BIBLIOGRAPHY MARCOS, JOAN M. APRIL 2012....

BIBLIOGRAPHY

MARCOS, JOAN M. APRIL 2012. Performance of Cauliflower (Brassica oleraceaL.
var. botrytisL.) Cv. White Flash as Affected by Different Rates of Organic and Inorganic
Fertilizer Application.Benguet State University, La Trinidad, Benguet.

Adviser: Percival B. Alipit, Ph.D.
ABSTRACT

The study was conducted at the Horticulture Experiment Farm, Benguet State University,
La Trinidad, Benguet from November 2011 to February 2012 to determine the effects of
different rates of organic and inorganic fertilizers on the growth and yield of cauliflower, and the
economics of fertilizer application in growing the crop.

Results indicate that plants applied with 120-100-100 kg N-P2O5-K2O/ha plus 2
t/hachicken manure significantly were taller, matured earlier, had bigger curds, and had higher
yield with greater return on investment derived.

Performance of Cauliflower (Brassica oleracea L. var. botrytis L.) Cv. White Flash as Affected by
Different Rates of Organic and Inorganic Fertilizer Application / Joan M. Marcos. 2012

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Page
Bibliography……………………………………………………………………... i
Abstract…………………………………………………………………………… i
Table of Contents …………………………………………………………………. ii

INTRODUCTION………………………………………………………………… 1
REVIEW OF LITERATURE…………………………………………………….. 3
MATERIALS AND METHODS…………………………………………………. 8
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Number of Days from Transplanting to Curd Formation………………… 11

Number of Days from Transplanting to Curd Harvesting………………… 11

Final Plant Height and Curds Stem Length…….......…………………….. 12

Curd Diameter ……........…………………………………………………. 12

Average Weight of Curds …..........………………………………………. 14
Marketable,
Non-marketable,

and Total Yield …..........…………………………………………………. 14

Cost and Return Analysis…………………………………………………. 15
Other Observations……………………………………………………….. 17
Soil Analysis.………..…………………………………………………….17
Meteorological Data……………………………………………………… 17
Pictorial Presentation. ….………………………………………………. 18
SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
Summary……………………………………………………………….. 22
Conclusion……………………………………………………………… 22

Recommendation………………………………………………………. 22
LITERATURE CITED ………………………………………………………... 23
APPENDICES ………………………………………………………………….
25

1
INTRODUCTION

Cauliflower
(Brassica oleraceaL. var. botrytisL.) belongs to the Mustard or
Cruciferae family. The name of this elegant member of the cabbage family comes from
the Latin caulis (“stalk”) and floris (“flower”). Cauliflower comes in three basic colors:
white (the most popular and readily available), green and purple (a vibrant violet that
turns pale green when cooked). All cauliflower is composed of bunches of tiny florets on
clusters of stalks. Some white varieties have a purple or greenish tinge. It is one of the
common Brassica crops grown by farmers. It is a good source of vitamin A and sweeter
than any of its relatives, it ranks as one of the expensive vegetable in the market. The
curd is the edible part which consists of a compact terminal mass of greatly thickened and
modified flower structures with sub-tending fleshy stalks. This can be eaten as cooked or
pickled (Panas, 1995).

This vegetable is very sensitive to some factors such as pests and diseases,
weather condition, and farm management. Most varieties grow well in mid and high
elevations during the dry season. Some varieties may perform well during the wet season
in these areas. In low elevations, some varieties also perform well especially during the
dry cool months. These crops can be planted in most soils but clay loam to sandy loam is
best.

Cauliflower is sensitive to high acidity. Where soil reaction ranges from pH 5.5 to
6.6 maximum yields could be obtained. Cauliflower requires a cool, moist growing
season. It cannot withstand low temperatures, or too much heat, dry weather and low
humidity. It succeeds better when the days are short(Deanon, 1976).

The production of cauliflower hardly copes with the demand because farmers lack
Performance of Cauliflower (Brassica oleracea L. var. botrytis L.) Cv. White Flash as Affected
by Different Rates of Organic and Inorganic Fertilizer Application / Joan M. Marcos. 2012

2
technical knowledgein fertilizer management to obtain high yield and quality.

Although this crop is adapted to places having cool climates like Benguet and Mt.
Province, it requires adequate mineral nutrition. Thus, the kind and amount of fertilizer
applied either organic or inorganic form determine the yield performance of the crop.

The result of this study could serve as a reference in the application of appropriate
fertilizers to cauliflower. Therefore, this study aimed to determinethe effectsof different
rates of organic and inorganic fertilizers on the growth and yield of cauliflower, the best
rateof fertilizerto apply, and the economics ofusing differentfertilizer levels incauliflower
production.

The studywas conducted at the Horticulture ExperimentFarm, Benguet State
University, La Trinidad, Benguet from November 2011 to February 2012.

Performance of Cauliflower (Brassica oleracea L. var. botrytis L.) Cv. White Flash as Affected
by Different Rates of Organic and Inorganic Fertilizer Application / Joan M. Marcos. 2012

3
REVIEW OF LITERATURE
Fertilizer Application
Applying excessive amounts of fertilizer has negative environmental effects, and
wastes the growers' time and money. To avoid over-application, the nutrient status of
crops should be assessed. Nutrient deficiency can be detected by visually assessing the
physical symptoms of the crop. Nitrogen deficiency, for example has a distinctive
presentation in some species.

