BIBLIOGRAPHY KIDAO, MARGINTINA M. APRIL...

BIBLIOGRAPHY

KIDAO, MARGINTINA M. APRIL 2012. Preliminary Study on the Efficacy of
EM (Effective Microorganisms) and Mokusaku against Strawberry Gray mold (Botrytis
cinerea) Benguet State University, La Trinidad, Benguet.
Adviser: Aurora F. Piñon, Ph.D

ABSTRACT
This study was conducted to evaluate the efficacy of EM and Mokusaku against
strawberry Graymold (Botrytis cinerea).
Bioassay test showed inhibition zone in the combination captan and mokusaku;
farmers practice (captan) and mokusaku alone which indicative as effective against
strawberry gray mold. Pot experiment showed that the combination of captan and
mokusaku; farmers practice (captan alone) and mukusaku alone effectively controlled
strawberry gray mold. In addition, vigorous growth and numerous flowers on plants treated
with mokusaku and EM alone was observed. However, no significant difference on the
yield was recorded.

Preliminary Study on the Efficacy of EM (Effective Microorganisms) and Mokusaku against
Strawberry Gray mold (Botrytis cinerea)| KIDAO, MARGINTINA M. APRIL 2012

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Bioassay
Statistically analyzed, treatments were highly significant. Inhibition zone was
shown in fungicidal treatments and mokusaku as shown in Table 1. First trial showed that
T4 (combination of captan and mokusaku) had the highest total mean in four ratings
followed by T1 (captan alone) then by T4 mokusaku alone.
Combination of captan and mokusaku had the widest inhibition zone (Figure 7)
followed by T1( captan alone; Figure 1) then T2(mokusaku alone; Figure 5) while T0 and
T3( EM alone) showed no enhibition zones (Figure 3 na Figure 6).
Table 1. Bioassay
TREATMENTS TRIALS

1
2
3
4
Actual Trans
Actual
Trans
actual
Trans
actual
Trans
formed
Formed
formed
formed
T0-
0c
0.71c
0d
0.71d
0d
0.71b
0b
0.71b
Untreated
T1-
25.80a
5.137a
23.833b 4.89b
20.75b 4.64b
22.87a
4.83a
Captan
T2-
4.583b
2.253b
3.667c
2.04c
3.167c 2.18c
1.417b
1.37b
Mokusaku
Alone
T3-EM
0c
1.563c
0d
0.71d
0d
0.71d
0b
0.71b
alone
T4-
25.167a 5.067a
23.583a 4.91a
22.42a 4.79a
22.067a 4.75a
Captan+
Mokusaku

Preliminary Study on the Efficacy of EM (Effective Microorganisms) and Mokusaku against
Strawberry Gray mold (Botrytis cinerea)| KIDAO, MARGINTINA M. APRIL 2012

Figure 1. Seven day old Botrytis cinerea Figure 2. Conidia of Botryris cinerea (40x)

Figure 3. T0- Untreated Figure 4. T1- Captan
Preliminary Study on the Efficacy of EM (Effective Microorganisms) and Mokusaku against
Strawberry Gray mold (Botrytis cinerea)| KIDAO, MARGINTINA M. APRIL 2012

Figure 5. T2-Mokusaku alone Figure 6. T3- EM alone

Figure 7. T4- Captan+Mokusaku

Percentage of Disease Incidence
Percentage of disease incidence in first rating (5DAS) had no significant differences
among treatments. However, 2nd rating (10DAS) showed that treatments are highly
significant. T1 (captan alone) registered the least disease incidence having a mean of 2.157
followed by T4 (captan + mokusaku) with 2.453 and T2 (mokusaku alone) with 5.043,
respectively (Figure 8). On the 3rd rating (15DAS) and 4th rating (20DAS) treatments were
Preliminary Study on the Efficacy of EM (Effective Microorganisms) and Mokusaku against
Strawberry Gray mold (Botrytis cinerea)| KIDAO, MARGINTINA M. APRIL 2012

still highly significant. However T0 (Untreated) and T4 had the highest mean of disease
incidence from the 1st up to the 4th rating (Figure 9).
Table 2. Percentage of Disease Incidence

