BIBLIOGRAPHY PANGANIBAN, MERIAM B. ...
BIBLIOGRAPHY
PANGANIBAN, MERIAM B. APRIL 2013. Effect of Postharvest Practices on
Postharvest Disease Development of Bell Pepper Grown Under Protected Cultivation at
Kapangan and Sablan,Benguet. Benguet State University, La Trinidad, Benguet.
Adviser: Aurora F. Piňon, Ph.D.
ABSTRACT
The study was conducted at the farms of Kapangan and Sablan, Benguet, and at La
Trinidad Trading Post and Baguio City market to document the postharvest handling
practices on bell pepper grown under protected cultivation and to identify the common
postharvest diseases of bell pepper.
Results of the study revealed that majority of the farmers of Kapangan and Sablan,
Benguet harvest their bell pepper at matured green stage. Likewise, majority harvest their
crop in the morning and mostly with bare hands.
Majority transport their harvest through public utility jeepneys and buses while in
Sablan, few have access to refrigerated van. Mostly, farmers sell their produce in Baguio
city market than in La Trinidad trading post.
Some traders use electric fan and newspaper to dry the pepper fruit. Some also use
gin to preserve and wax their produce. The postharvest diseases in descending order of
infection were soft rot (
Pectobacterium carotovorum), dry rot (
Botrytis cinerea),
anthracnose (
Colletotrichum capsici) and bacterial spot (
Xanthomonasvesicatoria).
Effect of Postharvest Practices on Postharvest Disease Development of Bell Pepper Grown
Under Protected Cultivation at Kapangan and Sablan,Benguet |
PANGANIBAN, MERIAM B. APRIL 2013
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Varieties of Bell Pepper PlantedinKapangan and Sablan, Benguet
Based on survey results, California wonder is the only variety of bell pepper grown in
Kapanganbecause of its high yielding capacity. This coincides with the report of
Domoguen (2012) that California is quiet productive. Most of the farmers in Sablan planted
the following varieties; red chili like Dongshin (14.52%), Pongok (16.13%), Chinese
(22.58%) and Tulis (12.90%). Two farmers planted Gospel (3.23%), Pasarella (3.23%),
Norven(3.23%), Inspiration (3.23%), and Chang (3.23%), which are imported varieties
while five farmers planted California (8.06%) and two farmers, planted Celica
(3.23%)(Table 1).
Table1. Varieties of bell pepper planted in Kapangan and Sablan, Benguet.
KAPANGAN
SABLAN
Frequency
Percentage
Frequency
Percentage
Varieties
Varieties
California
19
100
California
5
8.06
Tulis
8
12.90
Dongshin
9
14.52
Ponggok
10
16.13
Chinese
14
22.58
Compass
2
3.23
Sondella
2
3.23
Inspiration
2
3.23
Gospel
2
3.23
Pasarella
2
3.23
Norven
2
3.23
Chang
2
3.23
Celica
2
3.23
Total
19
100%
Total
62
100%
Effect of Postharvest Practices on Postharvest Disease Development of Bell Pepper Grown
Under Protected Cultivation at Kapangan and Sablan,Benguet |
PANGANIBAN, MERIAM B. APRIL 2013
Harvesting Practices
California, also called green pepper, were harvested matured green wherein the whole
pepper fruit remained green in color until maturity. Other varieties planted in Sablan like
Dongshin, Pongok, and Tulis were considered as Red Chili and harvested whole red or the
whole pepper fruit are dark red in color. In some cases, especially for the last harvest of
old plant, farmers harvest the fruits as mixed red and green. In Kapangan and Sablan, most
farmers harvest their produce in the morning (89.47% and 80.77% respectively).
Harvesting is done at this time because of the size of their farm, its distance
to the nearest road, to avoid higher respiration rate, to finish their work early and to take
advantage of available transportation to market. However, 19.23% of farmers interviewed
in Sablansaid that they harvest their produce in the afternoon because their farms are
located near the road; they transport their products using refrigerated van because they
deliver directly to food corporations. In Kapangan, 10.53% of farmers harvest their bell
pepper also in the afternoon because of the distance of their farm to the nearest road, and
availability of harvesters.
