BIBLIOGRAPHY TOGAY-AN, JANET L. APRIL ...

BIBLIOGRAPHY

TOGAY-AN, JANET L. APRIL 2013. Symptoms, Incidence, and Potential
Vectors of Carnation (Dianthus caryophyllus) and Chrysanthemum (Chrysanthemum
morifolium) Diseases Under Greenhouse Condition in Paoay, Atok, Benguet. Benguet
State University, La Trinidad, Benguet.

Adviser: Janet S. Luis, Ph.D.

ABSTRACT

The study was conducted at Paoay, Atok, Benguet from December 2012 to January
2013 to document the symptoms and identify the infecting diseases of carnation (Dianthus
caryophyllus) and chrysanthemum (Chrysanthemum morifolium); determine the incidence
of these diseases and associated insects and; determine the prevalence of the potential
alternate hosts in the production areas in Paoay, Atok, Benguet.
Through symptomatology, diseases observed include: wilt (Fusarium oxysporum f.
dianthi), gray mold rot (Botrytis cinerea) and fairy ring leaf spot (Heterosporium
echinulatum) in carnation; rust (Puccinia chrysanthemi), stunt and mottle viral diseases in
chrysanthemum. Documentation of insects associated with diseased plants includes mites
(Tetranychus urticae) in carnation, aphids (Macrosiphoniella sanborni) and leaf miner
(Phytomyza syngenesiae) in chrysanthemum. No other plant that may serve as alternate
hosts was documented.
Symptoms, Incidence, and Potential Vectors of Carnation (Dianthus caryophyllus) and
Chrysanthemum (Chrysanthemum morifolium) Diseases Under Greenhouse Condition in
Paoay, Atok, Benguet | TOGAY-AN, JANET L. APRIL 2013

Wilt (Fusarium oxysporum f. dianthi) and fairy ring leaf spot (Heterosporium
echinulatum) had the highest incidence of carnation diseases and rust (Puccinia
chrysanthemi) in chrysanthemum in the production areas. These were considered the most
destructive diseases resulting to yield loss. Incidence of mites on carnation is high while
low on aphids and leaf miners on chrysanthemum.

Symptoms, Incidence, and Potential Vectors of Carnation (Dianthus caryophyllus) and
Chrysanthemum (Chrysanthemum morifolium) Diseases Under Greenhouse Condition in
Paoay, Atok, Benguet | TOGAY-AN, JANET L. APRIL 2013

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

During the survey, several diseases were observed to affect carnation and
chrysanthemum grown inside greenhouse in Poaoy, Atok, Benguet. Through
symptomatology, diseases observed include: wilt, gray mold rot and fairy ring leaf spot in
carnation; rust, stunt and mottle viral diseases in chrysanthemum. These observations
confirm the observations of carnation and chrysanthemum farmers of Atok.
Wilt (Fusarium oxysporum f. dianthi), gray mold rot (Botrytis cinerea) and fairy
ring leaf spot (Heterosporium echinulatum) were most prevalent and were present in
almost all of the carnation growing areas in Paoay, Atok area while rust (Puccinia
chrysanthemi) infected chrysanthemum in Paoay Proper area.
Carnation is the main crop of five sitios of Paoay, Atok. No viral symptoms were
observed in carnation but major diseases observed which were the wilt (Fusarium
oxysporum f. dianthi), gray mold rot (Botrytis cinerea), and fairy ring leaf spot
(Heterosporium echinulatum). White rust (Puccinia chrysanthemi), stunt and mottle viral
symptoms were observed in chrysanthemum. To control these diseases farmers spray
fungicide like Score, Muntana, Saprol and Bravo were the chemicals used for the fungal
diseases. At present, farmers practice the rouging of the infected chrysanthemum plants to
prevent spread of virus diseases.

