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BIBLIOGRAPHY PALENG, ...



BIBLIOGRAPHY

PALENG, LYNETH M. MAY 2011. Effect of Soil Amendments Against Cercospora
Leaf Spot (Cercospora fragariae) and Crown Rot (Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. fragariae) of
Strawberry (Fragaria x ananassa Dutch). Benguet State University, La Trinidad, Benguet.

Adviser: Asuncion L. Nagpala, PhD.


ABSTRACT


The experiment was conducted at Balili, La, Trinidad Benguet from November 2010 to
March 2011 to determine the effect of soil amendments against Cercospora leaf spot
(Cercospora fragariae) and crown root diseases (Fusarium oxysporum f.sp.fragariae) of
strawberry (Fragaria x ananassa Dutch) and yield of strawberry variety Sweet Charlie.
Based on the results, plants applied with 1.8 and 2.4kg Trichoderma KA at spore
concentration of 1x106 and plants applied with 10 kg Vermi compost gave the lowest severity
rating of Cercospora leaf spot. In terms of lesion size, plants applied with Trichoderma KA at
1.2kg and 2.4kg showed smaller lesion size of Cercospora leaf spots. Plants in the rest of the
treatments produced bigger sizes of lesions with 1.51mm.
Similarly, those applied with 1.8kg and 2.4kg Trichoderma KA incurred the lowest
crown rot infection that significantly differed from plants applied with 10 kg chicken manure,
10kg Vermi compost, and the untreated, including those applied with 10 kg chicken manure +
1.2 kg triple 14.
The highest yield of 16.34 tons/ha which was comparable with 14.61 and 13.72 tons/ha
was produced by plants applied with 10 kg chicken manure and plants applied with 2.4 and 1.8
kg Trichoderma KA.



For the return of cash expenses, those applied with 2.4 and 1.8 kg Trichoderma KA gave
the highest ROCE of 3.1 and 3.0. Plants applied with 10 kg chicken manure which also produced
the highest yield of 16.34 ton/ ha gave a 1.6 return of expenses.
Having produced acceptable yield with the lowest leaf spot severity and small sizes of
lesions and lowest crown rot infection but with the highest return of expenses, Trichoderma KA
at 1.8 to 2.4 kg can be used to manage leaf spot and crown rot of strawberry.
















INTRODUCTION
Trichoderma spp. species belong to a small family of beneficial fungi that are
commonly found in soils nearly all parts of the world. Botanically, Trichoderma spp.
species live on plant debris and organic matter in soil, while some strains are parasitic on
other fungi.
Trichoderma KA are good biological control agents when abundant in
population, they are established and maintained in the soil, they form a protective barrier
to root pathogens (Nederhoff, 2001).

The modes of action of Trichoderma spp. when used as biological control agent
include: competition and antagonism against pathogens, production of certain compound
against pathogenic fungi and parasitism in pathogenic fungi of plants. In addition;
Trichoderma spp. improves plant health and vigor and may perhaps stimulate nutritional
uptake when abundant populations are established in the root zone. It has a protective and
immunizing effect in the host plant and can survive in a long term within the host plant
without causing any damage to the plant (Harman, 2004).

On the other hand, Trichoderma KA grow topically toward hyphae of other fungi,
coil them in a lectin-mediated reaction, and degrade cell walls of the target fungi, this
process limits growth and activity of plant pathogenic fungi (Harman, 2004). Moreover,
certain isolates of Trichoderma spp. may serve as efficient bio-control agent in a
naturally infested soil. A significant reduction in crop loss caused by pathogenic fungi
may be obtained by maintaining low inoculums potential for several months. (Elad et al.,
1981)
Effect Of Soil Amendments Against Cercospora Leaf Spot (Cercospora Fragariae) And Crown
Rot (Fusarium Oxysporum F.Sp. Fragariae) Of Strawberry (Fragaria X Ananassa Dutch)
/ Paleng, Lyneth M.2011

Earlier studies showed that Trichoderma KA was able to protect garden pea
against severe infection from Fusarium wilt infection (Nagpala, 1999). Similarly, Nuňez
(2005) in her study demonstrated that soil application of Trichoderma KA before
transplanting protected chrysanthemum against Fusarium causing root rot and wilt. In
addition, Galian (2005) showed that Trichoderma KA applied in the soil improved the
quality of pods of garden pea and reduced wilt incidences.
Fusarium crown and root-rot disease is caused by the fungus Fusarium
oxysporum. F. sp. fragariae attacks practically all plants including strawberries. The
early symptom includes downward curling of leaves and stipules; thickening of basal
internodes and making the leaves and the stems brittle and more rigid compared to
uninfected plants. Discolorations of root tissues develop as the diseases progresses. The
lower leaves turn yellow from the base to the apex of the plant (Hermano, 1999).
In strawberry, symptoms of root rot begin in the first fruiting year. The injury will
be most noticeable in low or soil compacted areas of a field where drainage is poor.
Strawberry plants with root- rot show a general lack of vigor with poor runner growth
and small berries (Louws, and Wukasch, 2003).

The use of biological control agent is a good substitute of fungicides. They
contribute in our environment by maintaining the soil fertility. There application does not
cause hazard to human health as compared to fungicides.
Trichoderma spp. a non-polluting naturally occurring and self-perpetuating
diseases control agents may provide longer disease control compared to repeated
application of fungicides. Continues used of fungicide may induce the pathogen
Effect Of Soil Amendments Against Cercospora Leaf Spot (Cercospora Fragariae) And Crown
Rot (Fusarium Oxysporum F.Sp. Fragariae) Of Strawberry (Fragaria X Ananassa Dutch)
/ Paleng, Lyneth M.2011

(Fusarium) to develop fungicide resistant strains, destroy beneficial fungi such as
Trichoderma spp. and may lead to environmental pollution (Paningbatan et al., 1992).

Further more, Shamag (2010) reported that Republic Act 10068 or the Organic
Agriculture Act of 2010 encourages disease management that are safe and should be
applied especially for crops that are immediately consumed after harvest.

The study aimed to:
1. verify the effect of Trichoderma KA and other soil amendments against
Fusarium crown and root rot of Strawberry; and
2. determine the effects of the soil amendments on the yield.

The study will be conducted at Benguet State University, Balili Experimental
Station, La Trinidad Benguet from November 2010 - March 2011.














Effect Of Soil Amendments Against Cercospora Leaf Spot (Cercospora Fragariae) And Crown
Rot (Fusarium Oxysporum F.Sp. Fragariae) Of Strawberry (Fragaria X Ananassa Dutch)
/ Paleng, Lyneth M.2011



REVIEW OF LITERATURE


The Crop

Strawberry is low growing herbaceous plants with a short crown where the leaves
are produced closed together. The roots are numerous forming a fibrous mass that
originated and grow at the base of the crown. Branch-crown and runners are produced in
the axis of the leaves, which are normally trifoliate. The fruit trusses, which may have
few or many flowers on branching stalks, are produced terminally. Each flower has ten
sepals and five petals enclosing 30-40 stamens. Botanically, the berry is not a true fruit. It
consists of swollen receptacle where the seeds are embedded. The berry, which is conical,
is mostly self-pollinated because stamens are arranged through the stigma (Hermano,
1999). Strawberries are high valued export crop that are grown in the temperate areas of
Western Australia.
Strawberry (Fragaria x ananassa Dutch.) belonging to the Rosaceae family is
cultivated in temperate regions around the world. Hermano (1999) stated that the demand
for strawberry is high among tourist and processing factories such as the Magnolia Dairy
House products consolidated food Corporation (CFC), Selecta (RFM), Baguio
Strawberry House including local jam and wine makers.

In Benguet 35% of farming populations engaged in strawberry industry.
According to the Municipal Agriculturist Office (MAO) of the Municipality of La
Trinidad, Areas planted to Strawberry in La Trinidad covers 74 hectares. The average
Production per hectare in November 2005 to April 2006 was 18.5 metric tons, but
declined to 14 metric tones on 2006 to2007. This decline in production was attributed to
Effect Of Soil Amendments Against Cercospora Leaf Spot (Cercospora Fragariae) And Crown
Rot (Fusarium Oxysporum F.Sp. Fragariae) Of Strawberry (Fragaria X Ananassa Dutch)
/ Paleng, Lyneth M.2011

improper growing practices of farmers, poor quality of planting materials, and the
presence of pests and disease (Allatiw, 2009).


Management of the Fusarium Crown and Root-rot
Using Trichoderma KA

The use of Biocontrol agent is a good alternative to fungicide. It is the process of
using microbial antagonist against pathogenic fungi. Trichoderma spp. is free-living
organisms and is common in soil and root ecosystems. Recent discoveries show that they
are opportunistic, virulent plant symbionts, as well as being parasites of other fungi.
Some strains establish robust and long lasting colonization of root surface and penetrate
into the epidermis and a few cell below. They produce a variety of compound that
induced localized systemic resistance and this explains their lack of pathogenicity to
plants (Harman et al., 2004). Moreover, the root microorganism association causes
substantial changes to the plant proteome and metabolism. Plants are protected from
numerous classes of plant pathogen by responses that are similar to systemic resistance.
Root colonization by Trichoderma spp. also frequently enhances root growth and
development of crop activity resistance to abiotic stresses and the uptake and use of
nutrients.

Biology

Trichoderma KA is a genus of asexually reproducing fungi which nearly
temperate and tropical soils contain 101-103culturable propagules per gram. These fungi
colonize woody and herbaceous plant materials. They show a high level of genetic
diversity and can be used to produce a wide range of products of commercial and
ecological interest. They are prolific producers of extracellular protein and are best
Effect Of Soil Amendments Against Cercospora Leaf Spot (Cercospora Fragariae) And Crown
Rot (Fusarium Oxysporum F.Sp. Fragariae) Of Strawberry (Fragaria X Ananassa Dutch)
/ Paleng, Lyneth M.2011

known for their ability to produce enzymes that degrades cellulose and chitin. It was
stated that mycelium of Trichoderma spp. can produce a wide variety of enzymes
including cellulose (degrading cellulose) and chitinase (degrading chitin). Because of its
cellulose, Trichoderma KA can grow directly on wood, which is primarily composed of
chitin, a polymer of n-acetyl- glusamine. In nature one can often find Trichoderma KA
parasitizing the fruiting bodies and mycelia of other fungi such as the fruiting body of
Hydnochaete for example Hydnochaeteduportii, Hydnochaetetuberculosa (Harman, 2004
as cited by Bulcio, 2008).
Cook and Baker (1983) mentioned that any root colonizing microorganism given
the advantages of being the first to colonize the root, as may occur with the seed
treatment has the potential to preempt the nutrient supply of pathogens.

Taxonomy and Life Cycle

Cook and Baker (1983) classified Trichoderma spp.under Phylum,
Deuteromycota, class Hyphomycetes and family Moniliaceae and Gloiosporae. The
organism grows and divides into branches or similar parts as typical fungal hyphae 5
to10um in diameter.
Asexual sporulation occurs as single celled usually green, conidia, that are
released in large numbers. Intercalary resting chlamydospores may fuse together
(Kubicek, 1998).