As proven in some researches (Holmer, 1998; Trüggelmannet al., 2000), the best
yield and quality results for vegetable production in Philippine soils are obtained when a
combination of organic and inorganic fertilizers is applied. According to the study of
Caliag (2011), most of the farmers in Kabayan, Benguet used organic fertilizers (96%)
such as chicken manure while some used ashes (26%) and 2% uses compost. They
applied fertilizer based on their experience and were based from co-farmers experiences
or recommendations. The respondents followed a variety of methods in fertilizer
application such as application of organic fertilizers during land preparation and hilling
up, organic fertilizers are used as basal and inorganic as side dress and organic and
inorganic fertilizers are used at the same time during land preparation. It was noted that
farmers used a combination of organic and inorganic fertilizers.
Organic fertilizers such as manure and compost are needed to improve the
physical, biological and chemical properties of the soil while inorganic fertilizers such as
urea, muriate of potash, and others supply sufficient amounts of readily available
nutrients. Organic fertilizers normally do not exceed values of 3% for nitrogen,
phosphorous and potassium, those are much higher in inorganic fertilizers (46% N in urea,
Performance of Cauliflower (Brassica oleracea L. var. botrytis L.) Cv. White Flash as Affected
by Different Rates of Organic and Inorganic Fertilizer Application / Joan M. Marcos. 2012

4
46% P2O5 in DAP) and 60% K2O in muriate of potash. If one wishes to grow crops only
with organic fertilizers, it has to be considered that tons per hectare must be applied to
supply typical crop nutrient needs.

The general method is to apply all of the organic fertilizer, all of the P and part of
the other inorganic fertilizers into the soil just prior to planting. This is called basal
application. Be sure that all fertilizers are covered with a 3-4 cm layer of soil before
setting the plants to avoid burning of the roots. One half of the nutrient amount for N, K
and other nutrients are applied one week after transplanting as first side dressing.The
remaining balance is given two weeks thereafter (Holmer, 1998).
Effect of Organic Fertilizer

Organic fertilizer is an important ingredient in the soil as it supplies some of the
nutrients required by the crop and it promotes favorable soil properties such as
granulation, efficient soil aeration and improves the conditions of the soil to boost
agricultural production at lesser expense (Bautista and Mabessa, 1977). Although the
density of nutrients in organic material is comparatively modest, they have many
advantages. The majority of nitrogen supplying organic fertilizers contains insoluble
nitrogen and act as a slow-release fertilizer. By their nature, organic fertilizers increase
physical and biological nutrient storage mechanisms in soils, mitigating risks of over-
fertilization (Stewart et al, 2005). According to Tisdale and Nelson (1975), organic
fertilizer releases the nutrient elements slowly especially nitrogen for efficient utilization
of plants. Once available nutrients are translocated to plants, growth and yield
increase.An excess application of organic fertilizers may also result in chemical fixation
of micronutrients such as zinc.
Performance of Cauliflower (Brassica oleracea L. var. botrytis L.) Cv. White Flash as Affected
by Different Rates of Organic and Inorganic Fertilizer Application / Joan M. Marcos. 2012

5

Knott (1964) mentioned that the application of organic fertilizers like manure in
the soil prior to planting or sowing time provides available nutrients and improve
physical condition of the soil that results high yield. Chicken manure fertilizer is very
high in nitrogen and also contains a good amount of potassium and phosphorus. The high
nitrogen and balanced nutrients is the reason that chicken manure compost is the best
kind of manure to use. But, the high nitrogen in the chicken manure is dangerous to
plants if the manure has not been properly composted. Raw chicken manure fertilizer can
burn and even kill plants if used. Composting chicken manure mellows the nitrogen and
makes the manure suitable for the garden.
Similarly, Watts (1972) stated that, chicken dung is the most valuable fertilizers
among garden purposes. It has been regarded as the best fertilizer for onions and other
garden crops requiring large amount of nitrogen.
As reported by Abadilla (1982) crops fertilized with organic matter have greater
resistance to pest and diseases, it also improves the quality of crops, a characteristic that
has a definite commercial value.
Brady and Buckman (1960) stated that chicken manure contains 1% nitrogen, 0.8%
phosphorus and 0.40% potassium. Deanon (1976), states that under La Trinidad
condition it is customary to mix a truckload of compost chicken manure with the soil of a
hectare before planting.

Effect of Inorganic Fertilizer

Inorganic fertilizers are designed to give plants all the nutrients-nitrogen,
phosphorous and potassium that they need in appropriate proportions and amounts.
Hence, plants do not get more of one can of nutrient over the other. Instead it has a
Performance of Cauliflower (Brassica oleracea L. var. botrytis L.) Cv. White Flash as Affected
by Different Rates of Organic and Inorganic Fertilizer Application / Joan M. Marcos. 2012

6
balance of all the nutrients it needs and are readily available at a given time. Adding
inorganic fertilizers into the soil to be planted makes the soil ideal for planting as it is
already enriched with nutrients. They work quickly in small amounts (Edmund, 1975)
found that basal applications of N, P, and K are needed to promote the growth of plant
stems and leaves.
Bautista and Mabessa (1977) cited that inorganic fertilizer are available for the
plant as it dissolved, unlike organic materials that must rot and decay properly before
they become beneficial to plant. Martin and Leonard (1970) stated that plants grown with
sufficient amount of available nitrogen in the soil makes a thrifty, rapid growth with a
healthy deep color. Ample nitrogen has the tendency to encourage stem and leaf
development. An adequate amount of potassium in the soil insures greater efficiency in
photosynthesis, increase resistance to certain disease, helps to balance an oversupply of
nitrogen and aids plants to utilize soil moisture more advantageously.
The main advantage that inorganic fertilizers have over organic fertilizers is that
they can be used immediately to rescue dying plants. This is because the nutrients present
in them are easily absorbed by the plants and unlike the nutrients present in organic
fertilizers; do not need to be broken into primary nutrients for absorption by plants.
Another advantage that inorganic fertilizers are that they are easily available at most
gardening stores and hence, is quite convenient to use. The main disadvantage of
inorganic fertilizers is that it costs much higher than the organic fertilizers. So, if
someone is using fertilizers in bulk, organic fertilizers are much more cost effective. The
second disadvantage of using inorganic fertilizers is the problem of leaching. The
fertilizer and the nutrients getting washed away, is much more prevalent when inorganic
Performance of Cauliflower (Brassica oleracea L. var. botrytis L.) Cv. White Flash as Affected
by Different Rates of Organic and Inorganic Fertilizer Application / Joan M. Marcos. 2012

7
fertilizers are used. This is because in inorganic fertilizers, the nutrients are already in
their most basic components, and hence, can be washed away easily, if the plant roots are
over watered or watered with force.