Symptoms, Incidence, and Potential Vectors of Carnation (Dianthus caryophyllus) and
Chrysanthemum (Chrysanthemum morifolium) Diseases Under Greenhouse Condition in
Paoay, Atok, Benguet | TOGAY-AN, JANET L. APRIL 2013

Incidence of Diseases
Rust had the highest incidence with 14.77%. The survey was conducted in
December where temperature ranged from 10-15°C and high relative humidity. Forsberg
(1975) stated that infection is favored by cool, wet weather conditions, and the disease is
found most commonly in late summer and autumn. Incidence of virus symptoms like
mottling and stunting ranged from 0.13% and stunt with 0.10% respectively. The low
incidence of virus symptoms especially mottle was because chrysanthemum was a new
crop in the area (Table 2).
Carnation wilt usually occurs when the environment is cool and damp at night, and
warm with high humidity in the daytime (Forsberg, 1975). Conditions at Paoay, Atok
favored the infection of wilt because all the sitios were affected inspite of the utilization of
imported planting materials. Sitio Sayangan had the highest incidence of wilt with 38.51%,
followed by Lower Paoay (2) with 37.40%, Englandad with 35.35%, Proper Paoay with
32.08%, Lower Paoay (1) lowest incidence at with 19.27% (Table 3).

Table 2. Incidence of chrysanthemum diseases in Proper Paoay

DISEASE INCIDENCE (%)

Rust

14.77
Mottle

0.13
Stunt

0.10

Symptoms, Incidence, and Potential Vectors of Carnation (Dianthus caryophyllus) and
Chrysanthemum (Chrysanthemum morifolium) Diseases Under Greenhouse Condition in
Paoay, Atok, Benguet | TOGAY-AN, JANET L. APRIL 2013

Incidence of gray mold rot in the production areas was low. If weather is dry in the
greenhouse, affected parts of carnation infected with gray mold rot appear as brown, dry,
and brittle spot (Forsberg, 1975). These symptoms appear dry as is the condition in the
greenhouse in Paoay, Atok. Sitio Lower Paoay (2) had the highest incidence with 9.66%,
followed by Sayangan with 4.03%, Paoay Proper with 2.32%, Englandad with 2.15%, and
Lower Paoay (1) had the lowest incidence with 1.63% (Table 4).

Table 3. Incidence of carnation wilts in Paoay, Atok

SITIO

INCIDENCE (%)

Paoay Proper

32.08
Englandad

35.35
Lower Paoay 1

19.27
Lower Paoay 2

37.40
Sayangan

38.51

Table 4. Incidence of carnation gray mold rots in Paoay, Atok

SITIO INCIDENCE (%)
Paoay Proper

2.32

Englandad

2.15

Lower Paoay 1

1.63
Lower Paoay 2 9.66
Sayangan

4.03
Symptoms, Incidence, and Potential Vectors of Carnation (Dianthus caryophyllus) and
Chrysanthemum (Chrysanthemum morifolium) Diseases Under Greenhouse Condition in
Paoay, Atok, Benguet | TOGAY-AN, JANET L. APRIL 2013

Result showed that conditions in Paoay, Atok favored the fairy ring leaf spot
diseases in carnation. Sitio Lower Paoay (2) had the highest incidence with 34.82%,
followed by Englandad with 30.81%, Sayangan with 20.70%, Paoay Proper with 19.92%,
and Lower Paoay (1) had the lowest incidence with 6.82%. To minimize the spread of the
disease, some farmers of remove the infected leaves if the infection is high (Table 5).

Identification of Diseases of Chrysanthemum
Virus Diseases. Stunting was observed in some chrysanthemum plants. This was
exhibited by the reductions in size, leaves and flowers, which was recognized when healthy
and infected plant of the same age are grown side by side (Figure 1).
Mottle virus showed leaves which were distorted, irregular in the form with broken
and crinkled margins turning downward. These symptoms were observed at the flower
stage of chrysanthemum. However, this disease occurs at any growing stage of the plant
(Figure 2).