Mycoparasitism
Trichoderma spp. parasitizes a range of other fungi. The events leading to
mycoparasitism are complex, and take place as follows: first Trichoderma KA strains
Effect Of Soil Amendments Against Cercospora Leaf Spot (Cercospora Fragariae) And Crown
Rot (Fusarium Oxysporum F.Sp. Fragariae) Of Strawberry (Fragaria X Ananassa Dutch)
/ Paleng, Lyneth M.2011

detect other fungi and grow tropically towards them; remote sensing is at least partially
due to the sequential expression of cell wall degrading enzymes. Different strain follows
different patterns of induction, but the fungi apparently always produce low levels of an
extracellular exochitinase. Diffusion of this enzyme catalyze the release of cell wall
oligomers from target fungi, and this in turn induces the expression of fungi toxic
endochitinase which also diffuse and begin the attack on the target fungus before contact
is actually made. Once the fungi come in contact, Trichoderma spp. attach to the host and
can coil around it and form appersoria on the surface. Attachment is mediated by the
binding of carbohydrates in the Trichoderma KA cell wall to Lectins on the target
fungus. Once in contact, the Trichoderma KA produce several fungitoxic cell-wall
degrading enzymes and probably also peptaibol antibiotics. The combined activities of
these compounds result in parasitism of the target fungus and dissolution of the cell
walls. At the sites of the appresoria, holes can be produced in the target fungus; and
directly entry of Trichoderma hyphae into the lumen of the target fungus occurs. There
are at least 20-30 known genes, proteins and other metabolites that are directly involved
in this interaction, which is typical of the complex systems that are used by these fungi in
their interactions with other organisms (Harman, 2004 as cited by Ngitew, A 2003).

Effect of Trichoderma spp. Against Fusarium Diseases

Sivan and Chet (1986) stated that the counts of Fusarium spp. decreased mainly
on root tips on which the highest counts of the antagonist were recorded. The
effectiveness of T. hanzianum in the reduction of F.oxysporum root population indicates
that the antagonist is adapted to serve as an effective competitor on the rhizoplane. The
Effect Of Soil Amendments Against Cercospora Leaf Spot (Cercospora Fragariae) And Crown
Rot (Fusarium Oxysporum F.Sp. Fragariae) Of Strawberry (Fragaria X Ananassa Dutch)
/ Paleng, Lyneth M.2011

rhizoplane competence of Trichoderma KA was directly correlated with its competitive
saprophytic ability (Ahmad and Baker, 1987).

Loresco (2004) revealed that in terms of disease in garden pea, different species
of Trichoderma KA which included Trichoderma KA consistently provided low percent
infection and was comparable to the fungicide captan. Moreover, plants applied with
Trichoderma KA isolates provided an acceptable yield.

Severity rating of Cercospora leaf spot, plants inoculated with 20ml and 10ml
(1x107) Trichoderma KA incurred a lower leaf spot severity infection that is significantly
different with the leaf spot severity that occurred on the leaves of plants applied with
100g Garden Compost and vermi compost. It also gave the lowest number of leaves with
Cercospora leaf spot infection than plants amended with Garden Compost and vermi
compost (Allatiw, 2009).











Effect Of Soil Amendments Against Cercospora Leaf Spot (Cercospora Fragariae) And Crown
Rot (Fusarium Oxysporum F.Sp. Fragariae) Of Strawberry (Fragaria X Ananassa Dutch)
/ Paleng, Lyneth M.2011



MATERIALS AND METHODS

Field Activities

An area of 240 m2 was prepared and was subdivided into four blocks. Each block
was further subdivided accordingly based on the number of treatments. Each plot
measured 1 x 10 m2; the experiment was laid out following the Randomize Complete
Block Design (RCBD) and was replicated four times.

Treatment Application

A Trichoderma spp. strain referred to as Trichoderma KA was used in the study.
A spore suspension of 1 x 106 spores per ml. was drenched per hill before planting the
strawberry runners free from Fusarium crown and root rot disease. For vermi compost
and chicken manure, 10 kg per 1 x 10 m2 plot was applied before transplanting. Similarly,
10 kg of chicken manure was applied in Farmer’s practice plus 1.2 kg triple 14. The
different treatments are shown below:

T1- Control (without treatment)

T2- Farmers Practice (10 kg Chicken manure + 1.2 kg triple 14)

T3- Trichoderma KA (1.8 kg/ 1 x 10 m2 plot)

T4- Trichoderma KA (2.4 kg/ 1 x 10 m2 plot)

T5- Vermi compost (10 kg/ m2 plot)

T6- Chicken manure (10 kg/ m2 plot)



Effect Of Soil Amendments Against Cercospora Leaf Spot (Cercospora Fragariae) And Crown
Rot (Fusarium Oxysporum F.Sp. Fragariae) Of Strawberry (Fragaria X Ananassa Dutch)
/ Paleng, Lyneth M.2011

Data Gathered:
1. Severity of Cercospora leaf spot as affected by application of Trichoderma KA
and other soil amendments. Weekly rating was assessed following the arbitrary rating
scale by (Lumiqued, 2000).
Scale
Description
1
No infection
3
Mild infection, 1-10 necrotic spots
5
Moderate infection,11-25 necrotic spots
7
Severe infection, 26-50 necrotic spots

2. Percent infection- number of plants showing crown and root rot infection at
the end of the experiment.
3. Number of flowers- number of flowers gathered weekly.
4. Number of ripe berries- total number of ripe berries.
5. Yield (tons/ ha)
6. Return on cash expenses (ROCE). This was computed using data as net
income divided by the cost op production x 100%.

Figure 1 shows the overview of the experiment at the Balili Experimental, La
Trinidad Benguet from November 2010 - March 2011.




Effect Of Soil Amendments Against Cercospora Leaf Spot (Cercospora Fragariae) And Crown
Rot (Fusarium Oxysporum F.Sp. Fragariae) Of Strawberry (Fragaria X Ananassa Dutch)
/ Paleng, Lyneth M.2011




Figure 1. Overview of the partial experimental area after transplanting at Balili La
Trinidad Benguet.



Effect Of Soil Amendments Against Cercospora Leaf Spot (Cercospora Fragariae) And Crown
Rot (Fusarium Oxysporum F.Sp. Fragariae) Of Strawberry (Fragaria X Ananassa Dutch)
/ Paleng, Lyneth M.2011


RESULTS AND DISCUSSION


Weekly Severity Rating of Cercospora Leaf Spot


Table 1 summarizes the weekly rating of Cercospora leaf spot for seven weeks. In
the first and second ratings, leaf spot severities were all the same in all the treatments.
Differences in leaf spot severity as affected by the application of Trichoderma KA, vermi
compost and chicken manure were only seen in the third rating which continued until the
seventh.
On the third rating, strawberry plants applied with 1.8 and 2.4 kg Trichoderma
KA 1 x 10 m2 plot and water concentration of 1 x 106/ml and plants applied with 10 kg /
plot vermi compost showed the lowest leaf spot infection while those plants applied with
chicken manure at 10 kg / plot and those applied with chicken manure added with 1.2 kg
triple 14 (farmers practice) including the control had higher leaf spot infection. Low
Cercospora leaf spot infection continued to occur on strawberries applied with
Trichoderma KA with the exception of those applied with vermi compost from the
fourth until the seventh rating. Those plants applied with 2.4 kg Trichoderma KA
incurred the lowest leaf spot severity during the seventh or last rating. Statistical analysis
showed significant differences in leaf spot severity in the different treatments as affected
by the application of Trichoderma KA and other soil amendments. Despite the favorable
weather for the development of the leaf disease from November 2010 to March 2011, the
infection in plant applied with Trichoderma KA remained low while infection in the rest
of the treatments increased.
According to (Zelinger and Omann, 2007 as cited by Allatiw, 2009) Trichoderma
KA used as biocontrol agent against fungal diseases. Trichoderma KA is a biocontrol
Effect Of Soil Amendments Against Cercospora Leaf Spot (Cercospora Fragariae) And Crown
Rot (Fusarium Oxysporum F.Sp. Fragariae) Of Strawberry (Fragaria X Ananassa Dutch)
/ Paleng, Lyneth M.2011

agent of several plant pathogenic fungi like Rhizoctonia spp., Pythuim spp., Botrytis spp.,
and other fungi which causes both soil borne and leaf or flower-borne diseases of
agricultural plants. It also induces the resistance system in plants and suppresses the
growth of airborne and soil-borne pathogens (Harman, et.al., 2004).
Table 1 shows the weekly mean of lesion size. Plants applied with 1.8 kg (1x106
spores) Trichoderma KA incurred the smallest mean of 1.34mm lesion size after 5 weeks,
followed by plants treated with 2.4 kg Trichoderma KA with a mean lesion size of
1.43mm . The largest lesion size was obtained from plants applied with 10 kg chicken
manure with a mean lesion size of 1.51mm after five weeks, followed by 1.47mm lesion
size from the untreated plant (Control) and plants applied with chicken manure added
with 1.2 kg triple 14.

Table 1. Weekly mean severity rating of leaf spot by Cercospora fragariae from

February 2010 to March 2011.


TREATMENT
RATE OF
DAYS AFTER PLANTING (DAP) 2
APPLICATION
80
87
94
101
108
115
122
FINAL
Control
No amendment
2.64 2.52 2.96a 2.98a 3.09a 3.14a 3.11a 1.47ab
Farmer’s Practice 10 kg chicken 3.21 2.61 2.70ab 2.86a 3.46a 3.36a 2.48a 1.47ab
manure + 1.2kg
triple 14/plot
Trichoderma
1.8 kg/plot
2.53 2.64 2.45b 2.39b 2.53b 2.21b 2.55b 1.34c
Trichoderma
2.4 kg/plot
2.70 2.53 2.48b 2.37b 2.30b 2.23b 2.18c 1.43abc
Vermi Compost
10kg
2.61 2.30 2.48b 2.68ab 3.27a 3.02a 3.41a 1.45abc
Chicken manure
10 kg
3.03 2.91 3.03a 3.11a 3.21a 3.16a 3.34a 1.51a


CV



18.55 12.13 9.85 9.68 8.73 11.09 7.70 4.39
Significant at 5% level DMRT


Effect Of Soil Amendments Against Cercospora Leaf Spot (Cercospora Fragariae) And Crown
Rot (Fusarium Oxysporum F.Sp. Fragariae) Of Strawberry (Fragaria X Ananassa Dutch)
/ Paleng, Lyneth M.2011

Figure 2 shows the strawberry leaves sample with cercospora leaf spot. Final size
of lesion of Cercospora leaf spot as affected by the application the soil amendments.
Smaller size of leaf spot were noted on leaves of strawberry applied with 1.8 and 2.4 kg
Trichoderma KA and those applied with vermi compost compared to lesion size on plants
applied with 10 kg chicken manure plus 1.2 kg triple 14 and the control. Significant
differences on the sizes of lesion were noted on the different treatments. The smallest size
of leaf spot was 1.34mm however was recorded in strawberries applied with 1.8 kg
Trichoderma KA.





