BIBLIOGRAPHY GANASE, NANIE MICHELLE B. APRIL...
BIBLIOGRAPHY
GANASE, NANIE MICHELLE B. APRIL 2011. Azolla Compost Application on
Some Soil Properties and Yield of Romaine Lettuce (
Lactuca sativa L. cv. Xanadu).
Benguet State University, La Trinidad, Benguet.
Adviser: Emilia F. Dayap, MSc
ABSTRACT
The study was conducted to determine the: 1) effect of azolla compost on some
soil properties; 2) effect of azolla compost on the growth and yield of the Romaine
lettuce; and, 3) best rate of azolla compost for romaine lettuce production.
General observation on the effect of the different rates of azolla compost on plants
is that it significantly affected the marketable and total yield of Romaine lettuce.
Application of azolla compost at a rate of 12 tons/ha produced the highest marketable and
total yield of Romaine lettuce.
Applications of different rates of azolla compost significantly increased the pH,
organic matter, Cation Exchange Capacity (CEC) and total nitrogen content of the soil.
Azolla compost applied at a rate of 12 tons/ha resulted to higher chemical properties of
the soil.
Application of azolla compost improves the bulk density and water holding
capacity of the soil.
The pest infestation and leaf spot infection were observed at 30 DAT and 37
DAT. At 30 DAT, there were more pests but lower rate of leaf spot infection. However,
at 37 DAT lesser pest infestation but higher Leaf spot infection was noted.
ii
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
Bibliography…………………………………………………………………
i
Abstract ……………………………………………………………………
i
Table of Contents …………………………………………………………...
iii
INTRODUCTION …………………………………………………………..
1
REVIEW OF LITERATURE ……………………………………………….
3
Effect of Compost on the Soil ……………………………………….
3
Effect of Compost on Plant Growth ………………………………....
4
Azolla Composition ……………………………………………….….
5
Effects of Azolla ……………………………………………………...
6
Effects of Azolla Fertilization on the
Economy of Soil Nitrogen ……………………….…………….…….
7
MATERIALS AND METHODS ……………………………………...…….
9
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION …………………………………...………..
13
Bulk Density of the Soil ………………………….……………….….
13
Water Holding Capacity of the Soil ……………….………………....
14
Soil pH ……………………...……..……...……...………………....
15
Organic Matter Content of the Soil …………………………………
16
Total Nitrogen Content of the Soil …………………….……………
17
Cation Exchange Capacity of the Soil ……………...……..……..…
18
Marketable Yield ………………………………………………....….
19
Non-Marketable Yield ………………………………..…………….
19
Total Yield……………………………………...…..………………...
20
Pest Infestation 30 DAT and 37 DAT ……………………..…..…...
22
Leaf Spot Infection 30 DAT and 37 DAT …………………..……...
23
Return on Cash Expenses …………………………………..…..…...
24
SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS ……………
25
Summary ………………………………………….…………....…...
25
Conclusions ……………………………………….…………..…….
25
Recommendations ……………………...…………………………...
26
LITERATURE CITED ……………………………………………………..
27
APPENDICES ………………………………………………………………
29
1
INTRODUCTION
All crops need nutrients like nitrogen, potassium, phosphorous and others. Some
plants are nitrogen fixers like legumes and azolla. These plants abound in our
surrounding and it is imperative to use these plants as bio-fertilizer which is a cheaper
and renewable source of low cost plant nutrient and plays a major role in the Integrated
Plant Nutrient Supply System. Use of azolla fern as a bio-fertilizer is advocated to
minimize the dependency on chemical fertilizer.
Azolla is a floating aquatic fern that is naturally available mostly on moist soils
like in rice paddies. It is capable of fixing atmospheric nitrogen in the soil to NH +
4 and
becomes available as soluble nitrogen for the crops and rice. It is abundant or available in
our surroundings to be used as a biofertilizer (Wikipedia, 2006). Application of organic
fertilizers like compost increases soil microorganism population activity and improves
the soil organic matter (SOM) content. There are many organic materials that are being
used for composting like grasses, sawdust, azolla, chicken manure and other
decomposable materials that can be used as a fertilizer. Some researchers proved that
compost improves the physical, chemical, and biological properties of the soil. Azolla
maintain soil fertility and supplements nitrogen to crops for its growth and production.
Romaine or cos lettuce (
Lactuca sativa) is a variety of lettuce which grows in a
tall head of sturdy leaves with a firm rib down the center. Unlike most lettuces, it is
tolerant to heat. As with other dark leafy greens, the antioxidants contained within
romaine lettuce are believed to be of help. Romaine lettuce have nutritional value per
100 g (3.5 oz) of 72 kJ energy (17 kcal), 3.3 g carbohydrates, 2.1 g dietary fibre, 0.3 g
Fat, 1.2 g protein, 95 g water, 290 μg (32%) vitamin A equiv., 136 μg (34%) folate (Vit.
Azolla Compost Application on Some Soil Properties and Yield of Romaine Lettuce
(Lactuca sativa L. cv. Xanadu) / NANIE MICHELLE B. GANASE. 2011
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B9), 24 mg (40%) vitamin C, 33 mg (3%) calcium, 0.97 mg (8%) iron, 30 mg (4%)
phosphorus, 247 mg (5%) potassium. It can grow in a wide range of soil types but prefer
a slightly acidic soil with pH 6 to 6.5. It prefers cool weather and can survive a light frost.
The nutrient requirement of lettuce are: (2.5-4.0%) N, (0.4-0.6%) P, (4.0-7.5%) K, (0.9-
2.0%) Ca, (0.3-0.7%) Mg, (0.1-0.3%) S, (50-150 ppm) Fe, (25-50 ppm) Zn, (30-55 ppm)
Mn, (5-10 ppm) Cu, (15-30 ppm) B, and (0.03 ppm) Mo (Wikipedia, 2010).
This study was conducted to determine the: 1) effect of azolla compost on some
soil properties; 2) effect of the azolla compost on the growth and yield of romaine lettuce;
and, 3) best rate of azolla compost for romaine lettuce production.
The study was conducted at the Organic Demo Farm (ODF) experimental area,
Department of Soil Science, College of Agriculture, Benguet State University, La
Trinidad, Benguet from October 2010 to March 2011.
Azolla Compost Application on Some Soil Properties and Yield of Romaine Lettuce
(Lactuca sativa L. cv. Xanadu) / NANIE MICHELLE B. GANASE. 2011
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REVIEW OF LITERATURE
Effect of Compost on Soil
There are many organic materials that are rich in nitrogen like azolla, sunflower
and other plants that can be used as compost. The nitrogen is very much important in
crops because if there will be insufficient nitrogen on the soil the plant will be yellow in
color or it is wilted and also the other essential nutrients that will be needed by the plants
like N, P, K, Ca, Mg and other essential elements.
According to Pile (1992), compost is the result of the activity of billions of tiny
organisms that utilize the two main chemical components of organic matter-carbon and
nitrogen in their life processes. It can be made from almost any kind of organic materials.
Incorporating compost into the soil adds microorganisms and reinforces the resident
microbial population, increasing their activity.
