BIBLIOGRAPHY BENIS, PETERSON...
BIBLIOGRAPHY
BENIS, PETERSON M. APRIL 2013. A Case Study on the Production and
Marketing Practices of Egg Producers in Naguey, Atok, Benguet.Benguet State University,
La Trinidad, Benguet.
Adviser: Jovita M. Sim, MSc.
ABSTRACT
Local egg production have started in Benguet. Poultry raisers from Naguey, Atok,
Benguet are supplying egg demand for household consumers in some parts of Benguet.
This study was conducted to document the production practices, marketing practices,
problems encountered and other production and marketing logistics and issues of the
different poultry raisers in Naguey, Atok, Benguet.
Cages were acquired through the Benguet State University poultry production
extension project. At the time of the study, acquisition of feed supply and other stocks and
materials used in poultry production had been done through collaboration with the Benguet
State University. However, as of December 2012, due to reorganization of the university,
poultry raisers got their feed supply from B-MEG through a poultry supply store in La
Trinidad, Benguet.
The poultry raisers collected eggs twice a day, stored, then delivered to the market
on a scheduled day. The eggs were put in trays and crates for delivery.
A Case Study on the Production and Marketing Practices of Egg Producers in Naguey,
Atok, Benguet | BENIS, PETERSON M. APRIL 2013
The poultry raisers experienced pest and disease problem in production. In
marketing, the raisers problems were farm to market road and low demand for eggs during
the months of March to May.
Poultry raisers in Naguey, Atok, Benguet should continuously be provided with
technical and other logistics in poultry production. Poultry raisers are encouraged to
increase supply to meet the demand of consumers in Benguet and Baguio City.
A Case Study on the Production and Marketing Practices of Egg Producers in Naguey,
Atok, Benguet | BENIS, PETERSON M. APRIL 2013
INTRODUCTION
Rationale
Commercial egg production is dominated by the lowland areas such as Tarlac,
Nueva Ecija, Pampanga and Ilocos region. Egg supply for highland (CAR) region is
coming from these areas. Until BSU had started producing eggs in their poultry project.
It was also through BSU poultry project that technology on egg production was
disseminated to other areas of Benguet in order to supply demands of eggs in
Cordillera, Naguey was one recipient of the BSU poultry project.
However, until now production is not yet sufficient to meet the demand of the
increasing population especially in La Trinidad, Benguet. Demand for highland egg is
tremendously increasing because of the increasing population of homelands and fast food
chains like McDonalds. The egg produced in the highland produces orange yolk egg
which is most preferred by consumers in La Trinidad and McDonalds situated in La
Trinidad.
Naguey is known for its orange yolk egg products. Local production of eggs has
started and they start distributing not only in Atok but also in some parts of La Trinidad.
Chicken egg production in the Philippines is a minor industry compared to the
broiler production sector that takes center stage in the Philippine chicken trade. But the
chicken layer sector had the most growth between 2001 and 2002 because of the increase
of chicken layers in the country. In 2002, chicken egg contributed 3% of the total value in
the Philippines (Molecio, 2011).
A Case Study on the Production and Marketing Practices of Egg Producers in Naguey,
Atok, Benguet | BENIS, PETERSON M. APRIL 2013
In this situation, it is therefore necessary to asses and document the production
capacity of poultry farms in Benguet, production and marketing practices, problems and
other logistics and issues.
Importance of the Study
This research aimed to document the production and marketing practices including
other logistics and issue related to the project. The result could be a basis for other
individuals who have interests to go to a similar enterprise and for other researchers who
may be interested to conduct the same field of interest.
Statement of the Problem
1. What are the production and marketing practices employed by the egg
producers in Naguey, Atok, Benguet?
2. What are the problems encountered in the production and marketing of eggs in
Naguey, Atok, Benguet?
3. What are other production and marketing logistics and issues?
Objectives of the Study
1. To determine the production and marketing practices employed by the egg
producers in Naguey, Atok, Benguet.