Majority of the Sablan andKapanganfarmer respondents harvest their producewithout
using harvesting tools or equipment at 73.08% and 94.74% respectively.However, 7.69%
of the interviewed Sablan farmers use kniveswhile Kapangan farmers do not any harvesting
tool because their pepper was easily separated from the motherplant. The remaining 5.26%
ofKapangan farmers and 7.69% Sablan farmers use knives to harvest their produce (Table
2).
Effect of Postharvest Practices on Postharvest Disease Development of Bell Pepper Grown
Under Protected Cultivation at Kapangan and Sablan,Benguet |
PANGANIBAN, MERIAM B. APRIL 2013
Table 2. Harvesting practices of farmer respondents
KAPANGAN
SABLAN
Harvesting practices
Frequency Percentage
Frequency Percentage
A. Stage at harvest
Matured green
15
78.95
11
42.31
Half red
1
5.26
3
11.54
Whole red
1
5.26
10
38.46
Mix
2
10.53
2
7.67
Total
19
100%
26
100%
B. Time of harvest
Morning
17
89.47
21
80.77
Afternoon
2
10.53
5
19.23
Total
19
100%
26
100%
C. Harvesting material
Scissor
0
0.00
5
19.23
Knife
1
5.26
2
7.69
Bare hands
18
94.74
19
73.08
Total
19
100%
26
100%
Postharvest Practices of Farmer Respondents
Thirteen Kapangan farmers do not practice (68.42%) sorting of their harvested produce;
three sorts it according to sizes (15.79%), one sorted it according to color (5.26%) and the
remaining two farmers sorted it according to both size and color (10.53%). Farmers
package their produce using baskets (78.95%), plastic bag (5.26) and sacks (15.79%). The
baskets were lined with cartoons (5.26%), banana leaves (31.58%), sacks (42.11%), and
newspapers (5.26%) which serve as protective materials against mechanical injuries while
15.79% did not use any protective material.
Effect of Postharvest Practices on Postharvest Disease Development of Bell Pepper Grown
Under Protected Cultivation at Kapangan and Sablan,Benguet |
PANGANIBAN, MERIAM B. APRIL 2013
In Sablan, twenty farmers practice sorting on their harvested produce according to color
(76.92%) because most farmers planted both the green and red chili; three sorts it according
to sizes (3.85%), eleven farmers sorted it according to both sizes and color (11.54%) and
the remaining seven farmers do not practice sorting (7.69%).
Most Sablan farmers package their produce using baskets (76.92%), plastic bag (3.85),
sacks (3.85%) and crates (15.38%). The baskets were line with cartoons (7.69%),
Table 3.Postharvest practices of farmer respondents
KAPANGAN
SABLAN
Farmers Practices
Frequency Percentage Frequency Percentage
A. Sorting
Size
3
15.79
3
3.85
Color
1
5.26
20
76.92
Both size and color
2
10.53
11
11.54
Do not practice
13
68.42
7
7.69
Total
19
100%
26
100%
B. Packaging
Plastic bag
1
5.26
1
3.85
Basket
15
78.95
20
76.92
Sacks
3
15.79
1
3.85
Crates
0
0.00
4
15.38
Total
19
100%
26
100%
C. Protection practices
Cartoons
1
5.26
2
7.69
Banana leaves
6
31.58
2
7.69
Sacks
8
42.11
18
69.23
Newspapers
1
5.26
3
11.54
None
3
15.79
1
3.85
Total
19
100%
26
100%
Effect of Postharvest Practices on Postharvest Disease Development of Bell Pepper Grown
Under Protected Cultivation at Kapangan and Sablan,Benguet |
PANGANIBAN, MERIAM B. APRIL 2013
banana leaves (7.69%), sacks (69.23%), and newspapers (11.54%) which serves as
protection materials and some do not use any protection materials (3.85%) (Table 3).