T0- Without any amendment
T1- 10kg chicken manure+1.2kg triple
14/ 1x10m2 plot





T2- 1.8kg Trichoderma/1x10m2 plot
T3- 2.4kg Trichoderma/1x10m2 plot




T4- 10kg Vermi compost/1x10m2 plot
T5- 10kg Chicken manure/1x10m2 plot
Figure 2. Representative of strawberry leaves with Cercospora leaf spot from the
different treatments.
Effect Of Soil Amendments Against Cercospora Leaf Spot (Cercospora Fragariae) And Crown
Rot (Fusarium Oxysporum F.Sp. Fragariae) Of Strawberry (Fragaria X Ananassa Dutch)
/ Paleng, Lyneth M.2011

Number of Flowers as Affected
by The Different Soil Amendments

The numbers of flowers produced in different treatments are presented in Table 3.
Results showed that the highest number of flowers produced was obtained from plants
applied with Chicken Manure with a mean of 246, 56 days after transplanting and
decreased after 66 days. On the other hand, the total number of flowers produced in
strawberry applied with 1.8 kg and 2.4 kg Trichoderma KA were 209 and 230 in plants
after 58 days but decreased after 78 days. Further observation showed that during the
experiment, plants applied with 2.4kg Trichoderma KA were the first to bear flowers
after 38 days, followed by plants applied with 10kg chicken manure and plant applied
with 10kg chicken manure + 1.2kg triple 14 bear flowers after 40 days and strawberry
plants applied with 10kg vermi compost and those without amendment produced flowers
after 43days .

Table 2. Total number of flowers



MEAN NUMBER OF
TREATMENT
RATE OF APPLICATION
FLOWERS
Control
No amendment
172.75
Farmers Practice 10 kg chicken manure + 1.2kg triple

14/plot
200.25
Trichoderma
1.8 kg/plot
209.75
Trichoderma
2.4 kg/plot
230.00
Vermi Compost 10kg
212.50
Chicken Manure 10 kg
246.00



Effect Of Soil Amendments Against Cercospora Leaf Spot (Cercospora Fragariae) And Crown
Rot (Fusarium Oxysporum F.Sp. Fragariae) Of Strawberry (Fragaria X Ananassa Dutch)
/ Paleng, Lyneth M.2011

Mc Beath (2003) as cited by Allatiw (2009) stated that plants treated with
Trichoderma spp. demonstrated marked responses in growth. Plants were bigger,
healthier, and flowered earlier. Trichoderma spp. seems to form a symbiotic relationship
with plants.

Number of ripe Berries as Affected
by the Different Amendments
Figure 3 showed the strawberry fruit from the different treatments. Total number
of ripe berries is shown in Table 3. Results show that plants applied with 10 kg /ha
Chicken Manure and plants applied with 1.8 and 2.4kg Trichoderma KA with 1x106
spore concentration produced the highest total number of ripe berries. Lower number of
ripe berries was noted from plants in the control and from those applied with 10kg
chicken manure+ triple-14(Farmers practice) and with 10kg vermi compost. Further
observation shows that not all flowers formed developed into fruits due to falling of
flowers also known as dehiscence.
Table 3 showed that there were no fruits harvested after 66 days in plants applied
with vermi compost on the first 3 blocks. It was also noted that the number of fruits
produced was stable after 68 until 72 days. The highest number of fruits was produced
after 74 and 92 days in plants applied with Chicken Manure followed by the plants
applied with 40g Trichoderma KA.


Effect Of Soil Amendments Against Cercospora Leaf Spot (Cercospora Fragariae) And Crown
Rot (Fusarium Oxysporum F.Sp. Fragariae) Of Strawberry (Fragaria X Ananassa Dutch)
/ Paleng, Lyneth M.2011




T0- Without any amendment
T1- 10kg chicken manure+1.2kg triple
14/ 1x10m2 plot



T2- 1.8kg Trichoderma/1x10m2 plot
T3- 2.4kg Trichoderma/1x10m2 plot



T4- 10kg Vermi compost/1x10m2 plot
T5- 10kg Chicken manure/1x10m2 plot
Figure 3. Representatives of strawberry fruits from the different treatments



Effect Of Soil Amendments Against Cercospora Leaf Spot (Cercospora Fragariae) And Crown
Rot (Fusarium Oxysporum F.Sp. Fragariae) Of Strawberry (Fragaria X Ananassa Dutch)
/ Paleng, Lyneth M.2011

Table 3. Total number of ripe berries
TREATMENT RATE OF APPLICATION
TOTALNUMBER OF
BERRIES



Control
No amendment
78.50b
Farmers Practice 10 kg chicken manure + 1.2kg triple

14/plot
87.250b
Trichoderma
1.8 kg/plot
104.75ab
Trichoderma
2.4 kg/plot
105.750ab
Vermi Compost 10kg
90.50b
Chicken Manure 10 kg
126.250a


Significant at 5% DMRT






CV 18.26%



Percent number of plant with crown rot

Table 4 shows that plants applied with 1.8 and 2.4kg Trichoderma KA gave the
lowest percent crown infection by Fusarium oxyporum of 18. 1 % the against 43.1 %
infection in strawberry plants applied with 10kg Chicken manure+1.2kg triple- 14. This
result corroborates the statement of Harman, et al., (2004) wherein Trichoderma spp. can
attack or inhibit plant pathogens. It can also induce systemic and localized resistance to a
variety of pathogens. Significant differences were noted in terms of crown infection in
the different treatments. As mentioned by Brewer et al.,1982 Trichoderma KA is the
most studied and good biological control agent. It is a well-known antagonist of both
soil-borne and airborne plant pathogens.
Effect Of Soil Amendments Against Cercospora Leaf Spot (Cercospora Fragariae) And Crown
Rot (Fusarium Oxysporum F.Sp. Fragariae) Of Strawberry (Fragaria X Ananassa Dutch)
/ Paleng, Lyneth M.2011

Table 4. Percent crown rot infection by Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. fragariae
TREATMENT RATE OF APPLICATION
TOTALNUMBER OF
BERRIES


Control
No amendment
41.4ab
Farmers Practice 10 kg chicken manure + 1.2kg triple

14/plot
43.1a
Trichoderma
1.8 kg/plot
18.15d
Trichoderma
2.4 kg/plot
18.15d
Vermi Compost 10kg
34.7ab
Chicken Manure 10 kg
30.15c
*Significant at 5% level DMRT.





CV36.839

The mechanism by which Trichoderma KA exerts its antagonistic activity is not
yet clear, but it has been proven that Trichoderma KA produces and secretes toxic
metabolites (antibiotic, toxins) during its growth and during its antagonistic action
(Brewer et al., 1982).
Figure 3 showed that plants treated with Trichoderma KA gave the lowest number
of crown rot infection in the four blocks, while the highest crown infection were recorded
mostly in the plants applied with 10kg chicken manure+1.2kg triple 14, followed by plant
applied with vermi compost. Harman et al., 2004 cited that Trichoderma spp. has been
known for many years to produce a wide range of antibiotics substances that can
parasitize other fungi. Furthermore, they inhibit or degrade pectinase and other enzymes
Effect Of Soil Amendments Against Cercospora Leaf Spot (Cercospora Fragariae) And Crown
Rot (Fusarium Oxysporum F.Sp. Fragariae) Of Strawberry (Fragaria X Ananassa Dutch)
/ Paleng, Lyneth M.2011

that are essential for plant pathogenic fungi such as Botrytis cinerea to penetrate leaf
surfaces.

Yield (tons/ha)
The effect of different amendments on the yield of strawberry is shown in Table
5. Apparently, the highest yield of 16.34 tons per hectare was obtained from plants
applied with 10kg chicken manure followed by 14.61 and 13.72 tons per hectare from
plants applied with 1.8 and 2.4kg Trichoderma KA and significantly differed from those
applied with 10kg chicken manure + 1.2 kg triple14 (11.06 tons/ha) and 10kg vermi
compost with a mean yield of 11.06 and 11.75 tons/ha. The lowest was recorded for the
control (9.54 tons/ha). As stated by Wolf (1999) manure is a good source of micro –
macronutrients, though the content of phosphorus and potassium is low compared to the
nitrogen content. In addition, the slow release of nutrients from the manure particularly
nitrogen can be beneficial for the soil as it aides in dissolving out the humus and soluble
salt and deposit them in the underlying layers of the soil.
Table 6 shows that the highest income was obtained from plants amended with
1.8 and 2.4kg of Trichoderma KA which gave 3.0 and 3.1, this means that for every peso
invested, there is net return of 3 pesos and ten centavos. Net return of 1.3 was obtained
from plants applied with 10 kg vermi compost.



Effect Of Soil Amendments Against Cercospora Leaf Spot (Cercospora Fragariae) And Crown
Rot (Fusarium Oxysporum F.Sp. Fragariae) Of Strawberry (Fragaria X Ananassa Dutch)
/ Paleng, Lyneth M.2011




T0- Without any amendment
Macro Conidia of F. Oxysporum
f. sp. fragariae





T1- 10kg chicken manure+1.2kg Macro Conidia of F. Oxysporum
triple 14/ 1x10m2 plot f. sp. fragariae





T5- 10kg Chicken manure/1x10m2 plot Macro Conidia of F. Oxysporum
f. sp. fragariae

Figure 4. Roots showing crown rot infection by Fusarium oxysporum f sp. fragariae


Effect Of Soil Amendments Against Cercospora Leaf Spot (Cercospora Fragariae) And Crown
Rot (Fusarium Oxysporum F.Sp. Fragariae) Of Strawberry (Fragaria X Ananassa Dutch)
/ Paleng, Lyneth M.2011

Table 5. Yield (tons/ha)

TREATMENT RATE OF APPLICATION WEIGHT

Control
No amendment
9.54c
Farmer’s Practice
10 kg chicken manure + 1.2kg triple 14/plot
11.067bc
Trichoderma
1.8 kg/plot
13.72ab
Trichoderma
2.4 kg/plot
14.61ab
Vermi Compost
10kg
11.75bc
Chicken Manure
10 kg
16.34a

*Significant at 5% level DMRT.





CV=19.34%


























Effect Of Soil Amendments Against Cercospora Leaf Spot (Cercospora Fragariae) And Crown
Rot (Fusarium Oxysporum F.Sp. Fragariae) Of Strawberry (Fragaria X Ananassa Dutch)
/ Paleng, Lyneth M.2011

Table 6. Return on cash expenses (ROCE)

TREATMENT RATE OF APPLICATION
ROCE


bc
Control
No amendment
1.8
Farmers Practice 10 kg chicken manure + 1.2kg triple

14/plot
c
2.4
Trichoderma
1.8 kg/plot
a
3.0
Trichoderma
2.4 kg/plot
a
3.1
Vermi Compost 10kg
c
1.3
Chicken Manure 10 kg
bc
1.6

Highly significant at 1% level





CV: 50.46%











Effect Of Soil Amendments Against Cercospora Leaf Spot (Cercospora Fragariae) And Crown
Rot (Fusarium Oxysporum F.Sp. Fragariae) Of Strawberry (Fragaria X Ananassa Dutch)
/ Paleng, Lyneth M.2011


SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION

Summary
Effect of soil amendments that include Trichoderma KA, vermi compost and
chicken manure against Cercospora leaf spot and crown rot of strawberry was evaluated
from November 2010 until March 2011 to determine any effects on the leaf and root
diseases of strawberry; and determine any effect of the amendments on the yield.
Based from the results, Plant applied with 1.8 and 2.4 kg Trichoderma KA with
spore concentration of 1x106 gave the lowest Cercospora infection on the leaves. Plant
applied with 1.8 and 2.4 kg Trichoderma KA including plants applied with 10 kg vermi
compost produced the smallest size of lesion.
Similarly, Trichoderma KA treated plants with 1.8 and 2.4 kg gave a yield of
14.61 and 13.72 tons/ha which is comparable to the highest yield of 16.34 from plants
applied with 10 kg chicken manure. Those also applied with Trichoderma KA gave the
highest return on cash expenses (ROCE) which is 3.1 and 3.0. The lowest return on cash
expenses of 1.3 was noted from plants applied with 10 kg vermi compost and from plants
applied with 10 kg chicken manure.

