BIBLIOGRAPHY QUIRANTE, MARGIE A. ...
BIBLIOGRAPHY
QUIRANTE, MARGIE A. MAY 2011. Growth, Yield, Shelf-life and Glucosinolates
Content of ‘Broccoli Lucky Miracle’ Applied with Organic Fertilizers. Benguet State
University, La Trinidad, Benguet.
Adviser: Silvestre L Kudan, Ph.D.
ABSTRACT
This study was conducted in greenhouse condition at Balili, La Trinidad, Benguet from
July to November 2010 to evaluate the growth and yield of broccoli as affected by the different
fertilizer treatments, determine the shelf-life of broccoli curds harvested from the different
fertilizer treatments, determine the concentration of glucosinolates in broccoli applied with the
different fertilizers and determine the economics of using the different fertilizers.
Results revealed that that broccoli applied with alnus compost alone had significantly
shorter plants, stem and curd diameter resulting to slightly higher yield. Similarly, plants applied
with chicken manure + 14 – 14 – 14 had comparable stem diameter with those plants applied
with alnus compost alone, however, the rest of the data on growth, yield and shelf-life were
statistically similar.
The curd samples from the different treatments showed five peaks of glucosinolate
compounds from the chromatogram where the glucosinolate number 4 has ranged from 513.0 to
1,598.0 milli amphere units and the glucosinolate number 5 showed that the application of alnus
compost + liquid bio-fertilizer had the highest peak of 13,307.0 milli amphere units.
In terms of profitability, the highest return on expenses was computed from the
application of alnus compost alone with P 1.34 for every peso spent, followed by the application
of alnus compost + liquid bio-fertilizer (P 1.22) and no application of fertilizer (P 1.17).
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
Bibliography. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . i
Abstract . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . i
Table of Contents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ii
INTRODUCTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
REVIEW OF LITERATURE……………………………………………..
2
Description of Broccoli . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
Importance of Broccoli . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
Soil and Climatic Requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
Concentrated Mineral Drops . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
PlantmateOrganic Fertilizer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5
Liquid Bio-fertilizer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
6
Importance of Organic Fertilizer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
Importance of Glucosinolates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
MATERIALS AND METHODS………………………………………... 8
Materials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
Methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION………………………………………… 14
Plant Height at Harvest . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
Curd Diameter (cm). . . …. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 14
Stem Diameter (cm).. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 15
Total Yield per Plot (kg) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . . . . . . 18
Weight of Marketable Curds (kg). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . … 19
Weight of Non-Marketable Curds (kg) . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . .. . . . . . 20
Weight of Individual Curds (kg) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
Refractive Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
Shelf-life (days) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
Glucosinolates Concentration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION…………. 27
Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
Conclusion . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
Recommendation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
LITERATURE CITED . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
APPENDICES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
1
INTRODUCTION
According to Chen (2007), President of the Association of Taiwan Organic
Agriculture Promotion, only after the last river has been poisoned, only after the last tree
has been cut down, only after the last fish has been caught, only after then will you learn
that money cannot be eaten. This statement correctly describes the traditional or chemical
agriculture which is oriented towards profit, but pollute the environment.
The continuous application of synthetic fertilizer such as urea, 14-14-14, 21-0-0,
16-16-16, 16-20-0, etc., without any soil analysis as basis of the amount to apply did not
only make the soil extremely acidic, but also pollute the underground water and deplete
organic matter in the soil. The clear evidences are the findings of Laurean and Badayos
(2009) when they recorded a pH of 3.96 and 2.19% organic matter in Ngano-an, Bokod
Benguet, 4.54 pH and 4.44% OM in Ballay, Kabayan Benguet, 3.72 pH and 0.99% OM
in Guinaoang, Mankayan Benguet, 4.17 pH and 0.96% OM in Nangalisan, Tuba, Benguet
and 5.08 pH and 2.60% OM in Magmagaling, Buguias, Benguet.
At present, it appears that most farmers do not like to shift to the more sustainable
crop production practices. Advantages in using natural inputs obtained from scientific
studies are much wanted.
The nutritional benefits of organic vegetables reviewed by Chen (1999) shows
that the snap bean, cabbage, lettuce, tomatoes and spinach have 87% more minerals and
trace elements than the commercially grown vegetables. This report is supportive to the
advocacy of the university to follow organic farming practices. However, there are very
few studies conducted in the university to establish the benefits derived from the practice.
It is then a worthwhile endeavor to conduct studies on the benefits of using
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natural/organic fertilizers to the soil and to the crop. Findings from this study will add to
science, provide information to vegetable consumers and producers alike, including
researchers for further study and the extension workers to disseminate to the public.
The study was conducted to:
1. evaluate the growth and yield of broccoli as affected by the different fertilizer
treatments.
2. determine the shelf-life of broccoli curds harvested from the different fertilizer
treatments, and
3. determine the concentration of glucosinolates in broccoli applied with the different
fertilizer brands.
4. determine the economics of using different fertilizer treatments in brocolli production.
The study was conducted inside the greenhouse at Balili, La Trinidad, Benguet from July
to November 2010.
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REVIEW OF LITERATURE
Description of Broccoli
According to Groman (1997), broccoli is a nutritious garden vegetable closely
related to cauliflower which originally came from southern Europe. The crop has thick
clusters of flower buds that form edible ”heads” which are green and are more branched
and open than the tight, round, white heads of cauliflower. The author also mentioned
that broccoli can be grown from seeds in 100 to 120 days and that it belongs to the
mustard family, cruciferae (Brassicaceae).
A biennial, normally grown as annuals, the edible part of broccoli is the un
opened flower cluster (curd) and it’s subtending fleshy stems at the terminal of the main
axis from two to four feet tall and of the auxiliary branches (Benton, 1970; Tindall,
1983). The curd consists of a mass of abortious flowers on thick hypertrophied branches
which are produced at the top of the short, thick stem. Leaves are long and elliptical
(Tindall, 1983) and grow about two to three feet tall (Burpee, 1984).
Importance of Broccoli
In terms of food value, broccoli is rich in protein, minerals, and vitamins A and C.
People cook broccoli or use it as a green, raw snack vegetable and the buds and fleshy
stems are eaten (Groman, 1997).
Broccoli is the earliest and requires the least vernalization of vegetable coles
grown in the United States. It thrives under cool condition and a hot period of two to
three weeks before market stage will result in a loose head with puffy buds and
unacceptable quality. There is a need for heat tolerance in broccoli, but most of the
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commercial crops are grown in the cool coastal areas of California. Consumption of
broccoli had grown rapidly each year since the 1950’s. It is high in nutritional value,
vitamins, minerals, and roughage, but it is low in carbohydrates (Becnan, 2005).
Soil and Climatic Requirements
Groman (1997) wrote that broccoli grows best in cool weather and in moist,
fertile soil. According to Comila 2008, the requirements of broccoli are similar to those
of cauliflower but generally less sensitive to high temperature, optimum temperature are
in the range of 18-24 degrees Celsius. High temperature may accelerate maturity and
induce early flowering. Broccoli also has a lower requirement than cauliflower for a cool
period of flowering. The period taken to reach maturity is generally similar to that
required by cauliflower; the crop maybe harvested 80-140 days from transplanting. The
heads are harvested with 15-25 cm of stem attached, immediately prior to opening of the
flowers. After the terminal head has been harvested, several lateral buds developed, to be
harvested successionally over a period of several weeks.
Concentrated Mineral Drops (Amazing Harvest)
According to the company, Amazing Integrated Marketing International, the
Concentrated Mineral Drops (Amazing Harvest) is a natural active occurring ionic
mineral which can easily be assimilated and can be fully absorbed by animals and plants,
and helps in enhancing natural defenses that prevents disease and other attacks from
destroying elements. It is also claimed that the product has natural balance, complete and
stable. It is complete in essential minerals and trace minerals that can work
synergistically with living things like plants to create a dynamic equilibrium to bring
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back lost fertility and nutrients needed by living things. Moreover, the product does not
cause toxicity and acidity like chemically base products instead it creates a symbiotic
relationship between plants, animals and man (AIM, 1992).
Based on the certificate of analysis on 2 February 2009, the minerals and amounts
are the following: Chloride-249 mg/ml; magnesium-81.9 mg/ml; Sulfate-26.6 mg/ml;
Sodium-11.6 mg/ml; potassium-14 mg/ml; Lithium-0.544 mg/ml; Boron-0.406 mg/ml;
Calcium-0.0947 mg/ml and pH-6.41. Mineral Resources International, Inc. (MRI) the
laboratory in Ogden, Utah that conducted the mineral analysis included heavy metals,
other contaminants, and microbiological profile of the product, which are all found to be
in the specification standards.
As to the rate of application, fruits/leafy vegetables such as tomato, eggplant,
cabbage, cauliflower, sweet pepper, pechay, celery, lettuce, cucumber, ampalaya, and
squash seeds are soaked for 8 hours in a solution prepared from 8 ml concentrated
mineral drops and 16 liters of water then spray the plants with the same solution every 10
days from emergence/transplanting to a day before harvesting.
Plantmate Organic Fertilizer
In the study of Debso (2007), broccoli applied with varying rates of plantmate did
not produce significant differences in term of growth and yield parameters which were
comparable to the farmer’s practice of applying chicken dung basally and side dressing
with complete fertilizer three weeks after transplanting. However, the application 2.0 kg
of plantmate organic fertilizer obtained the highest return of P1.23 for every peso spent in
the production. Recently, Pang-ot (2010) in his experiment on seed yield of French beans
and Puyao (2010) in his study on romaine lettuce did not recommend the use of
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plantmate when the fertility level contain 126 ppm phosphorous, 366 ppm potassium, 2%
organic matter and 6.6 pH.
Liquid Bio-fertilizer
In 2007, Tocdangan reported that the application of liquid bio-fertilizer to
romaine ‘Xanadu’ significantly increase the weight of marketable plants compared to the
application of chicken dung and 14-14-14. The author, however, recommended that the
rate of application is 1.5ml per liter of water and not to exceed for it has burning effect to
romaine lettuce, and if the soil has 3.5% organic matter, 140 ppm phosphorous, and 1,510
ppm potassium, high profit can be obtained even without fertilizer application. Similarly,
Cat-ag (2007) recommended not to apply liquid bio-fertilizer to spoon cabbage or pak
choi when the soil has 6.34 pH, organic matter of 3.5%, 140 ppm phosphorous, and 1,510
ppm potassium as the experiment area of the study
As to the time of application, Dayao (2008) found that spoon cabbage applied
with liquid bio-fertilizer at 3:00 o’clock in the afternoon had slightly better growth and
yield with higher return on investment. Early application of liquid bio-fertilizer at 6:00
o’clock in the morning and late at 6:00 o’clock in the afternoon had lower yield and
return on investment.
Importance of Organic Fertilizer
Dagoon and Cadiz (1985) stated that the decomposition of organic material by the
action of soil microorganisms yield valuable nutrients, which are essential for plant
growth. The product of decay enrich the soil to the benefit of plants which in turn cause
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the microorganism to work continuously, thus breaking the complex compound of the
decaying organic material into simple forms, which can be readily used by the plants.
Similarly, PCARRD (1979) pointed out that organic matter improves soil
structure, thus increasing the capacity of the soil to hold water and provide aeration. They
stimulate the microorganism decomposing residues and aid in the extraction of plant
nutrients from minerals in the soil.
Bautista, et al. (1983) cited several functions of organic matter in the soil. By
forming complexes with the nutrient elements, organic matter prevents loss of nutrient. It
facilitates entrance and percolation of water into and through the soil. It improves the
penetration of roots through the soil good structure brought by its decomposition.
Organic matter also contributes nutrient elements, thus favoring the high yield and
growth of plants.
Organic matter opens up non-porous clays to improve drainage and admit the air
necessary for good root growth. It is also needed in very porous soils to retain moisture
and proper light penetration and in sandy soils to prevent leak of precious rain water and
nutrient (Crockett, 1987).
Importance of Glucosinolates
Bones and Rossiter (1996) stated that glucosinolates are substances occurring
widely in plants of the genus brassica which includes (broccoli, brussel sprout, and
cabbage). It is useful anti- cancer activity since they increase the rate at which a variety
of potentially toxic and carcinogenic compound are conjugated and excreted. Aside from
that it is also anti- microbial induction of detoxifying enzyme systems. The present
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compound component of glucosinolates is a class of organic compound that contain
sulfur and nitrogen and are derived from glucose and amino acid.