Frequency and Percentage of Occurrence of Field Diseases
Some of the diseases observed affecting the bell pepper production in protected cultivation
at Kapangan and Sablan, Benguet were caused by both biotic and abiotic factors.Among
these diseases were “Tupak” a word coined by the farmers to describe a disease known as
soft rot which is caused by
Pectobacteriumcarotovorum (18.29%),wilt (15.85%), blight
(10%) leaf spot (9.76%) , bacterial spot (9.76%) and pepper mild mottle virus (6.10%)
were also the top 6 diseases in Kapangan. Physiological diseases were sunscald (9.76%)
and deformed fruits.
In Sablan, deformed fruits (21.38%), blossom end rot(3.45%) and sunscald (6.90%)
were the physiological diseases reported. Wilt (17.24%), blight (14.94%), bacterial spot
(12.64%), “buot” a term to the moldy growth of the fungal pathogen or rot caused by
Botrytis cinerea (11.34%), black rot (8.05%), powdery mildew (3.45%) and anthracnose
(1.15%) were the seven diseases caused by biotic agents (Table 4).
Mode of Transport and Marketing
The owner type jeepney is used in transporting the bell pepper produced in Kapangan
(5.26%) and Sablan (7.69%). Most of Kapangan (94.74%) and Sablan (84.62%) farmers
transport their produce using jeepneys or buses because it is less expensive compared to
refrigerated van.When hired vehicles were used, mixed loading was done to maximize the
space.In this case, arrangement was based on weight with the heavier commodity at the
bottom. Sometimes handlers load the vegetable in the aisle
Effect of Postharvest Practices on Postharvest Disease Development of Bell Pepper Grown
Under Protected Cultivation at Kapangan and Sablan,Benguet |
PANGANIBAN, MERIAM B. APRIL 2013
Table 5.Frequency and percentage of occurrence of field diseases
KAPANGAN
SABLAN
Frequency Percentage
Frequency Percentage
Diseases
Diseases
A. Bioticdiseases
A. Biotic diseases
1.Fungal diseases
1.Fungal diseases
Root diseases
Root diseases
Wilt
13
15.85
Wilt
15
17.24
Leaf diseases
Leaf diseases
Blight
10
12.20
Blight
13
14.94
Leaf spot
8
9.76
Powdery mildew
3
3.45
Powdery mildew
1
1.22
Fruit diseases
Black rot
7
8.05
Fruit rot
9
10.34
Anthracnose
1
1.15
2. Bacterial diseases
2. Bacterial diseases
Leaf disease
Leaf disease
Bacterial spot
8
9.76
Bacterial spot
11
12.64
Fruit disease
Soft rot
15
18.29
3. Virus disease
“galigel”/PMMoV
5
6.10
B. Abiotic agents
B. Abiotic agents
Fruit diseases
Fruit diseases
Sunscald
8
9.76
Sunscald
6
6.90
Deformed fruits
14
17.07
Deformed fruits
19
21.84
Blossom end rot
3
3.45
Total
82
100%
Total
87
100%
where passengers tend to lie, sit or put their baggage on top of vegetables packed in sacks
and baskets which is not a good practice because the produce will incur injuries like
Effect of Postharvest Practices on Postharvest Disease Development of Bell Pepper Grown
Under Protected Cultivation at Kapangan and Sablan,Benguet |
PANGANIBAN, MERIAM B. APRIL 2013
Table 4. Mode of transport and marketing
KAPANGAN
SABLAN
Harvesting practices
Frequency Percentage
Frequency
Percentage
A. Modeof Transport
Public Utility Jeepney/bus
18
94.74
22
84.62
Owner
1
5.26
2
7.69
Refrigerated van
0
0.00
2
7.69
Total
19
100%
26
100%
B. Marketing
La Trinidad Trading Post
2
10.53
4
15.38
Baguio City Market
17
89.47
19
73.08
Direct
0
0.00
3
11.54
Total
19
100%
26
100%
bruises and abrasions that serves an entry point for pathogens. In Sablan, two farmers
userefrigerated van (7.69%) and market their product directly to the consumer and food
processing company in Baguio and the nearby provinces. Most of the produce of Kapangan
and Sablan farmers is marketed by middlemen (Table 5).