The compost is very important to improve soil fertility by soil management so
that crop yields can be increased and then maintained at its higher level. A fertile soil is
able to withstand erosion and meet the needs of the crop for moisture, air, nutrients,
acidity and temperature. It helps to maintain or increase the amount of organic matter in
the soil. It controls erosion of organic matter from the land surface by reducing the
destructive force of the wind and water, protecting the surface of the soil by covering it
with mulch, increasing the porosity of the soil. It also provides adequate levels of
moisture to the crop by adding compost either as surface mulches or incorporation. It
improves the soil structure to optimize soil aeration and to hold more water before
drainage starts or water logging takes place. It increases nutrients that the plant requires.
Azolla Compost Application on Some Soil Properties and Yield of Romaine Lettuce
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It improves the soil pH and soil temperature. The soil temperature is reduced by high
levels of organic matter to improve germination (Dalzell
et al., 2007).
Thompson (1973) stated that compost is a mixture of soil and decomposing
organic matter often used by farmers as fertilizer. The use of compost results in humus
formation and promotes good soil structure. It will release plant nutrients as it is spread
on the soil.
Effect of Compost on Plant Growth
Cosico (2005) reported that plant growth increases as the supply and availability
of nutrients increase. However, the increase in growth or yield is not proportional for
every increase in nutrient level over a period of time. In addition, Brady and Weil (2008)
revealed that the soil food web converts organically bound forms nitrogen, phosphorous,
and sulfur into mineral forms that can be taken up by the plants.
As the microorganisms continue to decompose, organic matter in the soil
contributes to the chemical reactions that benefit plants. Some of the microorganisms are
nitrogen-fixing bacteria, which take nitrogen from the air and make it accessible to
plants. It serves as a ready food source for the billions of soil microorganisms that
convert the soluble compounds into a form that can be absorbed by the plant roots (Pile,
1992).
Chen and Wu (2005) stated that using compost is an effective way to increase
healthy plant production, help save money, reduce the use of chemical fertilizers, and
conserve natural resources. It enhances soil quality and increases crop production. In
environment, there is pollution remediation and pollution prevention.
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Azolla Composition
Azolla has high nitrogen content that makes it as a desirable organic fertilizer
while its high protein content makes it as a good food supplement as well as food.
Roughly, 100 kgs. fresh weight yield about 4-6 kgs. dried azolla. It decomposes rapidly
because of its low C: N ratio (15-18:1). The recommended application rate on upland
crops and vegetables is from 5 to 7 tons/ha of dried azolla. The nutrient content of azolla:
N=3.0-5.0%, P=1.0 % and K= 2.0-3.0%. A range of elemental composition on a dry
weight basis is as follows: N=1.96-5.30 %, P=0.16-1.59 %, K=0.31-5.97 %, Ca=0.45-
1.70 %, Mg=0.22-0.66 %, S=0.22-0.73 %, Si=0.16-3.53, Na=0.16-1.31%, Cl=0.62-0.90
%, Al=0.04-0.59 %, Fe=0.04-0.59 %, Mn=66-2944 ppm, Cu=0-254 ppm, Zn=26-989
ppm (Khan, 1983).
Similarly, 10 tons of fresh azolla would provide the equivalent of 1 bag urea (50
kg/bag). On the decomposition this mass of azolla will release about 25-30 kg N/ha
(PCARRD, 2006). Likewise, Khan (1988) also stated that Azolla as an organic fertilizer
can be used in any form fresh, dry, or composted for fruits, vegetables and ornamental
crops.
Ihoko (1985) as cited by Bentrez (1997) stated that the decomposition of organic
materials is a digestive process of fungi, bacteria, and actinomycetes. These organisms
work best when plenty of oxygen is available. The bacteria causing decay are found in
the soil, air, water, manure and many other places. In order to hasten the decomposition
process, it is common to pile organic raw materials with a sufficient supply of water and
air that is to compost them. She also stated that the addition of azolla in increasing rates
significantly increase the total N and available P contents and the percentage recovery.
Azolla Compost Application on Some Soil Properties and Yield of Romaine Lettuce
(Lactuca sativa L. cv. Xanadu) / NANIE MICHELLE B. GANASE. 2011
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The symbiotic nitrogen fixing capacity of algae cells in azolla plant is much
higher than that of bacteroids in legume root nodules. The algae cell can fix about 450-
600 k of nitrogen per hectare annually (NAAP, 1989) as cited by Masillem (1995).
Chimicag (1995) stated that azolla compost may be a good organic fertilizer for
crops especially when used as a pure growth medium. When the azolla compost is
limiting, amendment of azolla compost to the soil in any proportion is advisable as it
improves most of the properties of the soil as well as the yield.
Effects of Azolla
Azolla traditionally grows under cool, wet conditions. The plant prefers a placid
water surface, temperature between 20 and 35°C, water pH of 4.7 and rich in all essential
plant nutrients except nitrogen, salt solution containing less than 0.3% exposure to greater
than 25% full sunlight, long day length, and freedom from competitors, insects and
diseases. Efforts to expand azolla use in the humid tropics have met with limited success
and a host of environmental problems. High temperatures cause a change in pH and water
circulation (Lumpkin, 1988) as cited by Masillem (1995).
Lumpkin and Plucknett (1986) reported that azolla helps to increase humus and
organic nitrogen levels in the soil when it is incorporated. There is also some
improvement in soil chemical and physical properties which will result in less energy
required for tillage. Continuous azolla cultivation, humus and organic N will accumulate.
It also improves the water holding capacity and cation exchange capacity of the soil. It
releases nitrogen slowly than chemical fertilizers.
Azolla Compost Application on Some Soil Properties and Yield of Romaine Lettuce
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The Institute of Soils and Fertilizers in China found that azolla used as a green
manure decreased specific gravity, increased porosity (3.7-4.2%), and increased organic
matter in soils. Soil salt content was reduced by 0.014-0.048% (Western SARE, 2010).
Farmers all over the world have used compost, green manures and other organic
residues as a major source of nitrogen to promote plant growth and increase crop
production. Azolla has the potential of supplying part of the nitrogen requirement of
crops through biological means. In approximately 75 days, a hectare of azolla can
produce three layers of green manure. The value of this amounts to 25 kg nitrogen per
hectare. The azolla can be harvested and either incorporated into soil or used in the
preparation of compost. The Chemical Analysis of Azolla on a dry matter weight basis
(% on dry matter basis) as follows: Ash=10.00, Crude fat=3.0-3.5, Crude protein=20-25,
Soluble sugars=3.0-3.5, Starch=6.0-6.5, Chlorophyll-A=0.25-0.50 (Titus and Pereira,
2010).
Effects of Azolla Fertilization on the
Economy of Soil Nitrogen
Crop plants respond to azolla fertilization exactly the same way as they do to
other green manure crops. The nitrogen efficiency of azolla is almost comparable or
slightly inferior to that of urea or ammonium sulfate. When azolla is incorporated into the
soil, heterogeneous soil organisms act on it. As a result of enzymic digestion, the more
complex proteins and allied compounds are simplified and hydrolyzed to ionic
ammonium (NH +
-
4 ) and nitrate (NO3 ) forms which become easily available to crop plants
as nitrogen source. As the decomposition proceeds, nitrogen is released. Release is thus
gradual and continues for a long time which is an advantageous situation. Continuous use
Azolla Compost Application on Some Soil Properties and Yield of Romaine Lettuce
(Lactuca sativa L. cv. Xanadu) / NANIE MICHELLE B. GANASE. 2011
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of azolla as green manure imparts on the soil a dark color and improves the physico-
chemical and biological properties. The organic matter content is increased and
consequently the nitrogen economy of the soil is improved (Khan, 1983).