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MATERIALS AND METHODS
Materials
The materials used in the study were seeds of broccoli ‘Lucky Miracle’, organic
fertilizers (plantmate, liquid bio-fertilizer, concentrated mineral drops, and chicken
dung), 14-14-14, garden tools, weighing scale, refractomer, tape measure, record book
and pegs.
Methods
Experimental design and treatments. The experiment was laid out in a
Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD). The treatments which were replicated
three times were the following:
Treatment Code Description
T 1
No application of fertilizer (control)
T2
5 kg of plantmate per plot of 1m x 5m
T3
1 can alnus leaves compost + 1.875 ml
liquid bio- fertilizer per liter of water
T4 1 can alnus leaves compost + 0.94 ml of
Concentrated mineral drop per liter of water
T5
Farmer’s practice (chicken dung +14-14-14
+ insecticide)
T6
1 can alnus leaves compost alone
Sowing the seeds. Seeds of broccoli ‘Lucky Miracle’ were sown in seedling trays.
The media used in filling the holes of the seedling trays was a mixture of 1:1:1 part by
volume of garden soil, plant compost and sand. This mixture was sterilized to kill the soil
pathogens and weed seeds. One seed of broccoli was sown in each hole of the seedling
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tray and was irrigated every after three days when the seedlings were transplanted to the
plant beds.
Land preparation. Before preparing the plots, soil sample for N, P, K analysis
was taken. Fifteen plots measuring 1m x 5m were prepared for the study. Each plot was
applied with one can (16 liters capacity) of alnus compost and mixed with the soil except
the plots for farmer’s practice where one-half kerosene can of chicken dung per plot was
used as base dress fertilizer. After mixing the fertilizer base dress, the distance of planting
the seedlings were measured on the plot and marked with sticks at 35 cm x 35 cm.
Transplanting the seedlings. The broccoli seedlings were transplanted to the
prepared plots when they reach three weeks (21days) from seedling emergence. The
seedlings were taken out from the seedling trays by pushing the outside bottom then
transplanting them to the previously prepared plots at a distance of 35 cm x35 cm. With
the distance of planting, there were 14 seedlings transplanted per row or 28 seedlings per
plot of double rows. The plots were irrigated immediately after transplanting the
seedlings (Figure 1).
Hilling- up. Three weeks after transplanting the seedlings, 428.57g of 14-14-14
was side dressed on the plot for farmer’s practice then hill-up to cover the fertilizer.
Hilling-up of the other treatment plots was also done to control weed growth, put more
soil to anchor the plants and to fix the plots so that irrigation water does not over flow to
the canals between plots.
Foliar fertilizer application. The application of the liquid bio-fertilizer (X-Tekh
Micro) and concentrated mineral drops (Amazing Harvest) started one week after
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Figure 1. Overview of the experimental area inside the greenhouse showing the
transplanted seedlings of broccoli
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transplanting the seedlings and every 10 days interval thereafter until before harvest,
following the rate of application in the treatments.
Crop maintenance. Two watering cans (32 liters) of water per plot were applied
every three days up to the day the plants were ready to be harvested. The plots assigned
to the farmer’s practice were sprayed with biological insecticide (Xentari) when
diamond- back moth larvae were observed infesting the plants. Except this treatment plot,
the rest of the treatment plots were taken cared without synthetic chemical use.
Harvesting. The plants were harvested when the curds are green and the florets
are still tight. The curds are cut from the plants with 8 to 10 cm stem below the curds and
the leaves were removed.
The data gathered were the following:
1. Plant height at harvest (cm). Ten sample plants per plot were measured with
tape measure at random from the base of the plant to the surface of the curd. The sum of
the measurements was divided by 10 to get the average height of plants.
2. Curd diameter (cm). Ten sample curds were measured from edge to edge
crossing the middle during harvest.
3. Stem diameter (cm). Ten sample plants were used by measuring the stem with
a Venier caliper during harvest.
4. Total yield per plot (kg). The weights of all the harvested curds per plot were
added and recorded which include the marketable and non-marketable.
5. Weight of marketable curds (kg). This was the weight of curds that do not have
any defect such as malformed, rotten, too small and severely damaged by insects.
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6. Weight of non-marketable curds (kg). This was the weight of curds having
defects mentioned above which were not sold in the market.
7. Weight of individual curd (g). The total yield per plot was divided by the
number of curds harvested per plot.
8. Sugar content (Brix). This was obtained with the use of refractomer. Curd
samples were crushed and the juice placed on the main prism of the refractomer covered
with the daylight plate and the reading was recorded.
9. Shelf-life. One-fourth kilo of curds from each plot were taken during harvest
and set-up in the horticulture laboratory room to observe the shelf-life. The number of
days from the day it was set-up to the day the curds were not fit for consumption due to
florets yellowing, was recorded as the shelf life of curds.
10. Glucosinolates concentration. One- fourth kilo of curds from each plot were
packed in plastic bag and sent to De la Salle University for the analysis of glucosinolates
content under the care of Prof. Mel Garcia.
11. Return on Expenses (ROE). This was taken by using the formula:
ROE (%) = Gross sales-Total Expenses per Plot x100
Total Expenses per Plot
Data Analysis
The data gathered were tabulated and the means were subjected to separation test
using the Duncan’s Multiple Range Test.
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RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Plant Height
Table 1 shows that plants base- dressed with alnus compost alone had
significantly shorter plant heights compared to the rest of the treatments. Except the
plants applied with alnus compost, plants applied with chicken dung +14-14-14,
concentrated mineral drops, liquid bio-fertilizer and plantmate did not differ in height,
together with the plants that were not applied with fertilizer. The slight differences among
these treatments might be due to the presence of adequate nutrient elements in the soil
prior to planting as shown by the soil analysis where the organic matter content is 10.00,
the phosphorous is 380 ppm and the potassium was 1,100 ppm. On the other hand, the
application of alnus compost seem to shorten plant height but enhanced bigger stem
diameter and curd size as shown in the results. It might be that the function of compost in
improving the soil structure made the stem bigger rather than taller as measured from
these plants applied with fertilizer materials containing mineral elements and beneficial
microorganisms.
Curd Diameter
As presented in Table 1, plants applied with alnus compost alone significantly
surpassed the diameter of curds produced from the rest of the treatments with similar curd
diameters. Except the plants applied with alnus compost, the rest of the treatments
produced curds with almost similar diameter. As explained earlier, broccoli base- dressed
with alnus compost had dwarfing effect, but enhanced the growth of curds and stems
which was shown in the result. It was also observed by Pilpiling (2010) in pakchoi
planted under pine tree stand applied with alnus compost to obtain good yield.This
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Table 1. Plant height and curd diameter of broccoli applied with organic fertilizers
PLANT CURD
TREATMENT
HEIGHT DIAMETER
(cm) (cm)
No application of fertilizer (control) 38.57a 16.69b
5kg of plantmate per 1m x 5m plot 38.03a 16.47b
1 can alnus leaves compost + 1.875 ml liquid
bio-fertilizer per liter of water 37.27a 15.57b
1 can alnus leaves compost + 0.94 ml of
concentrated mineral drop per liter of water 38.10a 16.19b
Farmer’s practice (chicken dung +14-14-14 +
insecticide) 37.07a 16.47b
1 can alnus leaves compost alone 35.27b 19.57a
Means in a column with the same letter are not significantly different at 5% level by DMRT
observation in the effect of alnus compost is not fully understood at the moment except
that the acidity can be minimized by alnus compost application according to Pilpiling
(2010).
Stem Diameter
Table 2 shows that the different organic fertilizer treatments had promoted
significant differences in the stem diameter of broccoli plants. The application of alnus
compost alone and the farmers practice promoted the production of similar stem diameter
that significantly bigger compared to the rest of the treatments. This was followed by
plants applied with alnus compost+ liquid bio-fertilizer which significantly produced
bigger stem diameter compared to those without fertilizer application, concentrated
mineral drops and the plantmate fertilizer having similar stem diameter.
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Table 2. Stem diameter of broccoli applied with different organic fertilizers
TREATMENT
MEAN
(cm)
No application of fertilizer (control)
3.85c
5kg of plantmate per 1m x 5m plot
3.78c
1 can alnus leaves compost + 1.875 ml liquid
bio-fertilizer per liter of water
3.99b
1 can alnus leaves compost + 0.94 ml of
concentrated mineral drop per liter of water
3.83c
Farmer’s practice (chicken dung +14-14-14 +
insecticide)
4.07a
1 can alnus leaves compost alone
4.25a
Means with the same letter are not significantly different at 5% level by DMRT
The significantly shorter plants, bigger curd and stem diameter of broccoli
applied with alnus compost alone seem to be a consistent result from this treatment
( Figure 2). However, the application of chicken dung and 14-14-14 enhanced similar
stem diameter in broccoli due to higher nutrient content that promoted growth. The same
reason may be explaination with the use of liquid bio-fertilizer; although it was
significantly lower stem diameter compared to the plants applied with alnus compost
alone and the farmers practice; but had significantly bigger stem compared to those
applied with CMD, plantmate and the control. However, these differences in stem
diameter did not influence the data on all the weights of curds.
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T1
CONTROL
T2
PLANTMATE
T1
T2
X-TECH
T3
T4
T
X-TEKH
CMD
3
T4
FARMER’S
T5
FARMER’S
T6
T5
PRACTICE
T6
PRACTICE
Figure 2 Curds and stem diameter of harvested broccoli applied with different
organic fertilizers at harvest
Growth, Yield, Shelf-life and Glucosinolates Content of ‘Broccoli Lucky Miracle’ Applied with
Organic Fertilizers. QUIRANTE, MARGIE A. MAY 2011
18
Total Yield per Plot
There were no significant differences on the total yield harvested from the
broccoli applied with different organic fertilizer materials as presented in Table 3.This
result may be due to the presence of high nutrient elements in the soil before planting as
shown by the soil analysis wherein the organic matter content was 10.00%, phosphorous
of 380 ppm and the potassium was 1,100 ppm. It is interesting to obtain a slight
difference in total yield from an area which was high in organic matter, phosphorous and
potassium as a result of eight years of applying compost alnus leaves, cow/horse manure
and weeds. The application of different organic fertilizers did not show significant results
in yield as the soil contains sufficient nutrients for the plant, for normal growth
Table 3. Total yield of broccoli harvested from 5 sq. m plot
TREATMENT
TOTAL YIELD
(kg)
No application of fertilizer (control)
6.34a
5kg of plantmate per 1m x 5m plot
5.45a
1 can alnus leaves compost + 1.875 ml liquid
bio-fertilizer per liter of water
6.66a
1 can alnus leaves compost + 0.94 ml of
concentrated mineral drop per liter of water
5.13a
Farmer’s practice (chicken dung +14-14-14 +
insecticide)
5.54a
1 can alnus leaves compost alone
6.64a
Means with the same letter are not significantly different at 5% level by DMRT
Growth, Yield, Shelf-life and Glucosinolates Content of ‘Broccoli Lucky Miracle’ Applied with
Organic Fertilizers. QUIRANTE, MARGIE A. MAY 2011
19
Weight of Marketable Curds
Plants applied with alnus compost alone produced higher marketable curds
followed by those applied with alnus compost + liquid bio- fertilizer, no application of
fertilizer, farmers practice, plantmate and the lowest was harvested from plants applied
with alnus compost+ concentrated mineral drops, however, the differences were not
significant (Table 4).
As presented earlier, plant height, stem diameter and curd diameter showed
significant differences, but the yield data did not obtain significant differences, which
may imply that sufficient nutrient elements is present in the soil as shown in the analysis
of sample before conducting the experiment.
Table 4. Weight of marketable and non marketable curds from plants applied with the
different organic fertilizers
MARKETABLE NON-MARKETA-
TREATMENT
(kg) BLE
(kg)
No application of fertilizer (control)
5.60a
0.74a
5kg of plantmate per 1m x 5m plot
5.18a
0.28a
1 can alnus leaves compost + 1.875 ml liquid
bio-fertilizer per liter of water
6.35a
0.32a
1 can alnus leaves compost + 0.94 ml of
concentrated mineral drop per liter of water
4.81a
0.32a
Farmer’s practice (chicken dung +14-14-14 +
5.23a
0.31a
insecticide)
1 can alnus leaves compost alone
6.54a
0.10a
Means with the same letter are not significantly different at 5% level by DMRT
Growth, Yield, Shelf-life and Glucosinolates Content of ‘Broccoli Lucky Miracle’ Applied with
Organic Fertilizers. QUIRANTE, MARGIE A. MAY 2011
20
Weight of Non-Marketable Curds
There were no significant differences obtained on the weight of non marketable
curds from the different treatments studied as shown in Table 4. However, plants that
were not applied with fertilizer (control) had slightly heavier non-marketable curds due to
abnormalities, and plants applied with alnus compost alone yielded the lowest non-
marketable curds.