2. To determine the problems encountered in the production and marketing of
egss in Naguey, Atok, Benguet.
3. To identify other production and marketing logistics and issues.
Scope and Delimitation of the Study
The study documented the production and marketing practices of the different
poultry raisers in Naguey, Atok, Benguet.
A Case Study on the Production and Marketing Practices of Egg Producers in Naguey,
Atok, Benguet | BENIS, PETERSON M. APRIL 2013
REVIEW OF LITERATURE
Historical Aspect of Poultry Production
Chickens were being raised by the Chinese about 1400 B.C. Poultry were
domesticated in India by 1000 B.C. and chickens were also known in ancient Egypt.
Although poultry and eggs were used for food in the early history, poultry raising has only
recently become a major commercial enterprise. In the past, most poultry was raised on an
individual family basis (Gillespie, 1981).
The modern poultry and egg industry is faced with the challenge of efficient
production of large volumes of safe poultry and eggs without creating nuisance problems
such as odors, flies, or pollution of air and water. The industry must also address welfare
concerns with regards to bird care and housing. Poultry and egg production have
tremendous potential to produce large quantities of high protein food. With modern
technology, poultry can be successfully grown in any location or climate in the world.
Successful poultry producers are those individuals who follow known principles of good
husbandry and practice these continuously (Pond, 2000).
Raising poultry has a number of advantages, among which are high feed efficiency,
fast return on investment, spreading income throughout the year, high return compared
to feed cost, low land requirements, adaptability to both small part-time enterprises and
large commercial enterprises, and the operation can be highly mechanized with high
output per hour of labor. However, there are some problems involved in raising poultry
among which are serious problems of disease and parasites, need for high level of
management ability, especially large commercial flocks (Gillespie, 2002).
A Case Study on the Production and Marketing Practices of Egg Producers in Naguey,
Atok, Benguet | BENIS, PETERSON M. APRIL 2013
Management of Pullets
Ready to lay pullets should be shifted from grower to layer sheds around 16 to 18
weeks to allow 1 to 2 weeks adaptation period before laying starts. During pullet rearing
it is quite possible that inspite of providing highly suitable management facilities, some
pullets may lack in size development of body. In real sense, genetics itself allows one to
two percent culling such underdeveloped pullets should be segregated while transferring
them to layer sheds and be housed in separate compartments of cages or sections of house
in case of deep-litter, to allow them to avail extra nutrition to achieve normal standard of
growth (Jadhav, 2007).
The general management practices of pullets are the following: a) under two-stage
rearing system,5 to 8 weeks of old chicks are transferred from the brooder to the rearing
house until point of lay (18 weeks of age). This is not necessary under single stage rearing,
b)use the correct feed for the age and growth progress of the bird, c) check the feed, water
and lights daily. Fresh and clean drinking water should always be available, d)
vaccinate on schedule based in a sound vaccination program, e) keep a flock history /
record including feed programs, light programs, vaccination programs and birds weight
that can be transferred to the layer house with the pullets, f) measure growth process
and use the correct formulation to attain the necessary growth and target body weight at
point of lay g) follow a lighting program recommended for the strain of bird h) provide
recommended floor, feeder, and water space requirements; and i) prevent feather pecking
and cannibalism (Molecio, 2011).
A Case Study on the Production and Marketing Practices of Egg Producers in Naguey,
Atok, Benguet | BENIS, PETERSON M. APRIL 2013
Lighting for Layers
Light should be of even intensity throughout the building , and lighting points
should be no more than 15 feet (2.8m) apart. Continuous light reduces age at maturity
but increasing day length is a greater stimulus to egg production than absolute day length.
The ration of light for layers should be increased from six hours at 20 weeks old by 18
minutes each week for the following year (Yadav, 2010).
In shaded areas, natural daylight must be supplemented with artificial lighting
in order to obtain desirable lighting patterns which are necessary to adequately control
sexual maturity. A constant or decreasing lighting pattern which rearing is essential to
prevent too early sexual maturity. An increasing of constant light pattern is necessary
after 22.24 weeks of age (Molecio, 2011).