Conclusion
Trichoderma KA at 1.8 and 2.4 kg applied before transplanting prevented
Cercospora leaf spot from becoming severe by limiting the increase of lesion size. It also
gave the lowest number of plants with crown and root infection and acceptable yield.
vermi compost at 10 kg/ plot can also limit the increase of Cercospora lesion size.

Effect Of Soil Amendments Against Cercospora Leaf Spot (Cercospora Fragariae) And Crown
Rot (Fusarium Oxysporum F.Sp. Fragariae) Of Strawberry (Fragaria X Ananassa Dutch)
/ Paleng, Lyneth M.2011

Recommendation

Trichoderma KA at 1.8 and 2.4 kg / 1 x 10m2 can be used to manage leaf spot
caused by Cercospora and root and crown rot caused by Fusarium oxysporum of
strawberry.







































Effect Of Soil Amendments Against Cercospora Leaf Spot (Cercospora Fragariae) And Crown
Rot (Fusarium Oxysporum F.Sp. Fragariae) Of Strawberry (Fragaria X Ananassa Dutch)
/ Paleng, Lyneth M.2011



LITERATURE CITED

AGRIOS, G.N. 1988. Plant Pathology. 3rd ed. San Diego, USA: APS Press. P. 456.

AHMAD, J. S. and R. BAKER. 1987. Competitive saprophyte ability and cellulolyties
activity rhizosphere. Compotent mutants Trichoderma harzianum.
Phytopathology. Pp. 77, 358.

ALLATIW, T. A. 2009. Management of Cercospora Leaf Spot of Strawberry Using Soil
Amendments and Trichoderma KA. Unpublished Thesis Benguet State
University, La Trinidad, Benguet.

BEWER, D., G. E. HARMAN, I. Chet and R. BAKER. 1982. Production of experimental
quantities of isocynicle metabolites of Trichoderma harzanum Microbiology.
28:1252.

BULCIO J. 2008. Management of Club root (Plasmodiophora brassicae Woronin) on
Cabbage using Trichoderma KA and lime in Natubleng, Buguias, Benguet.
Unpublished Thesis Benguet State University, La Trinidad, Benguet.

COOK, R. J and K. F BAKER. 1983. The nature of Practice of biological control of Plant
pathogens. American Pythopathological Society, St. Paul. MN. P. 539.

ELAD, Y. Y. and I. Chet. 1981. Biological Control of Rhizoctonia solani by
Trichoderma harzanium in carnation. Plant disease. P. 675.

GALIAN, J. L. 2005. Effect of different levels of Trichoderma Compost as Plant Growth
Promoter in Garden Pea (Pisum sativum). Unpublished Thesis Benguet State
University, La Trinidad, Benguet.

HARMAN. G. E. and Nederhoff E. F. 2004. Trichoderma – opportunistic, avirulent plant
symbionts. Retrieved July 10, 2010 from http//:www.Nature.Com/reviews/micro

HERMANO, F. G. 1999. Strawberry Production Management and Technology. ISBN.
Pp. 1-2.

KUBICEK, C. P. 1998.Trichoderma and Gliocladim. Vol. 2 Taylor and Francis, London,
Retived at Http://www.nature.com/reviews/micro

LORESCO, T. M. 2004. Management of Fusariumwilt disease (Fusarium oxysporum
Schlecht. f. sp. pisi) of garden pea (Pisum sativum L.) using Trichoderma species.
Unpublished Thesis Benguet State Univesrsity, La Trinidad, Benguet

Effect Of Soil Amendments Against Cercospora Leaf Spot (Cercospora Fragariae) And Crown
Rot (Fusarium Oxysporum F.Sp. Fragariae) Of Strawberry (Fragaria X Ananassa Dutch)
/ Paleng, Lyneth M.2011

LOUWS, F. AND R. T. WUKASCH . 2003. Root problems of strawberries. University
of Guelph. Retrieved July 13, 2010 from http://www.uoguelph.ca/labserv/units/
pdc/files/039strawberriesroot strawberriesrootdiseases.pdf

LUMIQUED A. G. 2000. Plant Pathology. Benguet State Univesrsity, La Trinidad,
Benguet. P. 20.

NAGPALA, A. L. 1999. Etiology and Management of the Root and Wilt of Garden Pea
(Pisum sativum) in Benguet and Mountain Provence. Unpublish Ph.D
Dissertation. University of the Philippines, Los Baños, Laguna.

NEDERHOFF, E. 2001. Biological control of root disase. Crophouse ltd New Zealand.
Retrived July 13 2010 from Http://www.crophouse.co.nz/files/GrW15biological.
control

NGITEW, A. 2003. Survey and Identification of Fungal Diseases of Strawberry.
Unpublished Thesis. Benguet State University, La Trinidad, Benguet. Pp. 3, 4, 7,
20, &31.

NUŇEZ, N. M. 2005. Evaluation of Trichoderma KA compost as Biological Control
agent against Fusarium wilt (Fusarium oxysporium) f. sp Chrysanthiae of
Chrysanthemum.Unpublished Thesis Benguet State University, La Trinidad,
Benguet.

PANINGBATAN, R. A. M. G. MAKAMARA and A. C. VILAR. 1992. Seed coating
with Trichoderma viride on the biological control of Sclerotium wilt in
mungbean. Philippine Phytological society. PP. 54.

SHAMAG. 2010. The law on Organic Agriculture is now in place. Benguet State
University. Volume XIV number 6. June 2010. Pp. 3, 7, 8

SIVAN, A. and I. CHET. 1986. Biological Control of Fusarium sp. In cotton, wheat and
muskmelon by T. harzianum.Phytophatology. Pp. 8, 116-139, 297.

WOLF, B. 1999, The Effect of Fertilizer Triangle, Interrelationship of Air, Water and
Nutrients in Maximizing soil Productivity. p.126.





Effect Of Soil Amendments Against Cercospora Leaf Spot (Cercospora Fragariae) And Crown
Rot (Fusarium Oxysporum F.Sp. Fragariae) Of Strawberry (Fragaria X Ananassa Dutch)
/ Paleng, Lyneth M.2011

APPENDICES
Appendix Table 1. First severity rating of leaf spot (Cercospora fragariae)







BLOCK
TREATMENT

I
II
III
IV

TOTAL
MEAN
Control


32
31
53
32

148
37.00
Farmers Practice

36
40
42
32

180
45.00
Trichoderma 30g

30
36
36
40

142
35.50
Trichoderma 40g

40
38
34
40

152
38.00
Vermi Compost

26
40
42
38

146
36.50
Chicken Manure

40
40
52
38

170
42.50
TOTAL


204 225 259 220
938
234.50

ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE TABLE



Degrees of
Sum of
Mean
F

Comp. F

Source
Freedom
Squares
Square
Value 0.5 0.1
Replication 3
310.167
103.389
1.9660
Factor A
5
286.833
57.367
1.0909 ns
2.90 4.56
Error
15
788.833
52.589
Total
23
1385.833










CV: 18.55%

* Significant
**Highly significant
ns Not significant








Effect Of Soil Amendments Against Cercospora Leaf Spot (Cercospora Fragariae) And Crown
Rot (Fusarium Oxysporum F.Sp. Fragariae) Of Strawberry (Fragaria X Ananassa Dutch)
/ Paleng, Lyneth M.2011

Appendix Table 2. Second severity rating of leaf spot (Cercospora fragariae)






BLOCK

TREATMENT

I
II
III
IV

TOTAL
MEAN
Control


36
30
47
28

141
35.25
Farmers Practice

34
34
38
40

146
36.50
Trichoderma 30g

32
36
40
40

148
37.00
Trichoderma 40g

34
36
36
46

142
35.50
Vermi Compost

30
26
36
37

129
32.25
Chicken Manure

39
38
38
48

163
40.75
TOTAL


205 200 235 239
869
217.25

ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE TABLE



Degrees of
Sum of
Mean
F

Comp. F

Source
Freedom
Squares
Square
Value
0.5 0.1
Replication 3
150.125
50.042
2.5521
Factor A
5
153.708
30.742
1.5678ns 2.90 4.56
Error
15
294.125
19.608
TOTAL
23
597.958










CV: 12.23%
* Significant
**Highly significant
ns Not significant













Effect Of Soil Amendments Against Cercospora Leaf Spot (Cercospora Fragariae) And Crown
Rot (Fusarium Oxysporum F.Sp. Fragariae) Of Strawberry (Fragaria X Ananassa Dutch)
/ Paleng, Lyneth M.2011

Appendix Table 3. Third severity rating of leaf spot (Cercospora fragariae)






BLOCK

TREATMENT

I
II
III
IV

TOTAL
MEAN
Control
36
40
52
38
166
41.50
Farmer’s Practice
34
36
40
41
151
37.75
Trichoderma 30g
32
30
37
38
137
34.25
Trichoderma 40g
33
36
36
34
139
34.75
Vermi Compost
27
36
36
40
139
34.75
Chicken Manure
40
42
40
48
170
42.50
TOTAL


202 220 241 239
902
225.5

ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE TABLE



Degrees of
Sum of
Mean
F

Comp. F

Source
Freedom
Squares
Square
Value
0.5 0.1
Replication 3
167.500
55.833
4.0754
Factor A
5
266.833
53.367
3.8954*
2.90 4.56
Error
15
205.500
13.700
TOTAL
23
639.833










CV: 9.85%
* Significant
**Highly significant
ns Not significant














Effect Of Soil Amendments Against Cercospora Leaf Spot (Cercospora Fragariae) And Crown
Rot (Fusarium Oxysporum F.Sp. Fragariae) Of Strawberry (Fragaria X Ananassa Dutch)
/ Paleng, Lyneth M.2011

Appendix Table 4. Fourth severity rating of leaf spot (Cercospora fragariae)






BLOCK

TREATMENT

I
II
III
IV

TOTAL
MEAN
Control
38
38
53
38
167
41.75
36
40
42
42
160
40.00
Farmer’s Practice
Trichoderma 30g
32
30
36
36
134
33.50
Trichoderma 40g
32
34
33
34
133
33.25
Vermi Compost
33
38
37
42
150
37.50
Chicken Manure
42
40
42
50
174
43.50
TOTAL


