BIBLIOGRAPHY

AGATLAO, ANNIE FRANCIS. APRIL 2013. Evaluation of Resistance of Five
Pole Snap Bean Cultivars to Foliar and Root Disease in Balili, La Trinidad, Benguet.
Benguet State University, La Trinidad, Benguet.

Adviser: Julio Sacla Ligat, Ph.D.


ABSTRACT

The study was conducted to evaluate the resistance of snap bean cultivars to foliar
and root diseases at Balili, La Trinidad, Benguet from September to December 2012.
The resistance of five pole snap bean cultivars were evaluated against bean rust
disease caused by Uromyces appendiculatus, Fusarium root rot caused by Fusarium
oxysporum, bean anthracnose caused by Colletorichum lindemuthianum and bean common
mosaic virus.

The cultivar Sadsadan had the lowest incidence and severity of bean rust and bean
anthracnose. Cultivar Alno (Black Valentine) had the lowest incidence and severity of bean
common mosaic virus. Cultivars Taichung and Maroon had the highest incidence and
severity of rust, anthracnose and bean common mosaic virus. The cultivar Taichung had
minimal infection of Fusarium root rot.

Cultivar Maroon had the highest marketable yield while cultivar Taichung had the
lowest.

Evaluation of Resistance of Five Pole Snap Bean Cultivars to Foliar and Root Disease in
Balili, La Trinidad, Benguet | AGATLAO, ANNIE FRANCIS. APRIL 2013

---

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Incidence of Bean Common Mosaic Virus


Cultivar Alno/ Black valentine significantly had the lowest virus incidence which
did not differ with cultivars Burik and Sadsadan (Table 1). The cultivar Maroon had the
highest incidence bean common mosaic virus.The bean cultivars, Alno/Black valentine had
low (Figure 3) while Maroon and Taichung (Figure 2) had the highest virus infection .It
had a high infection of bean common mosaic virus since it was favorable to Temperature (
16.5°c- 19.95°c), Relative humidity ( 84.75%-89%) and Rainfall ( 0.1mm- 9.2mm).The
temperature range is within the appropriate temperature range of bean common mosaic
virus which is 20oc-25oc (Alconero 1974). In bean common mosaic virus (BCMV),
infected leaves are frequently mottled yellow symptoms and infected plants can be stunted
(Figure 4) especially when infection occurs early in the plant development.
Bevoric et al (1996) reported that bean plants are the host for a number of viruses
like common mosaic virus which known to be transmitted by seeds. The incidence of the
virus diseases was confirmed on a considerable number of seeds. Transmission ranges from
20% to 26%.







Evaluation of Resistance of Five Pole Snap Bean Cultivars to Foliar and Root Disease in
Balili, La Trinidad, Benguet | AGATLAO, ANNIE FRANCIS. APRIL 2013

---

Table 1. Incidence of bean common mosaic virus in bean cultivars
TREATMENT
MEAN
REACTION
Taichung
19.35a
Moderate susceptible
Maroon
20.15a
Moderate resistant
Burik
14.45ab
Moderate resistant
Sadsadan
15.90ab
Moderate resistant
Alno/ Black valentine
13.18b
Moderate susceptible
CV
21.40%

Means followed by a common letter are significantly different at 1% level by DMRT.

Severity of bean common mosaic virus in bean cultivars
Reaction of bean cultivars against bean common mosaic virus shows that different
bean cultivars were infected with the virus.It was observe that all cultivar were mild
resistant to bean common mosaic virus. Among the cultivars, severity and reaction of bean
cultivars in Alno/ Black valentine showed the lowest infection rating start at 25 to 60 days
after planting. In addition, infection of the virus in cultivar Alno/ Black valentine was
relative slow.

Table 2. Severity of bean common mosaic virus at different evaluation period


DAYS AFTER PLANTING

Cultivar
25
32
39
46
53
60
AUDPC
Taichung
1.20ab
3.00b
6.12b
15.75b
22.40b
29.4b
651.35
Maroon
1.72a
4.20a
9.17a
16.42a
24.55a
31.6a
740.67
Burik
0.75bc
1.37b
4.60c
8.52d
12.85d
17.4d
295.02
Sadsadan
0.60c
2.87b
5.85b
10.72c
15.77c
21.6c
487.73
Alno
0.22c
1.37c
3.25c
6.15e
9.97e
14.0e
391.62
Means followed by a common letter are significantly different at 1% level by DMRT.
Evaluation of Resistance of Five Pole Snap Bean Cultivars to Foliar and Root Disease in
Balili, La Trinidad, Benguet | AGATLAO, ANNIE FRANCIS. APRIL 2013