Housing for Layers
Under skilled management, the battery system of housing was proven to be the
most advantageous with regards to egg production, efficiency of food conversion and
mortality. The hens, either singly or in pairs, are confined to a cage. The usual floor space
allowed is 15 x 18 inches (38x46cm) for singles and 18 x 18 inches (46x46cm) for
doubles. The height should be 17 inches (43.2cm). The floor is made of stout galvanized
wire, slopes 4 inches (10.2cm) from behind to an egg cradle extending some six inches
(15.2cm) in front of the cage, into which the eggs roll as they are laid. Underneath is a
tray for droppings. Both food and water receptacles are outside the cage. The whole
structure should be made of metal so that no parasites will be harboured and so that
thorough disinfection can be carried out as often as required (Yadav, 2010).
A Case Study on the Production and Marketing Practices of Egg Producers in Naguey,
Atok, Benguet | BENIS, PETERSON M. APRIL 2013
Purposes of Layer House
a) To protect birds from inclement weather like excessive heat or cold. b) To
protect birds from direct sun rays and rain. c) To minimize effect of dampness, especially
in rainy season. d) To provide safety from their predators like dogs, cats, wild animals like
birds, snakes and rodents(rats) etc. e) To apply scientific management practices easily for
improving productive performance and to provide suitable atmosphere for expression of
full genetic potential (Jadhav, 2007).
Layer Nutrient Requirements
Flock replacement chicks fed 20% crude protein all-mash starter diet for the first
6 weeks, followed by 15 to 16 percent protein grower feed to 12 weeks, and 12 to 13
percent protein developer feed until sexual maturity (age at first egg laying,
approximately 18 to 20 weeks). Feeds may be restricted during the developing period to
delay onset of sexual maturity. This is desirable to reduce the number of small eggs
produced when the birds begin laying. Layers have a high calcium in the diet and often
by providing crushed oyster shell (calcium carbonate). Layers are often “phase-fed”
with an adjustment after approximately 40 weeks of age to increase the calcium level to
maintain egg shell quality (Cheeke, 1991).
Vaccination of Layers
The build-up of immunity to disease starts in the egg and continues in the brooding
period. A well planned and executed vaccination program is essential. Vaccinate only
against those diseases prevailing in the areas where the flock is expected to live (Molecio,
2011).
A Case Study on the Production and Marketing Practices of Egg Producers in Naguey,
Atok, Benguet | BENIS, PETERSON M. APRIL 2013
Temperature and Ventilation for Layers
Heat stress is one of the major risk factors that one must consider in layer farm
management. The ideal temperature for laying hen is between 18 degrees to 29 degrees
Celsius (Table 1). Air movement around birds at floor level has a beneficial cooling
effect. In shade houses, take full advantage of natural breezes using paddles or circulating
fans in periods of still weather and particularly during the heat of the day. Controlled
environment house, use inlets with movable louvers which can direct moving air direct
on to the birds at floor level. There are five main objectives for ventilation: a) to provide
fresh air, b) to remove stale air, c) to control temperature, d) to control humidity and e) to
remove dust. Each of these five objectives must be fulfilled if the flock perform its best
ability in feed conversion, livability, growth and egg production. According to Kekeocha
(1985) as cited by Molecio (2011), the optimal laying temperature is between 11 degrees
Celsius to 26 degrees Celsius. A humidity level above 75 percent will cause a reduction
in egg laying. Table 1 indicates the effects of temperature on egg production (Molecio,
2011).
When the temperature rises above 28 degrees Celsius, the production and quality of
eggs decreases. Seasonal temperature increases can reduces egg production by about
10 percent.
A Case Study on the Production and Marketing Practices of Egg Producers in Naguey,
Atok, Benguet | BENIS, PETERSON M. APRIL 2013
Table 1. Temperature and its effects on egg production
TEMPERATURE
EFFECTS
(°C)
11-26
Good production.
26-28
Some reduction feed intake.