Table 5. Incidence of carnation fairy ring leaf spot in Paoay, Atok

SITIO INCIDENCE (%)

Paoay Proper

4.03
Englandad

30.81
Lower Paoay 1

6.82
Lower Paoay 2

34.82
Sayangan

20.70

Symptoms, Incidence, and Potential Vectors of Carnation (Dianthus caryophyllus) and
Chrysanthemum (Chrysanthemum morifolium) Diseases Under Greenhouse Condition in
Paoay, Atok, Benguet | TOGAY-AN, JANET L. APRIL 2013

Figure 1. Chrysanthemum stunt virus

A

B

Figure 2. Chrysanthemum mottle virus (a) mottle on the upper part
of the leaf and (b) lower part of the leaf

Symptoms, Incidence, and Potential Vectors of Carnation (Dianthus caryophyllus) and
Chrysanthemum (Chrysanthemum morifolium) Diseases Under Greenhouse Condition in
Paoay, Atok, Benguet | TOGAY-AN, JANET L. APRIL 2013

Fungal Diseases
Wilt caused by Fusarium oxysporum f. dianthi. Greater losses of carnation growers
in Paoay, Atok was caused by wilt (Fusarium oxysporum f. dianthi). Plants showed color
change with the normal deep green color of the leaves and stems changing first to a lighter
gray-green and finally to yellow (Figure 3).
Microscopy results indicated the macroconidia as finely pointed and usually
slightly curved, banana or sickle-shaped and usually septated. Microconidia are one-celled
ovoid or oblong shaped (Figure 4).

B
A

Figure 3. Symptoms of Fusarium wilt in Figure 4. Conidia of Fusarium

carnation
oxysporum f. dianthi (400X):
a. Macroconidia
b. Microconidia

Symptoms, Incidence, and Potential Vectors of Carnation (Dianthus caryophyllus) and
Chrysanthemum (Chrysanthemum morifolium) Diseases Under Greenhouse Condition in
Paoay, Atok, Benguet | TOGAY-AN, JANET L. APRIL 2013

Gray mold rot caused by Botrytis cinerea. The gray mold rot was observed in the
five sitios of Paoay, Atok. Forsberg (1975) stated that this occurs only during periods of
extremely high humidity like in greenhouses conditions. The gray mold rot appeared as
black soft rot, dry and brittle on the buds (Figure 5).
The causal organism Botrytis cinerea under the microscope has round hyaline
spores (Figure 6)

Figure 5. Gray mold rot of carnation buds Figure 6. Structure of B.cinerea

(400X)

Fairy ring leaf spot caused by Heterosporium echinulatum. Fairy ring spot were
observed in the five sitios of Paoay, Atok. Its spots are usually circular, about one-fourth
inch in diameter and black spores, which is confined to the center of the spots (Figure 7).
Microscopy results indicated the macroconidia as elongated and septated.
Microconidia are oblong, round lemon-shaped (Figure 8).
Symptoms, Incidence, and Potential Vectors of Carnation (Dianthus caryophyllus) and
Chrysanthemum (Chrysanthemum morifolium) Diseases Under Greenhouse Condition in
Paoay, Atok, Benguet | TOGAY-AN, JANET L. APRIL 2013

A
B

Figure 7. Symptoms of Fairy ring leaf spot Figure 8. Conidia of H. echinulatum
on carnation
(400X): a) Macroconidia
b) Microconidia

White rust caused by Puccinia chrysanthemi. White rust is the most destructive
disease of chrysanthemum in La Trinidad. In Paoay Proper, disease incidence of 14.77%
was recorded. The disease appeared as small white growth about the pin head size of which
soon become dark-brown (Figure 9).
The causal organism Puccinia chrysanthemi under the microscope has structure of
teliosphore hyaline (Figure 10).

Symptoms, Incidence, and Potential Vectors of Carnation (Dianthus caryophyllus) and
Chrysanthemum (Chrysanthemum morifolium) Diseases Under Greenhouse Condition in
Paoay, Atok, Benguet | TOGAY-AN, JANET L. APRIL 2013

Figure 9. Chrysanthemum rust
Figure 10. Teliosphore of
pustules on under surface of P. chrysanthemi (a) 400X
the leaves and (b) 100X