Weight of Individual Curds
Table 5 shows that there were no significant differences among the treatments in
terms of the weight of individual curd. However, curds from plants applied with liquid
bio-fertilizer weighed heavier followed by the application of alnus compost alone, no fer-
Table 5. Weight of individual curd from plants applied different organic fertilizers
TREATMENT
WEIGHT
(g)
No application of fertilizer (control) 226.43a
5kg of plantmate per 1m x 5m plot 194.76a
1 can alnus leaves compost + 1.875 ml liquid
bio-fertilizer per liter of water 238.12a
1 can alnus leaves compost + 0.94 ml of
concentrated mineral drop per liter of water 183.10a
Farmer’s practice (chicken dung +14-14-14 +
insecticide) 197.76a
1 can alnus leaves compost alone 237.25a
Means with the same letter are not significantly different at 5% level by DMRT
Growth, Yield, Shelf-life and Glucosinolates Content of ‘Broccoli Lucky Miracle’ Applied with
Organic Fertilizers. QUIRANTE, MARGIE A. MAY 2011
21
ilizer application, farmers practice, plantmate and the lowest weight of curd was
produced from plants applied with concentrated mineral drops.
Refractive Index
As shown in Table 6, there were no significant differences among the treatments
in terms of sugar contents measured in 0Brix. The extracted juices were measured with
the use of refractometer and the 0Brix of 4 is described as poor which means that the
quality of the broccoli produced in the experimental plots was poor. Average quality
should have a reading of 8, good is 10 and an excellent quality is 12, according to Price in
2004.
Table 6. Refractive index of broccoli juice in 0Brix
TREATMENT
MEAN
No application of fertilizer (control) 4.17a
5kg of plantmate per 1m x 5m plot 3.27a
1 can alnus leaves compost + 1.875 ml liquid
bio-fertilizer per liter of water 3.93a
1 can alnus leaves compost + 0.94 ml of
concentrated mineral drop per liter of water 3.60a
Farmer’s practice (chicken dung +14-14-14 +
insecticide) 4.33a
1 can alnus leaves compost alone 4.53a
Means with the same letter are not significantly different at 5% level by DMRT
Growth, Yield, Shelf-life and Glucosinolates Content of ‘Broccoli Lucky Miracle’ Applied with
Organic Fertilizers. QUIRANTE, MARGIE A. MAY 2011
22
Shelf life
Shelf-life of curds from the broccoli applied with different organic fertilizers is
presented in Table 7 and Figure 3. Plants applied with concentrated mineral drops
attained longer shelf-life but was not significantly different from the rest of the
treatments. It was explained by Price (2004) that high quality produced dehydrates. Sugar
content firmly resist rotting in storage of broccoli.
As mentioned under refractive index (Table 6), the data obtained from the
different treatments is considered poor and did not show any significant differences. It
follows that the shelf-life of curds was the same at four days except the plants applied
with CMD which had a means of 4.67 days was slightly longer, than the other treatment
Table 7. Shelf-life of curds from plants applied with different organic fertilizers
TREATMENT
SHELF-LIFE
(days)
No application of fertilizer (control) 4.33a
5kg of plantmate per 1m x 5m plot 4.33a
1 can alnus leaves compost + 1.875 ml liquid
bio-fertilizer per liter of water 4.00a
1 can alnus leaves compost + 0.94 ml of
concentrated mineral drop per liter of water 4.67a
Farmer’s practice (chicken dung +14-14-14 +
insecticide) 4.00a
1 can alnus leaves compost alone 4.00a
Means with the same letter are not significantly different at 5% level by DMRT
Growth, Yield, Shelf-life and Glucosinolates Content of ‘Broccoli Lucky Miracle’ Applied with
Organic Fertilizers. QUIRANTE, MARGIE A. MAY 2011
23
Figure 3. Shelf-life of broccoli curds from the different treatments at the end
of four days
Growth, Yield, Shelf-life and Glucosinolates Content of ‘Broccoli Lucky Miracle’ Applied with
Organic Fertilizers. QUIRANTE, MARGIE A. MAY 2011
24
Glucosinolates Concentration
As shown in Table 8, the samples of curd from the different treatments studied
have five peaks of glucosinolates concentrations obtained from the chromatogram. This
means that there are five kinds of glucosinolate compounds in the broccoli analysis and
that plants applied with alnus compost alone had the highest peaks in GI1 and GI2 and had
the lowest peaks in GI3, GI4 and GI5. In contrast, plants applied with alnus compost then
supplemented with liquid bio-fertilizer (X-Tekh) produced the curds with the highest
concentration of glucosinolates in GI5. Glucosinolate 5 shows that all the treatments have
the highest peaks in the chromatogram analysis followed by GI4.
Table 8. Peak area (in MAU) of five glucosinolate compounds observed from the
Chromatogram of different curd samples applied with different organic
fertilizers.
TREATMENT
GI1 GI2 GI3 GI4 GI5
(Milli amphere)
No application of fertilizer(control) 303.5 695.0 379.0 1,255.5 9,632.0
5kg of plantmate per 1m x 5m plot 341.0 797.5 375.5 1,337.5 8,707.5
1 can alnus leaves compost + 1.875
ml liquid bio-fertilizer per liter of
water 401.5 910.5 351.5 1,481.5 13,307.0
1 can alnus leaves compost + 0.94
ml of concentrated mineral drop
per liter of water 412.5 935.0 348.0 1,168.0 9,721.5
Farmer’s practice (chicken dung +
14-14-14 + insecticide) 340.0 692.5 343.5 1,598.0 11,453.0
1 can alnus leaves compost alone 617.5 1,797.0 327.5 513.0 3,001.0
Means with the same letter are not significantly different at 5% level by DMRT
Growth, Yield, Shelf-life and Glucosinolates Content of ‘Broccoli Lucky Miracle’ Applied with
Organic Fertilizers. QUIRANTE, MARGIE A. MAY 2011
25
Economic Analysis
Table 9 shows that the application of liquid bio-fertilizer (X-Tekh) obtained the
highest net income with a computed return on expenses of 142.82 % or Php. 1.43 for
every peso spent in the production. This was followed by the application of alnus
compost alone (133.66%), no fertilizer application (117.35%), farmer’s practice (83.19%)
plantmate (87.65%) and the plants applied with concentrated mineral drops obtained the
lowest net income and return on expenses (71.64%).
Obviously, the profitability of each treatment is the function of the marketable
yield and the expenses, wherein if the yield is high and the expenses is low, then a higher
net profit is obtained. On the other hand, if the yield is low and the expenses is high then
the net income is low.
The very slight differences in the marketable yield between the plants applied
with alnus compost alone and with the application of alnus compost plus the supplements
of bio-liquid fertilizer of 0.19 kg per plot when projected to hectare basis would amount
to 380 kg more yield or P 38,000.00 more sales, but the application of alnus compost then
supplemented with bio-liquid fertilizer will still earn net income of P 13,200.00 due to
lower expenses in fertilizer. Similarly, the plants without fertilizer application had lower
yield of 0.75 kg per plot or 150 kg per hectare but ranked third due to the absence of
expenses in fertilizers.
Growth, Yield, Shelf-life and Glucosinolates Content of ‘Broccoli Lucky Miracle’ Applied with
Organic Fertilizers. QUIRANTE, MARGIE A. MAY 2011
26
Table 9. Economic analysis of the different treatments from 15 sq. m area
TREATMENT
ITEMS
T1 T2 T3 T4 T5 T6
Marketable Yield(kg) 16.81 15.53 19.04 14.42 15.70 19.63
A. Sales(Php) 2,017.20 1,863.60 2,284.80 1,730.40 1,884.00 2,355.60
B. Expenses(Php)
1. Seeds 25.20 25.20 25.20 25.20 25.20 25.20
2. 14-14-14 - - - - 12.50 -
3. Foliar Fertilizer - - 22.80 90.00 - -
4. Chicken Dung - - - - 90.00 -
5. Pesticide - - - - 7.80 -
6. Plantmate - 75.00 - - - -
7. Alnus compost - - 90.00 90.00 - 90.00
8. Land preparation 39.17 39.17 39.17 39.17 39.17 39.17
9. Sowing 29.38 29.38 29.38 29.38 29.38 29.38
10. Transplanting 39.17 39.17 39.17 39.17 39.17 39.17
11. Irrigation 220.32 220.32 220.32 220.32 220.32 220.32
12. Harvesting 235.00 235.00 235.00 235.00 235.00 235.00
13. Land rent 149.85 149.85 149.85 149.85 149.85 149.85
14. Depreciation 180.06 180.06 180.06 180.06 180.06 180.06
Cost
Total Expenses(Php) 928.15 993.15 1,030.95 1,090.15 1,028.45 1,008.15
Net Profit (Php) 1,089.05 870.45 1,253.85 640.25 855.25 1,347.45
ROE(%) 117.35 87.65 121.82 58.73 83.19 133.66
Rank 3 4 2 6 5 1
Note: The selling price of broccoli during harvest was Php 100.00 per kilo.
Growth, Yield, Shelf-life and Glucosinolates Content of ‘Broccoli Lucky Miracle’ Applied with
Organic Fertilizers. QUIRANTE, MARGIE A. MAY 2011
27
SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
Summary
The study was conducted at Balili area from July to September 2010 to evaluate
the growth, yield, shelf-life and the glucosinolates content of broccoli as affected by the
different fertilizer treatments. Results of the study show the following:
1.
the application of alnus compost alone had promoted the production of
significantly shorter plants at harvest, wider curd diameter, wider stem diameter and
slightly heavier yield per plot.
2.
the farmer’s practice of applying chicken dung as base- dress and 14-14-
14 as side-dress slightly differ from those applied with alnus compost, both of which had
significantly wider stem diameter than those of the other treatments, how ever except for
the stem diameter, the rest of the data were statistically comparable.
3.
there are five peak areas of glucosinolate compounds obtained from the
Chromatogram analysis where plants applied with alnus compost and supplemented with
liqui bio-fertilizer had the highest milli Amphere unit in the glucosinolate No. 5 at
13,307.0 while the plants applied with alnus compost alone had the lowest peak of
3,001.0. Glucosinolate 4 shows almost similar peak areas on all the treatment samples
except from plants applied with alnus compost alone which had a peak area of less than
half of the other treatments;
4.
Shelf-life of curds applied with concentrated mineral drops was slightly
longer than the other treatments which had a mean of 4.0 which was considered of poor
quality in the refractive index of similar results;
Growth, Yield, Shelf-life and Glucosinolates Content of ‘Broccoli Lucky Miracle’ Applied with
Organic Fertilizers. QUIRANTE, MARGIE A. MAY 2011
28
5.
In the terms of profitability, the application of alnus compost + liquid bio-
fertilizer obtained the highest return on expenses of P1.43 for every peso spent followed
by the application of alnus compost alone and without fertilizer application.
Conclusion
Based on the results presented and discussed, it is inferred that among the
treatments, the application of alnus compost alone promotes shorter plants with wider
diameter of stems and curds resulting to slightly higher yield with return on expenses of
P1.34 for every peso spent compared to the second rank where plants were applied with
alnus compost supplemented with liquid bio-fertilizer of P1.22 which contain the highest
glucosinolate compound.
Recommendation
It is then recommended that when the soil contain 10% organic matter, 380ppm
phosphorous and 1,100 ppm potassium, alnus compost alone would be sufficient.
Alternatively, the application of alnus compost supplemented with liquid bio-fertilizer
provides higher return on expenses too with the highest content of glucosinolate
compounds.
Growth, Yield, Shelf-life and Glucosinolates Content of ‘Broccoli Lucky Miracle’ Applied with
Organic Fertilizers. QUIRANTE, MARGIE A. MAY 2011
29
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289.
CAT-AG, J. S. 2007. Growth and yield response of spoon cabbage to different frequency
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CHEN, S. 2007. Association of Taiwan Organic Agriculture Promotion flyer. 369 Wen-
Hua Rd., Pestoow, Chang Hua, Taiwan.
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Benguet. 38 Pp.