---

35
30
n 25
ctio
e
f
in
20
f
o

ge 15
ta
n
e
10
Perc
5
0
25
32
39
46
53
60
Days after planting
Taichung
Maroon
alno
Sadsadan
Burik


Figure 1. Severity of bean common mosaic virus.





























a
b

Figure 2.Infection of bean common mosaic virus in Maroon cultivar (a), Taichung
cultivar (b)




Evaluation of Resistance of Five Pole Snap Bean Cultivars to Foliar and Root Disease in
Balili, La Trinidad, Benguet | AGATLAO, ANNIE FRANCIS. APRIL 2013

---

a
b
c


Figure. 3. Mottle on leaves of bean cultivar, a) Sadsadan cultivar, b) Burik cultivar, c)
Alno/ Black valentine




Figure 4. Stunted symptoms of BCMV in maroon cultivar.


Incidence of Bean Rust
Among the cultivars, Sadsadan had significantly lower incidence of rust infection
compared to the other 4 cultivars at 10.45. The cultivars Taichung and ALno/ Black
valentine had significantly higher incidence of rust, (Table 4). The nature incidence and
severity of symptoms greatly depending on cultivar, time of infection and environmental
Evaluation of Resistance of Five Pole Snap Bean Cultivars to Foliar and Root Disease in
Balili, La Trinidad, Benguet | AGATLAO, ANNIE FRANCIS. APRIL 2013

---

conditions. French bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) is the common natural host, (Ainsworth
1940).

Table 3. Incidence of rust on bean cultivars

TREATMENT
MEAN
REACTION
Taichung
27.45a
Moderate susceptible
Maroon
20.63a
Moderate resistant
Burik
19.00b
Moderate resistant
Sadsadan
10.45c
Moderate resistant
Alno/ Black valentine
25.29a
Moderate susceptible
CV
13.10%

Means followed by a common letter are significantly different at 1% level by DMRT.

Severity of Bean Rust

Reaction of bean cultivars against bean rustshows that different bean cultivars were
infected with the virus. It was observe that cultivar Taichung and Alno/ Black valentine
were moderately susceptible to rust while Maroon, Burik and Sadsadan were moderately
resistant to rust. Among the cultivars, severity and reaction of bean cultivars in Sadsadan
showed the lowest infection rating start at 25 to 60 days after planting. In addition, infection
of the virus in cultivar Sadsadanwas relative slow (Figure 5).

The prevalence of bean rust infection was due favored by the temperature during
the conduct of the study which ranged from 16.50ºC to 19.95ºC. Relative humidity of
86.31% and a rainfall of 3.18mm.


Evaluation of Resistance of Five Pole Snap Bean Cultivars to Foliar and Root Disease in
Balili, La Trinidad, Benguet | AGATLAO, ANNIE FRANCIS. APRIL 2013

---

Table 3. Severity of bean rustinfection at different evaluation period


DAYS AFTER PLANTING

Cultivar
46
53
60
67
74
81
AUDPC
Taichung
4.20a
9.50a
15.70a 23.32a 28.42a
35.52a
765.80
Maroon
2.30b
5.07b
10.30b 16.33b 21.30b
26.32b
524.97
Burik
2.02b
4.57c
8.70c
15.32c 20.72c
25.00c
486.19
Sadsadan
0.50c
1.90e
3.10e
5.25d
10.00e
14.10e
210.00
Alno
1.90b
4.03d
7.93d
15.37c 17.52d
23.10d
443.31
Means followed by a common letter are significantly different at 1% level by DMRT.

40
35
n 30
ctio
e
f 25
in

f
o
20
ge
ta
n 15
e
Perc 10
5
0
25
32
39
46
53
60
Days after planting
Taichung
Maroon
alno
Sadsadan
Burik

Figure 5. Severity of rus on bean cultivars.

Evaluation of Resistance of Five Pole Snap Bean Cultivars to Foliar and Root Disease in
Balili, La Trinidad, Benguet | AGATLAO, ANNIE FRANCIS. APRIL 2013

---

Figure 5. Bean rust on Taichung cultivar (a), maroon cultivar (b).



























a
b
c


Figure 6.Moderately infection of bean rust in Burik cultivar (a), Alno/ black valentine
cultivar (b), low infection of bean rust in Sadsadan cultivar.