28-32
Feed consumption reduced, water intake increased, reduced
size of egg and thin shell.
32-35
Slight panting.
35-40
Heat prostration sets in, measures to cool the house must be
taken.
40 and above
Mortality due to heat stress.
Egg Collection and Grading
Poultry raisers collect eggs at least twice a day or as frequent as possible. Collected
eggs are placed in clean trays or egg baskets and dirty eggs are first cleaned before they
are packed. Soft shell and cracked eggs are separated. Grading is one of the important
steps in marketing eggs. In this process, eggs go through identification and separation.
Grading allows you to set different prices for different sizes and quality level of eggs.
High quality eggs may be priced higher, while eggs with small blood spots maybe sold
to consumers such as bakeries. Factors considered in grading eggs are appearance,
internal quality, size, color, and the soundness of the shell. Eggs are also classified by
size. The standard classifications of the commercial chicken eggs by weights are: Jumbo
= 70g and above, Extra large = 65-70g, Large = 56-65g, Medium = 49-56g, Small = 42-
49g, and Pewee = 35 or 40g (Molecio, 2011).
A Case Study on the Production and Marketing Practices of Egg Producers in Naguey,
Atok, Benguet | BENIS, PETERSON M. APRIL 2013
Marketing for Eggs
There are two ways to market table eggs; using direct marketing or marketing
through middlemen or intermediaries. Marketing through middlemen is more common
method and the more preferred because it gives the farmers the opportunity to
concentrate on farm and production as compared to spending time on marketing and
selling. The most crucial part of marketing is meeting the demands and requirements
of customers, and these usually rely on production, handling, storage, and transport of
goods. The four ways to conduct direct marketing are: sale from the farm, door-to-door
sales, producers’ markets, and sales to local retail stores (Molecio, 2011).
Egg Production Standards
Dagoon (1990), said for profitable egg production, the birds must lay more eggs
in order to pay for the cost of feed and all of the other costs involved in producing eggs.
For most part of the country, the native laying flock should lay an average of at least 150
eggs per bird per year to give a reasonable labor income or profit. Neither the best kind
of diet nor the most scientific management will enable pullets to lay well if they are not
bred for egg production. A pullet to lay well should also posses the following outstanding
characteristics: a) early sexual maturity-white leghorns should commence to lay at about
150 days of age and the general purpose varieties at about 170 days of age, b) pullets of
all varieties should lay at an average of about 50 percent production or about 15 eggs per
month or better, c) pullets should continue to lay for a period of approximately ten
months from the time they start to lay (Molecio, 2011).
A Case Study on the Production and Marketing Practices of Egg Producers in Naguey,
Atok, Benguet | BENIS, PETERSON M. APRIL 2013
Watering Equipment
The importance of water is evident by the fact that laying hens drink 2 to 3 lbs of
water for each pound of feed that they consume, and the recommendation that laying
hens not be required to walk more than 15 feet to get a drink. Watering devices should
keep the water clean, be easily cleaned, prevent spillage of water around the vessels or
containers, and keep the water cool in warm weather. To keep water clean, the containers
should be high enough that litter will not be scratched into it, and so that the birds cannot
contaminate it with droppings. Automatic watering devices are commonly used on
commercial layer, broiler, and turkey operations. For large flocks, shallow V-shaped
troughs running the entire length of the house are satisfactory. For cages, drip type or
small-cup waterers minimize cleaning and spillage (Ensminger, 1980).
Floor, Feed and Water Space
Floor space of 1800 to 2200 cm² per bird on deep-litter and 337 to 375 cm² per
bird in cages is recommended for layers. Breeders are provided with little higher space
of 2300 to 2700 cm² depending on size of birds. About 12 to 15 cm linear feeder space
and 2.5 cm water space per bird is adequate during laying. On deep-litter system one
laying nest for every 4 to 5 hens with perch at entrance is provided for comfortable laying
and clean egg production and feed efficiency: increased diseases incidence and mortality
and sometime cannibalism also (Molecio, 2011).