213 220 243 242
918
229.5

ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE TABLE



Degrees of
Sum of
Mean
F

Comp. F

Source
Freedom
Squares
Square
Value
0.5 0.1
Replication 3
116.833
38.944
2.8404
Factor A
5
364.000
72.500
5.3096**
2.90 4.56
Error
15
205.667
13.711

TOTAL
23
686.500










CV: 9.68%
* Significant
**Highly significant
ns Not significant












Effect Of Soil Amendments Against Cercospora Leaf Spot (Cercospora Fragariae) And Crown
Rot (Fusarium Oxysporum F.Sp. Fragariae) Of Strawberry (Fragaria X Ananassa Dutch)
/ Paleng, Lyneth M.2011

Appendix Table 5. Fifth severity rating of leaf spot (Cercospora fragariae)






BLOCK

TREATMENT

I
II
III
IV

TOTAL
MEAN
Control
33
40
50
50
173
43.50
Farmer’s Practice
42
48
44
60
194
48.50
Trichoderma 30g
28
38
36
40
142
35.50
Trichoderma 40g
30
33
30
36
129
32.25
Vermi Compost
41
44
46
53
183
45.75
Chicken Manure
44
43 45 48 180
45.00
TOTAL


218 246 251 287
1001
250.50

ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE TABLE



Degrees of
Sum of
Mean
F

Comp. F

Source
Freedom
Squares
Square
Value 0.5 0.1
Replication 3
389.458
129.819
9.7956
Factor A
5
814.708
162.942
12.2949** 2.90 4.56
Error
15
198.792
13.253
TOTAL
23
1402.958










CV: 8.73%
* Significant
**Highly significant
ns Not significant












Effect Of Soil Amendments Against Cercospora Leaf Spot (Cercospora Fragariae) And Crown
Rot (Fusarium Oxysporum F.Sp. Fragariae) Of Strawberry (Fragaria X Ananassa Dutch)
/ Paleng, Lyneth M.2011


Appendix Table 6. Sixth severity rating of leaf spot (Cercospora fragariae)






BLOCK

TREATMENT

I
II
III
IV

TOTAL
MEAN
Control
30
42
52
52
176
44.00
Farmer’s Practice
45
40
49
54
188
47.00
Trichoderma 30g
27
32
28
37
124
31.00
Trichoderma 40g
29
30
33
33
125
31.25
Vermi Compost
35
38
41
55
169
42.25
Chicken Manure
42
39
43
53
177
44.25
TOTAL


208 221 256 284
959
239.75

ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE TABLE



Degrees of
Sum of
Mean
F

Comp. F

Source
Freedom
Squares
Square
Value 0.5 0.1
Replication 3
559.458
186.486
9.4890
Factor A
5
982.708
196.542
10.0007** 2.90 4.56
Error
15
294.792
19.653
TOTAL
23
1836.958










CV: 11.09%
* Significant
**Highly significant
ns Not significant











Effect Of Soil Amendments Against Cercospora Leaf Spot (Cercospora Fragariae) And Crown
Rot (Fusarium Oxysporum F.Sp. Fragariae) Of Strawberry (Fragaria X Ananassa Dutch)
/ Paleng, Lyneth M.2011

Appendix Table 7. Seventh severity rating of leaf spot (Cercospora fragariae)






BLOCK

TREATMENT

I
II
III
IV

TOTAL
MEAN
Control
35
38
49
52
174
43.50
Farmer’s Practice
43
48
46
58
195
48.75
Trichoderma 30g
30
36
36
40
142
35.50
Trichoderma 40g
30
30
28
34
122
30.50
Vermi Compost
45
46
46
54
191
47.75
Chicken Manure
46
45
47
49
187
46.25
TOTAL


229 243 252 287
1011
252.25

ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE TABLE



Degrees of
Sum of
Mean
F

Comp. F

Source
Freedom
Squares
Square
Value 0.5 0.1
Replication 3
305.458
101.819
9.6792
Factor A
5
1111.375
222.275
21.1299 ** 2.90 4.56
Error
15
157.792
10.519

TOTAL
23
1574.625










CV= 7.70%
* Significant
**Highly significant
ns Not significant

















Effect Of Soil Amendments Against Cercospora Leaf Spot (Cercospora Fragariae) And Crown
Rot (Fusarium Oxysporum F.Sp. Fragariae) Of Strawberry (Fragaria X Ananassa Dutch)
/ Paleng, Lyneth M.2011

Appendix Table 8. First number of flowers

BLOCK
TREATMENT

I
II
III
IV

TOTAL
MEAN
Control


8
5
5
13

31

7.75
Farmers Practice

6
6
7
5

24

6.00
Trichoderma 30g

5
8
9
11

33

8.25
Trichoderma 40g

5
6
10
10

31

7.75
Vermi Compost

2
3
9
12

26

6.50
Chicken Manure

5
9
12
16

42

10.50
TOTAL


31
37
52
67

187
46.75


ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE TABLE

Degrees of
Sum of Mean
F
Comp. F
Source
Freedom Squares
Square
Value 0.5 0.1
Replication 3
130.125
43.375
7.3830
Factor A
5
49.708
9.942
1.6922ns 2.90 4.56
Error
15
88.125
5.875

TOTAL
23
267.958










CV: 31.11%
* Significant
**Highly significant
ns Not significant













Effect Of Soil Amendments Against Cercospora Leaf Spot (Cercospora Fragariae) And Crown
Rot (Fusarium Oxysporum F.Sp. Fragariae) Of Strawberry (Fragaria X Ananassa Dutch)
/ Paleng, Lyneth M.2011

Appendix Table 9. Second number of flowers

BLOCK
TREATMENT

I
II
III
IV

TOTAL
MEAN
Control


16
20
9
29

74

18.5
Farmers Practice

16
11
22
12

61

15.25
Trichoderma 30g

20
10
15
27

72

18
Trichoderma 40g

26
8
20
23

77

19.25
Vermi Compost

5
3
31
22

61

15.25
Chicken Manure

18
38
23
35

114
28.5
TOTAL


ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE TABLE




Degrees of
Sum of
Mean
F
Comp. F
Source

Freedom
Squares
Square
Value 0.5 0.1
Replication
3

322.458
107.486
1.4296
Factor A

5

478.375
95.675
1.2725ns 2.90 4.56
Error

15

1127.792
75.186
TOTAL

23

1928.625










CV: 45.34%
* Significant
**Highly significant
ns Not significant













Effect Of Soil Amendments Against Cercospora Leaf Spot (Cercospora Fragariae) And Crown
Rot (Fusarium Oxysporum F.Sp. Fragariae) Of Strawberry (Fragaria X Ananassa Dutch)
/ Paleng, Lyneth M.2011

Appendix Table 10. Third number of flowers

BLOCK
TREATMENT

I
II
III
IV

TOTAL
MEAN
T1=Control

26
27
83
46

182
45.5
T2=Farmers Practice
30
35
39
90

194
48.5
T3=Trichoderma 30g
22
25
61
66

174
43.5
T4=Trichoderma 40g
25
41
70
71

207
51.75
T5=Vermi Compost
50
58
47
105
260
65.00
T6=Chicken Manure
62
42
100 86

290
72.5
TOTAL

ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE TABLE



Degrees of
Sum of
Mean
F
Comp. F
Source
Freedom
Squares
Square
Value 0.5 0.1
Replication
3

7740.458
2580.153
9.5460
Factor A

5

2719.208
543.842
2.0121ns 2.90 4.56
Error

15

4054.292
270.286

TOTAL

23

14513.958










CV: 30.19%

* Significant
**Highly significant
ns Not significant











Effect Of Soil Amendments Against Cercospora Leaf Spot (Cercospora Fragariae) And Crown
Rot (Fusarium Oxysporum F.Sp. Fragariae) Of Strawberry (Fragaria X Ananassa Dutch)
/ Paleng, Lyneth M.2011

Appendix Table 11. Fourth number of flowers

BLOCK
TREATMENT

I
II
III
IV

TOTAL
MEAN
Control


7
10
25
18

60

15.00
Farmers Practice

17
20
29
18

84

21.00
Trichoderma 30g

21
23
10
21

75

18.75
Trichoderma 40g

20
27
12
13

72

18.00
Vermi Compost

8
23
12
17

60

15.00
Chicken Manure

21
12
17
10

60

15.00
TOTAL


ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE TABLE



Degrees of
Sum of
Mean
F
Comp. F
Source
Freedom
Squares
Square
Value 0.5 0.1
Replication 3

44.125
14.708
0.3176
Factor A
5

127.875
25.575
0.5523ns 2.90 4.56
Error
15

694.625
46.308

TOTAL
23

866.625










CV: 39.74%
* Significant
**Highly significant
ns Not significant












Effect Of Soil Amendments Against Cercospora Leaf Spot (Cercospora Fragariae) And Crown
Rot (Fusarium Oxysporum F.Sp. Fragariae) Of Strawberry (Fragaria X Ananassa Dutch)
/ Paleng, Lyneth M.2011

Appendix Table 12. Fifth number of flowers

BLOCK
TREATMENT

I
II
III
IV

TOTAL
MEAN
Control


35
26
18
25

104
26.00
Farmers Practice

30
14
35
22

101
25.25
Trichoderma 30g

21
30
35
38

124
31.00
Trichoderma 40g

34
19
38
36

137
31.75
Vermi Compost

16
14
43
52

125
31.25
Chicken Manure

36
47
34
57

174
43.50
TOTAL


ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE TABLE



Degrees of
Sum of
Mean
F
Comp. F
Source
Freedom
Squares
Square
Value 0.5 0.1
Replication 3

614.458
204.819
1.9002
Factor A
5

854.708
170.942
1.5869ns 2.90 4.56
Error
15

1616.792
107.786

TOTAL
23

3085.958










CV: 33.00%
* Significant
**Highly significant
ns Not significant













Effect Of Soil Amendments Against Cercospora Leaf Spot (Cercospora Fragariae) And Crown
Rot (Fusarium Oxysporum F.Sp. Fragariae) Of Strawberry (Fragaria X Ananassa Dutch)
/ Paleng, Lyneth M.2011

Appendix Table 13. Sixth number of flowers






BLOCK
TREATMENT

I
II
III
IV

TOTAL
MEAN
Control


7
20
19
18

64

16.00
Farmers Practice

16
20
25
18

79

19.75
Trichoderma 30g

21
23
10
21

75

18.75
Trichoderma 40g

20
24
12
23

79

19.75
Vermi Compost

8
22
12
12

54

13.50
Chicken Manure

21
12
17
10

60

15.00
TOTAL

ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE TABLE



Degrees of
Sum of
Mean
F
Comp. F
Source
Freedom
Squares
Square
Value 0.5 0.1
Replication 3

81.458
27.153
0.9096
Factor A
5

141.375
28.275
0.8471ns 2.90 4.56
Error
15

447.792
29.853
TOTAL
23

670.625










CV: 31.91%
* Significant
**Highly significant
ns Not significant














Effect Of Soil Amendments Against Cercospora Leaf Spot (Cercospora Fragariae) And Crown
Rot (Fusarium Oxysporum F.Sp. Fragariae) Of Strawberry (Fragaria X Ananassa Dutch)
/ Paleng, Lyneth M.2011