Incidence of Bean Anthracnose
Cultivar Sadsadan had significantly the lowest bean incidence of anthracnose
compared to the other cultivars with a mean of 6.25% (Table 3). The cultivar Taichung
had the highest incidence of anthracnose which was not significantly different from the
Evaluation of Resistance of Five Pole Snap Bean Cultivars to Foliar and Root Disease in
Balili, La Trinidad, Benguet | AGATLAO, ANNIE FRANCIS. APRIL 2013

---

mean incidence of anthracnose in the cultivars’ Maroon and Alno/ Black valentine. Some
characteristic that was observed in pods of Sadsadan was thick and fibrous. This can serve
as defense mechanism of the plant to overcome the infection of the disease.

Table 5. Mean incidence of anthracnose on different bean cultivar

TREATMENT
MEAN
REACTION
Taichung
12.45a
Light resistant
Maroon
11.08ab
Light resistant
Burik
9.90b
Moderate resistant
Sadsadan
6.25c
Moderate resistant
Alno/ Black valentine
10.80b
Light resistant
CV
10.80%

Means followed by a common letter are significantly different at 1% level by DMRT.

Severity of Bean Anthracnose on Bean Cultivar
Reaction of bean cultivars against bean anthracnose shows that different bean
cultivars were infected with the disease. It was observe that cultivar Taichung, Maroon and
Alno/ Black valentine were light resistant to anthracnose while Burik and Sadsadan were
moderately resistant to anthracnose. Among the cultivars, severity and reaction of bean
cultivars in Sadsadan showed the lowest infection rating start at 25 to 60 days after planting.
In addition, infection of the anthracnose in cultivar Sadsadan was relative slow (Figure 7).

The prevalence of bean rust infection was due favored by the temperature during
the conduct of the study which ranged from 16.50ºC to 19.95ºC. Relative humidity of
86.31% and a rainfall of 3.18mm.
Evaluation of Resistance of Five Pole Snap Bean Cultivars to Foliar and Root Disease in
Balili, La Trinidad, Benguet | AGATLAO, ANNIE FRANCIS. APRIL 2013

---

The disease severity of the tested cultivars increased with time, with a high increase
at pod formation (i.e., after 8 weeks from trifoliate leaves emergence), which indicates that
the disease increases with plant age, presence of a susceptibility reaction at pod formation
and prevailness of favorable environmental conditions (Rajappan, et al 2001).

Table 4. Mean severity of bean anthracnose on different bean cultivar



DAYS AFTER PLANTING

Cultivar
46
53
60
67
74
81
AUDPC
Taichung
2.40a
6.80a
12.32a 19.70a 28.27a
37.25a
904.65
Maroon
1.97b
4.70a
10.12b 17.07b 23.82b
31.07b
749.60
Burik
1.35d
3.25b
6.60d
11.22d 16.40d
21.90d
512.19
Sadsadan
0.27e
1.50c
3.10e
5.55e
9.90e
14.50e
293.55
Alno
1.80c
4.12b
8.42c
13.82c 19.25c
25.00c
611.84


40
35
n 30
ctio
e
f 25
in

f
o
20
ge
ta
n 15
e
Perc 10
5
0
46
53
60
67
74
81
Days after planting
Taichung
Maroon
alno
Sadsadan
Burik

Figure 7. Severity of anthracnose on bean cultivar
Evaluation of Resistance of Five Pole Snap Bean Cultivars to Foliar and Root Disease in
Balili, La Trinidad, Benguet | AGATLAO, ANNIE FRANCIS. APRIL 2013

---

Aa

b
c


Figure 7.Infection of bean anthracnose on Taichung cultivar (a ), Maroon cultivar (b),
low infection of bean anthracnose in sadsadan cultivar (c).





























a
b

Figure 8. (a) Infection on leaf,(b)conidia (400x)

Incidence of Fusarium Root Rot
on Different Bean Cultivar
Evaluation of Resistance of Five Pole Snap Bean Cultivars to Foliar and Root Disease in
Balili, La Trinidad, Benguet | AGATLAO, ANNIE FRANCIS. APRIL 2013

---

Infection not favorable to the Weather condition during the conduct of the study
was not conducive to fusarium root rot. However, minimal infection in Taichung cultivar
(Table 5).Favorable environmental for fusarium root rot include warm temperature (22-
32°c), high soil moisture and acidic soils (Steadman, 1975).
Table 5. Incidence of fusarium on bean cultivars