Insect Pests of Carnation and Chrysanthemum
The insect pests of chrysanthemum reported in Cebu Technoguide which includes
leafrollers, aphids, thrips, and mites were not observed in Paoay Proper production area.
However, the aphids (Macrosiphoniella sanborni) which damaged the buds and the leaves
(Figure 11) and, leaf miner (Phytomyza syngenesiae) on the leaves were observed (Figure
12 and 13). In carnation mites (Tetranychus urticae) which is considered as the serious pest
of carnation was observed in Paoay, Atok, Benguet (Figure 14 and 15).
Symptoms, Incidence, and Potential Vectors of Carnation (Dianthus caryophyllus) and
Chrysanthemum (Chrysanthemum morifolium) Diseases Under Greenhouse Condition in
Paoay, Atok, Benguet | TOGAY-AN, JANET L. APRIL 2013

Figure 11. (a) Matured aphids (Macrosiphoniella sanborni) cluster over chrysanthemum
buds (b) young aphids (Macrosiphoniella sanborni) on leaves

Figure 12. Leaf miners (Phytomyza syngenesiae) Figure 13. Leaf miners
on chrysanthemum leaves damage

Symptoms, Incidence, and Potential Vectors of Carnation (Dianthus caryophyllus) and
Chrysanthemum (Chrysanthemum morifolium) Diseases Under Greenhouse Condition in
Paoay, Atok, Benguet | TOGAY-AN, JANET L. APRIL 2013

Figure 14. a. Two-spotted spider mite (Tetranychus urticae) Figure 15. Mitesdamage

b. Two spotted spider mite (Tetranychus urticae)
cluster over carnation leaves

Mites (Tetranychus urticae) is the most prevalent and was present in almost all
growing areas of carnation in Paoay, Atok, while aphids (Macrosiphoniella sanborni) and
leaf miner (Phytomyza syngenesiae) on chrysanthemum was only observed in Paoay Proper
area. Agrimek, Kotetso, Abamectin, and Padan were the insecticides used by the farmers
to control these insect pests (Table 6).

Symptoms, Incidence, and Potential Vectors of Carnation (Dianthus caryophyllus) and
Chrysanthemum (Chrysanthemum morifolium) Diseases Under Greenhouse Condition in
Paoay, Atok, Benguet | TOGAY-AN, JANET L. APRIL 2013

Table 6. Insect pests of Carnation and Chrysanthemum occurring in the production areas

SITIO

CUTFLOWER
VECTORS INSECTICIDES

OBSERVED

Paoay Proper
Carnation

Mites

Agrimek

Chrysanthemum
Aphids

Leaf miner

Englandad

Carnation

Mites
Kotetso

Abamectin

Lower Paoay (1)
Carnation

Mites

____

Lower Paoay (2)
Carnation

Mites
Any Insecticides

Sayangan

Carnation

Mites

Padan

Kotetso

Minimal incidence of leaf miner (3.17%) and aphids (2.34%) was observed. Leaf
miner damages the leaves through the egg which hatches into larva that causes mines on
the leaves leading to chlorophyll loss (Mula, 2003). On the other hand, aphids usually serve
as vectors of virus diseases the usually appear as colonies on the underside of
chrysanthemum leaves (Table 7).

Symptoms, Incidence, and Potential Vectors of Carnation (Dianthus caryophyllus) and
Chrysanthemum (Chrysanthemum morifolium) Diseases Under Greenhouse Condition in
Paoay, Atok, Benguet | TOGAY-AN, JANET L. APRIL 2013

Table 7. Incidence of insect pests of chrysanthemum

VECTORS

INCIDENCE (%)

Leaf Miner

3.17
Aphids

2.34

Mites are serious pests of carnation in Paoay, Atok. It feeds on the undersurface of
the leaves and buds. Their presence often escapes detection until plant damage is obvious.
Sitio Sayangan had the highest incidence with 42.36%, followed by Lower Paoay (2) with
29.64%, Proper Paoay with 22.40%, Englandad with 20.99%, and Lower Paoay with
18.60% (Table 8).
Plants observed around the greenhouse include: galinzoga (Galinzoga parviflora),
calcalapcap (Euphorbia maculata) and violet wood sorrel (Oxalis corymbosa) but no
disease and pest were observed in the weeds.