Azolla Compost Application on Some Soil Properties and Yield of Romaine Lettuce
(Lactuca sativa L. cv. Xanadu) / NANIE MICHELLE B. GANASE. 2011
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METHODOLOGY
In composting, fresh azolla were gathered from the rice field and then piled and
covered with plastic to prevent drying. After two (2) weeks the azolla compost was
harvested and packed in sacks.
Seeds of romaine lettuce (var. xanadu) were sown on seedling trays. For easier
identification of treatments in the field, the plots were staked with tags. Chemical
reagents, laboratory equipments and glass wares were used in the analysis of nutrient
elements.
The study was conducted in a 105 m2 area at the organic demo farm experimental
area from November 2010 to March 2011. The area was divided into twenty-one (21)
plots measuring 1 m x 5 m representing seven (7) treatments and three (3) replications.
The experimental design used was the randomized complete block design (RCBD).
The azolla compost was applied and thoroughly mixed into the soil before
planting following the different rates (tons/ha):
T1- Control (no compost)
T2- 2
T3- 4
T4- 6
T5- 8
T6- 10
T7- 12
Azolla Compost Application on Some Soil Properties and Yield of Romaine Lettuce
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Seeds previously sown in seedling trays were transplanted at a distance of 20 cm
between hills and rows. Watering was done frequently to keep the plants moist and
growing consistently.
Soil samples were collected before and after planting. The soil was analyzed for
its nutrient contents and other soil properties.
The data gathered were the following:
A. Soil Analysis
Physical Properties of the Soil
1. Bulk density of the soil (g/cm3). The method that was used for bulk density was
the core sampling method.
2. Water holding capacity of the soil (ml/g). It was determined through saturation
method, wherein water was allowed to saturate the soil in the core sampler with the
bottom of the cylinder submerged in water to be saturated through capillarity.
WHC = Volume of Water Retained (ml)
Weight of Oven Dry Soil (g)
Chemical Properties of the Soil
1. Soil pH. The initial and final soil pH was determined using 1:2.5 0.01 M CaCl2
solution by Electrometric Method.
2. Organic matter content of the soil (%). Organic matter content of the soil was
analyzed using the Walkley-Black Method.
3. Total nitrogen (%). Nitrogen content of the soil was derived from the organic
matter content of the soil by multiplying with 0.05.
Azolla Compost Application on Some Soil Properties and Yield of Romaine Lettuce
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4. Cation exchange capacity of the soil (m.e/100g). The ammonium acetate
method was used using the formula:
CEC (m.e./100 g soil) = (S-B) x N x 100
ODW
Where: ODW- oven dry weight of sample in g
S- volume of standard H2SO4 used in sample
B- volume of standard H2SO4 used in blank
N- normality of H2SO4 used
B. Growth and Yield Parameters
1. Marketable yield (kg/5m2). Yield was taken by weighing all harvested lettuce
per plot excluding the non-marketable plants.
2. Non-marketable yield (kg/5m2). Yield was taken by weighing all non-
marketable (damaged) lettuce per plot.
3. Total yield (kg/5m2). This is the weight of all harvested lettuce per plot which
includes the marketable and non-marketable.
C. Pests and Diseases. The pests and diseases that was observed on the crop were
recorded.
D. ROCE (%). This was taken by recording all the expenses and gross income and was
computed using the formula:
Gross Income – Total Expenses
ROCE (%) =
x 100
Total Expenses
Azolla Compost Application on Some Soil Properties and Yield of Romaine Lettuce
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E. Statistical Analysis
The data gathered were statistically analyzed using the ANOVA. The significance
between treatment means were analyzed using the Duncan’s Multiple Range Test
(DMRT).
Azolla Compost Application on Some Soil Properties and Yield of Romaine Lettuce
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RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Bulk Density of the Soil
The bulk density of the soil was not significantly affected by the different rates of
azolla compost (Table 1). The lowest bulk density however, was obtained from the soil
applied with 12 tons/ha azolla compost with a mean of 1.00 g/cm3. The highest so far was
obtained from the control with a mean of 1.13 g/cm3. It was noted that the bulk density of
soils at a range of 1.00 to 1.08 decreased from the initial value of 1.52 g/cm3. These
results show that soil application of azolla compost improves the structure of the soil
which also promotes the porosity of the soil.
Table 1. Bulk density (Db) of the soil as affected by different rates of azolla compost
TREATMENT
Db OF THE SOIL
(g/cm3)
Control 1.13a
2
1.08a
4 1.06a
6 1.06a
8 1.05a
10 1.03a
12 1.00a
Initial
1.52
Means with the same letter/s are not significantly different at 5% level by DMRT
Water Holding Capacity of the Soil
Azolla Compost Application on Some Soil Properties and Yield of Romaine Lettuce
(Lactuca sativa L. cv. Xanadu) / NANIE MICHELLE B. GANASE. 2011
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Water holding capacity of the soil was not significantly affected by the
application of different rates of azolla compost as shown in Table 2. The application of
12 tons/ha azolla compost however, registered the highest mean of 0.75 ml/g and the
lowest was from plots with no azolla compost. Further, the WHC of the soil compared to
the initial of 0.32 ml/g, was doubled with the application of azolla compost. It is implied
therefore that, azolla compost and the presence of a crop improves the water holding
capacity of the soil as the case with the control plots.
Table 2. Water holding capacity (WHC) of the soil as affected by different rates of azolla
compost
TREATMENT
WHC
(ml/g)
Control 0.63a
2 tons/ha Azolla compost 0.65a
4 tons/ha Azolla compost 0.68a
6 tons/ha Azolla compost 0.70a
8 tons/ha Azolla compost 0.70a
10 tons/ha Azolla compost 0.71a
12 tons/ha Azolla compost 0.75a
Initial
0.32
Means with the same letter/s are not significantly different at 5% level by DMRT
Soil pH
Table 3 shows the effect of different rates of azolla compost as an organic
fertilizer on the pH of the soil. Statistical analysis shows that different rates of azolla
Azolla Compost Application on Some Soil Properties and Yield of Romaine Lettuce
(Lactuca sativa L. cv. Xanadu) / NANIE MICHELLE B. GANASE. 2011
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compost significantly increased the pH of the soil from the initial pH of 5.12. As the rate
of azolla compost was increased, soil pH also increased. Plots applied with 12 tons/ha
azolla compost registered the highest soil pH with a mean of 5.95 compared to the control
with a mean of 5.62. The results agree with Khan (1983) and Lumpkin and Plucknett
(1986) which states that azolla improves the physico-chemical and biological properties
of the soil.
