TABULAR F

Freedom
Squares
Square
F
0.05
0.01

Replication
2
0.08
0.04

Factor A
1
0.00
0.00
0.00ns
18.51
98.49

Error
2
0.25
0.13

Factor B
3
0.67
0.22
1.14ns
3.49
5.95

AB
3
0.00
0.00
0.00ns
3.49
5.95

Error
12
2.33
0.19

Total
23
3.33
ns- Not significant
Coefficient of Variation:20.35 %

Growth, Yield and Some Postharvest Characteristics of Romaine ‘Xanadu’ Applied With
Varying Rates of Fish-Kelp-Guano Liquid Fertilizer / Ray P. Copas. 2008

53
Appendix Table 9. Sugar content (0brix)

R E P L I CA T I O N

TREATMENT

TOTAL
MEAN

I II III

A1 R1
3.2
3.6
4.0
10.8
5.4

R2
4.0
3.8
2.0
9.8
4.9

R3
2.8
4.0
3.8
10.6
5.3

R4
3.2
4.0
3.8
11
5.5

A2 R1
3.0
3.0
3.0
9
3

R2
4.0
4.0
2.4
10.4
3.47

R3
3.0
4.0
4.0
11
3.67

R4
4.0
4.0
3.0
11
3.67

TWO WAY TABLE

TREATMENT
R E P L I CA T I O N
TOTAL MEAN

R1
R2
R3
R4

A1
5.4
4.9
5.3
5.5
21.10
5.26

A2
3.0
3.47
3.67
3.67
13.80
3.45

Growth, Yield and Some Postharvest Characteristics of Romaine ‘Xanadu’ Applied With
Varying Rates of Fish-Kelp-Guano Liquid Fertilizer / Ray P. Copas. 2008

54
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE

Source
Degrees of
Sum of
Mean
Computed
TABULAR F

Freedom
Squares
Square
F
0.05
0.01

Replication
2
1.29
0.65

Factor A
1
0.03
0.03
0.21 ns
18.51
98.49

Error
2
0.25
0.13

Factor B
3
0.57
0.19
0.42 ns
3.49
5.95

AB
3
0.60
0.20
0.44 ns
3.49
5.95

Error
12
5.41
0.45

Total
23
8.15
ns- Not significant
Coefficient of Variation:19.28 %

Growth, Yield and Some Postharvest Characteristics of Romaine ‘Xanadu’ Applied With
Varying Rates of Fish-Kelp-Guano Liquid Fertilizer / Ray P. Copas. 2008

55
Appendix Table 10. Shelf-life (days)

R E P L I CA T I O N

TREATMENT

TOTAL
MEAN

I II III

A1 R1
6
6
6
18
6

R2
5
5
6
16
5.33

R3
5
6
5
16
5.33

R4
6
5
6
17
5.67

A2 R1
6
5
5
16
5.33

R2
6
6
6
18
6

R3
6
6
6
18
6

R4
6
6
6
18
6

TWO WAY TABLE

TREATMENT
R E P L I CA T I O N
TOTAL MEAN

R1
R2
R3
R4

A1
6
5.33
5.33
5.67
22.33
5.58

A2
5.33
6
6
6
23.33
5.83

Growth, Yield and Some Postharvest Characteristics of Romaine ‘Xanadu’ Applied With
Varying Rates of Fish-Kelp-Guano Liquid Fertilizer / Ray P. Copas. 2008

56
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE

Source
Degrees of
Sum of
Mean
Computed
TABULAR F

Freedom
Squares
Square
F
0.05
0.01

Replication
2
0.08
0.04

Factor A
1
0.38
0.38
3.00 ns
18.51
98.49

Error
2
0.25
0.13

Factor B
3
0.13
0.04
3.49 ns
3.49
5.95

AB
3
1.79
0.60
3.49 ns
3.49
5.95

Error
12
2.33
0.19

Total
23
4.96
ns- Not significant
Coefficient of Variation:7.72 %

Growth, Yield and Some Postharvest Characteristics of Romaine ‘Xanadu’ Applied With
Varying Rates of Fish-Kelp-Guano Liquid Fertilizer / Ray P. Copas. 2008

57
Appendix 11. Weight loss (g)

R E P L I CA T I O N

TREATMENT

TOTAL
MEAN

I II III

A1 R1
275.80
298.00
220.00
793.80
264.60

R2
260.00
302.00
225.70
817.70
272.56

R3
256.50
215.60
156.90
625.00
208.33

R4
265.90
299.30
181.40
746.60
248.86

A2 R1
199.20
216.30
814.00
715.20
238.40

R2
453.20
193.00
220.90
867.10
289.03

R3
267.20
195.00
264.60
726.80
242.26

R4
281.1
220.40
149.10
650.60
216.86

TWO WAY TABLE

TREATMENT
R E P L I CA T I O N
TOTAL MEAN

R1
R2
R3
R4

A1
264.60
272.56
208.33
248.86
995.70
248.93

A2
238.40
289.03
242.26
216.86
986.56
246.64

Growth, Yield and Some Postharvest Characteristics of Romaine ‘Xanadu’ Applied With
Varying Rates of Fish-Kelp-Guano Liquid Fertilizer / Ray P. Copas. 2008

58
Analysis of Variance

Source
Degrees of
Sum of
Mean
Computed
TABULAR F

Freedom
Squares
Square
F
0.05
0.01

Replication
2
16635.86
8317.93

Factor A
1
31.28
31.28
0.04 ns
18.51
98.49

7

Error
2
4843.02
421.51

Factor B
3
10814.33
3604.78
0.98 ns
3.49
5.95

AB
3
4535.24
1511.75
0.41 ns
3.49
5.95

Error
12
44141.61
3678.47

Total
23
91001.34
ns- Not significant
Coefficient of Variation:24.48%

Growth, Yield and Some Postharvest Characteristics of Romaine ‘Xanadu’ Applied With
Varying Rates of Fish-Kelp-Guano Liquid Fertilizer / Ray P. Copas. 2008

Document Outline

Growth, Yield and Some Postharvest Characteristics ofRomaine �Xanadu� Applied With Varying Rates of Fish-Kelp-Guano Liquid Fertilizer
- BIBLIOGRAPHY
- ABSTRACT
- TABLE OF CONTENTS
- INTRODUCTION
  - Nature of the Study
  - Importance of the Study
- REVIEW OF LITERATURE
  - Description of the Crop
  - Soil and Climatic Adaptability
  - Importance of the Crop
  - Importance of Organic Fertilizer
  - Beneficial Effects of Organic Fertilizer
  - Fish-kelp-guano Liquid Fertilizer
- MATERIALS AND METHOD
- RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
  - Days from Transplanting to Harvest
  - Plant Height at Harvest
  - Marketable Yield
  - Non-marketable Yield
  - Total Yield
  - Weight of Individual Plant
  - Computed Yield per Hectare
  - Phytotoxicity.
  - Disease Incidence
  - Insect Pest Incidence
  - Refractive Index of Crop Juice
  - Shelf-life
  - Weight Loss
  - Days to 100% Wilting
  - Cost and Return Analysis
- SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
  - Summary
  - Conclusion
  - Recommendation
- LITERATURE CITED
- APPENDICES