Postharvest Practices of Trader Respondents
Survey conducted among traders revealed that La Trinidad traders segregate pepper
according to both size and color (60%) while the remaining percentage sorts it according
to size only (30%) and color only (10%). They package the produce in plastic or
polyethylene bag (70%) and cartoons (30%). Baguio traders segregate pepper
fruitaccording to both size and color (78.57%), size only (14.29%) and color only (7.14%).
Traders dethornbell pepper fruits using knives and their bare hands. Traders use knives to
remove the infected part of the fruit and sell it at lesser price. Others wash bell
Effect of Postharvest Practices on Postharvest Disease Development of Bell Pepper Grown
Under Protected Cultivation at Kapangan and Sablan,Benguet |
PANGANIBAN, MERIAM B. APRIL 2013
Table 6.Postharvest practices of traders respondents
Practices Frequency Percentage
A. Sorting
Size 4 16.00
Color 1 6.25
Both Size and color 11 68.75
Total 16 100%
B. Packaging
Plastic bag 13 81.25
Cartoon 3
6.00
Total 26 100%
C. Other practices
Dethorning
Wiping
Using of electric fan,newspaper and gloves for drying
Washing and removing of the affected pepper fruit and selling it to lesser price
Applying local alcohol drink (ginebra san miguel) to preserve and wax the product
pepper fruits with water. In the case where pepper fruits are wet, traders use electric fan
and newspaper to remove excess moisture on the fruits surface.
Other traders also apply the local alcohol drink (ginebra san miguel) to preserve and wax
the surface of pepper fruits, (Table 6).
Postharvest Diseases
Highest percentage disease was due to bacterial soft rot caused by
Pectobacterium
carotovorum (39.58%) and the other bacterial disease was bacterial spot (4.17%) caused
by
Xanthomonasvesicatoria.Dry rot caused by
Fusariumsp. (14.58%) and anthracnose
caused by
Colletotrichumcapsici. (10.42%) were also the two fungal diseases reported by
Effect of Postharvest Practices on Postharvest Disease Development of Bell Pepper Grown
Under Protected Cultivation at Kapangan and Sablan,Benguet |
PANGANIBAN, MERIAM B. APRIL 2013
Table 7. Postharvest diseases
DiseasesFrequency Percentage
A. Biotic agents
Bacterial disease
Soft rot
19
39.58
Scab
2
4.17
Fungal diseases
Anthracnose
5
10.42
Dry rot
7
14.58
B. Abiotic agents
Mechanical damages
14
29.17
Sunscald
1
2.08
Total
48
100%
the traders. Mechanical damages (29.17%) include abrasions and bruises, cracks, splits and
punctures during transport contributed to the disease development especially soft rot and
other disease like fusarium rot and anthracnose. Physiological disorder like sunscald
(2.08%) caused by intense exposure of the harvested pepper fruit to sunlight, likewise
observed (Table 7).
Diseases Caused by Fungi:
Many Fungal diseases affecting bell pepper fruits were reported in the Philippines
(Domoguen, 2012). Fruit rot was the prevalent disease in the field and in the market
especially during wet season and depending on the causal pathogen. Among the fruit rot
diseases reported are:
Effect of Postharvest Practices on Postharvest Disease Development of Bell Pepper Grown
Under Protected Cultivation at Kapangan and Sablan,Benguet |
PANGANIBAN, MERIAM B. APRIL 2013
1. Dry rot of pepper- caused by
Fusarium spp.
Symptoms: Appearance of soft, dark brown or black lesions on the fruits or wound sites.
Black water-soaked lesions may also develop around the calyx, eventually spreading down
the sides of the fruit. Under conditions of high humidity the fungal mycelium is quite
apparent on the lesions (Figure 1a).