DEBSO, P. D. 2007. Growth and yield performance of broccoli applied with different
rates of plantmate (organic fertilizer). BS Thesis. BSU, La Trinidad, Benguet. 42
Pp.
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30
GROMAN, J. 1997. The World Book Encyclopedia. London. World Book Inc. 2: 583-
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PANG-OT, L. V. 2010. Seed development of French bean (Phaseolus vulgaris spp.) and
seed yield as affected by rates of Plantmate organic fertilizer. BS Thesis. BSU, La
Trinidad, Benguet. 53 Pp.
PCARRD. 1979. The Philippine Recommends for Soil Fertility Management. Pp. 63-68
.
PILPILING,J.E.2010. Growth and Yield of Pakchoi ‘Cherokee’ Grown on Soil with and
without Pine needle litters. BS Thesis. BSU, La Trinidad, Benguet. 32 Pp
PRICE, W. 2004. Nutrition and Physical Degeneration. brixman@wietern.com.
PUYAO, J. B. 2010. Growth and yield of romaine lettuce ‘Xanadu’ based-dressed with
varying rates of plantmate organic fertilizer. BS Thesis. BSU, La Trinidad,
Benguet. 31 Pp.
TINDALL, H. D. 1983. Vegetable Crops in the Tropics. London: McMillan Education
Co., Inc. P. 533.
TOCDANGAN, M. L. C. L. 2007. Growth and yield performance of romaine lettuce
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Growth, Yield, Shelf-life and Glucosinolates Content of ‘Broccoli Lucky Miracle’ Applied with
Organic Fertilizers. QUIRANTE, MARGIE A. MAY 2011
31
APPENDICES
Appendix Table 1. Plant height at harvest (cm)
BLOCK
TREATMENT
I
II
III
TOTAL
MEAN
T1
38.80
38.10
38.80
115.70
38.57
T2
39.60
37.80
36.70
114.10
38.03
T3
37.10
36.90
37.80
111.80
37.27
T4
37.40
38.50
38.40
114.30
38.10
T5
37.60
35.10
38.50
111.20
37.07
T6
35.90
34.60
35.30
105.80
35.27
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCE OF DEGREES SUM OF MEAN OF COMPUTED TABULAR F
VARIATION
OF
SQUARES SQUARES
F
0.05 0.01
FREEDOM
Block
2
2.790
1.395
Treatments
5
20.792
4.158
4.13*
3.33
5.64
Error
10
10.063
1.006
Total
17
33.645
* = highly significant Coefficient of variation 2.68 %
Growth, Yield, Shelf-life and Glucosinolates Content of ‘Broccoli Lucky Miracle’ Applied with
Organic Fertilizers. QUIRANTE, MARGIE A. MAY 2011
32
Appendix Table 2. Curd diameter (cm)
BLOCK
TREATMENT
I
II
III
TOTAL
MEAN
T1
17.20
16.70
16.18
50.08
16.69
T2
18.10
15.80
15.50
49.40
16.47
T3
15.60
14.80
16.30
46.70
15.57
T4
16.41
15.35
16.80
48.56
16.19
T5
16.20
16.80
16.40
49.40
16.47
T6
19.80
20.10
18.80
58.70
19.57
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCE OF DEGREES SUM OF MEAN OF COMPUTED TABULAR F
VARIATION
OF
SQUARES SQUARES
F
0.05 0.01
FREEDOM
Block
2
1.412
0.706
Treatments
5
29.345
5.869
9.00**
3.33
5.64
Error
10
6.521
0.652
Total
17
37.278
** = highly significant Coefficient of variation 4.80 %
Growth, Yield, Shelf-life and Glucosinolates Content of ‘Broccoli Lucky Miracle’ Applied with
Organic Fertilizers. QUIRANTE, MARGIE A. MAY 2011
33
Appendix Table 3. Stem diameter (cm)
BLOCK
TREATMENT
I
II
III
TOTAL
MEAN
T1
4.02
3.79
3.73
11.54
3.85
T2
3.81
3.87
3.71
11.39
3.80
T3
4.07
3.97
3.94
11.98
3.99
T4
4.06
3.66
3.76
11.48
3.83
T5
3.96
4.05
4.20
12.21
4.07
T6
4.38
4.10
4.28
12.76
4.25
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCE OF DEGREES SUM OF MEAN OF COMPUTED TABULAR F
VARIATION
OF
SQUARES SQUARES
F
0.05 0.01
FREEDOM
Block
2
0.069
0.034
Treatments
5
0.469
0.094
5.98*
3.33
5.64
Error
10
0.157
0.016
Total
17
0.695
** = highly significant Coefficient of variation 3.16 %
Growth, Yield, Shelf-life and Glucosinolates Content of ‘Broccoli Lucky Miracle’ Applied with
Organic Fertilizers. QUIRANTE, MARGIE A. MAY 2011
34
Appendix Table 4. Total yield per plot (kg)
BLOCK
TREATMENT
I
II
III
TOTAL
MEAN
T1
6.29
6.84
5.89
19.02
3.85
T2
4.40
5.57
6.39
16.36
3.80
T3
5.89
7.63
6.47
19.99
3.99
T4
4.66
5.15
5.57
15.38
3.83
T5
4.70
5.47
6.45
16.62
4.07
T6
7.41
6.62
5.90
19.93
4.25
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCE OF DEGREES SUM OF MEAN OF COMPUTED TABULAR F
VARIATION
OF
SQUARES SQUARES
F
0.05 0.01
FREEDOM
Block
2
1.491
0.746
Treatments
5
6.701
1.340
2.38ns
3.33
5.64
Error
10
5.629
0.563
Total
17
13.820
ns = not significant Coefficient of variation 12.59 %
Growth, Yield, Shelf-life and Glucosinolates Content of ‘Broccoli Lucky Miracle’ Applied with
Organic Fertilizers. QUIRANTE, MARGIE A. MAY 2011
35
Appendix Table 5. Weight of marketable curds (kg)
BLOCK
TREATMENT
I
II
III
TOTAL
MEAN
T1
5.27
5.65
5.89
16.81
5.60
T2
4.25
4.89
6.39
15.53
5.18
T3
5.15
7.40
6.49
19.04
6.35
T4
4.16
4.84
5.42
14.42
4.81
T5
3.90
5.35
6.45
15.70
5.23
T6
7.11
6.62
5.90
19.63
6.54
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCE OF DEGREES SUM OF MEAN OF COMPUTED TABULAR F
VARIATION
OF
SQUARES SQUARES
F
0.05 0.01
FREEDOM
Block
2
4.011
2.006
Treatments
5
7.165
1.433
2.40ns
3.33
5.64
Error
10
5.967
0.597
Total
17
17.144
ns = not significant Coefficient of variation 13.75%
Growth, Yield, Shelf-life and Glucosinolates Content of ‘Broccoli Lucky Miracle’ Applied with
Organic Fertilizers. QUIRANTE, MARGIE A. MAY 2011
36
Appendix Table 6. Weight of non-marketable curds (kg)
BLOCK
TREATMENT
I
II
III
TOTAL
MEAN
T1
1.03
1.19
0.00
2.22
0.74
T2
0.15
0.68
0.00
0.83
0.28
T3
0.74
0.23
0.00
0.97
0.32
T4
0.50
0.31
0.15
0.96
0.32
T5
0.80
0.12
0.00
0.92
0.46
T6
0.30
0.00
0.00
0.30
0.10
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCE OF DEGREES SUM OF MEAN OF COMPUTED TABULAR F
VARIATION
OF
SQUARES SQUARES
F
0.05 0.01
FREEDOM
Block
2
1.000
0.5000
Treatments
5
0.670
0.134
1.54ns
3.33
5.64
Error
10
0.870
0.087
Total
17
2.540
ns = not significant Coefficient of variation 16.42%
Growth, Yield, Shelf-life and Glucosinolates Content of ‘Broccoli Lucky Miracle’ Applied with
Organic Fertilizers. QUIRANTE, MARGIE A. MAY 2011
37
Appendix Table 7. Weight of individual curds (g)
BLOCK
TREATMENT
I
II
III
TOTAL
MEAN
T1
224.64
244.29
210.36
679.29
226.43
T2
157.14
198.93
228.21
584.28
194.76
T3
210.36
272.39
231.61
714.36
238.12
T4
166.43
183.93
198.93
549.29
183.10
T5
167.86
195.25
230.18
593.29
197.76
T6
264.64
236.43
210.68
711.75
237.25
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCE OF DEGREES SUM OF MEAN OF COMPUTED TABULAR F
VARIATION
OF
SQUARES SQUARES
F
0.05 0.01
FREEDOM
Block
2
1901.710
950.855
Treatments
5
8575.348
1717.070
2.40ns
3.33
5.64
Error
10
7155.089
715.509
Total
17
17632.148
ns = not significant Coefficient of variation 12.56%
Growth, Yield, Shelf-life and Glucosinolates Content of ‘Broccoli Lucky Miracle’ Applied with
Organic Fertilizers. QUIRANTE, MARGIE A. MAY 2011
38
Appendix Table 8. Refractive index (0brix)
BLOCK
TREATMENT
I
II
III
TOTAL
MEAN
T1
4.50
3.20
4.80
12.50
4.17
T2
2.80
3.00
4.00
9.80
3.27
T3
4.00
3.00
4.80
11.80
3.93
T4
3.20
2.60
5.00
10.80
3.60
T5
4.00
5.00
4.00
13.00
4.33
T6
4.00
5.20
4.40
13.60
4.53
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCE OF DEGREES SUM OF MEAN OF COMPUTED TABULAR F
VARIATION
OF
SQUARES SQUARES
F
0.05 0.01
FREEDOM
Block
2
2.528
1.264
Treatments
5
3.363
0.673
1.14ns
3.33
5.64
Error
10
5.906
0.591
Total
17
11.796
ns = not significant Coefficient of variation 19.35%
Growth, Yield, Shelf-life and Glucosinolates Content of ‘Broccoli Lucky Miracle’ Applied with
Organic Fertilizers. QUIRANTE, MARGIE A. MAY 2011
39
Appendix Table 9. Shelf-life (days)
BLOCK
TREATMENT
I
II
III
TOTAL
MEAN
T1
4
4
5
13
4.33
T2
5
4
4
13
4.33
T3
4
4
4
12
4.00
T4
5
4
5
14
4.67
T5
4
4
4
12
4.00
T6
4
4
4
12
4.00
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCE OF DEGREES SUM OF MEAN OF COMPUTED TABULAR F
VARIATION
OF
SQUARES SQUARES
F
0.05 0.01
FREEDOM
Block
2
0.444
0.222
Treatments
5
1.111
0.222
1.43ns
3.33
5.64
Error
10
1.556
0.156
Total
17
3.111
ns = not significant Coefficient of variation 9.34%
Growth, Yield, Shelf-life and Glucosinolates Content of ‘Broccoli Lucky Miracle’ Applied with
Organic Fertilizers. QUIRANTE, MARGIE A. MAY 2011
40
Appendix Table 10. Weight loss (g) in 4 days
BLOCK
TREATMENT
I
II
III
TOTAL
MEAN
T1
71.95
64.60
49.75
186.30
62.10
T2
64.80
69.95
60.00
194.75
64.92
T3
75.08
85.61
79.85
240.54
80.18
T4
64.90
65.15
60.53
190.58
63.53
T5
59.75
74.75
69.90
204.40
68.13
T6
69.85
65.30
65.25
200.40
66.80
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCE OF DEGREES SUM OF MEAN OF COMPUTED TABULAR
VARIATION
OF
SQUARES SQUARES
F
F
FREEDOM
0.05 0.01
Block
2
133.981
66.990
Treatments
5
639.668
127.934
3.44*
3.33 5.64
Error
10
371.578
37.158
Total
17
1145.226
* = significant Coefficient of variation 9.02%
Growth, Yield, Shelf-life and Glucosinolates Content of ‘Broccoli Lucky Miracle’ Applied with
Organic Fertilizers. QUIRANTE, MARGIE A. MAY 2011
QUIRANTE, MARGIE A. MAY 2011. Growth, Yield, Shelf-life and Glucosinolates
Content of ‘Broccoli Lucky Miracle’ Applied with Organic Fertilizers. Benguet State
University, La Trinidad, Benguet.
Adviser: Silvestre L Kudan, Ph.D.