Table 3. Soil pH as affected by different rates of azolla compost
TREATMENT
SOIL pH
Control 5.62d
2 tons/ha Azolla compost 5.79c
4 tons/ha Azolla compost 5.82bc
6 tons/ha Azolla compost 5.78c
8 tons/ha Azolla compost 5.88ab
10 tons/ha Azolla compost 5.93a
12 tons/ha Azolla compost 5.95a
Initial
5.12
Means with the same letter/s are not significantly different at 5% level by DMRT
Organic Matter Content of the Soil
Organic matter content of the soil was significantly affected by the application of
different rates of azolla compost (Table 4). The highest soil organic matter was obtained
from the plots applied with 12 tons/ha azolla compost with a mean of 3.76% followed by
10 tons/ha azolla compost. However, the plots applied with 2 tons/ha, 4 tons/ha, 6 tons/ha
azolla compost and control compared to the initial 3.34%, the organic matter content of
Azolla Compost Application on Some Soil Properties and Yield of Romaine Lettuce
(Lactuca sativa L. cv. Xanadu) / NANIE MICHELLE B. GANASE. 2011
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the soil decreased due to cultivation and that OM was used by the plants. With regards to
plots treated with 8 tons/ha to 12 tons/ha azolla compost, some OM remained and some
were not absorbed by the plants. This result agrees with Dalzell
et al.,2007, Khan 1983
and Western Sare 2010 who stated that compost improves soil fertility by soil
management so that crop yields can be increased and then maintained at its higher level.
Table 4. Organic matter content of the soil as affected by different rates of azolla
compost
OM CONTENT OF
TREATMENT
THE SOIL (%)
Control 2.94d
2 tons/ha Azolla compost 3.09d
4 tons/ha Azolla compost 3.16cd
6 tons/ha Azolla compost 3.20cd
8 tons/ha Azolla compost 3.36bc
10 tons/ha Azolla compost 3.56ab
12 tons/ha Azolla compost 3.76a
Initial
3.34
Means with the same letter/s are not significantly different at 5% level by DMRT
Total Nitrogen Content of the Soil
Table 5 shows a highly significant effect of azolla rates on the total nitrogen
content of the soil. The highest total nitrogen content of the soil was obtained by the
application of 12 tons/ha with a mean of 0.188% compared to the initial with a mean of
0.167%. However, the plots applied with 2 tons/ha, 4 tons/ha and 6 tons/ha azolla
compost and control, the nitrogen content decreased due to the cultivation that the
Azolla Compost Application on Some Soil Properties and Yield of Romaine Lettuce
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nutrients from the azolla compost applied was released and absorbed by the romaine
lettuce and the other rates were improved due to the higher rates of azolla compost
applied. The statistical analysis shows that the azolla compost improves the nitrogen
content of the soil. This result agrees with Masillem (1995) who stated that the azolla
plant has the capacity to fix higher nitrogen by algae cells than that of bacteroids in
legume root nodules.
Table 5. Total Nitrogen (N) content of the soil as affected by different rates of azolla
compost
TREATMENT
TOTAL N (%)
Control 0.147d
2 tons/ha Azolla compost 0.155d
4 tons/ha Azolla compost 0.158cd
6 tons/ha Azolla compost 0.160cd
8 tons/ha Azolla compost 0.169bc
10 tons/ha Azolla compost 0.178ab
12 tons/ha Azolla compost 0.188a
Initial
0.167
Means with the same letter/s are not significantly different at 5% level by DMRT
Cation Exchange Capacity of the Soil
Table 6 shows the cation exchange capacity of the soil as affected by different
rates of azolla compost applied. As the rates of azolla compost increase a corresponding
increase in CEC is attained. Application of 12 tons/ha azolla compost registered the
highest cation exchange capacity of the soil with a mean of 34.67 m.e/100g soil. The
lowest mean on the other hand, was obtained from the untreated plants with a mean of
Azolla Compost Application on Some Soil Properties and Yield of Romaine Lettuce
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10.30 m.e/100g. Further, the CEC of the soil was improved from the initial of 10.06
m.e/100g soil as compared to the control. It seems that the presence of a crop has an
affection on CEC. The cultivation of soil makes the microorganisms become active and
improve the soil properties. And that application of the azolla compost as an organic
fertilizer improves the CEC (Lumpkin and Plucknett, 1986).
Table 6. Cation Exchange Capacity (CEC) of the soil as affected by different rates of
azolla compost
CEC
TREATMENT
(m.e/100g)
Control 10.30c
2 tons/ha Azolla compost 10.80c
4 tons/ha Azolla compost 11.60bc
6 tons/ha Azolla compost 14.05bc
8 tons/ha Azolla compost 20.25bc
10 tons/ha Azolla compost 23.70ab
12 tons/ha Azolla compost 34.67a
Initial
10.06
Means with the same letter/s are not significantly different at 5% level by DMRT
Marketable Yield
The application of different rates of azolla compost greatly enhanced the yield of
romaine lettuce plant (Table 7). The application of 12 tons/ha registered the highest mean
of 7.44 kg/5m2 followed by the application of 10 tons/ha with a mean of 7.10 kg/5m2.
The control yielded the lowest with a mean of 2.54 kg/5m2 due to absence of azolla
Azolla Compost Application on Some Soil Properties and Yield of Romaine Lettuce
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compost. As the rate of azolla compost increased the nitrogen content of the soil also
increased that affected the yield.
Non- Marketable Yield
The non-marketable yield of Romaine lettuce as affected by the different rates of
azolla compost is shown in Table 8. Lowest non-marketable yield was obtained from
those treated with 4 tons/ha azolla compost with a mean of 0.60 kg/5m2 followed by 2
tons/ha azolla compost with a mean of 0.61 kg/5m2. The application of 12 tons/ha azolla
compost registered the highest non-marketable yield due to pests and disease infestation.
Table 7. Marketable yield as affected by different rates of azolla compost
TREATMENT
MARKETABLE YIELD
(kg/5m2)
Control 2.54f
2 tons/ha Azolla compost 4.70e
4 tons/ha Azolla compost 5.28de
6 tons/ha Azolla compost 5.86cd
8 tons/ha Azolla compost 6.21bc
10 tons/ha Azolla compost 7.10ab
12 tons/ha Azolla compost 7.44a
Means with the same letter/s are not significantly different at 5% level by DMRT
Table 8. Non-marketable yield as affected by different rates of azolla compost
TREATMENT
NON-MARKETABLE
YIELD (kg/5m2)
Control 0.72cd
2 tons/ha Azolla compost 0.61d
4 tons/ha Azolla compost 0.60d
Azolla Compost Application on Some Soil Properties and Yield of Romaine Lettuce
(Lactuca sativa L. cv. Xanadu) / NANIE MICHELLE B. GANASE. 2011
20
6 tons/ha Azolla compost 0.70cd
8 tons/ha Azolla compost 0.79bc
10 tons/ha Azolla compost 0.93b
12 tons/ha Azolla compost 1.13a
Means with the same letter/s are not significantly different at 5% level by DMRT
Total Yield
The total yield of Romaine lettuce as affected by the different rates of azolla
compost as an organic fertilizer is shown in Table 9 and Figure 1. The highest harvested
yield was obtained from plots applied with 12 tons/ha azolla compost with a mean of 8.56
kg/5m2. All the means obtained from the plots applied with lower rates of azolla compost
significantly differed from the control. The result shows that as the rate of azolla compost
was increased, the total yield also increased. The result agrees with Cosico (2005) who
stated that as the availability of nutrients increases the plant growth or yield also increase.
Likewise, Chen and Wu (2005) stated that using compost is an effective way to increase
healthy plant production.