Morphological characteristics: conidia are slightly curved sickle shaped in appearance,
hyaline and with 4-5 septations(Figure 2b).
2. Dry rot of pepper caused by
Botrytis cinerea
Symptoms: Fruit symptoms begin as water-soaked spots that rapidly expand into
large yellowish-green or grayish-brown, irregular lesions that are soft and spongy in
texture. Velvet-like fungus mycelium and spores are produced on the lesion under cool,
humid conditions (Figure 2a).
Morphological characteristics: gray long mycelium and long branched conidiophores
bearing clusters of hyaline oblong conidia (Figure 2b).
3. Anthracnose caused by
Colletotrichumcapsici
Symptoms: Fruit has water-soaked lesions that are soft, slightly sunken, and become tan.
The lesions cover most of the fruit surface and multiple lesions occur after 3 days (Figure
a).
Morphological characteristics: conidia are hyaline, curved and fusiform
(Figure 3b).
4.Phythophtora rot
Symptom: Infected fruit appears as moist, cream-colored oppressed growth. The
decay develops (Figure 4a).
Effect of Postharvest Practices on Postharvest Disease Development of Bell Pepper Grown
Under Protected Cultivation at Kapangan and Sablan,Benguet |
PANGANIBAN, MERIAM B. APRIL 2013
b.1
b.2
Figure 1. Fruit rot on pepper (a) and macroconidia (b.1) and microconidia (b.2)
of
Fusariumsp(400x)
a.
b.
Figure 2. Dry rot of pepper (a) photomicrograph structure of
Botrytiscinerea (4
00x)
Effect of Postharvest Practices on Postharvest Disease Development of Bell Pepper Grown
Under Protected Cultivation at Kapangan and Sablan,Benguet |
PANGANIBAN, MERIAM B. APRIL 2013
a.
b.
Figure 3. Anthracnose on pepper fruit (a) and conidia of
Colletotrichum(b) (400x)
a.
b.
Figure 4. Symptom of
Phythophtora (a) and, micrograph structure of
Phythophtorasp (b) (400x)
Effect of Postharvest Practices on Postharvest Disease Development of Bell Pepper Grown
Under Protected Cultivation at Kapangan and Sablan,Benguet |
PANGANIBAN, MERIAM B. APRIL 2013
a.
b.
c
.
Figure 5. Symptom of bacterialspot (a) and 2-days old culture of
Xanthomonasvesicatoria (b)
, and gram negativestained
Xanthomonas cells(c)
a.
b.
c
.
Figure 6. Fruit rotsymptom (a), 5 days old pure culture of
Bacillus sp(b)and stained gram
positive
Bacillus cells (c)
Effect of Postharvest Practices on Postharvest Disease Development of Bell Pepper Grown
Under Protected Cultivation at Kapangan and Sablan,Benguet |
PANGANIBAN, MERIAM B. APRIL 2013
Morphological characteristics: lemon- shaped sporangia with long pedicels. Upper row,
umbellate (Figure 4b).
Diseases Caused by Bacteria:
5. Fruit rot-
Xanthomonascampestrispv
vesicatoria
Symptoms: fruits have raised brown spots that are wart-like in appearance
(Figure 5a).
Cultural characteristics:colonies are large, smooth-domed, mucoid-fluidal and yellow
with entire edges (Plate 5b). Stained bacterial cells appear as rod shaped and gram negative,
stained pink (c).
6. Fruit rot-
Pectobacteriumcarotovorum
Symptoms: water-soaked lesion. The affected area was soft and mushy. The surface
was discolored and depressed. Tissues were colored cream and slimy. Outer surface
remained intact and the entire contents have changed to a turbid liquid (Plate 6a).
Morphological characteristics:gray-white, glossy, convex, translucent, and round colonies
(Figure 6b).Stained bacterial cells appear as rod shape and gram negative and stained pink
(c).
7. Fruit rot by
Bacillus sp.