ABSTRACT
This study was conducted in greenhouse condition at Balili, La Trinidad, Benguet from
July to November 2010 to evaluate the growth and yield of broccoli as affected by the different
fertilizer treatments, determine the shelf-life of broccoli curds harvested from the different
fertilizer treatments, determine the concentration of glucosinolates in broccoli applied with the
different fertilizers and determine the economics of using the different fertilizers.
Results revealed that that broccoli applied with alnus compost alone had significantly
shorter plants, stem and curd diameter resulting to slightly higher yield. Similarly, plants applied
with chicken manure + 14 – 14 – 14 had comparable stem diameter with those plants applied
with alnus compost alone, however, the rest of the data on growth, yield and shelf-life were
statistically similar.
The curd samples from the different treatments showed five peaks of glucosinolate
compounds from the chromatogram where the glucosinolate number 4 has ranged from 513.0 to
1,598.0 milli amphere units and the glucosinolate number 5 showed that the application of alnus
compost + liquid bio-fertilizer had the highest peak of 13,307.0 milli amphere units.
In terms of profitability, the highest return on expenses was computed from the
application of alnus compost alone with P 1.34 for every peso spent, followed by the application
of alnus compost + liquid bio-fertilizer (P 1.22) and no application of fertilizer (P 1.17).
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
Bibliography. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . i
Abstract . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . i
Table of Contents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ii
INTRODUCTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
REVIEW OF LITERATURE……………………………………………..
2
Description of Broccoli . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
Importance of Broccoli . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
Soil and Climatic Requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
Concentrated Mineral Drops . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
PlantmateOrganic Fertilizer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5
Liquid Bio-fertilizer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
6
Importance of Organic Fertilizer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
Importance of Glucosinolates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
MATERIALS AND METHODS………………………………………... 8
Materials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
Methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION………………………………………… 14
Plant Height at Harvest . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
Curd Diameter (cm). . . …. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 14
Stem Diameter (cm).. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 15
Total Yield per Plot (kg) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . . . . . . 18
Weight of Marketable Curds (kg). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . … 19
Weight of Non-Marketable Curds (kg) . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . .. . . . . . 20
Weight of Individual Curds (kg) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
Refractive Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
Shelf-life (days) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
Glucosinolates Concentration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION…………. 27
Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
Conclusion . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
Recommendation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
LITERATURE CITED . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
APPENDICES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
1
INTRODUCTION
According to Chen (2007), President of the Association of Taiwan Organic
Agriculture Promotion, only after the last river has been poisoned, only after the last tree
has been cut down, only after the last fish has been caught, only after then will you learn
that money cannot be eaten. This statement correctly describes the traditional or chemical
agriculture which is oriented towards profit, but pollute the environment.
The continuous application of synthetic fertilizer such as urea, 14-14-14, 21-0-0,
16-16-16, 16-20-0, etc., without any soil analysis as basis of the amount to apply did not
only make the soil extremely acidic, but also pollute the underground water and deplete
organic matter in the soil. The clear evidences are the findings of Laurean and Badayos
(2009) when they recorded a pH of 3.96 and 2.19% organic matter in Ngano-an, Bokod
Benguet, 4.54 pH and 4.44% OM in Ballay, Kabayan Benguet, 3.72 pH and 0.99% OM
in Guinaoang, Mankayan Benguet, 4.17 pH and 0.96% OM in Nangalisan, Tuba, Benguet
and 5.08 pH and 2.60% OM in Magmagaling, Buguias, Benguet.
At present, it appears that most farmers do not like to shift to the more sustainable
crop production practices. Advantages in using natural inputs obtained from scientific
studies are much wanted.
The nutritional benefits of organic vegetables reviewed by Chen (1999) shows
that the snap bean, cabbage, lettuce, tomatoes and spinach have 87% more minerals and
trace elements than the commercially grown vegetables. This report is supportive to the
advocacy of the university to follow organic farming practices. However, there are very
few studies conducted in the university to establish the benefits derived from the practice.
It is then a worthwhile endeavor to conduct studies on the benefits of using
Growth, Yield, Shelf-life and Glucosinolates Content of ‘Broccoli Lucky Miracle’ Applied with
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natural/organic fertilizers to the soil and to the crop. Findings from this study will add to
science, provide information to vegetable consumers and producers alike, including
researchers for further study and the extension workers to disseminate to the public.
The study was conducted to:
1. evaluate the growth and yield of broccoli as affected by the different fertilizer
treatments.
2. determine the shelf-life of broccoli curds harvested from the different fertilizer
treatments, and
3. determine the concentration of glucosinolates in broccoli applied with the different
fertilizer brands.
4. determine the economics of using different fertilizer treatments in brocolli production.
The study was conducted inside the greenhouse at Balili, La Trinidad, Benguet from July
to November 2010.
Growth, Yield, Shelf-life and Glucosinolates Content of ‘Broccoli Lucky Miracle’ Applied with
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3
REVIEW OF LITERATURE
Description of Broccoli
According to Groman (1997), broccoli is a nutritious garden vegetable closely
related to cauliflower which originally came from southern Europe. The crop has thick
clusters of flower buds that form edible ”heads” which are green and are more branched
and open than the tight, round, white heads of cauliflower. The author also mentioned
that broccoli can be grown from seeds in 100 to 120 days and that it belongs to the
mustard family, cruciferae (Brassicaceae).
A biennial, normally grown as annuals, the edible part of broccoli is the un
opened flower cluster (curd) and it’s subtending fleshy stems at the terminal of the main
axis from two to four feet tall and of the auxiliary branches (Benton, 1970; Tindall,
1983). The curd consists of a mass of abortious flowers on thick hypertrophied branches
which are produced at the top of the short, thick stem. Leaves are long and elliptical
(Tindall, 1983) and grow about two to three feet tall (Burpee, 1984).
Importance of Broccoli
In terms of food value, broccoli is rich in protein, minerals, and vitamins A and C.
People cook broccoli or use it as a green, raw snack vegetable and the buds and fleshy
stems are eaten (Groman, 1997).
Broccoli is the earliest and requires the least vernalization of vegetable coles
grown in the United States. It thrives under cool condition and a hot period of two to
three weeks before market stage will result in a loose head with puffy buds and
unacceptable quality. There is a need for heat tolerance in broccoli, but most of the
Growth, Yield, Shelf-life and Glucosinolates Content of ‘Broccoli Lucky Miracle’ Applied with
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commercial crops are grown in the cool coastal areas of California. Consumption of
broccoli had grown rapidly each year since the 1950’s. It is high in nutritional value,
vitamins, minerals, and roughage, but it is low in carbohydrates (Becnan, 2005).
Soil and Climatic Requirements
Groman (1997) wrote that broccoli grows best in cool weather and in moist,
fertile soil. According to Comila 2008, the requirements of broccoli are similar to those
of cauliflower but generally less sensitive to high temperature, optimum temperature are
in the range of 18-24 degrees Celsius. High temperature may accelerate maturity and
induce early flowering. Broccoli also has a lower requirement than cauliflower for a cool
period of flowering. The period taken to reach maturity is generally similar to that
required by cauliflower; the crop maybe harvested 80-140 days from transplanting. The
heads are harvested with 15-25 cm of stem attached, immediately prior to opening of the
flowers. After the terminal head has been harvested, several lateral buds developed, to be
harvested successionally over a period of several weeks.
Concentrated Mineral Drops (Amazing Harvest)
According to the company, Amazing Integrated Marketing International, the
Concentrated Mineral Drops (Amazing Harvest) is a natural active occurring ionic
mineral which can easily be assimilated and can be fully absorbed by animals and plants,
and helps in enhancing natural defenses that prevents disease and other attacks from
destroying elements. It is also claimed that the product has natural balance, complete and
stable. It is complete in essential minerals and trace minerals that can work
synergistically with living things like plants to create a dynamic equilibrium to bring
Growth, Yield, Shelf-life and Glucosinolates Content of ‘Broccoli Lucky Miracle’ Applied with
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back lost fertility and nutrients needed by living things. Moreover, the product does not
cause toxicity and acidity like chemically base products instead it creates a symbiotic
relationship between plants, animals and man (AIM, 1992).
Based on the certificate of analysis on 2 February 2009, the minerals and amounts
are the following: Chloride-249 mg/ml; magnesium-81.9 mg/ml; Sulfate-26.6 mg/ml;
Sodium-11.6 mg/ml; potassium-14 mg/ml; Lithium-0.544 mg/ml; Boron-0.406 mg/ml;
Calcium-0.0947 mg/ml and pH-6.41. Mineral Resources International, Inc. (MRI) the
laboratory in Ogden, Utah that conducted the mineral analysis included heavy metals,
other contaminants, and microbiological profile of the product, which are all found to be
in the specification standards.
As to the rate of application, fruits/leafy vegetables such as tomato, eggplant,
cabbage, cauliflower, sweet pepper, pechay, celery, lettuce, cucumber, ampalaya, and
squash seeds are soaked for 8 hours in a solution prepared from 8 ml concentrated
mineral drops and 16 liters of water then spray the plants with the same solution every 10
days from emergence/transplanting to a day before harvesting.
Plantmate Organic Fertilizer
In the study of Debso (2007), broccoli applied with varying rates of plantmate did
not produce significant differences in term of growth and yield parameters which were
comparable to the farmer’s practice of applying chicken dung basally and side dressing
with complete fertilizer three weeks after transplanting. However, the application 2.0 kg
of plantmate organic fertilizer obtained the highest return of P1.23 for every peso spent in
the production. Recently, Pang-ot (2010) in his experiment on seed yield of French beans
and Puyao (2010) in his study on romaine lettuce did not recommend the use of
Growth, Yield, Shelf-life and Glucosinolates Content of ‘Broccoli Lucky Miracle’ Applied with
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plantmate when the fertility level contain 126 ppm phosphorous, 366 ppm potassium, 2%
organic matter and 6.6 pH.
Liquid Bio-fertilizer
In 2007, Tocdangan reported that the application of liquid bio-fertilizer to
romaine ‘Xanadu’ significantly increase the weight of marketable plants compared to the
application of chicken dung and 14-14-14. The author, however, recommended that the
rate of application is 1.5ml per liter of water and not to exceed for it has burning effect to
romaine lettuce, and if the soil has 3.5% organic matter, 140 ppm phosphorous, and 1,510
ppm potassium, high profit can be obtained even without fertilizer application. Similarly,
Cat-ag (2007) recommended not to apply liquid bio-fertilizer to spoon cabbage or pak
choi when the soil has 6.34 pH, organic matter of 3.5%, 140 ppm phosphorous, and 1,510
ppm potassium as the experiment area of the study
As to the time of application, Dayao (2008) found that spoon cabbage applied
with liquid bio-fertilizer at 3:00 o’clock in the afternoon had slightly better growth and
yield with higher return on investment. Early application of liquid bio-fertilizer at 6:00
o’clock in the morning and late at 6:00 o’clock in the afternoon had lower yield and
return on investment.
Importance of Organic Fertilizer
Dagoon and Cadiz (1985) stated that the decomposition of organic material by the
action of soil microorganisms yield valuable nutrients, which are essential for plant
growth. The product of decay enrich the soil to the benefit of plants which in turn cause
Growth, Yield, Shelf-life and Glucosinolates Content of ‘Broccoli Lucky Miracle’ Applied with
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7
the microorganism to work continuously, thus breaking the complex compound of the
decaying organic material into simple forms, which can be readily used by the plants.
Similarly, PCARRD (1979) pointed out that organic matter improves soil
structure, thus increasing the capacity of the soil to hold water and provide aeration. They
stimulate the microorganism decomposing residues and aid in the extraction of plant
nutrients from minerals in the soil.
Bautista, et al. (1983) cited several functions of organic matter in the soil. By
forming complexes with the nutrient elements, organic matter prevents loss of nutrient. It
facilitates entrance and percolation of water into and through the soil. It improves the
penetration of roots through the soil good structure brought by its decomposition.
Organic matter also contributes nutrient elements, thus favoring the high yield and
growth of plants.
Organic matter opens up non-porous clays to improve drainage and admit the air
necessary for good root growth. It is also needed in very porous soils to retain moisture
and proper light penetration and in sandy soils to prevent leak of precious rain water and
nutrient (Crockett, 1987).