Table 9. Total yield as affected by different rates of azolla compost
TREATMENT
TOTAL YIELD
(kg/5m2)
Control 3.25e
2 tons/ha Azolla compost 5.13d
4 tons/ha Azolla compost 5.88cd
Azolla Compost Application on Some Soil Properties and Yield of Romaine Lettuce
(Lactuca sativa L. cv. Xanadu) / NANIE MICHELLE B. GANASE. 2011
21
6 tons/ha Azolla compost 6.56bc
8 tons/ha Azolla compost 7.00b
10 tons/ha Azolla compost 7.94a
12 tons/ha Azolla compost 8.56a
Means with the same letter/s are not significantly different at 5% level by DMRT
T
T
1
2
Control
2 tons/ha
T3
T4
4 tons/ha
6 tons/ha
T5
T6
8 tons/ha
10 tons/ha
T7
12 tons/ha
Figure 1. Total yield as affected by different rates of azolla compost (kg/5m2)
Pest Infestation 30 DAT and 37 DAT
No significant effect of the different rates of azolla compost was observed on pest
infestation 30 DAT and 37 DAT as presented in Table 10. At 30 DAT, 10 tons/ha azolla
compost application showed the highest pest infestation with a mean of 1.70 followed by
8 tons/ha with a mean of 1.60. The pests observed were the cutworm, aphids, semi-lopper
and slugs that affected the yield which resulted to increase in non-marketable yield.
Azolla Compost Application on Some Soil Properties and Yield of Romaine Lettuce
(Lactuca sativa L. cv. Xanadu) / NANIE MICHELLE B. GANASE. 2011
22
However, at 37 DAT, 2 tons/ha azolla compost application had the highest infestation
with a mean of 1.27 followed by the 12 tons/ha, 10 tons/ha and control with a mean of
1.23. The pest observed were the aphids and cutworm that affects the marketable and
non-marketable yield. 30 DAT has the higher rate of pest infestation than the 37 DAT
because in 37 DAT the romaine was already matured.
Table 10. Pest infestation 30 DAT and 37 DAT
TREATMENT
30 DAT
37 DAT
Control 1.57a 1.23a
2 tons/ha Azolla compost 1.57a 1.27a
4 tons/ha Azolla compost 1.53a 1.17a
6 tons/ha Azolla compost 1.40a 1.20a
8 tons/ha Azolla compost 1.60a 1.13a
10 tons/ha Azolla compost 1.70a 1.23a
12 tons/ha Azolla compost 1.50a 1.23a
Means with the same letter/s are not significantly different at 5% level by DMRT
Pest infestation rating: 1-no infection; 2- 1 to 25% infection; 3- 26 to 50% infection; 4-51
to 75% infection; 5- 76 to 100% infection
Leaf Spot Infection 30 DAT and 37 DAT
Table 11 shows the leaf spot infestation at 30 DAT and 37 DAT. No significant
effect of the different rates of azolla compost was observed. At 30 DAT 12 tons/ha and 2
tons/ha azolla compost revealed the highest leaf spot infestation with a mean of 1.23
followed by the 4 tons/ha with a mean of 1.20. However, at 37 DAT the 10 tons/ha azolla
compost obtained the highest leaf spot infestation with a mean of 1.53 followed by the 4
Azolla Compost Application on Some Soil Properties and Yield of Romaine Lettuce
(Lactuca sativa L. cv. Xanadu) / NANIE MICHELLE B. GANASE. 2011
23
tons/ha and 12 tons/ha. The 37 DAT has the higher rate of leaf spot infestation because
the disease affects wider area of romaine lettuce than the 30 DAT.
Table 11. Leaf spot infection 30 DAT and 37 DAT
TREATMENT
30 DAT
37 DAT
Control 1.17a 1.40a
2 tons/ha Azolla compost 1.23a 1.33a
4 tons/ha Azolla compost 1.20a 1.47a
6 tons/ha Azolla compost 1.10a 1.43a
8 tons/ha Azolla compost 1.13a 1.40a
10 tons/ha Azolla compost 1.17a 1.53a
12 tons/ha Azolla compost 1.23a 1.47a
Means with the same letter/s are not significantly different at 5% level by DMRT
Leaf spot rating: 1-no infection; 2- 1 to 25% infection; 3- 26 to 50% infection; 4- 51 to
75% infection; 5- 76 to 100% infection
Return on Cash Expenses
Higher return on cash expenses was noted from application of 12 tons/ha azolla
compost with a value of 151.28%, due to higher marketable yield (Table 12). The control
has the lowest yield that resulted to lowest return on cash expenses. Increasing rates of
azolla compost as an organic fertilizer also gave corresponding increase in ROCE and
this is attributed to the subsequent increase in the total marketable yield of romaine
lettuce.
Table 12. Return on cash expenses (%)
Azolla Compost Application on Some Soil Properties and Yield of Romaine Lettuce
(Lactuca sativa L. cv. Xanadu) / NANIE MICHELLE B. GANASE. 2011
24
TOTAL GROSS
ROCE
TREATMENT
YIELD INCOME PRODUCTION NET (%)
(kg/15m2) (60/kg) COST INCOME
Control 9.76 586.60
531.43
55.17
10.38
2 tons/ha Azolla compost 15.94 956.40 553.43
402.97 72.81
4 tons/ha Azolla compost 17.65 1059
565.43
493.57
87.29
6 tons/ha Azolla compost 19.69 1181.40 577.43
603.97
104.60
8 tons/ha Azolla compost 21.00 1260
589.43
670.57
113.77
10 tons/ha Azolla compost 23.82 1429.20 601.43
827.77
137.63
12 tons/ha Azolla compost 25.69 1541.40 613.43
927.97
151.28
Azolla Compost Application on Some Soil Properties and Yield of Romaine Lettuce
(Lactuca sativa L. cv. Xanadu) / NANIE MICHELLE B. GANASE. 2011
25
SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
Summary
The experiment was conducted at the Organic Demo Farm Experimental area,
College of Agriculture, Benguet State University, La Trinidad Benguet from October
2010 to April 2011 to determine the: 1.) effect of azolla compost on some soil properties;
2.) effect of the azolla compost on the growth and yield of Romaine lettuce; and, 3.) best
rate of azolla compost for romaine lettuce production.
Results showed that application of different rates of azolla compost improved the
bulk density and water holding capacity of the soil. Statistically, however there were no
significantly differences among the treatments.
Similarly, application of different rates of azolla compost significantly increased
the soil pH, organic matter content of the soil, Cation Exchange Capacity (CEC) and total
nitrogen content of the soil.
Results showed that the different rates of azolla compost significantly increased
the yield. Azolla compost applied at a rate of 12 tons/ha produced the highest marketable
and total yield of Romaine lettuce.
Application of 12 tons/ha azolla compost had the highest return on cash expense.
Conclusions
The following conclusions were drawn from the results and findings:
1. Bulk density and water holding capacity of the soil was improved by the
application of 12 tons/ha azolla compost.
2. Application of azolla compost at a rate of 12 tons/ha effected the highest
Azolla Compost Application on Some Soil Properties and Yield of Romaine Lettuce
(Lactuca sativa L. cv. Xanadu) / NANIE MICHELLE B. GANASE. 2011
26
increase in soil pH, organic matter content, Cation Exchange Capacity and total nitrogen
content of the soil.