Rate of Fertilizer Application

In a fertilizer study with cauliflower in Taiwan, Bantoc Jr. (1967) as cited by
Alinio (1978) concluded that the best treatment was 200kg of N, 100kg of P2O5 and 150
kg of K2O per hectare.

Further more, Somera (1970) as cited by Alinio (1978) said that cauliflower is
more responsive to the application of 200 kg of nitrogen and 270 kilograms of
phosphorus with the level of potassium maintained. An increase in the amount of P and K
from 270 to 220 kg per hectare decreases yield.

Sucdad (2004) reported that plants applied with either 3 t/ha of chicken manure or
45-45-45 kg of N- P2O5-K2O per hectare plus 1.5 t/ha of chicken manure before
transplanting or two weeks after transplanting increased the marketable yield of cabbage
and correspondingly the return of investment.

Based on the study of Bilango (2002), 2t/ha of chicken manure plus 60-45-45 kg
of N-P2O5-K2O/ha promoted earlier curd formation, heavier curd weight, higher
marketable yield and higher return of investment in broccoli. These indicate that
combinations of organic and inorganic fertilizer application are necessary to obtain better
crop performance and productivity.

Performance of Cauliflower (Brassica oleracea L. var. botrytis L.) Cv. White Flash as Affected
by Different Rates of Organic and Inorganic Fertilizer Application / Joan M. Marcos. 2012

8
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Materials

The materials used in the study were seedlings of cauliflower (White Flash F1
hybrid cultivar), chicken manure, 14-14-14, urea, insecticides, fungicides, sticks with
identifying marks, and farm tools.
Methods

The experiment was laid out following the Randomized Complete Block Design
(RCBD) with five treatments replicated four times. The area was divided into four blocks
representing the replications.

The treatments were as follows:
Code
Fertilizer
rates

(kgN-P2O5-K2O/ha)
R
1
60-100-100

R2
120-100-100

R3
180-100-100

R4
120-100-100 plus 2 t/ha chicken dung

R5
2
t/ha
chicken
dung
Seedling
establishment.Seeds of cauliflower were sown in seed trays using
compost and garden soil as growing media. Water was supplied regularly and pest control
was done when necessary.
Land
preparation. An area of 100m2 were thoroughly prepared and divided into
four blocks consisting of five plots measuring 1 x 5 meters. Holes at a distance of 30cm
Performance of Cauliflower (Brassica oleracea L. var. botrytis L.) Cv. White Flash as Affected
by Different Rates of Organic and Inorganic Fertilizer Application / Joan M. Marcos. 2012

9
between rows and 40cm between hills were made.
Transplanting. The seedlings were transplanted four weeks from sowing.
Fertilizer
application. Half of the computed amount of fertilizer rates was applied
two weeks after transplanting and the other half was applied four weeks after
transplanting followed by hilling- up.
Crop
maintenance.All other recommended cultural management practices such as
irrigation, weeding and insect pest and disease control were followed. Three to five outer
leaves were wrapped around the curds for protection from direct sunlight and damage.
Harvesting. Curds were harvested as soon as they reach the proper market size.
The usual practice of harvesting in which the curd with the stem is cut was followed. The
curds were packed with the outer leaves untrimmed.

Data Gathered:

1. Number of days from transplanting to curd formation. This was taken by
counting the number of days from transplanting to the day the curds are visible at the
shoot apex of the plants.

2. Number of days from transplanting to curd harvesting. This was obtained by
counting the number of days from transplanting to the day the flower buds are tightly
closed without any flower bud opened and the curd expanded to its full size.

3. Final plant height (cm). Five samples from each treatment plot were measured
from the soil line to the top of the curd before harvesting.

4. Curds stem length (cm). Five samples from each treatment plot were measured
from the top of the curd down to the last node of the stem above the ground.

5. Curd diameter (cm). Five sample curds from each treatment were measured
Performance of Cauliflower (Brassica oleracea L. var. botrytis L.) Cv. White Flash as Affected
by Different Rates of Organic and Inorganic Fertilizer Application / Joan M. Marcos. 2012

10
from edge to edge of the curd across the curd surface.
6. Average weight of curds (kg). This wasobtained by using the formula:
Average weight of curds = Weight of curds per plot

Number
ofcurds
per
plot

7. Weight of marketable curds per plot (kg). This was the weight of the curds
harvested without any defects.

8. Weight of non-marketable curds per plot (kg). This was the weight of the curds
harvested with defects such as short stem or small curd, rotten curd, and other abnormal
formations.

9. Total yield (kg). This was the weight of curds that were harvested.

10.Cost and return analysis. The return on investment (ROI) was computed
usingthe formula:
ROI (%) = Gross sale/plot -Total expenses/plot x 100

Total
expenses/plot

11.Other
observations. The color of the curds was taken.

12. Soil analysis. Soil samples were taken for analysis before the application of
fertilizers. Analysis was done at the Bureau of Soils in Pacdal, Baguio City.