Importance of Glucosinolates
Bones and Rossiter (1996) stated that glucosinolates are substances occurring
widely in plants of the genus brassica which includes (broccoli, brussel sprout, and
cabbage). It is useful anti- cancer activity since they increase the rate at which a variety
of potentially toxic and carcinogenic compound are conjugated and excreted. Aside from
that it is also anti- microbial induction of detoxifying enzyme systems. The present
Growth, Yield, Shelf-life and Glucosinolates Content of ‘Broccoli Lucky Miracle’ Applied with
Organic Fertilizers. QUIRANTE, MARGIE A. MAY 2011
8
compound component of glucosinolates is a class of organic compound that contain
sulfur and nitrogen and are derived from glucose and amino acid.
Growth, Yield, Shelf-life and Glucosinolates Content of ‘Broccoli Lucky Miracle’ Applied with
Organic Fertilizers. QUIRANTE, MARGIE A. MAY 2011
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MATERIALS AND METHODS
Materials
The materials used in the study were seeds of broccoli ‘Lucky Miracle’, organic
fertilizers (plantmate, liquid bio-fertilizer, concentrated mineral drops, and chicken
dung), 14-14-14, garden tools, weighing scale, refractomer, tape measure, record book
and pegs.
Methods
Experimental design and treatments. The experiment was laid out in a
Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD). The treatments which were replicated
three times were the following:
Treatment Code Description
T 1
No application of fertilizer (control)
T2
5 kg of plantmate per plot of 1m x 5m
T3
1 can alnus leaves compost + 1.875 ml
liquid bio- fertilizer per liter of water
T4 1 can alnus leaves compost + 0.94 ml of
Concentrated mineral drop per liter of water
T5
Farmer’s practice (chicken dung +14-14-14
+ insecticide)
T6
1 can alnus leaves compost alone
Sowing the seeds. Seeds of broccoli ‘Lucky Miracle’ were sown in seedling trays.
The media used in filling the holes of the seedling trays was a mixture of 1:1:1 part by
volume of garden soil, plant compost and sand. This mixture was sterilized to kill the soil
pathogens and weed seeds. One seed of broccoli was sown in each hole of the seedling
Growth, Yield, Shelf-life and Glucosinolates Content of ‘Broccoli Lucky Miracle’ Applied with
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tray and was irrigated every after three days when the seedlings were transplanted to the
plant beds.
Land preparation. Before preparing the plots, soil sample for N, P, K analysis
was taken. Fifteen plots measuring 1m x 5m were prepared for the study. Each plot was
applied with one can (16 liters capacity) of alnus compost and mixed with the soil except
the plots for farmer’s practice where one-half kerosene can of chicken dung per plot was
used as base dress fertilizer. After mixing the fertilizer base dress, the distance of planting
the seedlings were measured on the plot and marked with sticks at 35 cm x 35 cm.
Transplanting the seedlings. The broccoli seedlings were transplanted to the
prepared plots when they reach three weeks (21days) from seedling emergence. The
seedlings were taken out from the seedling trays by pushing the outside bottom then
transplanting them to the previously prepared plots at a distance of 35 cm x35 cm. With
the distance of planting, there were 14 seedlings transplanted per row or 28 seedlings per
plot of double rows. The plots were irrigated immediately after transplanting the
seedlings (Figure 1).
Hilling- up. Three weeks after transplanting the seedlings, 428.57g of 14-14-14
was side dressed on the plot for farmer’s practice then hill-up to cover the fertilizer.
Hilling-up of the other treatment plots was also done to control weed growth, put more
soil to anchor the plants and to fix the plots so that irrigation water does not over flow to
the canals between plots.
Foliar fertilizer application. The application of the liquid bio-fertilizer (X-Tekh
Micro) and concentrated mineral drops (Amazing Harvest) started one week after
Growth, Yield, Shelf-life and Glucosinolates Content of ‘Broccoli Lucky Miracle’ Applied with
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Figure 1. Overview of the experimental area inside the greenhouse showing the
transplanted seedlings of broccoli
Growth, Yield, Shelf-life and Glucosinolates Content of ‘Broccoli Lucky Miracle’ Applied with
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transplanting the seedlings and every 10 days interval thereafter until before harvest,
following the rate of application in the treatments.
Crop maintenance. Two watering cans (32 liters) of water per plot were applied
every three days up to the day the plants were ready to be harvested. The plots assigned
to the farmer’s practice were sprayed with biological insecticide (Xentari) when
diamond- back moth larvae were observed infesting the plants. Except this treatment plot,
the rest of the treatment plots were taken cared without synthetic chemical use.
Harvesting. The plants were harvested when the curds are green and the florets
are still tight. The curds are cut from the plants with 8 to 10 cm stem below the curds and
the leaves were removed.
The data gathered were the following:
1. Plant height at harvest (cm). Ten sample plants per plot were measured with
tape measure at random from the base of the plant to the surface of the curd. The sum of
the measurements was divided by 10 to get the average height of plants.
2. Curd diameter (cm). Ten sample curds were measured from edge to edge
crossing the middle during harvest.
3. Stem diameter (cm). Ten sample plants were used by measuring the stem with
a Venier caliper during harvest.
4. Total yield per plot (kg). The weights of all the harvested curds per plot were
added and recorded which include the marketable and non-marketable.
5. Weight of marketable curds (kg). This was the weight of curds that do not have
any defect such as malformed, rotten, too small and severely damaged by insects.
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6. Weight of non-marketable curds (kg). This was the weight of curds having
defects mentioned above which were not sold in the market.
7. Weight of individual curd (g). The total yield per plot was divided by the
number of curds harvested per plot.
8. Sugar content (Brix). This was obtained with the use of refractomer. Curd
samples were crushed and the juice placed on the main prism of the refractomer covered
with the daylight plate and the reading was recorded.
9. Shelf-life. One-fourth kilo of curds from each plot were taken during harvest
and set-up in the horticulture laboratory room to observe the shelf-life. The number of
days from the day it was set-up to the day the curds were not fit for consumption due to
florets yellowing, was recorded as the shelf life of curds.
10. Glucosinolates concentration. One- fourth kilo of curds from each plot were
packed in plastic bag and sent to De la Salle University for the analysis of glucosinolates
content under the care of Prof. Mel Garcia.
11. Return on Expenses (ROE). This was taken by using the formula:
ROE (%) = Gross sales-Total Expenses per Plot x100
Total Expenses per Plot
Data Analysis
The data gathered were tabulated and the means were subjected to separation test
using the Duncan’s Multiple Range Test.
Growth, Yield, Shelf-life and Glucosinolates Content of ‘Broccoli Lucky Miracle’ Applied with
Organic Fertilizers. QUIRANTE, MARGIE A. MAY 2011
14
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Plant Height
Table 1 shows that plants base- dressed with alnus compost alone had
significantly shorter plant heights compared to the rest of the treatments. Except the
plants applied with alnus compost, plants applied with chicken dung +14-14-14,
concentrated mineral drops, liquid bio-fertilizer and plantmate did not differ in height,
together with the plants that were not applied with fertilizer. The slight differences among
these treatments might be due to the presence of adequate nutrient elements in the soil
prior to planting as shown by the soil analysis where the organic matter content is 10.00,
the phosphorous is 380 ppm and the potassium was 1,100 ppm. On the other hand, the
application of alnus compost seem to shorten plant height but enhanced bigger stem
diameter and curd size as shown in the results. It might be that the function of compost in
improving the soil structure made the stem bigger rather than taller as measured from
these plants applied with fertilizer materials containing mineral elements and beneficial
microorganisms.
Curd Diameter
As presented in Table 1, plants applied with alnus compost alone significantly
surpassed the diameter of curds produced from the rest of the treatments with similar curd
diameters. Except the plants applied with alnus compost, the rest of the treatments
produced curds with almost similar diameter. As explained earlier, broccoli base- dressed
with alnus compost had dwarfing effect, but enhanced the growth of curds and stems
which was shown in the result. It was also observed by Pilpiling (2010) in pakchoi
planted under pine tree stand applied with alnus compost to obtain good yield.This
Growth, Yield, Shelf-life and Glucosinolates Content of ‘Broccoli Lucky Miracle’ Applied with
Organic Fertilizers. QUIRANTE, MARGIE A. MAY 2011
15
Table 1. Plant height and curd diameter of broccoli applied with organic fertilizers
PLANT CURD
TREATMENT
HEIGHT DIAMETER
(cm) (cm)
No application of fertilizer (control) 38.57a 16.69b
5kg of plantmate per 1m x 5m plot 38.03a 16.47b
1 can alnus leaves compost + 1.875 ml liquid
bio-fertilizer per liter of water 37.27a 15.57b
1 can alnus leaves compost + 0.94 ml of
concentrated mineral drop per liter of water 38.10a 16.19b
Farmer’s practice (chicken dung +14-14-14 +
insecticide) 37.07a 16.47b
1 can alnus leaves compost alone 35.27b 19.57a
Means in a column with the same letter are not significantly different at 5% level by DMRT
observation in the effect of alnus compost is not fully understood at the moment except
that the acidity can be minimized by alnus compost application according to Pilpiling
(2010).
Stem Diameter
Table 2 shows that the different organic fertilizer treatments had promoted
significant differences in the stem diameter of broccoli plants. The application of alnus
compost alone and the farmers practice promoted the production of similar stem diameter
that significantly bigger compared to the rest of the treatments. This was followed by
plants applied with alnus compost+ liquid bio-fertilizer which significantly produced
bigger stem diameter compared to those without fertilizer application, concentrated
mineral drops and the plantmate fertilizer having similar stem diameter.
Growth, Yield, Shelf-life and Glucosinolates Content of ‘Broccoli Lucky Miracle’ Applied with
Organic Fertilizers. QUIRANTE, MARGIE A. MAY 2011
16
Table 2. Stem diameter of broccoli applied with different organic fertilizers
TREATMENT
MEAN
(cm)
No application of fertilizer (control)
3.85c
5kg of plantmate per 1m x 5m plot
3.78c
1 can alnus leaves compost + 1.875 ml liquid
bio-fertilizer per liter of water
3.99b
1 can alnus leaves compost + 0.94 ml of
concentrated mineral drop per liter of water
3.83c
Farmer’s practice (chicken dung +14-14-14 +
insecticide)
4.07a
1 can alnus leaves compost alone
4.25a
Means with the same letter are not significantly different at 5% level by DMRT
The significantly shorter plants, bigger curd and stem diameter of broccoli
applied with alnus compost alone seem to be a consistent result from this treatment
( Figure 2). However, the application of chicken dung and 14-14-14 enhanced similar
stem diameter in broccoli due to higher nutrient content that promoted growth. The same
reason may be explaination with the use of liquid bio-fertilizer; although it was
significantly lower stem diameter compared to the plants applied with alnus compost
alone and the farmers practice; but had significantly bigger stem compared to those
applied with CMD, plantmate and the control. However, these differences in stem
diameter did not influence the data on all the weights of curds.
Growth, Yield, Shelf-life and Glucosinolates Content of ‘Broccoli Lucky Miracle’ Applied with
Organic Fertilizers. QUIRANTE, MARGIE A. MAY 2011
17
T1
CONTROL
T2
PLANTMATE
T1
T2
X-TECH
T3
T4
T
X-TEKH
CMD
3
T4
FARMER’S
T5
FARMER’S
T6
T5
PRACTICE
T6
PRACTICE
Figure 2 Curds and stem diameter of harvested broccoli applied with different
organic fertilizers at harvest
Growth, Yield, Shelf-life and Glucosinolates Content of ‘Broccoli Lucky Miracle’ Applied with
Organic Fertilizers. QUIRANTE, MARGIE A. MAY 2011
18
Total Yield per Plot
There were no significant differences on the total yield harvested from the
broccoli applied with different organic fertilizer materials as presented in Table 3.This
result may be due to the presence of high nutrient elements in the soil before planting as
shown by the soil analysis wherein the organic matter content was 10.00%, phosphorous
of 380 ppm and the potassium was 1,100 ppm. It is interesting to obtain a slight
difference in total yield from an area which was high in organic matter, phosphorous and
potassium as a result of eight years of applying compost alnus leaves, cow/horse manure
and weeds. The application of different organic fertilizers did not show significant results
in yield as the soil contains sufficient nutrients for the plant, for normal growth
Table 3. Total yield of broccoli harvested from 5 sq. m plot
TREATMENT
TOTAL YIELD
(kg)
No application of fertilizer (control)
6.34a
5kg of plantmate per 1m x 5m plot
5.45a
1 can alnus leaves compost + 1.875 ml liquid
bio-fertilizer per liter of water
6.66a
1 can alnus leaves compost + 0.94 ml of
concentrated mineral drop per liter of water
5.13a
Farmer’s practice (chicken dung +14-14-14 +
insecticide)
5.54a
1 can alnus leaves compost alone
6.64a
Means with the same letter are not significantly different at 5% level by DMRT
Growth, Yield, Shelf-life and Glucosinolates Content of ‘Broccoli Lucky Miracle’ Applied with
Organic Fertilizers. QUIRANTE, MARGIE A. MAY 2011
19
Weight of Marketable Curds
Plants applied with alnus compost alone produced higher marketable curds
followed by those applied with alnus compost + liquid bio- fertilizer, no application of
fertilizer, farmers practice, plantmate and the lowest was harvested from plants applied
with alnus compost+ concentrated mineral drops, however, the differences were not
significant (Table 4).