3. Higher marketable yield of romaine lettuce was obtained from application of
12 tons/ha azolla compost.
Recommendations
It is recommended that application of azolla compost at a rate of 12 tons/ha can be
practiced to improve the soil properties and gain higher yield of romaine lettuce. A
follow-up study using increasing rates from the highest rate used is recommended to
verify the results and findings.
Azolla Compost Application on Some Soil Properties and Yield of Romaine Lettuce
(Lactuca sativa L. cv. Xanadu) / NANIE MICHELLE B. GANASE. 2011
27
LITERATURE CITED
BENTREZ, L. J. 1997. Effects of different rates of azolla on the decomposition of some
organic materials. BS Thesis. Benguet State University. La Trinidad, Benguet.
Pp. 4-7.
BRADY, N. C. and R. R. WEIL. 2008. The Nature and Properties of Soils. 11th ed.
Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458. P. 481.
CHEN, J. and WU, J. 2005. Compost Production. Food and fertilizer technology center.
Taipei 106, Taiwan ROC. P. 2.
CHIMICAG, M. G. S. 1995. Azolla compost as a growth medium for celery. BS Thesis.
Benguet State University, La Trinidad, Benguet. P. 33.
COSICO, W. C. 2005. Primer on Soil Science. University of the Philippines Los Baños
College, Laguna. P. 101.
DALZELL, H.W., A. J. BIDDLESTONE, K. R. GRAY and K. THURAIRAJAN. 2007.
Soil Management: Compost Production and Use in Tropical and Subtropical
Environments. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. Daya
Publishing House. Pp. 95-100.
KHAN, M.M. 1983. A Primer on Azolla Production and Utilization in Agriculture, 2nd
ed. University of the Philippines at Los Baños (UPLB), PCARRD and SEARCA.
Pp. 32, 34, 96-98, 116, 103.
KHAN, M. M. 1988. Azolla Agronomy. College of Laguna, Philippines. P. 105.
LUMPKIN, T.A. and PLUCKNETT, D.L. 1986. Azolla as a Green Manure: Use and
Management in Crop Production, Series No. 5. United States of America.
Westview Press, Inc. Pp. 112-113.
MASILLEM, J.P. 1995. The efficiency of azolla as organic fertilizer on lettuce grown in
acidic Soil. BS Thesis. Benguet State University. La Trinidad, Benguet. Pp. 4-6.
PHILIPPINE COUNCIL FOR AGRICULTURE, FORESTRY AND NATURAL
RESOURCES RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT. 2006. The Philippines
Recommends for Organic Fertilizer Production and Utilization, series 92. Los
Baños, Laguna, Philippines. P. 36.
PILE, R. E. 1992. Easy Composting. San Ramon, CA: Monsanto Company. Pp. 22, 28,
63-64.
TITUS, A. and G. N. PEREIRA. 2010. Azolla as a Biofertilizer in Coffee Plantations.
Azolla Compost Application on Some Soil Properties and Yield of Romaine Lettuce
(Lactuca sativa L. cv. Xanadu) / NANIE MICHELLE B. GANASE. 2011
28
Retrieved August, 2010. from http://www.ineedcoffee.com/06/azolla/
THOMPSON, L. M. 1973. Soils and Soil fertility, 3rd ed. New York. Tata McGraw – Hill
Publishing Company Ltd. Pp. 238-239.
WESTERN SARE. 2010. Sustainable and organic agriculture program. University of
Hawaii - College of Tropical Agriculture and Human Resources. Retrieved
August, 2010. from http://www.ctahr.hawaii.edu/sustainag/cc-gm/azolla.html.
WIKIPEDIA. 2006. Azolla. Retrieved October, 2010. from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/
Azolla
WIKIPEDIA. 2010. Retrieved October 2010. from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romaine
Lettuce.
Azolla Compost Application on Some Soil Properties and Yield of Romaine Lettuce
(Lactuca sativa L. cv. Xanadu) / NANIE MICHELLE B. GANASE. 2011
29
APPENDICES
Appendix Table 1. Bulk density of the soil (g/cm3)
REPLICATION
I
II
III
TREATMENT
TOTAL MEAN
T1 1.28 1.11 1.01 3.40 1.13
T2 1.18 0.96 1.11 3.25 1.08
T3 1.14 1.01 1.02 3.17 1.06
T4 1.01 1.14 1.04 3.19 1.06
T5 1.14 1.08 0.94 3.16 1.05
T6 1.05 1.05 0.98 3.08 1.03
T7 0.98 1.03 0.99 3.00 1.00
TOTAL
7.78 7.38 7.09 22.25
MEAN
1.11 1.05 1.01 1.06
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
DEGREES
SOURCE OF OF
SUM OF MEAN OF COMPUTED TABULATED F
VARIANCE FREEDOM SQUARE SQUARES
F
0.05 0.01
Block
2
0.0343 0.0171
Treatment
6
0.0321 0.0053 0.87ns 3.00 4.82
Error
12
0.0737 0.0061
TOTAL
20
0.1401
ns = Not significant
CV = 7.40%
Azolla Compost Application on Some Soil Properties and Yield of Romaine Lettuce
(Lactuca sativa L. cv. Xanadu) / NANIE MICHELLE B. GANASE. 2011
30
Appendix Table 2. Water holding capacity of the soil (ml/g)
REPLICATION
I II
III
TREATMENT
TOTAL
MEAN
T1 0.65 0.64 0.60 1.89 0.63
T2 0.62 0.59 0.75 1.96 0.65
T3 0.67 0.61 0.78 2.05 0.68
T4 0.74 0.65 0.70 2.09 0.70
T5 0.78 0.69 0.64 2.11 0.70
T6 0.66 0.72 0.74 2.12 0.71
T7 0.64
0.78 0.83 2.25 0.75
TOTAL
4.76
4.68
5.04 14.47
MEAN
0.68 0.67 0.72
0.69
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
DEGREES
SOURCE OF OF SUM OF MEAN OF COMPUTED TABULATED F
VARIANCE FREEDOM SQUARE SQUARES
F
0.05 0.01
Block
2
0.02 0.01
Treatment
6
0.03 0.005 0.61ns 3.00 4.82
Error
12
9.78 0.82
TOTAL
20
9.83
ns
=
Not
significant
CV
=
1.3%
Appendix Table 3. Soil pH
REPLICATION
I II
III
TREATMENTS
TOTAL
MEAN