13. Meteorological data. The monthly average relative humidity, minimum and
maximum temperature, rainfall, and total bright sunshine during the conduct of the study
were taken from the BSU PAG-ASA station.

Performance of Cauliflower (Brassica oleracea L. var. botrytis L.) Cv. White Flash as Affected
by Different Rates of Organic and Inorganic Fertilizer Application / Joan M. Marcos. 2012

11

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Number of Days from Transplanting to Curd Formation

Table 1 shows that plants applied with 120-100-100 kg N-P2O5-K2O/ha plus 2
t/ha chicken manure and those applied with 2t/ha chicken manure alone formed curds
significantly earlier at 46.5and 47 days, respectively after transplanting compared to the
rest of the treatment plants.Theseobservation indicate the beneficial effects of a
combination of organic and inorganic fertilizer application to the vegetative growth of
plants.

Number ofDays from Transplanting to Curd Harvesting
Application of a combination of inorganic fertilizer at 120-100-100 kg/ha N-P2O5-
K2Oplus 2 t/ha chicken manure significantlypromoted earlier harvesting of cauliflower at
54.25 days from transplanting (Table 2).This shows the advantage of organic and
inorganic fertilizer application on curd development for earlier harvesting.

Table 1. Number of days from transplanting to curd formation

TREATMENT MEAN

(kg N-P2O5-K2O/ha)

60-100-100
52.75a

120-100-100 53.25a

180-100-100 54.50a

120-100-100 plus
46.50b
2t/ha chicken dung

2 t/ha chicken dung
47.00b

Means with the same letter are not significantly different at 5% level by DMRT.
Performance of Cauliflower (Brassica oleracea L. var. botrytis L.) Cv. White Flash as Affected
by Different Rates of Organic and Inorganic Fertilizer Application / Joan M. Marcos. 2012

12

Table 2. Number of days from transplanting to curd harvesting
TREATMENT MEAN

(kg N-P2O5-K2O/ha)

60-100-100
61.25a
120-100-100 60.58ab

180-100-100 60.00b

120-100-100 plus
54.25d
2t/ha chicken dung

2 t/ha chicken dung
56.75c

Means with the same letter are not significantly different at 5% level by DMRT.

Final Plant Height and Curd Stem Length
Plants applied with 120-100-100 kg/ha N-P2O5-K2Oplus 2 t/ha chicken manure
were significantly the tallest and had longer curd stem lengthscompared to the other
treatment plants (Table 3). Those plants applied with inorganic fertilizer alone had
comparatively shorter plant height.
This observation is similar with the findings of Paatan (1997) that the application
of a combination of organic and inorganic fertilizersenhanced vegetative growth having
taller plants.

Curd Diameter
Results show that application of 120-100-100 kg/ha N-P2O5-K2Oplus 2 t/ha
chicken manure significantly effected wider curd diameter compared to the diameter of
the rest of the treatment plants (Table 4).
Performance of Cauliflower (Brassica oleracea L. var. botrytis L.) Cv. White Flash as Affected
by Different Rates of Organic and Inorganic Fertilizer Application / Joan M. Marcos. 2012

13

Thisfinding conforms with the conclusion of Bilango (2002) wherein application
of 2t/ha chicken manure plus N-P-K promotes earlier curd formation and harvesting,
taller height and longer curd stem length and development of larger and heavier curds of
broccoli.

Table 3. Final plant height and curd stem length
TREATMENT

FINAL PLANT HEIGHT
CURD STEM LENGTH
(kg N-P2O5-K2O/ha)
(cm) (cm)
60-100-100 10.87c
9.95c

120-100-100 11.36c
10.33c

180-100-100 10.98c
10.04c

120-100-100 plus
13.46a
12.65a
2t/ha chicken dung

2 t/ha chicken dung
12.5b
11.55b

Means with the same letter are not significantly different at 5% level by DMRT.

Table 4. Curd diameter

TREATMENT

MEAN
(kg N-P2O5-K2O/ha)

(cm)
60-100-100
7.11d

120-100-100 8.13bc

180-100-100 7.30bc

120-100-100 plus
11.00a
2t/ha chicken dung

2 t/ha chicken dung
8.99b

Performance of Cauliflower (Brassica oleracea L. var. botrytis L.) Cv. White Flash as Affected
by Different Rates of Organic and Inorganic Fertilizer Application / Joan M. Marcos. 2012

14

Means with the same letter are not significantly different at 5% level by DMRT.

Average Weight of Curds
Table 5 shows that plants applied with 120-100-100 kg/ha N-P2O5-K2Oplus 2 t/ha
chicken manure or 2 t/ha chicken manure alone and 120-100-100kg/ha N-P2O5-K2O
significantly promoted heavier curd weight.

Marketable, Non-marketable, and Total Yield
Results show that plants applied with 120-100-100 kg/ha N-P2O5-K2Oand 2 t/ha
chicken manure significantly produced higher marketable and total curd yield compared
to the yield of the other treatment plants as shown in table 6.
This indicates a complementary effect of the combination of organic and
inorganic fertilizer application in enhancing yield.
On the other hand, there were no significant differences obtained on the weight of
non-marketable curds.

Table 5. Average weight of curds

TREATMENT
MEAN
(kg N-P2O5-K2O/ha)

(g)

60-100-100
204.06c

120-100-100
311.25ab

180-100-100
219.38bc

120-100-100 plus
476.31a
2t/ha chicken dung

2 t/ha chicken dung
322.34a

Performance of Cauliflower (Brassica oleracea L. var. botrytis L.) Cv. White Flash as Affected
by Different Rates of Organic and Inorganic Fertilizer Application / Joan M. Marcos. 2012

15

Means with the same letter are not significantly different at 5% level by DMRT.