Appendix Table 14. Seventh number of flowers

BLOCK
TREATMENT

I
II
III
IV

TOTAL
MEAN
Control


9
23
21
21

74

18.50
Farmers Practice

17
21
28
20

86

21.50
Trichoderma 30g

24
25
13
24

86

21.50
Trichoderma 40g

22
27
14
25

88

22.00
Vermi Compost

11
24
15
14

64

16.00
Chicken Manure

23
15
19
13

70

17.50
TOTAL

ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE TABLE



Degrees of
Sum of
Mean
F
Comp. F
Source
Freedom
Squares
Square
Value 0.5 0.1
Replication 3

82.333
27.444
0.9074
Factor A
5

126.000
25.200
0.8332 ns 2.90 4.56
Error
15

453.667
30.422
TOTAL
23

662.000










CV: 28.20%
* Significant
**Highly significant
ns Not significant














Effect Of Soil Amendments Against Cercospora Leaf Spot (Cercospora Fragariae) And Crown
Rot (Fusarium Oxysporum F.Sp. Fragariae) Of Strawberry (Fragaria X Ananassa Dutch)
/ Paleng, Lyneth M.2011

Appendix Table 14. Eighth number of flowers

BLOCK
TREATMENT

I
II
III
IV

TOTAL
MEAN
Control


7
11
22
7

47

11.75
Farmers Practice

14
11
29
40

94

23.50
Trichoderma 30g

8
16
33
44

101
25.25
Trichoderma 40g

41
24
26
68

159
39.75
Vermi Compost

16
10
19
51

96

24.00
Chicken Manure

10
22
24
56

112
28.00
TOTAL


ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE TABLE



Degrees of
Sum of
Mean
F
Comp. F
Source
Freedom
Squares
Square
Value 0.5 0.1
Replication 3

3249.458
1083.153
9.8124
Factor A
5

1618.375
323.675
2.9322* 2.90 4.56
Error
15

1655.792
110.386

TOTAL
23

6523.625










CV: 41.40%
* Significant
**Highly significant
ns Not significant













Effect Of Soil Amendments Against Cercospora Leaf Spot (Cercospora Fragariae) And Crown
Rot (Fusarium Oxysporum F.Sp. Fragariae) Of Strawberry (Fragaria X Ananassa Dutch)
/ Paleng, Lyneth M.2011

Appendix Table 15. Ninth number of flowers

BLOCK
TREATMENT

I
II
III
IV

TOTAL
MEAN
Control


4
16
14
21

55

13.75
Farmers Practice

10
4
25
20

59

14.75
Trichoderma 30g

19
13
27
38

97

24.25
Trichoderma 40g

4
14
37
25

80

20.00
Vermi Compost

16
29
17
42

104
26.00
Chicken Manure

7
10
22
23

62

15.50
TOTAL


ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE TABLE



Degrees of
Sum of
Mean
F
Comp. F
Source
Freedom
Squares
Square
Value 0.5 0.1
Replication 3

1251.458
417.153
8.0657
Factor A
5

541.708
108.342
2.0948ns 2.90 4.56
Error
15

775.792
51.719
TOTAL
23

2568.958










CV: 37.77%
* Significant
**Highly significant
ns Not significant













Effect Of Soil Amendments Against Cercospora Leaf Spot (Cercospora Fragariae) And Crown
Rot (Fusarium Oxysporum F.Sp. Fragariae) Of Strawberry (Fragaria X Ananassa Dutch)
/ Paleng, Lyneth M.2011

Appendix Table 16. Total number of flowers

BLOCK
TREATMENT

I
II
III
IV

TOTAL
MEAN
T1=Control

119 158 216 198
691
172.75
T2=Farmers Practice
156 142 239 264
801
200.25
T3=Trichoderma 30g
161 175 213 290
839
209.75
T4=Trichoderma 40g
197 190 239 294
920
230.00
T5=Vermi Compost
132 186 205 205
850
212.50
T6=Chicken Manure
203 207 268 306
984
246.00
TOTAL



























Effect Of Soil Amendments Against Cercospora Leaf Spot (Cercospora Fragariae) And Crown
Rot (Fusarium Oxysporum F.Sp. Fragariae) Of Strawberry (Fragaria X Ananassa Dutch)
/ Paleng, Lyneth M.2011

Appendix table 17. First size of lesion measured per mm.

BLOCK
TREATMENT
I
II
III
IV


TOTAL
MEAN
Control
1.62 1.56 1.36 1.43
5.97
1.49
Farmer’s Practice 1.56 1.42 1.36 1.35
5.69
1.42
Trichoderma 30g 1.36 1.23 1.51 1.35
5.45
1.36
Trichoderma 40g
1.43 1.36 1.54 1.28
5.61
1.40
Vermi Compost
1.50 1.22 1.42 1.53
5.67
1.42
Chicken Manure
1.81 1.71 1.68 1.71
6.91
1.73
TOTAL

ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE TABLE




Degrees of
Sum of
Mean
F Comp. F
Source

Freedom
Squares
Square
Value 0.5 0.1
Replication 3

0.058
0.019
1.8340
Factor A
5

0.352
0.070
6.7253** 2.90 4.56
Error
15

0.157
0.010
TOTAL

23

0.566










CV: 60.77%
* Significant
**Highly significant
ns Not significant














Effect Of Soil Amendments Against Cercospora Leaf Spot (Cercospora Fragariae) And Crown
Rot (Fusarium Oxysporum F.Sp. Fragariae) Of Strawberry (Fragaria X Ananassa Dutch)
/ Paleng, Lyneth M.2011

Appendix table 18. Second size of lesion measured per mm.

BLOCK
TREATMENT

I
II
III
IV

TOTAL
MEAN
Control
1.52 1.46 1.76 1.50
6.24
1.56
Farmer’s Practice
1.45 1.62 1.54 1.34
5.95
1.49
Trichoderma 30g
1.36 1.42 1.35 1.38
5.51
1.38
Trichoderma 40g
1.36 1.30 1.38 1.36
5.4
1.35
Vermi Compost
1.25 1.50 1.42 1.42
5.59
1.40
Chicken Manure
1.50 1.56 1.68 1.40
6.14
1.53
TOTAL


ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE TABLE




Degrees of
Sum of
Mean
F
Comp. F

Source

Freedom
Squares
Square
Value 0.5 0.1
Replication 3

0.061
0.020
2.5933
Factor A
5

0.155
0.031
3.93208* 2.90 4.56
Error
15

0.118
0.008
TOTAL

23

0.334










CV: 6.12%
* Significant
**Highly significant
ns Not significant














Effect Of Soil Amendments Against Cercospora Leaf Spot (Cercospora Fragariae) And Crown
Rot (Fusarium Oxysporum F.Sp. Fragariae) Of Strawberry (Fragaria X Ananassa Dutch)
/ Paleng, Lyneth M.2011

Appendix table 19. Third size of lesion measured per mm.

BLOCK
TREATMENT

I
II
III
IV

TOTAL
MEAN
Control
1.57 1.42
1.36 1.29
5.64
1.41
Farmer’s Practice
1.72 1.53
1.50 1.40
6.15
1.54
Trichoderma 30g
1.29 1.31
1.26 1.28
5.14
1.28
Trichoderma 40g
1.32 1.41
1.29 1.25
5.27
1.31
Vermi Compost
1.62 1.58
1.49 1.36
6.05
1.57
Chicken Manure
1.41 1.38
1.28 1.33
5.4
1.35
TOTAL


ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE TABLE




Degrees of
Sum of
Mean
F
Comp. F
Source

Freedom
Squares
Square
Value 0.5 0.1
Replication 3

0.104
0.035
9.0078
Factor A
5

0.217
0.043
11.3021** 2.90 4.56
Error
15

0.058
0.004
Total

23

0.378










CV: 4.42%
* Significant
**Highly significant
ns Not significant














Effect Of Soil Amendments Against Cercospora Leaf Spot (Cercospora Fragariae) And Crown
Rot (Fusarium Oxysporum F.Sp. Fragariae) Of Strawberry (Fragaria X Ananassa Dutch)
/ Paleng, Lyneth M.2011

Appendix table 20. Fourth size of lesion measured per mm.

BLOCK
TREATMENT

I
II
III
IV

TOTAL
MEAN
Control
1.53
1.42 1.37 1.42
5.47
1.43
Farmer’s Practice
1.48
1.36 1.51 1.36
5.71
1.43
Trichoderma 30g
1.42
1.26 1.46 1.26
5.4
1.35
Trichoderma 40g
1.37
1.42 1.33 1.27
5.39
1.35
Vermi Compost
1.54
1.42 1.34 1.56
5.86
1.46
Chicken Manure
1.41
1.36 1.52 1.71
6
1.5
TOTAL


ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE TABLE




Degrees of
Sum of
Mean
F
Comp. F

Source

Freedom
Squares
Square
Value 0.5 0.1
Replication 3

0.022
0.007
0.7041
Factor A
5

0.075
0.015
1.4173ns 2.90 4.56
Error
15

0.160
0.011
TOTAL

23

0.258










CV: 7.26%
* Significant
**Highly significant
ns Not significant














Effect Of Soil Amendments Against Cercospora Leaf Spot (Cercospora Fragariae) And Crown
Rot (Fusarium Oxysporum F.Sp. Fragariae) Of Strawberry (Fragaria X Ananassa Dutch)
/ Paleng, Lyneth M.2011

Appendix table 21. Fifth size of lesion measured per mm.