As presented earlier, plant height, stem diameter and curd diameter showed
significant differences, but the yield data did not obtain significant differences, which
may imply that sufficient nutrient elements is present in the soil as shown in the analysis
of sample before conducting the experiment.
Table 4. Weight of marketable and non marketable curds from plants applied with the
different organic fertilizers
MARKETABLE NON-MARKETA-
TREATMENT
(kg) BLE
(kg)
No application of fertilizer (control)
5.60a
0.74a
5kg of plantmate per 1m x 5m plot
5.18a
0.28a
1 can alnus leaves compost + 1.875 ml liquid
bio-fertilizer per liter of water
6.35a
0.32a
1 can alnus leaves compost + 0.94 ml of
concentrated mineral drop per liter of water
4.81a
0.32a
Farmer’s practice (chicken dung +14-14-14 +
5.23a
0.31a
insecticide)
1 can alnus leaves compost alone
6.54a
0.10a
Means with the same letter are not significantly different at 5% level by DMRT
Growth, Yield, Shelf-life and Glucosinolates Content of ‘Broccoli Lucky Miracle’ Applied with
Organic Fertilizers. QUIRANTE, MARGIE A. MAY 2011
20
Weight of Non-Marketable Curds
There were no significant differences obtained on the weight of non marketable
curds from the different treatments studied as shown in Table 4. However, plants that
were not applied with fertilizer (control) had slightly heavier non-marketable curds due to
abnormalities, and plants applied with alnus compost alone yielded the lowest non-
marketable curds.
Weight of Individual Curds
Table 5 shows that there were no significant differences among the treatments in
terms of the weight of individual curd. However, curds from plants applied with liquid
bio-fertilizer weighed heavier followed by the application of alnus compost alone, no fer-
Table 5. Weight of individual curd from plants applied different organic fertilizers
TREATMENT
WEIGHT
(g)
No application of fertilizer (control) 226.43a
5kg of plantmate per 1m x 5m plot 194.76a
1 can alnus leaves compost + 1.875 ml liquid
bio-fertilizer per liter of water 238.12a
1 can alnus leaves compost + 0.94 ml of
concentrated mineral drop per liter of water 183.10a
Farmer’s practice (chicken dung +14-14-14 +
insecticide) 197.76a
1 can alnus leaves compost alone 237.25a
Means with the same letter are not significantly different at 5% level by DMRT
Growth, Yield, Shelf-life and Glucosinolates Content of ‘Broccoli Lucky Miracle’ Applied with
Organic Fertilizers. QUIRANTE, MARGIE A. MAY 2011
21
ilizer application, farmers practice, plantmate and the lowest weight of curd was
produced from plants applied with concentrated mineral drops.
Refractive Index
As shown in Table 6, there were no significant differences among the treatments
in terms of sugar contents measured in 0Brix. The extracted juices were measured with
the use of refractometer and the 0Brix of 4 is described as poor which means that the
quality of the broccoli produced in the experimental plots was poor. Average quality
should have a reading of 8, good is 10 and an excellent quality is 12, according to Price in
2004.
Table 6. Refractive index of broccoli juice in 0Brix
TREATMENT
MEAN
No application of fertilizer (control) 4.17a
5kg of plantmate per 1m x 5m plot 3.27a
1 can alnus leaves compost + 1.875 ml liquid
bio-fertilizer per liter of water 3.93a
1 can alnus leaves compost + 0.94 ml of
concentrated mineral drop per liter of water 3.60a
Farmer’s practice (chicken dung +14-14-14 +
insecticide) 4.33a
1 can alnus leaves compost alone 4.53a
Means with the same letter are not significantly different at 5% level by DMRT
Growth, Yield, Shelf-life and Glucosinolates Content of ‘Broccoli Lucky Miracle’ Applied with
Organic Fertilizers. QUIRANTE, MARGIE A. MAY 2011
22
Shelf life
Shelf-life of curds from the broccoli applied with different organic fertilizers is
presented in Table 7 and Figure 3. Plants applied with concentrated mineral drops
attained longer shelf-life but was not significantly different from the rest of the
treatments. It was explained by Price (2004) that high quality produced dehydrates. Sugar
content firmly resist rotting in storage of broccoli.
As mentioned under refractive index (Table 6), the data obtained from the
different treatments is considered poor and did not show any significant differences. It
follows that the shelf-life of curds was the same at four days except the plants applied
with CMD which had a means of 4.67 days was slightly longer, than the other treatment
Table 7. Shelf-life of curds from plants applied with different organic fertilizers
TREATMENT
SHELF-LIFE
(days)
No application of fertilizer (control) 4.33a
5kg of plantmate per 1m x 5m plot 4.33a
1 can alnus leaves compost + 1.875 ml liquid
bio-fertilizer per liter of water 4.00a
1 can alnus leaves compost + 0.94 ml of
concentrated mineral drop per liter of water 4.67a
Farmer’s practice (chicken dung +14-14-14 +
insecticide) 4.00a
1 can alnus leaves compost alone 4.00a
Means with the same letter are not significantly different at 5% level by DMRT
Growth, Yield, Shelf-life and Glucosinolates Content of ‘Broccoli Lucky Miracle’ Applied with
Organic Fertilizers. QUIRANTE, MARGIE A. MAY 2011
23
Figure 3. Shelf-life of broccoli curds from the different treatments at the end
of four days
Growth, Yield, Shelf-life and Glucosinolates Content of ‘Broccoli Lucky Miracle’ Applied with
Organic Fertilizers. QUIRANTE, MARGIE A. MAY 2011
24
Glucosinolates Concentration
As shown in Table 8, the samples of curd from the different treatments studied
have five peaks of glucosinolates concentrations obtained from the chromatogram. This
means that there are five kinds of glucosinolate compounds in the broccoli analysis and
that plants applied with alnus compost alone had the highest peaks in GI1 and GI2 and had
the lowest peaks in GI3, GI4 and GI5. In contrast, plants applied with alnus compost then
supplemented with liquid bio-fertilizer (X-Tekh) produced the curds with the highest
concentration of glucosinolates in GI5. Glucosinolate 5 shows that all the treatments have
the highest peaks in the chromatogram analysis followed by GI4.
Table 8. Peak area (in MAU) of five glucosinolate compounds observed from the
Chromatogram of different curd samples applied with different organic
fertilizers.
TREATMENT
GI1 GI2 GI3 GI4 GI5
(Milli amphere)
No application of fertilizer(control) 303.5 695.0 379.0 1,255.5 9,632.0
5kg of plantmate per 1m x 5m plot 341.0 797.5 375.5 1,337.5 8,707.5
1 can alnus leaves compost + 1.875
ml liquid bio-fertilizer per liter of
water 401.5 910.5 351.5 1,481.5 13,307.0
1 can alnus leaves compost + 0.94
ml of concentrated mineral drop
per liter of water 412.5 935.0 348.0 1,168.0 9,721.5
Farmer’s practice (chicken dung +
14-14-14 + insecticide) 340.0 692.5 343.5 1,598.0 11,453.0
1 can alnus leaves compost alone 617.5 1,797.0 327.5 513.0 3,001.0
Means with the same letter are not significantly different at 5% level by DMRT
Growth, Yield, Shelf-life and Glucosinolates Content of ‘Broccoli Lucky Miracle’ Applied with
Organic Fertilizers. QUIRANTE, MARGIE A. MAY 2011
25
Economic Analysis
Table 9 shows that the application of liquid bio-fertilizer (X-Tekh) obtained the
highest net income with a computed return on expenses of 142.82 % or Php. 1.43 for
every peso spent in the production. This was followed by the application of alnus
compost alone (133.66%), no fertilizer application (117.35%), farmer’s practice (83.19%)
plantmate (87.65%) and the plants applied with concentrated mineral drops obtained the
lowest net income and return on expenses (71.64%).
Obviously, the profitability of each treatment is the function of the marketable
yield and the expenses, wherein if the yield is high and the expenses is low, then a higher
net profit is obtained. On the other hand, if the yield is low and the expenses is high then
the net income is low.
The very slight differences in the marketable yield between the plants applied
with alnus compost alone and with the application of alnus compost plus the supplements
of bio-liquid fertilizer of 0.19 kg per plot when projected to hectare basis would amount
to 380 kg more yield or P 38,000.00 more sales, but the application of alnus compost then
supplemented with bio-liquid fertilizer will still earn net income of P 13,200.00 due to
lower expenses in fertilizer. Similarly, the plants without fertilizer application had lower
yield of 0.75 kg per plot or 150 kg per hectare but ranked third due to the absence of
expenses in fertilizers.
Growth, Yield, Shelf-life and Glucosinolates Content of ‘Broccoli Lucky Miracle’ Applied with
Organic Fertilizers. QUIRANTE, MARGIE A. MAY 2011
26
Table 9. Economic analysis of the different treatments from 15 sq. m area
TREATMENT
ITEMS
T1 T2 T3 T4 T5 T6
Marketable Yield(kg) 16.81 15.53 19.04 14.42 15.70 19.63
A. Sales(Php) 2,017.20 1,863.60 2,284.80 1,730.40 1,884.00 2,355.60
B. Expenses(Php)
1. Seeds 25.20 25.20 25.20 25.20 25.20 25.20
2. 14-14-14 - - - - 12.50 -
3. Foliar Fertilizer - - 22.80 90.00 - -
4. Chicken Dung - - - - 90.00 -
5. Pesticide - - - - 7.80 -
6. Plantmate - 75.00 - - - -
7. Alnus compost - - 90.00 90.00 - 90.00
8. Land preparation 39.17 39.17 39.17 39.17 39.17 39.17
9. Sowing 29.38 29.38 29.38 29.38 29.38 29.38
10. Transplanting 39.17 39.17 39.17 39.17 39.17 39.17
11. Irrigation 220.32 220.32 220.32 220.32 220.32 220.32
12. Harvesting 235.00 235.00 235.00 235.00 235.00 235.00
13. Land rent 149.85 149.85 149.85 149.85 149.85 149.85
14. Depreciation 180.06 180.06 180.06 180.06 180.06 180.06
Cost
Total Expenses(Php) 928.15 993.15 1,030.95 1,090.15 1,028.45 1,008.15
Net Profit (Php) 1,089.05 870.45 1,253.85 640.25 855.25 1,347.45
ROE(%) 117.35 87.65 121.82 58.73 83.19 133.66
Rank 3 4 2 6 5 1
Note: The selling price of broccoli during harvest was Php 100.00 per kilo.
Growth, Yield, Shelf-life and Glucosinolates Content of ‘Broccoli Lucky Miracle’ Applied with
Organic Fertilizers. QUIRANTE, MARGIE A. MAY 2011
27
SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
Summary
The study was conducted at Balili area from July to September 2010 to evaluate
the growth, yield, shelf-life and the glucosinolates content of broccoli as affected by the
different fertilizer treatments. Results of the study show the following:
1.
the application of alnus compost alone had promoted the production of
significantly shorter plants at harvest, wider curd diameter, wider stem diameter and
slightly heavier yield per plot.
2.
the farmer’s practice of applying chicken dung as base- dress and 14-14-
14 as side-dress slightly differ from those applied with alnus compost, both of which had
significantly wider stem diameter than those of the other treatments, how ever except for
the stem diameter, the rest of the data were statistically comparable.
3.
there are five peak areas of glucosinolate compounds obtained from the
Chromatogram analysis where plants applied with alnus compost and supplemented with
liqui bio-fertilizer had the highest milli Amphere unit in the glucosinolate No. 5 at
13,307.0 while the plants applied with alnus compost alone had the lowest peak of
3,001.0. Glucosinolate 4 shows almost similar peak areas on all the treatment samples
except from plants applied with alnus compost alone which had a peak area of less than
half of the other treatments;
4.