Table 6. Marketable, non-marketable,and total yield

YIELD
(kg/1x5m
plot)

TREATMENT
MARKETABLE NON-MARKETABLE TOTAL
(kg N-P2O5-K2O/ha)

60-100-100
2.17c
1.64a
3.27c

120-100-100 2.60bc
2.06a
4.56bc
180-100-100 1.23c
2.34a
3.57bc
120-100-100 plus
6.20a
1.42a

2t/ha chicken dung

7.62a

2 t/ha chicken dung
3.92b
1.24a
5.16b

Means with the same letter are not significantly different at 5% level by DMRT.

Cost and Return Analysis
The highest return of investment (ROI) was obtained from plants applied with
120-100-100 kg/ha N-P2O5-K2Oplus 2 t/ha chicken manure followed by the application
of 2t/ha chicken manure alone. A negative ROI was obtained with the highest inorganic
fertilizer rate of 180-100-100kg/ha N-P2O5-K2O (Table 7).

Performance of Cauliflower (Brassica oleracea L. var. botrytis L.) Cv. White Flash as Affected
by Different Rates of Organic and Inorganic Fertilizer Application / Joan M. Marcos. 2012

16

Table 7. Cost and return analysis
ITEMS T1
T2
T3
T4
T5

Marketable yield
8.67
10.40
4.92
24.81
15.69
(kg/1x5m plot)

Sales (Php)
130.05
156.00
73.80
372.15
235.35
Farm inputs

Seeds
55.00
55.00
55.00
55.00
55.00
14-14-14
26.57
43.40
43.40
43.40
-
Urea
1.30
2.61
10.44
2.61
-
Chicken dung
-
-
-
24.00
24.00
Insecticides 18.00
18.00
18
.00
18.00
18.00
Fungicides
13.00
13.00
13.00
13.00
13.00
Total expenses (Php)
113.87
132.01
139.84
156.01
110.00
Net income (Php)
16.18
23.99
-66.04
216.14
125.35

ROI(%)
14.21
18.17
-47.23
138.54
113.94
RANK 4
3
5
1
2

Note: Selling price was Php15.00/ kg.

Legend:

kg N-P2O5-K2O/ha
T1-60-100-100

T2-120-100-100
Performance of Cauliflower (Brassica oleracea L. var. botrytis L.) Cv. White Flash as Affected
by Different Rates of Organic and Inorganic Fertilizer Application / Joan M. Marcos. 2012

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T3-180-100-100
T4-120-100-100 plus 2 t/ha chicken manure
T5-2 t/ha chicken manure

Other Observations
Color of the curds
Treatment

Description
60-100-100
slightly
yellowish

120-100-100
slightly
yellowish
180-100-100
yellowish
white
120-100-100
plus

white,
yellowish
white
2t/ha chicken manure

2 tons/ha chicken manure

light purple

Soil Analysis
The soil in the experiment area prior to fertilizer application had a pH value of
6.59, 0.05% nitrogen, 50 ppm phosphorus, 400 ppmpotassium, and 1 % organic matter.
The soil pH obtained meets the pH requirement for cauliflower production which ranges
from 5.5 to 6.6 (Deanon, 1976).

Meteorological Data

The minimum and maximum temperature during the study period ranged from
23.9 to 24.660C and 10.7 to 14.48 0C, respectively while the relative humidity ranged
from 83.63 to 86.90 %. Minimal rainfall of 0.72, 1.4 and 3.4 mm were recorded in
December, January and February and sunshine duration was 227.71, 296.95 and 304.1
minutes, respectively.
Performance of Cauliflower (Brassica oleracea L. var. botrytis L.) Cv. White Flash as Affected
by Different Rates of Organic and Inorganic Fertilizer Application / Joan M. Marcos. 2012

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Table 8. Soil analysis

pH
N(%)
P,ppm
K,ppm
OM (%)
Initial soil analysis
6.59
0.05
50
400
1.0

Table 9.Meteorological data
MONTH RAINFALL (mm) RH (%) TEMPERATURE (0C)SUNSHINE

MAX. MIN.
DURATION

(minutes)
December
0.72 86.90 24.66 14.48
227.71
January
1.4083.63 24.15 13.10
296.95
February
3.4086.60
23.90 10.70
304.18

Pictorial Presentation

Fig. 1. Overview of the experiment field 30 days after transplanting
Performance of Cauliflower (Brassica oleracea L. var. botrytis L.) Cv. White Flash as Affected
by Different Rates of Organic and Inorganic Fertilizer Application / Joan M. Marcos. 2012

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Fig. 2. Vegetative stage of sample plants35 days after transplanting

Plants applied with 60-100-100 kg
Plants applied with120-100-100 kg N-

N-P2O5-K2O/ha
P2O5-K2O/ha

Performance of Cauliflower (Brassica oleracea L. var. botrytis L.) Cv. White Flash as Affected
by Different Rates of Organic and Inorganic Fertilizer Application / Joan M. Marcos. 2012

20

Plants applied with 180-100-100 kg
Plants applied with120-100-100 kg

N-P
N-P O
+ 2t/ha chicken
2O5-K2O/ha
2O5-K2O/ha +

manure

Plants applied with 2 t/ha chicken manure

Fig. 3. Sample curds harvested

60-100-100 kg N-P2O5-K2O/ha

Performance of Cauliflower (Brassica oleracea L. var. botrytis L.) Cv. White Flash as Affected
by Different Rates of Organic and Inorganic Fertilizer Application / Joan M. Marcos. 2012

21

120-100-100kg N-P2O5-K2O/ha

180-100-100kg N-P2O5-K2O/ha

120-100-100 kg N-P2O5-K2O/ha plus 2 t/ha chicken manure

Performance of Cauliflower (Brassica oleracea L. var. botrytis L.) Cv. White Flash as Affected
by Different Rates of Organic and Inorganic Fertilizer Application / Joan M. Marcos. 2012

22

2t/ha chicken manure

SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION

Summary
The study was conducted at Benguet State University Horticulture
ExperimentFarm from November 2011 to February 2012 to determine the
performancecauliflower and profitability of growing the crop as affected by different
rates of organic and inorganic fertilizer application.