Azolla Compost Application on Some Soil Properties and Yield of Romaine Lettuce
(Lactuca sativa L. cv. Xanadu) / NANIE MICHELLE B. GANASE. 2011
31
T1 5.48 5.58 5.79 16.85 5.62
T2 5.75 5.71 5.90 17.36 5.79
T3 5.80 5.76 5.91 17.47 5.82
T4 5.67 5.79 5.89 17.35 5.78
T5 5.84 5.88 5.92 17.64 5.88
T6 5.87 5.91 6.01 17.79 5.93
T7 5.89 5.94 6.02 17.86 5.95
TOTAL
40.30
40.57 41.44 122.31
MEAN
5.76 5.80 5.92
5.82
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
DEGREES
SOURCE OF OF
SUM OF MEAN OF COMPUTED TABULATED F
VARIANCE FREEDOM SQUARE SQUARES
F
0.05 0.01
Block
2
0.1014 0.0507
Treatment
6
0.22883 0.0381 16.79** 3.00
4.82
Error
12
0.0273 0.0023
TOTAL
20
0.3575
**
=
Highly
significant CV
=
0.82%
Appendix Table 4. Organic matter content of the soil (%)
REPLICATION
Azolla Compost Application on Some Soil Properties and Yield of Romaine Lettuce
(Lactuca sativa L. cv. Xanadu) / NANIE MICHELLE B. GANASE. 2011
32
I II
III
TREATMENTS
TOTAL MEAN
T1 2.55 2.81 3.46 8.82 2.94
T2 2.81 2.91 3.56 9.28 3.09
T3 2.91 3.10 3.46 9.47 3.16
T4 2.97 3.17 3.46 9.60 3.20
T5 3.17 3.23 3.69 10.09 3.36
T6 3.52 3.27 3.88 10.67 3.56
T7 3.59 3.40 4.30 11.29 3.76
TOTAL
21.52
21.89 25.81 69.22
MEAN
3.07 3.13 3.69
3.30
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
DEGREES
SOURCE OF OF
SUM OF MEAN OF COMPUTED TABULATED F
VARIANCE FREEDOM SQUARE SQUARES
F
0.05 0.01
Block
2
1.6146 0.8073
Treatment
6
1.4620 0.2437 12.50** 3.002
Error
12
0.2339 0.0195
TOTAL
20
3.3105
**
=
Highly
significant CV
=
4.24%
Appendix Table 5. Total nitrogen content of the soil (%)
Azolla Compost Application on Some Soil Properties and Yield of Romaine Lettuce
(Lactuca sativa L. cv. Xanadu) / NANIE MICHELLE B. GANASE. 2011
33
REPLICATION
I II
III
TREATMENTS
TOTAL MEAN
T1 0.128 0.141 0.173 0.442 0.147
T2 0.140 0.146 0.178 0.464 0.155
T3 0.146 0.156 0.173 0.475 0.158
T4 0.149 0.159 0.173 0.481 0.160
T5 0.159 0.162 0.185 0.506 0.169
T6 0.176 0.164 0.194 0.534 0.178
T7 0.180 0.170 0.215 0.565 0.188
TOTAL
1.078 1.098
1.291 3.467
MEAN
0.154 0.157 0.184 0.165
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
DEGREES
SOURCE OF OF
SUM OF MEAN OF COMPUTED TABULATED F
VARIANCE FREEDOM SQUARE SQUARES
F
0.05 0.01
Block
2
0.0040 0.0020
Treatment
6
0.0036 0.0006 12.23** 3.00 4.82
Error
12
0.0006 0.00005
TOTAL
20
0.0082
** = Highly significant
CV = 4.26%
Appendix Table 6. Cation exchange capacity of the soil (m.e./100g)
Azolla Compost Application on Some Soil Properties and Yield of Romaine Lettuce
(Lactuca sativa L. cv. Xanadu) / NANIE MICHELLE B. GANASE. 2011
34
REPLICATION
I II
III
TREATMENTS
TOTAL
MEAN
T1 10.5 10.3 10.1 30.90 10.30
T2 11.1 10.8 10.5 32.40 10.80
T3 11.8 11.6 11.4 34.80 11.60
T4 17.6 14.05 10.5 42.15 14.05
T5 28.5 20.25 12.0 60.75 20.25
T6 36.5 23.7 10.9 71.1 23.70
T7 50.8 34.7 18.5 104 34.67
TOTAL
166.80 125.4 83.90 376.10
MEAN
23.83 17.91 11.99 17.91
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
DEGREES
SOURCE OF OF
SUM OF MEAN OF COMPUTED TABULATED F
VARIANCE FREEDOM SQUARE SQUARES
F
0.05 0.01
Block
2
490.8867 245.4433
Treatment
6
1448.8964 241.4827 5.57** 3.00 4.82
Error
12
520.1100 43.3425
TOTAL
20
2459.8931
** = Highly significant
CV = 36.76%
Appendix Table 7. Marketable yield (kg/5m2)
Azolla Compost Application on Some Soil Properties and Yield of Romaine Lettuce
(Lactuca sativa L. cv. Xanadu) / NANIE MICHELLE B. GANASE. 2011
35
REPLICATION
I II
III
TREATMENTS
TOTAL
MEAN
T1 2.44 1.91 3.26 7.61 2.54
T2 3.87 5.13 5.11 14.11 4.70
T3 4.39 5.83 5.63 15.85 5.28
T4 5.34 6.14 6.11 17.59 5.86
T5 5.44 6.87 6.31 18.62 6.21
T6 5.73 7.87 7.44 21.04 7.01
T7 6.37 7.81 8.13 22.31 7.44
TOTAL
33.58
41.56 48.39 117.13
MEAN
4.80 5.94 6.91
5.58
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
DEGREES
SOURCE OF OF
SUM OF MEAN OF COMPUTED TABULATED F
VARIANCE FREEDOM SQUARE SQUARES
F
0.05 0.01
Block
2
6.4092
3.2046
Treatment
6
48.2791
8.0465
37.93**
3.00 4.82
Error
12
2.5455
0.2121
TOTAL
20
57.2338
**
=
Highly
significant CV
=
8.26%
Appendix Table 8. Non-marketable yield (kg/5m2)
Azolla Compost Application on Some Soil Properties and Yield of Romaine Lettuce
(Lactuca sativa L. cv. Xanadu) / NANIE MICHELLE B. GANASE. 2011
36
REPLICATION
I II
III
TREATMENTS
TOTAL
MEAN
T1 0.75 0.72 0.68 2.15 0.72
T2 0.63 0.50 0.70 1.83 0.61
T3 0.50 0.55 0.75 1.80 0.60
T4 0.66 0.61 0.83 2.10 0.70
T5 0.75 0.63 1.00 2.38 0.79
T6 0.83 0.76 1.19 2.78 0.93
T7 1.13 1.00 1.25 3.38 1.13
TOTAL
5.25 4.77 6.40 16.42
MEAN
0.75 0.68 0.91 0.78
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
DEGREES
SOURCE OF OF
SUM OF MEAN OF COMPUTED TABULATED F
VARIANCE FREEDOM SQUARE SQUARES
F
0.05 0.01
Block
2
0.2005
0.1002
Treatment
6
0.6407
0.1068
3.75**
3.00 4.82
Error
12
0.0932
0.0078
TOTAL
20
0.9344
**
=
Highly
significant CV
=
11.27%
Appendix Table 9. Total yield (kg/5m2)
Azolla Compost Application on Some Soil Properties and Yield of Romaine Lettuce
(Lactuca sativa L. cv. Xanadu) / NANIE MICHELLE B. GANASE. 2011
37
REPLICATION
I II
III
TREATMENTS
TOTAL
MEAN
T1 3.19 2.63 3.94 9.76 3.25