Since the ornamentals were grown in the greenhouse, alternate hosts, some vectors
and other diseases were controlled. According to the farmers of Paoay, when alternate hosts
were noticed, they remove. Greenhouses in Paoay are relatively small area hence, weeds
growing near or between crop plants in the row, are easily remove by hand pulling.

Symptoms, Incidence, and Potential Vectors of Carnation (Dianthus caryophyllus) and
Chrysanthemum (Chrysanthemum morifolium) Diseases Under Greenhouse Condition in
Paoay, Atok, Benguet | TOGAY-AN, JANET L. APRIL 2013

Table 8. Incidence of mites of carnation

SITIO

INCIDENCE (%)

Proper Paoay

22.40
Englandad

20.99
Lower Paoay 1

18.60
Lower Paoay 2

29.64
Sayangan

42.36
A
B

Secondary Organism
Secondary organisms developed in carnation kept/stored for two weeks. Carnation
flowers showed blue molds. When seen under the microscope causal organism was
Penicillium sp.
B

Figure 16. Blue mold
Figure 17. Photomicrograph of

Penicillium sp. (400X)

Symptoms, Incidence, and Potential Vectors of Carnation (Dianthus caryophyllus) and
Chrysanthemum (Chrysanthemum morifolium) Diseases Under Greenhouse Condition in
Paoay, Atok, Benguet | TOGAY-AN, JANET L. APRIL 2013

Physiological Disorder

Calyx splitting was observed in one farm, Lower Paoay, is an emerging problem
in carnation. This is due to extreme fluctuation in temperature, over wintering of dry plant,
moisture situation, low N, high ammonical N, boron deficiency and varietal character. This
can be prevented by uniform watering, application of higher nitrate to ammonical N ratio,
spraying of borax and avoiding planting of varieties which are prone to split. It is also
recommended to use small rubber band on bud when it show
Opening (Figure 18). In addition, are curly tips was observed in Paoay, Proper. It causes
the growing tips of foliage to curl and distorted (Figure 19).

Figure 18. Calyx Splitting

Figure 19. Curly tip

Symptoms, Incidence, and Potential Vectors of Carnation (Dianthus caryophyllus) and
Chrysanthemum (Chrysanthemum morifolium) Diseases Under Greenhouse Condition in
Paoay, Atok, Benguet | TOGAY-AN, JANET L. APRIL 2013

Chrysanthemum Deficiency
Chrysanthemum leaf marginal browning was observed (Figure 20). This symptom
is caused by lack of potassium. Severe deficiency results in shortened plants and small dark
green leaves. Marginal browning spreads up the plant and lower leaves die prematurely.
Flowering is delayed, bloom size reduced and sprays carry fewer blooms than normal
(Barlow, 2008).

Figure 20. Potassium Deficiency

Symptoms, Incidence, and Potential Vectors of Carnation (Dianthus caryophyllus) and
Chrysanthemum (Chrysanthemum morifolium) Diseases Under Greenhouse Condition in
Paoay, Atok, Benguet | TOGAY-AN, JANET L. APRIL 2013

SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS, AND RECOMMENDATIONS

Summary
The study was conducted to document symptoms, incidence, and potential vectors
of carnation (Dianthus caryophyllus) and chrysanthemum (Chrysanthemum morifolium)
diseases under greenhouse condition in Paoay, Atok, Benguet. Among the diseases reported
are wilt (Fusarium oxysporum f. dianthi), gray mold rot (Botrytis cinerea), fairy ring leaf
spot (Heterosporium echinulatum), and rust (Puccinia chrysanthemi). Some symptoms of
virus were observed; like mottling and stunting on chrysanthemum. Documentation of
insects associated with diseased plants includes mites in carnation, aphids
(Macrosiphoniella sanborni) and leaf miner (Phytomyza syngenesiae) in chrysanthemum.
No other plant that may serve as alternate hosts was documented.
Wilt (Fusarium oxysporum f. dianthi) and fairy ring leaf spot (Heterosporium
echinulatum) had the highest incidence of carnation diseases and rust (Puccinia
chrysanthemi) in chrysanthemum in the production areas. These were considered the most
destructive diseases resulting to yield loss.
Lower Paoay 1 had the lowest incidence of diseases because they were
implementing the Good Agricultural Practices (GAP) and changed their planting materials.
These materials are sourced mostly from the Netherlands.