A Case Study on the Production and Marketing Practices of Egg Producers in Naguey,
Atok, Benguet | BENIS, PETERSON M. APRIL 2013
METHODOLOGY
Locale and Time of the Study
The study was conducted at Naguey, Atok, Benguet where the poultry farms
are located. Gathering of information was done from October 2012 to December 2012.
Respondents of the Study
Complete enumeration was done and there were 10 respondents.
Data Gathering Procedure
A personal interview with the farmers was done with the aid of an interview
guide and secondary information from farm records was gathered.
Data Gathered
The data gathered includes the following: production practices and marketing practices
of poultry raisers, problems encountered by poultry raisers in their production and
marketing of eggs and other production and marketing logistics and issues.
Data Analysis
The data was tabulated and analyzed by using frequency analysis and descriptive
analysis.
A Case Study on the Production and Marketing Practices of Egg Producers in Naguey,
Atok, Benguet | BENIS, PETERSON M. APRIL 2013
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Profile of Respondents
Gender. Table 2 shows the profile of the respondents in terms of gender and educational
attainment of the respondents. Majority (60%) of the poultry raisers are female and 40%
are male.
Educational attainment. Half (50%) of the poultry raisers reached high school, some (30%)
reached and finished elementary while the remaining 20% were college undergraduate.
Table 2. Profile of the respondents
PROFILE
FREQUENCY
PERCENTAGE
Gender
Female
6
60
Male
4
40
TOTAL
10
100
Educational attainment
Elementary
3
30
High School
5
50
College
2
20
TOTAL
10
100
A Case Study on the Production and Marketing Practices of Egg Producers in Naguey,
Atok, Benguet | BENIS, PETERSON M. APRIL 2013
Year of Start of Layer Production
Table 3 shows that the poultry raisers did not start at the same year. Poultry raising
in the study area started in 2004 and every year until 2012, there is an additional increase
in the number of raisers. In 2005, there was an additional of two (20%) and the same
increase in 2006. There was only one raiser who just started its production last year (2012).
At present, total poultry raisers were 10 since 2004.
Table 3. Year of start of layer production
YEAR
FREQUENCY
PERCENTAGE
2004
1
10
2005
2
20
2006
2
20
2007
1
10
2008
1
10
2010
1
10
2011
1
10
2012
1
10
TOTAL
10
100
A Case Study on the Production and Marketing Practices of Egg Producers in Naguey,
Atok, Benguet | BENIS, PETERSON M. APRIL 2013
Seminars and Trainings
All of the poultry raisers in Naguey, Atok, Benguet acquired their poultry production skills
from seminars and trainings on poultry production from the Benguet State University
through Mr. Diego Dumapis. Mr. Dumapis was in charge of the poultry project of the
Benguet State University and was providing technical assistance to these poultry raisers.
Production Practices
Housing facilities. All of the poultry raisers in Naguey, Atok, Benguet used the stair
stepped cages made up of steel as shown in figure 1. The stair stepped cages are common
and the most popular type of cage being used here in the Philippines. The poultry houses
were made of galvanized iron. Some use bamboo as the wall of the poultry house as shown
in figure 2. Most of the poultry houses are located near the houses of the farmers. Most of
the poultry houses are closed but some are open sided as shown in figure 3. The posts are
made up of concrete cement and underneath the poultry house is where chicken dung is
collected as shown in figure 4.
A Case Study on the Production and Marketing Practices of Egg Producers in Naguey,
Atok, Benguet | BENIS, PETERSON M. APRIL 2013
Figure 1. Stair stepped cages used by the poultry raisers in Naguey
Figure 2. Closed type poultry house with bamboo walls at Naguey
A Case Study on the Production and Marketing Practices of Egg Producers in Naguey,
Atok, Benguet | BENIS, PETERSON M. APRIL 2013
Figure 3. Open sided poultry house at Naguey
Figure 4. Chicken dung dryers made of sticks
A Case Study on the Production and Marketing Practices of Egg Producers in Naguey,
Atok, Benguet | BENIS, PETERSON M. APRIL 2013
Floor space. The floor space per bird that was used by the poultry raisers was different
because each raiser has its own desired floor space for their layers. Two or 20% poultry
raisers use 12” x 18” floor space per bird, another two or 20% poultry raisers use 14” x
18” floor space per bird and another two or 20% poultry raisers use 24” x 14” floor space
per bird. One or 10% poultry raiser use 1.5 feet x 2 feet floor space per bird, another one
or 10% poultry raiser use 14” x 12” floor space per bird, one or 10% poultry raiser use
18” x 16” floor space per bird and one or 10% poultry raiser use 14” x 13” floor space per
bird.