Shelf-life of curds applied with concentrated mineral drops was slightly
longer than the other treatments which had a mean of 4.0 which was considered of poor
quality in the refractive index of similar results;
Growth, Yield, Shelf-life and Glucosinolates Content of ‘Broccoli Lucky Miracle’ Applied with
Organic Fertilizers. QUIRANTE, MARGIE A. MAY 2011
28
5.
In the terms of profitability, the application of alnus compost + liquid bio-
fertilizer obtained the highest return on expenses of P1.43 for every peso spent followed
by the application of alnus compost alone and without fertilizer application.
Conclusion
Based on the results presented and discussed, it is inferred that among the
treatments, the application of alnus compost alone promotes shorter plants with wider
diameter of stems and curds resulting to slightly higher yield with return on expenses of
P1.34 for every peso spent compared to the second rank where plants were applied with
alnus compost supplemented with liquid bio-fertilizer of P1.22 which contain the highest
glucosinolate compound.
Recommendation
It is then recommended that when the soil contain 10% organic matter, 380ppm
phosphorous and 1,100 ppm potassium, alnus compost alone would be sufficient.
Alternatively, the application of alnus compost supplemented with liquid bio-fertilizer
provides higher return on expenses too with the highest content of glucosinolate
compounds.
Growth, Yield, Shelf-life and Glucosinolates Content of ‘Broccoli Lucky Miracle’ Applied with
Organic Fertilizers. QUIRANTE, MARGIE A. MAY 2011
29
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PRICE, W. 2004. Nutrition and Physical Degeneration. brixman@wietern.com.
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Growth, Yield, Shelf-life and Glucosinolates Content of ‘Broccoli Lucky Miracle’ Applied with
Organic Fertilizers. QUIRANTE, MARGIE A. MAY 2011
31
APPENDICES
Appendix Table 1. Plant height at harvest (cm)
BLOCK
TREATMENT
I
II
III
TOTAL
MEAN
T1
38.80
38.10
38.80
115.70
38.57
T2
39.60
37.80
36.70
114.10
38.03
T3
37.10
36.90
37.80
111.80
37.27
T4
37.40
38.50
38.40
114.30
38.10
T5
37.60
35.10
38.50
111.20
37.07
T6
35.90
34.60
35.30
105.80
35.27
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCE OF DEGREES SUM OF MEAN OF COMPUTED TABULAR F
VARIATION
OF
SQUARES SQUARES
F
0.05 0.01
FREEDOM
Block
2
2.790
1.395
Treatments
5
20.792
4.158
4.13*
3.33
5.64
Error
10
10.063
1.006
Total
17
33.645
* = highly significant Coefficient of variation 2.68 %
Growth, Yield, Shelf-life and Glucosinolates Content of ‘Broccoli Lucky Miracle’ Applied with
Organic Fertilizers. QUIRANTE, MARGIE A. MAY 2011
32
Appendix Table 2. Curd diameter (cm)
BLOCK
TREATMENT
I
II
III
TOTAL
MEAN
T1
17.20
16.70
16.18
50.08
16.69
T2
18.10
15.80
15.50
49.40
16.47
T3
15.60
14.80
16.30
46.70
15.57
T4
16.41
15.35
16.80
48.56
16.19
T5
16.20
16.80
16.40
49.40
16.47
T6
19.80
20.10
18.80
58.70
19.57
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCE OF DEGREES SUM OF MEAN OF COMPUTED TABULAR F
VARIATION
OF
SQUARES SQUARES
F
0.05 0.01
FREEDOM
Block
2
1.412
0.706
Treatments
5
29.345
5.869
9.00**
3.33
5.64
Error
10
6.521
0.652
Total
17
37.278
** = highly significant Coefficient of variation 4.80 %
Growth, Yield, Shelf-life and Glucosinolates Content of ‘Broccoli Lucky Miracle’ Applied with
Organic Fertilizers. QUIRANTE, MARGIE A. MAY 2011
33
Appendix Table 3. Stem diameter (cm)
BLOCK
TREATMENT
I
II
III
TOTAL
MEAN
T1
4.02
3.79
3.73
11.54
3.85
T2
3.81
3.87
3.71
11.39
3.80
T3
4.07
3.97
3.94
11.98
3.99
T4
4.06
3.66
3.76
11.48
3.83
T5
3.96
4.05
4.20
12.21
4.07
T6
4.38
4.10
4.28
12.76
4.25
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCE OF DEGREES SUM OF MEAN OF COMPUTED TABULAR F
VARIATION
OF
SQUARES SQUARES
F
0.05 0.01
FREEDOM
Block
2
0.069
0.034
Treatments
5
0.469
0.094
5.98*
3.33
5.64
Error
10
0.157
0.016
Total
17
0.695
** = highly significant Coefficient of variation 3.16 %
Growth, Yield, Shelf-life and Glucosinolates Content of ‘Broccoli Lucky Miracle’ Applied with
Organic Fertilizers. QUIRANTE, MARGIE A. MAY 2011
34
Appendix Table 4. Total yield per plot (kg)
BLOCK
TREATMENT
I
II
III
TOTAL
MEAN
T1
6.29
6.84
5.89
19.02
3.85
T2
4.40
5.57
6.39
16.36
3.80
T3
5.89
7.63
6.47
19.99
3.99
T4
4.66
5.15
5.57
15.38
3.83
T5
4.70
5.47
6.45
16.62
4.07
T6
7.41
6.62
5.90
19.93
4.25
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCE OF DEGREES SUM OF MEAN OF COMPUTED TABULAR F
VARIATION
OF
SQUARES SQUARES
F
0.05 0.01
FREEDOM
Block
2
1.491
0.746
Treatments
5
6.701
1.340
2.38ns
3.33
5.64
Error
10
5.629
0.563
Total
17
13.820
ns = not significant Coefficient of variation 12.59 %
Growth, Yield, Shelf-life and Glucosinolates Content of ‘Broccoli Lucky Miracle’ Applied with
Organic Fertilizers. QUIRANTE, MARGIE A. MAY 2011
35
Appendix Table 5. Weight of marketable curds (kg)
BLOCK
TREATMENT
I
II
III
TOTAL
MEAN
T1
5.27
5.65
5.89
16.81
5.60
T2
4.25
4.89
6.39
15.53
5.18
T3
5.15
7.40
6.49
19.04
6.35
T4
4.16
4.84
5.42
14.42
4.81
T5
3.90
5.35
6.45
15.70
5.23
T6
7.11
6.62
5.90
19.63
6.54
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCE OF DEGREES SUM OF MEAN OF COMPUTED TABULAR F
VARIATION
OF
SQUARES SQUARES
F
0.05 0.01
FREEDOM
Block
2
4.011
2.006
Treatments
5
7.165
1.433
2.40ns
3.33
5.64
Error
10
5.967
0.597
Total
17
17.144
ns = not significant Coefficient of variation 13.75%
Growth, Yield, Shelf-life and Glucosinolates Content of ‘Broccoli Lucky Miracle’ Applied with
Organic Fertilizers. QUIRANTE, MARGIE A. MAY 2011
36
Appendix Table 6. Weight of non-marketable curds (kg)
BLOCK
TREATMENT
I
II
III
TOTAL
MEAN
T1
1.03
1.19
0.00
2.22
0.74
T2
0.15
0.68
0.00
0.83
0.28
T3
0.74
0.23
0.00
0.97
0.32
T4
0.50
0.31
0.15
0.96
0.32
T5
0.80
0.12
0.00
0.92
0.46
T6
0.30
0.00
0.00
0.30
0.10
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCE OF DEGREES SUM OF MEAN OF COMPUTED TABULAR F
VARIATION
OF
SQUARES SQUARES
F
0.05 0.01
FREEDOM
Block
2
1.000
0.5000
Treatments
5
0.670
0.134
1.54ns
3.33
5.64
Error
10
0.870
0.087
Total
17
2.540
ns = not significant Coefficient of variation 16.42%
Growth, Yield, Shelf-life and Glucosinolates Content of ‘Broccoli Lucky Miracle’ Applied with
Organic Fertilizers. QUIRANTE, MARGIE A. MAY 2011
37
Appendix Table 7. Weight of individual curds (g)
BLOCK
TREATMENT
I
II
III
TOTAL
MEAN
T1
224.64
244.29
210.36
679.29
226.43
T2
157.14
198.93
228.21
584.28
194.76
T3
210.36
272.39
231.61
714.36
238.12
T4
166.43
183.93
198.93
549.29
183.10
T5
167.86
195.25
230.18
593.29
197.76
T6
264.64
236.43
210.68
711.75
237.25
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCE OF DEGREES SUM OF MEAN OF COMPUTED TABULAR F
VARIATION
OF
SQUARES SQUARES
F
0.05 0.01
FREEDOM
Block
2
1901.710
950.855
Treatments
5
8575.348
1717.070
2.40ns
3.33
5.64
Error
10
7155.089
715.509
Total
17
17632.148
ns = not significant Coefficient of variation 12.56%
Growth, Yield, Shelf-life and Glucosinolates Content of ‘Broccoli Lucky Miracle’ Applied with
Organic Fertilizers. QUIRANTE, MARGIE A. MAY 2011
38
Appendix Table 8. Refractive index (0brix)
BLOCK
TREATMENT
I
II
III
TOTAL
MEAN
T1
4.50
3.20
4.80
12.50
4.17
T2
2.80
3.00
4.00
9.80
3.27
T3
4.00
3.00
4.80
11.80
3.93
T4
3.20
2.60
5.00
10.80
3.60
T5
4.00
5.00
4.00
13.00
4.33
T6
4.00
5.20
4.40
13.60
4.53
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCE OF DEGREES SUM OF MEAN OF COMPUTED TABULAR F
VARIATION
OF
SQUARES SQUARES
F
0.05 0.01
FREEDOM
Block
2
2.528
1.264
Treatments
5
3.363
0.673
1.14ns
3.33
5.64
Error
10
5.906
0.591
Total
17
11.796
ns = not significant Coefficient of variation 19.35%
Growth, Yield, Shelf-life and Glucosinolates Content of ‘Broccoli Lucky Miracle’ Applied with
Organic Fertilizers. QUIRANTE, MARGIE A. MAY 2011
39
Appendix Table 9. Shelf-life (days)
BLOCK
TREATMENT
I
II
III
TOTAL
MEAN
T1
4
4
5
13
4.33
T2
5
4
4
13
4.33
T3
4
4
4
12
4.00
T4
5
4
5
14
4.67
T5
4
4
4
12
4.00
T6
4
4
4
12
4.00
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCE OF DEGREES SUM OF MEAN OF COMPUTED TABULAR F
VARIATION
OF
SQUARES SQUARES
F
0.05 0.01
FREEDOM
Block
2
0.444
0.222
Treatments
5
1.111
0.222
1.43ns
3.33
5.64
Error
10
1.556
0.156
Total
17
3.111
ns = not significant Coefficient of variation 9.34%
Growth, Yield, Shelf-life and Glucosinolates Content of ‘Broccoli Lucky Miracle’ Applied with
Organic Fertilizers. QUIRANTE, MARGIE A. MAY 2011
40
Appendix Table 10. Weight loss (g) in 4 days
BLOCK
TREATMENT
I
II
III
TOTAL
MEAN
T1
71.95
64.60
49.75
186.30
62.10
T2
64.80
69.95
60.00
194.75
64.92
T3
75.08
85.61
79.85
240.54
80.18
T4
64.90
65.15
60.53
190.58
63.53
T5
59.75
74.75
69.90
204.40
68.13
T6
69.85
65.30
65.25
200.40
66.80
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCE OF DEGREES SUM OF MEAN OF COMPUTED TABULAR
VARIATION
OF
SQUARES SQUARES
F
F
FREEDOM
0.05 0.01
Block
2
133.981
66.990
Treatments
5
639.668
127.934
3.44*
3.33 5.64
Error
10
371.578
37.158
Total
17
1145.226
* = significant Coefficient of variation 9.02%
Growth, Yield, Shelf-life and Glucosinolates Content of ‘Broccoli Lucky Miracle’ Applied with
Organic Fertilizers. QUIRANTE, MARGIE A. MAY 2011
Document Outline
- Growth, Yield, Shelf-life and GlucosinolatesContent of �Broccoli Lucky Miracle� Applied with Organic Fertilizers
- BIBLIOGRAPHY
- TABLE OF CONTENTS
- INTRODUCTION
- REVIEW OF LITERATURE
- MATERIALS AND METHODS
- RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
- SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
- LITERATURE CITED
- APPENDICES