Results reveal that plants applied with 120-100-100 kg/ha N-P2O5-K2Oplus 2 t/ha
chicken manure were significantly harvested earlier, taller with longer curd stem and
wider curd diameter, and higher in marketable yield from which the highest return of
investment of 138.54 % was obtained.

Conclusion

Better growth and yield of cauliflower could be obtained with the application
ofacombination of 120-100-100 kg/ha N-P2O5-K2O and 2 t/ha chicken manure in the soil
having a pH of 6.59, 0.05% nitrogen, 50 ppm phosphorus, 400 ppm potassium, and 1%
organic matter.

Recommendation
Performance of Cauliflower (Brassica oleracea L. var. botrytis L.) Cv. White Flash as Affected
by Different Rates of Organic and Inorganic Fertilizer Application / Joan M. Marcos. 2012

23

It is therefore recommended that cauliflower be applied with 120-100-100
kg N-P2O5-K2O/haplus 2 t/ha chicken manure to obtain high yield and profit.

LITERATURE CITED

ABADILLA, D.C. 1982. Organic Farming. Quezon City: AFA Publ., Inc. Pp. 80-100.

ALINIO, DEMETRIOH. 1978. Best Rate and Time of Fertilizing Cauliflower.

Mountain State Agricultural College. La Trinidad, Benguet. Pp. 1-3.

BAUTISTA, O. K. and R.C. MABESA. 1977. Vegetable Production. UPLB, College,
Los Banos, Laguna. Pp. 121-125.

BRADY N. C.and H.O. BUCKMAN. 1960. The Nature and Properties of Soils. New
York: Macmillan. P. 739.

BILANGO, F. G. 2002.Performance of Broccoli as Affected byTime and Rates
ofFertilizer
Application. BS Thesis.BenguetStateUniversity, La Trinidad

Benguet. Pp. 3-10.

CALIAG, E. A. 2011. Production and Marketing Practices of Cauliflower Growers in

Gusaran, Kabayan, Benguet. BS Thesis. Benguet State University, La Trinidad,
Benguet.

DEANON, J. D. 1976. Vegetable Production in Southeast Asia.University of the
Philippines.College ofAgriculture, Laguna. Pp. 26-27.

EDMUND, J.B. 1975. Fundamental Horticulture. New Delhi: McGraw Hill, Publ.
Overseas Agricultural Foundation New York. Pp. 58, 143.

HOLMER, R. J. 1998. Sustainable Vegetable Production for Small Farmers the Highland

ofBukidnon, for Fresh Marketing and Processing. Ph. D. Thesis, Institute for
Vegetable ScienceTU München, Germany.Dr. Kovac, Hamburg,
Germany.Retrieved October2011 from
http://www,puvep.com/rjhpublications.html.

KNOTT, J. E. 1964. Handbook for Vegetable Growers. London: John Wiley and Sons
Performance of Cauliflower (Brassica oleracea L. var. botrytis L.) Cv. White Flash as Affected
by Different Rates of Organic and Inorganic Fertilizer Application / Joan M. Marcos. 2012

24

In Soils in the Highland of Bukidnon for Fresh Marketing and Processing. Ph. D.
Thesis, Hamburg, Germany. Pp. 277- 283.

MARTIN, J.R. and W. H. LEONARD. 1970. Principles of Crop Production. The Mc

Millan Publ. Co., New York. Pp. 104-144.

PAATAN, N. B. 1997. Effect of Different Organic Fertilizer on the Growth and Yield

andsome Postharvest Characteristics of Broccoli. BS Thesis. Benguet State
University, La Trinidad, Benguet. P. 30-32.

PANAS, J. G. 1995. Varietal Evaluation of Cauliflower under Kabayan, Benguet

Condition. BS. Thesis.Benguet StateUniversity, La Trinidad Benguet. P. 1.
STEWART, W. M.; D. W. DIBB; A. E. JOHNSTON; T. J. SMYTH. 2005. "The

Contribution ofCommercial Fertilizer Nutrients to Food Production", Agronomy

Journal 97: 1–6.

SUCDAD, F. O. 2004. Performance of Cabbage as Affected by Time of Application and

Rates of Organic and Inorganic Fertilizer Application. BS Thesis. Benguet State

University, La Trinidad, Benguet. Pp. 1-5.

TISDALE, S. L. and W. L. NELSON. 1975. Soil Fertility and Fertilizers. New York: Mc

Millan Publ. Co. Inc. Pp. 262-263.

TRUGGELMANN L.; R. J. HOLMER; W. H. SCHNITZLER. 2000. Vegetable

Production Systems: Potentials and Constraints. ATSAF Berlin. Pp. 56-57.

WATTS, R. L. 1972. Vegetable Gardening. New York: Orange Judd Publ., Co. P. 198.