T2 4.50 5.63 5.81 15.94 5.31
T3 4.89 6.38 6.38 17.65 5.88
T4 6.00 6.75 6.94 19.69 6.56
T5 6.19 7.50 7.31 21.00 7.00
T6 6.56 8.63 8.63 23.82 7.94
T7 7.50 8.81 9.38 25.69 8.56
TOTAL
38.83
46.33 48.39 133.55
MEAN
5.55 6.62 6.91
6.36
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
DEGREES
SOURCE OF OF
SUM OF MEAN OF COMPUTED TABULATED F
VARIANCE FREEDOM SQUARE SQUARES
F
0.05 0.01
Block
2
7.2327
3.6164
Treatment
6
56.3284
9.3881
48.33**
3.00 4.82
Error
12
2.3312
0.1943
TOTAL
20
65.8923
**
=
Highly
significant CV
=
6.93%
Appendix Table 10. Pest infestation 30 DAT
Azolla Compost Application on Some Soil Properties and Yield of Romaine Lettuce
(Lactuca sativa L. cv. Xanadu) / NANIE MICHELLE B. GANASE. 2011
38
REPLICATION
I II
III
TREATMENTS
TOTAL MEAN
T1 1.2 1.2 1.3 3.7 1.23
T2 1.3 1.3 1.2 3.8 1.27
T3 1.2 1.1 1.2 3.5 1.17
T4 1.1 1.2 1.3 3.6 1.20
T5 1.2 1.1 1.1 3.4 1.13
T6 1.2 1.2 1.3 3.7 1.23
T7 1.2 1.3 1.2 3.7 1.23
TOTAL 8.4 8.4 8.6 25.4
MEAN 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.21
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
DEGREES
SOURCE OF OF SUM OF MEAN OF COMPUTED TABULATED F
VARIANCE FREEDOM SQUARE SQUARES F 0.05 0.01
Block 2 0.004 0.002
Treatment 6 0.038 0.006 1.36ns 3.00 4.82
Error 12 0.056 0.005
TOTAL 20 0.098
ns=Not significant CV = 5.66%
Appendix Table 11. Pest infestation 37 DAT
Azolla Compost Application on Some Soil Properties and Yield of Romaine Lettuce
(Lactuca sativa L. cv. Xanadu) / NANIE MICHELLE B. GANASE. 2011
39
REPLICATION
I II
III
TREATMENTS
TOTAL MEAN
T1 1.4 1.7 1.6 4.7 1 .57
T2 1.5 1.4 1.8 4.7 1.57
T3 1.5 1.5 1.6 4.6 1.53
T4 1.5 1.3 1.4 4.2 1.40
T5 1.5 1.6 1.7 4.8 1.60
T6 1.6 1.6 1.9 5.1 1.70
T7 1.4 1.4 1.7 4.5 1.50
TOTAL 10.4 10.5 11.7 32.6
MEAN 1.49 1.50 1.67 1.55
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
DEGREES
SOURCE OF OF SUM OF MEAN OF COMPUTED TABULATED F
VARIANCE FREEDOM SQUARE SQUARES F 0.05 0.01
Block 2 0.150 0.075
Treatment 6 0.152 0.025 2.03ns 3.00 4.82
Error 12 0.151 0.013
TOTAL 20 0.453
ns = Not significant CV = 7.21%
Appendix Table 12. Leaf spot infection 30 DAT
Azolla Compost Application on Some Soil Properties and Yield of Romaine Lettuce
(Lactuca sativa L. cv. Xanadu) / NANIE MICHELLE B. GANASE. 2011
40
REPLICATION
I II
III
TREATMENTS
TOTAL MEAN
T1 1.2 1.0 1.3 3.5 1 .17
T2 1.2 1.4 1.1 3.7 1.23
T3 1.2 1.2 1.2 3.6 1.20
T4 1.1 1.0 1.2 3.3 1.10
T5 1.1 1.2 1.1 3.4 1.13
T6 1.2 1.1 1.2 3.5 1.17
T7 1.3 1.3 1.1 3.7 1.23
TOTAL 8.3 8.2 8.2 24.7
MEAN 1.19 1.17 1.17 1.17
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
DEGREES
SOURCE OF OF SUM OF MEAN OF COMPUTED TABULATED F
VARIANCE FREEDOM SQUARE SQUARES F 0.05 0.01
Block 2 0.003 0.001
Treatment 6 0.05 0.025 1.92ns 3.00 4.82
Error 12 0.15 0.013
TOTAL 20 0.20
ns = Not significant CV= 0.10%
Appendix Table 13. Leaf spot 37 DAT
Azolla Compost Application on Some Soil Properties and Yield of Romaine Lettuce
(Lactuca sativa L. cv. Xanadu) / NANIE MICHELLE B. GANASE. 2011
41
REPLICATION
I II
III
TREATMENTS
TOTAL MEAN
T1 1.6 1.4 1.2 4.2 1 .40
T2 1.5 1.3 1.2 4.0 1.33
T3 1.5 1.3 1.6 4.4 1.47
T4 1.4 1.5 1.4 4.3 1.43
T5 1.3 1.4 1.5 4.2 1.40
T6 1.7 1.5 1.4 4.6 1.53
T7 1.5 1.3 1.6 4.4 1.47
TOTAL 10.5 9.7 9.9 30.1
MEAN 1.5 1.4 1.4 1.43
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
DEGREES
SOURCE OF OF SUM OF MEAN OF COMPUTED TABULATED F
VARIANCE FREEDOM SQUARE SQUARES F 0.05 0.01
Block 2 0.05 0.01
Treatment 6 0.08 0.04 2.0ns 3.00 4.82
Error 12 0.24 0.02
TOTAL 20 0.37
ns = Not significant CV = 0.10%
TREATMENT (PhP)
PARTICULAR T1 T2 T3 T4 T5 T6 T7
Azolla Compost Application on Some Soil Properties and Yield of Romaine Lettuce
(Lactuca sativa L. cv. Xanadu) / NANIE MICHELLE B. GANASE. 2011
Production Cost:
42
Seeds 46 46 46 46 46 46 46
Fertilizer 0 12 24 36 48 60 72
Gasoline 29 29 29 29 29 29 29
Garden tools:
Grub hoe 6.43 6.43 6.43 6.43 6.43 6.43 6.43
Hose 20 20 20 20 20 20 20
Watering can 12 12 12 12 12 12 12
Tractor 29 29 29 29 29 29 29
Labor:
Seedling
Preparation 10 10 10 10 10 10 10
Land preparation 57 57 57 57 57 57 57
Fertilizer
Application 0 10 10 10 10 10 10
Sowing 10 10 10 10 10 10 10
Watering 268 268 268 268 268 268 268
Weeding 29 29 29 29 29 29 29
Harvesting 15 15 15 15 15 15 15
TOTAL 531.43 553.43 565.43 577.43 589.43 601.43 613.43
Gross Income 586.60 956.40 1059 1181.40 1260 1429.20 1541.40
(60/kg)
Net Income 55.17 402.97 493.57 603.97 670.57 827.77 927.97
ROCE (%) 10.38 72.81 87.29 104.60 113.77 137.63 151.28
Rank 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
Azolla Compost Application on Some Soil Properties and Yield of Romaine Lettuce
(Lactuca sativa L. cv. Xanadu) / NANIE MICHELLE B. GANASE. 2011
Document Outline
- Azolla Compost Application onSome Soil Properties and Yield of Romaine Lettuce (Lactuca sativa L. cv. Xanadu).
- BIBLIOGRAPHY
- ABSTRACT
- TABLE OF CONTENTS
- INTRODUCTION
- REVIEW OF LITERATURE
- METHODOLOGY
- RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
- SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
- LITERATURE CITED
- APPENDICES