TREATMENTS RATING PERIOD

5DAS
10DAS
15DAS
20DAS
Actual Trans
Actual
Trans
actual
Trans
actual
Trans
Formed
Formed
formed
Formed
T0-
51.667 8.163
88.89a
9.43a
60.557a
7.75a
61.113a
7.84a
Untreated
T1- Captan
21.667 4.04
8.33b
2.157b
11.11c
2.41c
3.333c
1.55c
T2-
9.80
2.29
25.093b 5.043b
16.667b
43.60b
30.18b
5.22b
Mokusako
alone
T3-EM
26.70
5.23
30.953b 5.39b
6.667b
21.98b
32.28b
5.78b
alone
T4Captan+
18.70
4.33
11.11b
2.453b
2.563c
1.43c
6.25c
1.94c
Mokusako

Mean with common letters are not significant at 5% level of significance (DMRT).
Degree of Infection
Degree of infection in 1st rating as shown in Table 3 that no significant differences
among treatments. In the 2nd rating (10DAS), it was statistically analyzed to be significant.
The least infected plants are T1 (captan alone) and T4 (captan + mokusaku) with a mean of
1.667 and T2 (Mokusaku alone; Figure 10) while in 3rd rating (15DAS) treatments shown
to be highly significant the same through with 4th rating (20DAS).On the other hand,
untreated plants (T0) remained having the highest mean of infection during the 1st - 4th
rating period (Figure 11).

Preliminary Study on the Efficacy of EM (Effective Microorganisms) and Mokusaku against
Strawberry Gray mold (Botrytis cinerea)| KIDAO, MARGINTINA M. APRIL 2012

Table 3. Degree of Infection
TREATMENTS RATING PERIOD

5DAS
10DAS
15DAS
20DAS
T0-Untreated
4.667
5a
4.667a
4.667a
T1- Captan
2.667
1.667b
1.667b
1.333c
T2- Mokusaku alone
1.667
3b
2.333b
3b
T3- EM alone
3
3.33ab
1.667b
3.333b
T4-Captan+Mokusaku 2.667
1.667b
1.333b
1.333c

Mean with common letters are not significant at 5% level of significance (DMRT).

Figure 8. Uninfected fruit with Botrytis cinerea Figure 9. Infected fruit with
Botrtis cinerea
Preliminary Study on the Efficacy of EM (Effective Microorganisms) and Mokusaku against
Strawberry Gray mold (Botrytis cinerea)| KIDAO, MARGINTINA M. APRIL 2012

t

Figure 10. Two Month old healthy Figure 11.Two month old unhealthy
strawberry strawberry

Marketable Yield
Marketable yield as shown in Table 4, 1st -4th harvest showed no significant
differences among the treatments, however at 1st – 3rd harvest , T2 (mokusaku alone) had
the highest mean of 3.42,3.32 and4.16 while in the 4th harvest, T4 (captan+mokusaku)
registered to have the highest mean of 2.82.
Non-marketable Yield
Non-marketable yield had no significant differences among the treatments as
shown in Table 5 . The treatment having the highest mean of non-marketable on the 1st
harvest is T3 (EM alone) with a mean of 1.77 while on 3rd and 4th harvest, T2 (mokusaku
alone) had the highest mean of 1.53 and 1.94.
Preliminary Study on the Efficacy of EM (Effective Microorganisms) and Mokusaku against
Strawberry Gray mold (Botrytis cinerea)| KIDAO, MARGINTINA M. APRIL 2012

Table 4. Marketable Fruits
TREATMENTS DAYS

15-19
20-24
25-29
1-5
Actual Trans
actual
Trans
actual
Trans
actual
Trans
formed
Formed
formed
formed
T0-Untreated
1.180
1.24
0
0.71
0
0.71
0
0.71
T1- Captan
1.082
1.12
5.95
2.28
2.82
1.17
4.20
1.66
T2-Mokusaku
18.010 3.72
11.191
3.32
17.14
4.16
7.30
2.82
Alone
T3-EM
3.146
1.52
10.417
2.91
13.19
3.11
6.79
2.74
alone
T4-Captan+
3.265
1.12
5.837
2.26
10.93
3.05
8.12
3.53
Mokusaku
Means are not significantly different from each other at 5% level of significance (DMRT)

Table 5. Non marketable fruits
TREATMENTS DAYS

15-19
20-24
25-29
1-5
actual Trans
actual
Trans
Actua Trans
actual
Trans
formed
formed l
formed
Formed
T0-
0
0.71
0.80
1.11
0.94
1.15
0.71
0.99
Untreated
T1-
0.444 0.923
0.77
1.03
0.51
0.95
0.40
0.91
Captan
T2-
2.194 1.360
1.14
0.13
2
1.53
4.69
1.94
Mokusaku
alone
T3-EM
2.848 1.970
3.27
1.77
1
1.10
1.22
1.15
alone
T4-
2.894 1.483
0
0.71
0.21
0.83
1.02
.16
Captan+
Mokusaku