Performance of Cauliflower (Brassica oleracea L. var. botrytis L.) Cv. White Flash as Affected
by Different Rates of Organic and Inorganic Fertilizer Application / Joan M. Marcos. 2012

25

APPENDICES

Appendix Table 1. Number of days from transplanting to curd formation

REPLICATION
TREATMENT

TOTAL MEAN
(kg N-P2O5-K2O/ha)

I II III IV

60-100-100
52
52
53
54
211
52.75a

120-100-100 53
54
53
53
213
53.25a

180-100-100 54
55
54
55
218
54.50a

120-100-100 plus
45 45
49 47 186 46.50b
2t/ha chicken dung

2 t/ha chicken dung
44
46
50
48
188
47.00b

ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE

SOURCE OF DEGREES
SUM OF
MEAN OF F VALUE TABULATED
VARIATION
OF
SQUARES
SQUARES
F
FREEDOM

5% 1%

Performance of Cauliflower (Brassica oleracea L. var. botrytis L.) Cv. White Flash as Affected
by Different Rates of Organic and Inorganic Fertilizer Application / Joan M. Marcos. 2012

26

Replication
3
14.8
4.93

Treatment
4
225.7 56.42 32.71** 5.41 3.26
Error
12 20.7
1.73

TOTAL 19
261.2

**-highly
significant

Coefficient of variation: 2.59%

Appendix table 2. Number of days from transplanting to curd harvesting

REPLICATION
TREATMENT
TOTAL

MEAN
(kg N-P2O5-K2O/ha)

I II III IV
60-100-100
60 61 62 62 245 61.25a
120-100-100
60 60.33
60 62 242 60.5ab

180-100-100
59 60 59 62 240 60.00b

120-100-100 plus
53 54 55 55 217 54.25d
2t/ha chicken dung

2 t/ha chicken dung
55
56
58
58
227
56.75c

ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE

SOURCE OF DEGREES
SUM OF
MEAN OF F VALUE TABULATED
VARIATION
OF
SQUARES
SQUARES
F
FREEDOM

5% 1%

Replication 3
15.14
5.05
Performance of Cauliflower (Brassica oleracea L. var. botrytis L.) Cv. White Flash as Affected
by Different Rates of Organic and Inorganic Fertilizer Application / Joan M. Marcos. 2012

27

Treatment
4
141
35.25
72.11 ** 3.26 5.41
Error
12
5.87 0 .49

TOTAL 19
162

**-highly
significant

Coefficient of variation: 1.19%

Appendix table 3. Final plant height (cm)

REPLICATION
TREATMENT

TOTAL MEAN
(kg N-P2O5-K2O/ha)

I II
III IV
60-100-100 10.40
11.06
11.14
10.9 43.50
10.87c

120-100-100 11.04
10.24
11.68
12.48 45.44 11.36c

180-100-100 10.88
10.86
10.74
11.44 43.92 10.98c

120-100-100 plus
12.76 13.10 13.82 14.16 53.84 13.46a
2t/ha chicken dung

2 t/ha chicken dung
12.82
12.26
12.76
12.16
50
12.5b

ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE

SOURCE OF DEGREES
SUM OF
MEAN OF F VALUE TABULATED
VARIATION
OF
SQUARES
SQUARES
F
FREEDOM

5% 1%

Performance of Cauliflower (Brassica oleracea L. var. botrytis L.) Cv. White Flash as Affected
by Different Rates of Organic and Inorganic Fertilizer Application / Joan M. Marcos. 2012

28

Replication
3

1.82
0.61

Treatment
4
19.89
4.97
19.34 ** 3.26 5.41
Error
12 3.09 0.26

TOTAL 19 24.80

**-highly
significant
Coefficient of variation: 4.29%

Appendix table 4.Curd stem length (cm)

REPLICATION
TREATMENT
TOTAL

MEAN
(kg N-P2O5-K2O/ha)

I II III IV
60-100-100
9.1 9.6 10.24
9.86 39.8 9.70C

120-100-100
10.02 9.36 10.38 11.54
41.3 10.33C

180-100-100
9.72 10.26 9.78 10.38
40.14 10.04C

120-100-100 plus
12.58 12.2 12.81 13.02
50.61 12.65a
2t/ha chicken dung

2 t/ha chicken dung
11.5
11.7
11.66
11.36
46.22
11.56b

ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE

SOURCE OF DEGREES
SUM OF
MEAN OF F VALUE TABULATED
VARIATION
OF
SQUARES
SQUARES
F
FREEDOM

5% 1%

Performance of Cauliflower (Brassica oleracea L. var. botrytis L.) Cv. White Flash as Affected
by Different Rates of Organic and Inorganic Fertilizer Application / Joan M. Marcos. 2012

29

Replication 3 1.42 0.47

Treatment
4
24.03
6.00
28.25** 3.26 5.41
Error
12
2.55 0.21

TOTAL 19
28

**-highly
significant

Coefficient of variation: 4.25%

Appendix table 5. Curd diameter (cm)

REPLICATION
TREATMENT TOTAL

MEAN

(kg N-P2O5-K2O/ha)

I II III IV
60-100-100
6.23 7.52 8.13 6.54 28.42 7.11d

120-100-100
8.00 7.26 8.39 8.85 32.50 8.13bc

180-100-100
6.42 7.85 7.42 7.49 29.18 7.30cd

120-100-100 plus
10.49 10.37 11.92 11.2 43.98 11.00a
2t/ha chicken dung

2 t/ha chicken dung
9.00
8.96
9.26
8.73
35.95
8.99b

ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE

SOURCE OF DEGREES
SUM OF
MEAN OF F VALUE TABULATED
VARIATION
OF
SQUARES
SQUARES
F
FREEDOM

5% 1%
Performance of Cauliflower (Brassica oleracea L. var. botrytis L.) Cv. White Flash as Affected
by Different Rates of Organic and Inorganic Fertilizer Application / Joan M. Marcos. 2012

30

Replication 3
2.56
0.85

Treatment
4
40.00
10.00
30.65** 3.26 5.41
Error
12

3.91 0.32

TOTAL 19

**-highly
significant

Coefficient of variation: 6.72%

Appendix table 6. Average weight of curds (g)