Table 4. Housing facilities and population per cage
FLOOR SPACE NO. OF BIRD/CAGE
FREQUENCY
PERCENTAGE
18’’ x 24’’
4
1
10
12’’ x 18’’
4
2
20
14’’ x 18’’
4
2
20
18’’ x 16’’
4
1
10
24’’ x 14’’
4
2
20
14’’ x 13’’
4
1
10
14’’ x 12’’
3
1
10
TOTAL
10
100
A Case Study on the Production and Marketing Practices of Egg Producers in Naguey,
Atok, Benguet | BENIS, PETERSON M. APRIL 2013
Capacity of the Layer Cages
Table 4 shows that most (90%) of the poultry raisers in Naguey follow the required capacity
of layer cages which is 4 bird per cage and one or 10% poultry raiser use 3 birds per cage.
Light Management
Light is one major factor in the poultry production. Based on the recommended
requirement of light, continuous light reduces age at maturity but increasing day length is
a greater stimulus to egg production than absolute day length. All of the poultry raisers in
Naguey, Atok, Benguet do not provide lighting until the pullets reached the age of 21
weeks. At 21 weeks, the pullets are then provided with 30 minutes light starting from 5:30
to 6 in the morning. 30 minutes light is methodically provided until they reach the optimum
light exposure of 16 hours. All of the poultry raisers use red lights for lighting because in
regards of brightness, it minimizes stress to the layers and as also taught to them by Dr.
Diego Dumapis during their seminar.
Collection of Eggs
Table 5 shows the time of egg collection and majority (60%) of the poultry raisers
collect eggs twice a day starting from 9 in the morning and then again at 10 Am. Some
(30%) poultry raisers collect eggs starting from 10 in the morning and then again at 1 in
the afternoon. One (10%) poultry raiser collect eggs once a day only at 3:00 in the
afternoon.
Collection of eggs were done mostly in the morning because according to the
farmers, the birds lay more of their eggs in the morning and to avoid for the eggs to get
A Case Study on the Production and Marketing Practices of Egg Producers in Naguey,
Atok, Benguet | BENIS, PETERSON M. APRIL 2013
dirty. They collect the eggs using bamboo baskets as shown in figure 5. They sort the eggs
using egg weighing scale and some of the poultry raisers use the egg grader machine as
shown in figure 6. The eggs were then cleaned using damp piece of cloth and they put them
in trays and crates. Each farmer has its own stockroom where they store the eggs for several
days before delivering to the market.
Figure 5. Bamboo baskets used in egg collection
A Case Study on the Production and Marketing Practices of Egg Producers in Naguey,
Atok, Benguet | BENIS, PETERSON M. APRIL 2013
Figure 6. Egg grader machine
A Case Study on the Production and Marketing Practices of Egg Producers in Naguey,
Atok, Benguet | BENIS, PETERSON M. APRIL 2013
Table 5. Frequency of egg collection
TIME
FREQUENCY
PERCENTAGE
9Am-10Am
6
60
10Am-1Pm
3
30
3Pm
1
10
TOTAL
10
100
Culling Unproductive Layers
Table 6 shows the number of months when the poultry raisers begin culling. Culling
is defined as the removal of unproductive birds from the flock at the onset of laying. Culling
is done because unproductive layers consume feed and occupy space in the cage without
producing enough profit. Most (80%) of the poultry raisers starts culling the birds after 16
months. According to the poultry raisers, after the birds reach 16 months, most of the birds
are unproductive. Some (20%) of the poultry raisers starts culling the birds after 18 months.