Symptoms: Water-soaked lesion that usually at the side of the fruit. The surface
were discolored and depressed. Affected fruits were cream colored and slimy. Outer
surface remained intact although contents were liquefied.
Cultural characteristics: Cream colored, circular with undulate margins (b).
Stained bacterial cells were blue in color and gram positive (c).
Effect of Postharvest Practices on Postharvest Disease Development of Bell Pepper Grown
Under Protected Cultivation at Kapangan and Sablan,Benguet |
PANGANIBAN, MERIAM B. APRIL 2013
Physiological disorder
8. Sunscald caused by too much exposure to sunlight
Symptoms: Fruit affected is discolored or light colored, water-soaked in
appearance, soft and slightly wrinkled, blistering and desiccation of the tissues beneath the
skin and areas on the fruit surface are sunken (Figure 8).
a.
b.
c.
Figure 7. Soft rot on pepper fruit (a) and 2 days old pure culture of
Pectobacteriumcarotovorum, and stained gram negative
Pectobacterium cells (c).
Effect of Postharvest Practices on Postharvest Disease Development of Bell Pepper Grown
Under Protected Cultivation at Kapangan and Sablan,Benguet |
PANGANIBAN, MERIAM B. APRIL 2013
Figure 8. Sunscald on pepper fruit Figure 9. Pepper plant affected with Pepper Mild
Mottle Virus (PMMoV)
Effect of Postharvest Practices on Postharvest Disease Development of Bell Pepper Grown
Under Protected Cultivation at Kapangan and Sablan,Benguet |
PANGANIBAN, MERIAM B. APRIL 2013
SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
Summary
The study was conducted to survey and document the postharvest handling
practices on bell pepper grown in protected cultivation in Kapangan and Sablan, Benguet
and at La Trinidad trading post and Baguio city market and to identify the common
postharvest diseases of bell pepper. Personal interview was done using a prepared
questionnaire.
Result of the survey regarding the practices of farmers in Kapangan and Sablan,
and traders in Baguio city market and La Trinidad trading post revealed each farmer and
trader had their own way in controlling postharvest disease and preserving their pepper
produce. Majority harvest their produce in the morning without using any harvesting tools.
Farmers do not practice sorting and they package their produce in baskets lined with sacks
as protective material and transport it using public utility vehicles and buses.
Traders practice drying of produce using electric fan to remove excess moisture and
apply local alcohol drink (Ginebra san Miguel) to wax and preserve it. Some of the diseases
isolated were fruit rots caused by
Xanthomonas vesicatoria, Pectobacterium carotovorum,
Botrytis sp, Fusarium sp, Colletotrichum spp. and
Bacillus sp.
Conclusions
The practices of farmers and traders affect the development of postharvest diseases.
If not properly handled, harvested produce will be injured during harvesting, sorting,
packing and transporting (during loading and unloading). The injuries incurred will serve
Effect of Postharvest Practices on Postharvest Disease Development of Bell Pepper Grown
Under Protected Cultivation at Kapangan and Sablan,Benguet |
PANGANIBAN, MERIAM B. APRIL 2013
as entry points for pathogens and thus disease will develop that will affect greatly the
quality and quantity of pepper fruits.
Recommendations
It is recommended that farmers should practice cleanliness and proper handling
procedures when harvesting and plastic crates should be used as containers to avoid
mechanical injuries. Plastic crates are reusable and has soft edges that will reduce
mechanical injuries.
Further study should be done to evaluate materials used by farmers and traders to
preserve or prolong shelf life of bell pepper.
Effect of Postharvest Practices on Postharvest Disease Development of Bell Pepper Grown
Under Protected Cultivation at Kapangan and Sablan,Benguet |
PANGANIBAN, MERIAM B. APRIL 2013
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Effect of Postharvest Practices on Postharvest Disease Development of Bell Pepper Grown
Under Protected Cultivation at Kapangan and Sablan,Benguet |
PANGANIBAN, MERIAM B. APRIL 2013