Symptoms, Incidence, and Potential Vectors of Carnation (Dianthus caryophyllus) and
Chrysanthemum (Chrysanthemum morifolium) Diseases Under Greenhouse Condition in
Paoay, Atok, Benguet | TOGAY-AN, JANET L. APRIL 2013

Conclusions
Among the diseases documented to affect carnation are wilt and fairy ring and rust
in chrysanthemum. Minimal infect was observed in Paoay, Atok, Benguet. Stunt and mottle
viral diseases were also observed in chrysanthemum. Incidence of mites on carnation is
high while low on aphids and leaf miners on chrysanthemum.
Recommendations
Effective management of diseases and insect pests should be done to prevent
disease infection. Further study on the severity of these diseases is recommended.

Symptoms, Incidence, and Potential Vectors of Carnation (Dianthus caryophyllus) and
Chrysanthemum (Chrysanthemum morifolium) Diseases Under Greenhouse Condition in
Paoay, Atok, Benguet | TOGAY-AN, JANET L. APRIL 2013

LITERATURE CITED

AGRIOS, G. N. 1997. Plant Pathology. 4th ed. New York: Academic Press. Pp. 479-490.
AMALIN, D.M. and VASQUEZ, E.A. 1993. A Handbook on Philippine Sweet Potato
Pests and Their Natural Enemies. Los Baños, Philippines. P. 82.
ANONYMOUS. Pests, Diseases and Disorders of Carnations. Retrieved 2000 from http://
www.herbs.com/flowers/cp_pest_dis.htm.

ATONEN, B. B. 1997. Managing In sect pests of Strawberry Plants. BS Thesis (Unpub).
Benguet State University, La Trinidad, Benguet P. 5.

BARLOW, P. Chrysanthemum Deficiency. Retrieved 2008 from http:// www.
Chrysanthemums.info/ailments/n-potash.htm
BUTTATI, M. 1983. The use of cell and Tissue Culture for Mutation Breeding. Sciencefor
Plant Breeding. Europe Congress, Gottingen. Pp. 295-296.
CEBU TECHNOGUIDE. 1994. Ornamental Crops. William Barry Foundation Marketing

Development Program. Pp. 7, 19.

DAVIDSON R. H., 1966. Insect Pets. 6th ed. John Wiley and Sons, Inc. New York and
London. P. 3.

DREISTADT, S.H. 2001. Integrated Pest Management for Floriculture and Nurseries.
California. P. 3402.

DREISTADT, S. H., J. K. Clark, and M. L. Flint. 2004. Pests of Landscape Trees and
Shrubs: An Integrated Pest Management Guide California. Retrieved 2004 from
http://www.ipm.ucdavis.edu/PMG/PESTNOTES/pn7405.html
FLINT, M. L. 1999. Pests the Garden and Small Farm: A Grower's Guide to Using Less
Pesticide. 2nd ed. California. P. 332.
FORSBERG, J. L. 1975. Diseases of Ornamentals Plants. London: University of Illinois

Press. Pp. 35-55.
HESSAYON, D.G. 1996. The New Rose Expert. London: Expert Books. Pp. 116-120.

MATTOCK, J. F., S. McCANN and P. WOOD.1994. The Complete Book of Roses. Great
Britain. Pp. 63-65.

MULA, R. P. 2003. Insect pests, diseases, and weeds of Vegetables. Caraballo and
Southern Cordillera Agricultural Development (CASCADE) Program. P.24.

PEDIGO, L. P. 2002. Entomology and Pest management. 4th ed. Pearson Educational, Inc.
New Jersey. Pp. 113, 583.

Symptoms, Incidence, and Potential Vectors of Carnation (Dianthus caryophyllus) and
Chrysanthemum (Chrysanthemum morifolium) Diseases Under Greenhouse Condition in
Paoay, Atok, Benguet | TOGAY-AN, JANET L. APRIL 2013