The old layers produces large eggs compared to the young layers and this is why some
poultry farmers do not cull out immediately the old layers. The culled birds are disposed
and sold to stores along the Halsema highway.
A Case Study on the Production and Marketing Practices of Egg Producers in Naguey,
Atok, Benguet | BENIS, PETERSON M. APRIL 2013
Table 6. Culling frequency of unproductive layers
CULLING PERIOD
FREQUENCY
PERCENTAGE
After 16 months
8
80
After 18 months
1
10
After 19 months
1
10
TOTAL
10
100
Feeding the Layers
Time schedule of feeding. Adequate feeding is essential for growth and production of
layers. Feeding of the layers has a schedule and all of the poultry raisers fed the layers
twice a day.
Table 7 shows that half (50%) of the poultry raisers fed the layers at six Am and then again
at two in the afternoon. Some (20%) poultry raisers fed the layers at five Am and then
again at one Pm. Another 20% of poultry raisers fed the layers at seven Am and then again
at three Pm. Few (10%) poultry raisers fed the layers at eight Am and then again at three
Pm.
A Case Study on the Production and Marketing Practices of Egg Producers in Naguey,
Atok, Benguet | BENIS, PETERSON M. APRIL 2013
Table 7. Daily frequency of feeding
TIME OF FEEDING
FREQUENCY
PERCENTAGE
5Am and 1Pm
2
20
6Am and 2Pm
5
50
7Am and 3Pm
2
20
8Am and 3Pm
1
10
TOTAL
10
100
Quantity of feeds given per day. In feeding the layers, poultry raisers just put the feeds on
the feeding troughs using a measured plastic cup. Fourty percent or 4 poultry raisers feed
the layers by just estimating the quantity of feeds given to the birds, another 40% or 4
poultry raisers follow the maximum required feed quantity which is 115 grams per bird.
One (10%) poultry raiser feeds the layers with 100 grams per bird and another 10% or one
poultry raiser feeds the layers with 118 grams per bird instead of the maximum required
feed per bird which is 115 grams per bird. Their supply of water comes from natural spring
water and water was provided to the layers through small plastic pipes as shown in figure
7.
A Case Study on the Production and Marketing Practices of Egg Producers in Naguey,
Atok, Benguet | BENIS, PETERSON M. APRIL 2013
Figure 7. Plastic pipes for providing water
Table 8. Quantity of feeds given to the birds
QUANTITY
FREQUENCY
PERCENTAGE
100 grams/bird
1
10
115 grams/bird
4
40
118 grams/bird
1
10
estimated, no specific measurement 4
40
TOTAL
10
100
Sources of feeds and materials. Previously, the farmers get inputs such as feeds and other
materials used in poultry raising together with the BSU in order to get a lower price of
A Case Study on the Production and Marketing Practices of Egg Producers in Naguey,
Atok, Benguet | BENIS, PETERSON M. APRIL 2013
inputs because purchase is in bulk. Thus, all supplies including cages and other equipments
was purchased or ordered through Benguet State University through Mr. Dumapis.
However, there was one raiser who is married to someone from Bulacan who buy directly
its cages in Bulacan. However, as of December 2012, due to reorganization of the
university, Mr. Dumapis is no longer in-charge of the Benguet State University poultry
project, poultry raisers get their feed supply from B-MEG through a poultry supply in La
Trinidad, Benguet.
Table 9. Source of feeds and cages
SOURCE
FREQUENCY
PERCENTAGE
BSU
9
90
Bulacan
1
10
TOTAL
10
100
Pest and Diseases and their Control Measures
All of the poultry raisers said that their layers have been attacked by pest and disease such
as colds and lice that causes death and decrease in the population of the layers.
If these diseases occur within the layers, all of the poultry raisers said that they prevent or
cure this diseases by putting the infected layers into the quarantine area. In extreme
conditions, the poultry raisers inject the layers and they use medicine as food supplement.