TREATMENT
ACTUAL
TRANSFORMED
Taichung
1.80
2.51
Maroon
0.00
0.71
Burik
0.00
0.71
Sadsadan
0.00
0.71
Alno/ Black valentine
0.00
0.71
CV
86.66%
86.66%





























a
b


Figure 9. (a) wilting of plant, (b) resting spores on roots.
Evaluation of Resistance of Five Pole Snap Bean Cultivars to Foliar and Root Disease in
Balili, La Trinidad, Benguet | AGATLAO, ANNIE FRANCIS. APRIL 2013

---

a

b











Figure 10. Conidia( a.macroconidia, b. microconidia) (400x)


Yield

Cultivar
Maroon
had
significantly
higher
marketable
yield
tocomparedcultivarTaichungwhichhad the lowestyield(Table 7).Cultivartaichung had the
highest non-marketable yield of the different bean cultivar and cultivarSadsadan had the
lowest non-marketable yield (Table8).It was observed that Taichung had the highest
severity of bean anthracnose. This can affect the non-marketable yield of the plant

Table 7. Marketable yield (tons/hectare) of bean cultivars
TREATMENT
MEAN
Taichung
4.33b
Maroon
6.02a
Burik
5.25ab
Sadsadan
5.64ab
Alno/ Black valentine
5.15ab
CV
17.11%
Means followed by a common letter are significantly different at 1% level by DMRT.

Evaluation of Resistance of Five Pole Snap Bean Cultivars to Foliar and Root Disease in
Balili, La Trinidad, Benguet | AGATLAO, ANNIE FRANCIS. APRIL 2013

---

Table 8. Non- marketable yield on the different bean cultivar.

TREATMENT
MEAN
Taichung
2.98a
Maroon
1.53b
Burik
0.93b
Sadsadan
0.83b
Alno/ Black valentine
1.25b
CV
40.19%
Means followed by a common letter are significantly different at 1% level by DMRT.



Table 9. The Temperature, Relative Humidity and Rainfall from September 2012 to
December 2012

MONTH
TEMPERATURE
RELATIVE
RAINFALL (mm)
ºC
HUMIDITY
%
September
19.95
89.00
9.20
October
18.65
85.00
2.10
November
16.50
84.75
1.33
December
16.90
68.50
0.10
Mean
1118
86.31
3.18





Evaluation of Resistance of Five Pole Snap Bean Cultivars to Foliar and Root Disease in
Balili, La Trinidad, Benguet | AGATLAO, ANNIE FRANCIS. APRIL 2013

---

SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS


Summary

Five cultivars of pole snap beans were evaluated for of the foliage diseases and root
diseases under Balili, La Trinidad Benguet. Condition results showed that cultivar
Taichung was highly susceptible to bean anthracnose, bean rust, and fusarium root rot. The
cultivar Sadsadan was highly resistant to these diseases. The cultivar Maroon was
susceptible to bean common mosaic virus while alno/ black valentine was the resistant to
the disease. In terms of yield, Maroon had the highest marketable yield and Burik had the
lowest marketable yield.

Conclusions

Among the five cultivar of bean, it was found that cultivar Sadsadan had some sort
of resistance against bean rust and bean anthracnose. Alno/ Black valentine cultivar had
some sort of resistance to bean common mosaic virus.

Recommendations

Cultivar Sadsadan were recommended to minimize losses and it is resistant to bean
rust and bean anthracnose. The cultivar maroon was also recommended since it was
tolerance to the diseases.





Evaluation of Resistance of Five Pole Snap Bean Cultivars to Foliar and Root Disease in
Balili, La Trinidad, Benguet | AGATLAO, ANNIE FRANCIS. APRIL 2013

---

LITERATURE CITED


Ainsworth, A. 1940.Bean common mosaic virus. Retrieved October 1971
fromhttp://www.dpvweb.net/dpv/showdpv.php?dpvno=73

ALCONERO, R. and MEINERS, J.P. 1974. The effect of the environment on the response
of bean cultivars to infection by strains of bean common mosaic virus. Plant
Pathology. P. 112.
ALLEN, D.G., SCHWARTZ, H. F. and PASTOR-CORALES, M. A. 1989. Bean
Production Problem in the tropics. Cali (Columbia), Central International de
Agricultura Tropical. Cali, Columbia, 2nd Ed., Pp. 9-31.
ANGADOL, P. P. and LIGAT J. S. 1983. A survey on the incidence of virus symptoms
onimportant flowers in Benguet unpublished BS Thesis. Benguet State University,
LaTrinidad, Benguet. Pp. 15-16.
BAO-AN, B. M. 2000. Production of the promising common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.)
genotype. BS Thesis- BSU, La Trinidad, Benguet. Pp. 1-2.
BAUTISTA, U.F. and MABESA, R.G. 1977. Vegetable Production. University of the
Philippines Los Banos College, Los Banos, Laguna. P. 20.
CELOY, I.W.1999. The effect of fertilizer application of the growth and yield of pole snap
bean. BS Thesis. BSU, La Trinidad, Benguet. P. 18.
COPELAND,L.O., ADAMS, M.W. and BELL, D.C. 1975. An improvement seed
programme for maintaining seed of field beans (Phaseolus vulgaris). Seed Jei.
Technology. P.724.
DILLARD, H. R. 1988. Bean Anthracnose. Department of Plant Pathology New York State