REPLICATION
TREATMENT

TOTAL MEAN
(kg N-P2O5-K2O/ha)

I II
III IV
60-100-100 143.75
235.63
230.00
206.88
816.25
204.06c

120-100-100 212.50
381.88
362.50
288.13
1245.00
311.25ab

180-100-100 234.38
248.75
228.13
181.25
658.13
219.38bc

120-100-100 plus
355.24
368.75
668.75
512.50
1905.24
476.31a
2t/ha chicken dung

2 t/ha chicken dung
305.63
268.75
356.25
358.75
1289.38
322.34a

ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE

SOURCE OF DEGREES
SUM OF
MEAN OF F VALUE TABULATED
VARIATION
OF
SQUARES
SQUARES
F
Performance of Cauliflower (Brassica oleracea L. var. botrytis L.) Cv. White Flash as Affected
by Different Rates of Organic and Inorganic Fertilizer Application / Joan M. Marcos. 2012

31

FREEDOM

5% 1%

Replication
3 11205.06
3735.02

Treatment
4
96508.31
24127.08
7.34** 3.26 5.41
Error
12
39434.02
3286.17

TOTAL 19
147147.40

**-highly significant

Coefficient of variation: 19.70%

Appendix table 7. Marketable yield (kg/1x5m plot)

REPLICATION
TREATMENT

TOTAL MEAN
(kg N-P2O5-K2O/ha)

I II
III IV
60-100-100
2.17 2.18 2.42 1.90 8.67
2.17c

120-100-100
0.66 2.43 3.41 3.90 10.40 2.60bc
180-100-100
0.75 1.27 1.15 1.75 4.92
1.23c
120-100-100 plus
4.19 4.50 8.90 7.22 24.81 6.20s
2t/ha chicken dung
2 t/ha chicken dung
3.76
3.58
4.5
3.85
15.69
3.92b

ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE

SOURCE OF DEGREES
SUM OF
MEAN OF F VALUE TABULATED
VARIATION
OF
SQUARES
SQUARES
F
Performance of Cauliflower (Brassica oleracea L. var. botrytis L.) Cv. White Flash as Affected
by Different Rates of Organic and Inorganic Fertilizer Application / Joan M. Marcos. 2012

32

FREEDOM

5% 1%

Replication
3
14.72
4.91

Treatment
4
64.89
16.22
17.19** 3.26 5.41
Error
12
11.33 0.94

TOTAL 19
90.94

**-highly significant

Coefficient of variation: 31.18%

Appendix table 8. Non-marketable yield (kg/1x5m plot)

REPLICATION
TREATMENT

TOTAL MEAN
(kg N-P2O5-K2O/ha)

I II III IV
60-100-100
2.30 1.59 1.26 1.41
6.56

1.64a
120-100-100
3.15 2.40 1.98 0.71
8.24

2.06a
180-100-100
3.00 2.71 2.50 1.15
9.36

2.34a
120-100-100 plus
1.50
1.40
1.80
0.98
5.68
1.42a
2t/ha chicken dung

2 t/ha chicken dung
1.13
0.72
1.20
1.89
4.94
1.24a

ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE

SOURCE
DEGREES
SUM OF
MEAN OF F VALUE TABULATED
OF
OF
SQUARES
SQUARES
F
Performance of Cauliflower (Brassica oleracea L. var. botrytis L.) Cv. White Flash as Affected
by Different Rates of Organic and Inorganic Fertilizer Application / Joan M. Marcos. 2012

33

VARIATION FREEDOM

5% 1%

Replication
3
2.45
0.82
Treatment
4
3.32
0.83
2.27 3.26 5.41
Error
12
4.390.37

TOTAL 19 10.15

Ns-not significant

Coefficient of variation: 34.77%

Appendix table 9. Total yield (kg/1x5m plot)

REPLICATION
TREATMENT

TOTAL MEAN
(kg N-P2O5-K2O/ha)

I II
III IV
60-100-100
2.30
3.77
3.68
3.31
13.06
3.27c

120-100-100
3.41 4.83 5.39 4.61 18.64 4.66bc
180-100-100
3.75 3.98 3.65 2.90 14.28 3.57bc
120-100-100 plus
2t/ha chicken dung
5.69
5.90
10.70
8.20
30.49
7.62a

2 t/ha chicken dung
4.89
4.30
5.70
5.74
20.63
5.16b

ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE

SOURCE OF DEGREES
SUM OF
MEAN OF F VALUE TABULATED
Performance of Cauliflower (Brassica oleracea L. var. botrytis L.) Cv. White Flash as Affected
by Different Rates of Organic and Inorganic Fertilizer Application / Joan M. Marcos. 2012

34

VARIATION OF SQUARES SQUARES

F
FREEDOM

5% 1%

Replication
3 8.77
2.92
Treatment
4
48.06
12.01
10.86** 3.26 5.41
Error
12

13.28 1.11

TOTAL 19
46.48

**-highly significant

Coefficient of variation:21.76%

Performance of Cauliflower (Brassica oleracea L. var. botrytis L.) Cv. White Flash as Affected
by Different Rates of Organic and Inorganic Fertilizer Application / Joan M. Marcos. 2012

Document Outline

Performance of Cauliflower (Brassica oleraceaL.var. botrytisL.) Cv. White Flash as Affected by Different Rates of Organic and InorganicFertilizer Application
- BIBLIOGRAPHY
- TABLE OF CONTENTS
- INTRODUCTION
- REVIEW OF LITERATURE
- MATERIALS AND METHODS
- RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
- SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
- LITERATURE CITED
- APPENDICES