BLOCK
TREATMENT

I
II
III
IV

TOTAL
MEAN
Control
1.45 1.38 1.56 1.43
5.82
1.45
Farmer’s Practice
1.38 1.42 1.46 1.47
5.73
1.43
Trichoderma 30g
1.32 1.51 1.26 1.22
5.31
1.33
Trichoderma 40g
1.26 1.30 1.32 1.33
5.21
1.30
Vermi Compost
1.42 1.45 1.48 1.42
5.77
1.44
Chicken Manure
1.52 1.42 1.36 1.36
5.66
1.41
TOTAL


ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE TABLE




Degrees of
Sum of
Mean
F
Comp. F

Source

Freedom
Squares
Square
Value 0.5 0.1
Replication 3

0.006
0.002
0.3488
Factor A
5

0.083
0.017
2.8276ns 2.90 4.56
Error
15

0.088
0.006
TOTAL

23

0.177










CV: 5.49%
* Significant
**Highly significant
ns Not significant















Effect Of Soil Amendments Against Cercospora Leaf Spot (Cercospora Fragariae) And Crown
Rot (Fusarium Oxysporum F.Sp. Fragariae) Of Strawberry (Fragaria X Ananassa Dutch)
/ Paleng, Lyneth M.2011

Appendix table 22. First number of ripe berries

BLOCK
TREATMENT

I
II
III
IV

TOTAL
MEAN
Control
0
5
1
7
13
3.25
Farmer’s Practice
1
4
2
0
7
1.75
Trichoderma 30g
3
4
4
9
20
5
Trichoderma 40g
4
10
4
8
26
6.5
Vermi Compost
0
0
0
4
4
1
Chicken Manure
2
7
5
16
30
7.5
TOTAL


ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE TABLE



Degrees of
Sum of

Mean
F
Comp. F
Source
Freedom
Squares

Square
Value 0.5 0.1
Replication 3
115.333

38.444
5.9965
Factor A
5
135.833

27.167
4.2347 2.90 4.56
Error
15
96.167

6.411
TOTAL
23
347.333






CV: 60.77%

* Significant
**Highly significant
ns Not significant













Effect Of Soil Amendments Against Cercospora Leaf Spot (Cercospora Fragariae) And Crown
Rot (Fusarium Oxysporum F.Sp. Fragariae) Of Strawberry (Fragaria X Ananassa Dutch)
/ Paleng, Lyneth M.2011


Appendix table 23. Second number of ripe berries

BLOCK
TREATMENT

I
II
III
IV

TOTAL
MEAN
Control
8
7
4
16
35
8.75
Farmer’s Practice
9
10
12
2
33
8.25
Trichoderma 30g
4
2
10
16
32
8
Trichoderma 40g
10
4
7
19
40
10
Vermi Compost
1

10
15
26
6.5
Chicken Manure
9
18
15
20
62
15.5
TOTAL

ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE TABLE



Degrees of
Sum of

Mean
F
Comp. F
Source
Freedom
Squares

Square
Value 0.5 0.1
Replication 3
245.667
81.889
3.3947
Factor A
5
198.500
39.700
1.6458ns 2.90 4.56
Error
15
361.833
24.122
TOTAL
23
806.000





CV: 51.70%
* Significant
**Highly significant
ns Not significant














Effect Of Soil Amendments Against Cercospora Leaf Spot (Cercospora Fragariae) And Crown
Rot (Fusarium Oxysporum F.Sp. Fragariae) Of Strawberry (Fragaria X Ananassa Dutch)
/ Paleng, Lyneth M.2011

Appendix table 23. Second number of ripe berries

BLOCK
TREATMENT

I
II
III
IV

TOTAL
MEAN
Control
6
9
3
7
25
6.25
Farmer’s Practice
10
5
7
6
28
7
Trichoderma 30g
6
9
9
12
36
9
Trichoderma 40g
7
6
8
10
31
7.75
Vermi Compost
0
3
15
13
31
7.75
Chicken Manure
7
9
18
15
49
12.25
TOTAL

ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE TABLE



Degrees of
Sum of
Mean
F

Comp. F

Source
Freedom
Squares
Square
Value
0.5 0.1
Replication 3
91.00
30.333
2.1667
Factor A
5
90.333
18.067
1.2905ns
2.90 4.56
Error
15
210.000
14.0000

TOTAL
23
391.333










CV: 44.90%
* Significant
**Highly significant
ns Not significant















Effect Of Soil Amendments Against Cercospora Leaf Spot (Cercospora Fragariae) And Crown
Rot (Fusarium Oxysporum F.Sp. Fragariae) Of Strawberry (Fragaria X Ananassa Dutch)
/ Paleng, Lyneth M.2011

Appendix table 24. Third number of ripe berries

BLOCK
TREATMENT

I
II
III
IV

TOTAL
MEAN
Control
9
16
14
18
57
14.25
Farmer’s Practice
13
12
22
16
63
15.75
Trichoderma 30g
13
21
20
24
78
19.5
Trichoderma 40g
13
14
21
22
70
12.5
Vermi Compost
7
7
29
32
75
12.75
Chicken Manure
18
19
28
30
95
23.75
TOTAL

ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE TABLE



Degrees of
Sum of
Mean
F

Comp. F

Source
Freedom
Squares
Square
Value
0.5 0.1
Replication 3
568.167
189.389
8.4339
Factor A
5
219.500
43.900
1.9550
2.90 4.56
Error
15
336.833
22.256










CV: 25.97%
* Significant
**Highly significant
ns Not significant

















Effect Of Soil Amendments Against Cercospora Leaf Spot (Cercospora Fragariae) And Crown
Rot (Fusarium Oxysporum F.Sp. Fragariae) Of Strawberry (Fragaria X Ananassa Dutch)
/ Paleng, Lyneth M.2011

Appendix table 25. Fourth number of ripe berries

BLOCK
TREATMENT

I
II
III
IV

TOTAL
MEAN
Control
3
8
11
11
33
8.25
Farmer’s Practice
7
7
15
10
39
9.75
Trichoderma 30g
7
12
11
12
42
10.5
Trichoderma 40g
6
8
13
12
39
9.75
Vermi Compost
7
5
15
19
46
11.5
Chicken Manure
11
10
10
14
45
11.25
TOTAL

ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE TABLE



Degrees of
Sum of
Mean
F

Comp. F
Source
Freedom
Squares
Square
Value 0.5 0.1
Replication 3
167.667
55.887
7.66777
2.90 4.56
Factor A
5
28.333
5.667
0.77774ns
Error
15
109.333
7.289

TOTAL
23
305.333







CV: 26.56%
* Significant
**Highly significant
ns Not significant















Effect Of Soil Amendments Against Cercospora Leaf Spot (Cercospora Fragariae) And Crown
Rot (Fusarium Oxysporum F.Sp. Fragariae) Of Strawberry (Fragaria X Ananassa Dutch)
/ Paleng, Lyneth M.2011

Appendix table 26. Fifth number of ripe berries

BLOCK
TREATMENT

I
II
III
IV

TOTAL
MEAN
Control
3
5
6
8
22
5.5
Farmer’s Practice
6
3
11
4
24
6
Trichoderma 30g
7
4
7
12
30
7.5
Trichoderma 40g
6
2
9
14
31
7.75
Vermi Compost
6
1
9
13
29
7.25
Chicken Manure
8
10
8
14
40
10
TOTAL

ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE TABLE



Degrees of
Sum of
Mean
F

Comp. F

Source
Freedom
Squares
Square
Value
0.5 0.1
Replication 3
150.333
50.111
6.7616
Factor A
5
49.833
9.967
1.3448ns
2.90 4.56
Error
15
111.167
7.411

TOTAL 23
311.333










CV: 37.12%
* Significant
**Highly significant
ns Not significant















Effect Of Soil Amendments Against Cercospora Leaf Spot (Cercospora Fragariae) And Crown
Rot (Fusarium Oxysporum F.Sp. Fragariae) Of Strawberry (Fragaria X Ananassa Dutch)
/ Paleng, Lyneth M.2011

Appendix table 27. Sixth number of ripe berries.

BLOCK
TREATMENT

I
II
III
IV

TOTAL
MEAN
Control
3
8
10
12
33
8.25
Farmer’s Practice
6
8
15
7
36
9
Trichoderma 30g
5
9
12
20
46
11.5
Trichoderma 40g
14
14
14
11
53
13.25
Vermi Compost
4
11
14
17
46
11.5
Chicken Manure
9
10
17
18
54
13.5
TOTAL


ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE TABLE




Degrees of
Sum of
Mean
F

Comp. F
Source
Freedom
Squares
Square
Value
0.5 0.1
Replication 3
212.333
70.778
6.3132
Factor A
5
92.833
18.567
1.6561ns
2.90 4.56
Error
15
168.167
11.211

TOTAL 23
473.333










CV: 29.98%
* Significant
**Highly significant
ns Not significant















Effect Of Soil Amendments Against Cercospora Leaf Spot (Cercospora Fragariae) And Crown
Rot (Fusarium Oxysporum F.Sp. Fragariae) Of Strawberry (Fragaria X Ananassa Dutch)
/ Paleng, Lyneth M.2011

Appendix table 28. Seventh number of ripe berries

BLOCK
TREATMENT

I
II
III
IV

TOTAL
MEAN
Control
11
13
18
16
58
14.5
Farmer’s Practice
19
22
30
24
90
22.5
Trichoderma 30g
20
21
30
22
93
23.25
Trichoderma 40g
18
25
27
30
100
25
Vermi Compost
14
13
14
26
67
16.75
Chicken Manure
23
10
22
22
83
20.25
TOTAL


ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE TABLE



Degrees of
Sum of
Mean
F

Comp. F
Source
Freedom
Squares
Square
Value
0.5 0.1
Replication 3
218.458
72.819
4.7951
Factor A
5
327.708
65.542
4.3159*
2.90 4.56
Error
15
227.792
15.186

Total
23
773.958










CV: 19.05%
* Significant
**Highly significant
ns Not significant














Effect Of Soil Amendments Against Cercospora Leaf Spot (Cercospora Fragariae) And Crown
Rot (Fusarium Oxysporum F.Sp. Fragariae) Of Strawberry (Fragaria X Ananassa Dutch)
/ Paleng, Lyneth M.2011

Appendix table 29. Eight number of ripe berries

BLOCK
TREATMENT

I
II
III
IV

TOTAL
MEAN
Control
7
10
14
5
36
11.5
Farmer’s Practice
4
4
11
10
29
7.25
Trichoderma 30g
8
15
16
3
42
10.5
Trichoderma 40g
5
9
14
5
33
8.25
Vermi Compost
12
5
7
14
38
9.5
Chicken Manure
8
9
17
3
37
9.25
TOTAL

ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE TABLE



Degrees of
Sum of
Mean
F

Comp. F
Source
Freedom
Squares
Square
Value
0.5 0.1
Replication 3
154.125
51.375
3.0088
Factor A
5
24.708
4.942
0.2894
2.90 4.56
Error
15
256.125
17.075
TOTAL
23
434.958










CV: 46.13%
* Significant
**Highly significant
ns Not significant















Effect Of Soil Amendments Against Cercospora Leaf Spot (Cercospora Fragariae) And Crown
Rot (Fusarium Oxysporum F.Sp. Fragariae) Of Strawberry (Fragaria X Ananassa Dutch)
/ Paleng, Lyneth M.2011

Appendix table 30. Total number of ripe berries

BLOCK
TREATMENT

I
II
III
IV

TOTAL
MEAN
Control
50
81
83
100
314
78.5
Farmer’s Practice
70
75
125
79
419
104.75
Trichoderma 30g
73
97
119 130
419
104.75
Trichoderma 40g
83
92
117 131
423
105.75
Vermi Compost
51
45
113 153
362
90.5
Chicken Manure
95
108
140 162
505
126.25
TOTAL





























Effect Of Soil Amendments Against Cercospora Leaf Spot (Cercospora Fragariae) And Crown
Rot (Fusarium Oxysporum F.Sp. Fragariae) Of Strawberry (Fragaria X Ananassa Dutch)
/ Paleng, Lyneth M.2011

Appendix table 31. First weight of ripe berries per grams

BLOCK
TREATMENT

I
II
III
IV

TOTAL
MEAN
Control
0
38
11
76
125
31.25
Farmer’s Practice
8
16
41
0
65
16.25
Trichoderma 30g
21
38
26
125
210
57.5
Trichoderma 40g
35
128
32
84
279
69.75
Vermi Compost
0
0
0
76
76
19
Chicken Manure
22
123
44
156
325
81.25
TOTAL

ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE TABLE



Degrees of
Sum of

Mean
F
Comp. F

Source
Freedom
Squares

Square
Value 0.5 0.1
Replication 3
18793.500
6264.500
6.0091
Factor A
5
16158.833
3231.767
3.1000*
2.90 4.56
Error
15
15637.500 1042.500










CV: 70.83%
* Significant
**Highly significant
ns Not significant

















Effect Of Soil Amendments Against Cercospora Leaf Spot (Cercospora Fragariae) And Crown
Rot (Fusarium Oxysporum F.Sp. Fragariae) Of Strawberry (Fragaria X Ananassa Dutch)
/ Paleng, Lyneth M.2011

Appendix table 32. Second weight of ripe berries per grams

BLOCK
TREATMENT

I
II
III
IV

TOTAL
MEAN
Control
47.26 40.92 27.99 92.11
208.28
52.07
Farmer’s Practice
46.91 49.55 106.32 22.29
225.07
56.27
Trichoderma 30g
24.28 16.9
17.51 120.73
179.42
44.85
Trichoderma 40g
53.77 29.29
53.7 115.23
251.99
63
Vermi Compost
7.63
0
59.46 89.82
156.91
39.23
Chicken Manure
45.81 95.65 99.96 201.11
442.53
110.63
TOTAL

ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE TABLE



Degrees of
Sum of
Mean
F

Comp. F
Source
Freedom
Squares
Square
Value
0.5 0.1
Replication 3
18436.872
6145.624
5.2512
Factor A
5
13277.492
2655.498
2.2690ns 2.90 4.56
Error
15
17554.759
1170.317
TOTAL 23
50589.833











CV: 55.69%
* Significant
**Highly significant
ns Not significant















Effect Of Soil Amendments Against Cercospora Leaf Spot (Cercospora Fragariae) And Crown
Rot (Fusarium Oxysporum F.Sp. Fragariae) Of Strawberry (Fragaria X Ananassa Dutch)
/ Paleng, Lyneth M.2011

Appendix table 33. Third weight of ripe berries per grams

BLOCK
TREATMENT

I
II
III
IV

TOTAL
MEAN
Control
14.96 53.46 90.56 80.30
239.28
59.82
Farmer’s Practice
52.81 43.58 125.14 70.38
291.91
72.98
Trichoderma 30g
35.92 87.98 51.47 104.76
280.13
70.03
Trichoderma 40g
47.15 72.57 94.29 115.78
329.79
82.45
Vermi Compost
39.63 45.58 123.43 189.27
397.91
94.48
Chicken Manure
90.17 75.18 110.34 140.41
416.1
104.02
TOTAL

ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE TABLE



Degrees of
Sum of
Mean
F

Comp. F
Source
Freedom
Squares
Square
Value
0.5 0.1
Replication 3

18436.872
6145.624
5.2512
Factor A
5

13277.492
2655.498
2.2690ns
2.90 4.56
Error
15

17554.759
1170.317
TOTAL
23

49269.124










CV: 55.69%
* Significant
**Highly significant
ns Not significant















Effect Of Soil Amendments Against Cercospora Leaf Spot (Cercospora Fragariae) And Crown
Rot (Fusarium Oxysporum F.Sp. Fragariae) Of Strawberry (Fragaria X Ananassa Dutch)
/ Paleng, Lyneth M.2011

Appendix table 34. Fourth weight of ripe berries per grams

BLOCK
TREATMENT

I
II
III
IV

TOTAL
MEAN
Control
25
65.2
91.8 106.50
288.5
72.13
Farmer’s Practice
51
72.6 143.6 68.80
336
84
Trichoderma 30g
46.6 80.12 103.7 154
384.42
96.10
Trichoderma 40g
102.5 101.8 107.6 107
418.9
104.72
Vermi Compost
14.10 96.9 109.3 134.04
354.34
84.58
Chicken Manure
72.6
97.8 153.1 142.03
465.53
116.38
TOTAL

ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE TABLE



Degrees of
Sum of
Mean
F

Comp. F
Source
Freedom
Squares
Square
Value
0.5 0.1
Replication 3
18185.570
6061.857
9.9078
Factor A
5
4910.206
982.041
1.6051ns
2.90 4.56
Error
15
9177.394
611.826


TOTAL 23
32273.170










CV: 26.41%
* Significant
**Highly significant
ns Not significant















Effect Of Soil Amendments Against Cercospora Leaf Spot (Cercospora Fragariae) And Crown
Rot (Fusarium Oxysporum F.Sp. Fragariae) Of Strawberry (Fragaria X Ananassa Dutch)
/ Paleng, Lyneth M.2011

Appendix table 35. Fifth weight of ripe berries per grams

BLOCK
TREATMENT

I
II
III
IV

TOTAL
MEAN
Control
10.25 72.10 87.53 91.32
261.20
65.30
Farmer’s Practice
15.37 73.15 127.25 103.43
319.2
79.80
Trichoderma 30g
13.43 75.12 115.37 192.37
396.29
99.07
Trichoderma 40g
145.20 143.20 149.16 80.27
517.83
129.46
Vermi Compost
27.15 106.10 136.12 172.81
442.18
110.54
Chicken Manure
68.50 79.70 170.78 173.16
492.14
123.03
TOTAL

ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE TABLE



Degrees of
Sum of
Mean
F

Comp. F
Source
Freedom
Squares
Square
Value
0.5 0.1
Replication 3
30836.021
10278.674
7.1085
Factor A
5
12455.515
2491.103
1.7228 ns
2.90 4.56
Error
15
21689.519
1445.968


TOTAL 23
64981.054










CV: 37.12%
* Significant
**Highly significant
ns Not significant















Effect Of Soil Amendments Against Cercospora Leaf Spot (Cercospora Fragariae) And Crown
Rot (Fusarium Oxysporum F.Sp. Fragariae) Of Strawberry (Fragaria X Ananassa Dutch)
/ Paleng, Lyneth M.2011

Appendix table 36. Sixth weight of ripe berries per grams

BLOCK
TREATMENT

I
II
III
IV

TOTAL
MEAN
Control
39
100
162
161
462
115.5
Farmer’s Practice
90
175
234
166
665
166.25
Trichoderma 30g
193.05 204
258
219
874.05
218.51
Trichoderma 40g
127
217
318
240
902
225.5
Vermi Compost
115
97
111
221
544
136
Chicken Manure
147
165
164
236
739
184.75
TOTAL

ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE TABLE



Degrees of
Sum of
Mean
F

Comp. F
Source
Freedom
Squares
Square
Value 0.5 0.1
Replication 3
33164.979
11054.993
7.1779
Factor A
5
38291.730
7658.346
4.9725** 2.90 4.56
Error
15
23102.223
1540.148
TOTAL
23
94558.932










CV: 22.65%
* Significant
**Highly significant
ns Not significant















Effect Of Soil Amendments Against Cercospora Leaf Spot (Cercospora Fragariae) And Crown
Rot (Fusarium Oxysporum F.Sp. Fragariae) Of Strawberry (Fragaria X Ananassa Dutch)
/ Paleng, Lyneth M.2011

Appendix table 37. Seventh weight of ripe berries per grams

BLOCK
TREATMENT

I
II
III
IV

TOTAL
MEAN
Control
60
40
70
30
200
50
Farmer’s Practice
30
30
80
30
170
42.5
Trichoderma 30g
50
100
120
70
340
85
Trichoderma 40g
40
70
60
110
280
70
Vermi Compost
80
50
140
20
390
97.5
Chicken Manure
60
80
110
40
290
72.5
TOTAL


ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE TABLE




Degrees of
Sum of
Mean
F

Comp. F

Source
Freedom
Squares
Square
Value 0.5 0.1
Replication 3
8333.333
2777.778
3.8168
Factor A
5
5550.000
1110.000
1.5252ns
2.90 4.56
Error
15
10916.667
727.778
TOTAL
23
24800.000










CV: 41.40%
* Significant
**Highly significant
ns Not significant













Effect Of Soil Amendments Against Cercospora Leaf Spot (Cercospora Fragariae) And Crown
Rot (Fusarium Oxysporum F.Sp. Fragariae) Of Strawberry (Fragaria X Ananassa Dutch)
/ Paleng, Lyneth M.2011

Appendix table 38. Total weight of ripe berries tons per hectare

BLOCK
TREATMENT

I
II
III
IV

TOTAL
MEAN
Control
300
620
670
780
2370
50
Farmer’s Practice
480
630
1030
610
2750
42.5
Trichoderma 30g
510
830
870
1200
3410
85
Trichoderma 40g
690
900
990
1050
3630
70
Vermi Compost
330
460
920
1210
2920
97.5
Chicken Manure
700
870
1100 1390
4060
72.5
TOTAL

3010 4310 5580 6240
19140
4785


ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE TABLE




Degrees of
Sum of
Mean
F

Comp. F

Source
Freedom
Squares
Square
Value 0.5 0.1
Replication 3
1020883.33 340294


Factor A
5
484450.00
96890.00
4.07ns 2.90 4.56
Error
15
357116.67
23807.78
TOTAL
23
1862450.00










CV: 41.40%













Effect Of Soil Amendments Against Cercospora Leaf Spot (Cercospora Fragariae) And Crown
Rot (Fusarium Oxysporum F.Sp. Fragariae) Of Strawberry (Fragaria X Ananassa Dutch)
/ Paleng, Lyneth M.2011


Appendix Figure 5. Representatives of strawberry roots from the different treatments.


T0- Without any amendment
T1- 10kg chicken manure+1.2kg triple
14/ 1x10m2 plot




T2- 1.8kg Trichoderma/1x10m2 plot
T3- 2.4kg Trichoderma/1x10m2 plot




T4- 10kg Vermi compost/1x10m2 plot
T5- 10kg Chicken manure/1x10m2 plot

Effect Of Soil Amendments Against Cercospora Leaf Spot (Cercospora Fragariae) And Crown
Rot (Fusarium Oxysporum F.Sp. Fragariae) Of Strawberry (Fragaria X Ananassa Dutch)
/ Paleng, Lyneth M.2011

Appendix Figure 6. Strawberry sample plants with and without crown rot infection (T0,
T1, and T5) (T2, T3 and T4)



T0- Without any amendment
T1- 10kg chicken manure+1.2kg triple
14/ 1x10m2 plot




T2- 1.8kg Trichoderma/1x10m2 plot
T3- 2.4kg Trichoderma/1x10m2 plot




T4- 10kg Vermi compost/1x10m2 plot
T5- 10kg Chicken manure/1x10m2 plot



Effect Of Soil Amendments Against Cercospora Leaf Spot (Cercospora Fragariae) And Crown
Rot (Fusarium Oxysporum F.Sp. Fragariae) Of Strawberry (Fragaria X Ananassa Dutch)
/ Paleng, Lyneth M.2011

Document Outline

  • Effect of Soil Amendments Against CercosporaLeaf Spot (Cercospora fragariae) and Crown Rot (Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. fragariae) ofStrawberry (Fragaria x ananassa Dutch)
    • BIBLIOGRAPHY
    • ABSTRACT
    • INTRODUCTION
    • REVIEW OF LITERATURE
    • MATERIALS AND METHODS
    • RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
    • SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
    • LITERATURE CITED
    • APPENDICES