Means with common letters are not significant from each other at 5% level of significance
(DMRT)
Preliminary Study on the Efficacy of EM (Effective Microorganisms) and Mokusaku against
Strawberry Gray mold (Botrytis cinerea)| KIDAO, MARGINTINA M. APRIL 2012

Figure 12 .Marketable berries

Figure 13 .Non-marketable berries

Preliminary Study on the Efficacy of EM (Effective Microorganisms) and Mokusaku against
Strawberry Gray mold (Botrytis cinerea)| KIDAO, MARGINTINA M. APRIL 2012

Marketable and Non-marketable Yield
Effects of the different treatments on marketable ( Figure 12) and non-marketable
berries (figure 13) were not significant. Mokusaku showed slight effect on the control of
strawberry graymold compared to the used systemic fungicide (captan) that showed high
significance on the control of graymold, as it was cited by YOKOMORI,2009. mokusaku
is not agricultural chemicals but it may be used as supplementary material for controlling
some diseases such as graymolds. He also added that mokusaku could be used as foliar
spray to let the plant leaves thicker, stems sturdier, increases plant resistance from pest and
diseases and inducing flowers as well. On the other hand based on the study EM (Effective
microorganisms) is not significant on the control of Strawberry gray mold, however it did
contributes on the growth and development of the plant. Note that EM beneficial impacts
in agriculture is to promote growth, flowering, fruiting and ripening in crop plants. This
explains why treatment mokusaku and EM had the highest marketable and non-marketable
berries.

Preliminary Study on the Efficacy of EM (Effective Microorganisms) and Mokusaku against
Strawberry Gray mold (Botrytis cinerea)| KIDAO, MARGINTINA M. APRIL 2012

SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION

Summary
The study was conducted to evaluate the efficacy of mokusaku and EM against gray
mold of strawberry on both pot and laboratory experiment. Treatments used were Farmers
practice (Captan) mokusaku alone, EM alone and the combination of Captan and
Mokusaku.
Bioassay showed inhibition zone on treatments with fungicides (Captan) and
mokusaku. These treatments are also proven to be effective against gray mold of strawberry
based on pot experiment, however all treated plants showed no significant differences on
their yield.
Conclusion
Systemic fungicides indeed are more effective like captan in controlling diseases
such as gray mold of strawberry as it was observed on the study than non-systemic
treatments on plants like mokusaku that showed slight effect but it also gives another mode
of action on plant growth and development as well as developing soil organic matters to
improve its ability to sustain the nutrients and minerals needed by the plants. EM is not
significant in controlling gray mold of strawberry but it increases the efficacy of organic
matter as fertilizers to promote growth development and flowering.
Recommendation
Follow-up experiment must be conducted to confirm the results obtained from this
study.

Preliminary Study on the Efficacy of EM (Effective Microorganisms) and Mokusaku against
Strawberry Gray mold (Botrytis cinerea)| KIDAO, MARGINTINA M. APRIL 2012

LITERATURE CITED

BALAKI, E. 1992. Crop Protection and Cultural Management Studies on

Strawberry.BSU.A Publication of the Benguet State University through the

Extension Office. P. 1-2
CATAJAN,M. 2010. Mokusaku. www.Sunstarbaguio.com.ph.
DONGDIT, S., FUJISAWA, A., KANDA, S., KYAN, T., OHASHI, H., SHINTANI, M.

1999. Kyusei Nature Farming and the Technology of Effective
Microorganisms.
Japan. International Nature Farming Research
Center, Atami, Japan and Asia
Pacific Natural Agriculture Network,
Bangkok, Thailand.P.12.

HERMANO, F. 1999. Strawberry Production Management and Technology. Elijah

Computer Center. P 33.
WESTCOTT, C. 1960. Plant Diseases Handbook. 2nd Ed. D. Van Nostrand Company Inc.

Princeton, New Jersey, Toronto, London. Pp. 224, 101.
WAKUI, Y. 2009. Organic Farming Technology in Japan. Japan International

cooperation Agency. P 10.
YOKOMORI, M. 2009. Safe and Healthy Vegetables for Philippine Consumers. Japan

International Cooperation Agency. P4.

Preliminary Study on the Efficacy of EM (Effective Microorganisms) and Mokusaku against
Strawberry Gray mold (Botrytis cinerea)| KIDAO, MARGINTINA M. APRIL 2012