Agricultural Experiment Station, Geneva Cornell University. P. 729.
DOLLINAS, R.B. 20011.Evaluation of Ten entries of Pole Snap beans under
Ampusungan, Bakun, Benguet Condition.BS thesis Benguet State University, La
Trinidad, Benguet. P. 25.
HARTER, L.L., ANDRUS, C. F. and ZAUMEYER, W.J. 1935. Studies on bean rust
caused by Uromycesphaseolitypica. P.76.
HARVESON, R. M., SCWARTZ, H. F., and, STEADMANJ. R. 2011. Rust of Dry Beans
University of Nebraska-Lincoln. P. 9.
HUNGRIA, M. and NEVES, M.P. 1986. Effects of Photosynthate manipulation on
biological
nitrogen
fixation
in
common
bean
plants.
PesquisaAgropecuariaBrasileira. Pp. 9-24.
KENDRICK, J. B. and SNYDER, W.C.2007. Green beans integrated pest management an
ecological guide.FAO Regional Vegetable IPM Programme, Maliwan Mansion.
Pp. 26-27.
Evaluation of Resistance of Five Pole Snap Bean Cultivars to Foliar and Root Disease in
Balili, La Trinidad, Benguet | AGATLAO, ANNIE FRANCIS. APRIL 2013

---

MARKELL, S. 2010. Plant Patologist. NDSU Extension Service, Fargo ND 58105012.
Retrieved July 2010 from http:// www.dpwweb. Net/dpv/showdpv.php?=73
PIÑON. A. F. Laboratory exercise in Plant Pathology 180 (Postharvest Pathology).
Benguet State University. P. 9.
PLOETZ, R. and THURSTON, D. (1998). Compendium of tropical fruit diseases. APS
Press, the American Phytopathological Society. Saint Paul, Minnesota, USA.P. 2.
POCYOY, J. O. 1980. Curative control of bean rust (UromycesPhaseoli) using EL 222 (
Fenamirol) and EL 228 (Maurimol). BS thesis Benguet State University. P. 8.

RAJAPPAN, K. RAMARAJ, B. and NIRMAL, J. S. B. (2001). Anthracnose of Beans. The
Hindu
indiaserver.com.
Retrieved
January
2012
from
http//
www.hinduonnet.com/the hindu/ 2001/ 01/04/stories /08040028.htm.

SCHOONHOVEN, A., SCHWARTZ, H.F. and PASTOR-CORRALES, M. A. 1989. Bean
Productio Problems in the tropics. 2nd Ed. Central International de Agricultura
Tropical. Cali Columbia (CIAT), Cali Columbia. Pp. 33-57.
SHRESTHMA, M. 1989. Varietal response of bush bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) to
fertilization and inoculation. MS Thesis. BSU, La Trinidad, Benguet. Pp. 1-2.
STAVELY, J.R. FREYTAG, G.F., STEADMAN, J.R. and SCHWARTZ, H.F. 1983. The
Bean
rust
work
shop.Retrieved
October
1971
fromhttp://www.dpvweb.net/dpv/showdpv.php?dpvno=73

STEADMAN, J. R., KIER, E.D. and MUNN, R.F. 1975. Root Rot of bean in Nebuska.
Primary Pathogen and yield loss appraisal. Plant Dis. Rept. Pp. 142-143.
RAI, A. 1986. Performance of bush bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L) as affected byinoculation

and nitrogen fertilization. MS Thesis. BSu, La Trinidad, Benguet. P. 13.
WESLEY, D.O. 2005. Agronomic characteristic of bush bean varieties under organic
production at La Trinidad, Benguet. BS thesis, Benguet State University, La
Trinidad, Benguet. Pp.9-10.
Evaluation of Resistance of Five Pole Snap Bean Cultivars to Foliar and Root Disease in
Balili, La Trinidad, Benguet | AGATLAO, ANNIE FRANCIS. APRIL 2013

---