Table 10. Pests and diseases and control measures
PESTS AND DISEASES
FREQUENCY
PERCENTAGE
A Case Study on the Production and Marketing Practices of Egg Producers in Naguey,
Atok, Benguet | BENIS, PETERSON M. APRIL 2013
Lice
10
100
Colds
10
100
Control Measures
Quarantine
10
100
Injection
10
100
Use medicine as food supplement 10
100
*Multiple response
Marketing Practices
Market outlet. The poultry raisers in Naguey, Atok, Benguet have different market outlet.
Table 11 shows that some (40%) poultry raisers deliver their products at Sayangan, Atok,
Benguet, some (40%) poultry raisers deliver their products at La Trinidad, Benguet, 20%
at Sinipsip, Buguias, Benguet, another 20% at the Benguet State University-Marketing
Center, one (10%) poultry raiser deliver at Baguio City, one (10%) poultry raiser deliver
at Unigreen Company, one (10%) poultry raiser deliver at Saddle, Caliking, Atok, Benguet
and one (10%) deliver its product as far as Tinoc, Ifugao.
Usual Time of Delivery
Table 12 shows the usual time delivery of the poultry raisers. After the eggs were
collected, the poultry raisers do not deliver the eggs immediately to their market. Each
raiser has its own stockroom and they store it for several days before delivering to minimize
their cost of transportation. Half (50%) of the poultry raisers delivers the eggs on Saturdays,
30% of them deliver their products anytime and 20% of them deliver their products on
Sundays.
A Case Study on the Production and Marketing Practices of Egg Producers in Naguey,
Atok, Benguet | BENIS, PETERSON M. APRIL 2013
Table 11. Market outlet of poultry raisers in Naguey, Atok, Benguet
PLACE
FREQUENCY
PERCENTAGE
Sayangan, Atok (stores)
4
40
Sinipsip, Buguias (stores)
2
20
Baguio (stores)
1
10
La Trinidad (stores)
4
40
BSU Marketing
2
20
Unigreen
1
10
Caliking, Atok (coop)
1
10
Tinoc, Ifugao
1
10
*Multiple response
Table 12. Time of delivery
DAY
FREQUENCY
PERCENTAGE
Saturday
5
50
Sunday
2
20
Anytime
3
30
TOTAL
10
100
Packaging Materials Used
After the eggs are collected, sorted, graded and cleaned, they put the eggs in trays. All the
poultry raisers deliver their products in crates and in trays as shown in figure 8.
A Case Study on the Production and Marketing Practices of Egg Producers in Naguey,
Atok, Benguet | BENIS, PETERSON M. APRIL 2013
Figure 8. Plastic crates used as packaging materials for eggs
Table 13. Packaging materials used
PACKAGING MATERIALS
FREQUENCY
PERCENTAGE
Crates
10
100
Tray
10
100
*Multiple response
A Case Study on the Production and Marketing Practices of Egg Producers in Naguey,
Atok, Benguet | BENIS, PETERSON M. APRIL 2013
Mode of Payment
Upon delivering their products to their own market, the poultry raisers do not usually
receive immediately the payment of their products. Most (80%) of the poultry raisers are
paid through consignment. One (10%) poultry raiser receives the payment of its product
through check and the other one (10%) poultry raiser is paid through cash (Table 14). Price
is based on the price set by Benguet State University as shown in figure 9 and it is true to
all the 10 raisers.
Figure 9. Poultry raisers in Naguey price their products based on the price list of BSU
Table 14. Mode of payment
MODE OF PAYMENT
FREQUENCY
PERCENTAGE
Cash
1
10
Check
1
10
Consignment
8
80
TOTAL
10
100
A Case Study on the Production and Marketing Practices of Egg Producers in Naguey,
Atok, Benguet | BENIS, PETERSON M. APRIL 2013
Problems Encountered on Production
All of the poultry raisers in Naguey, Atok, Benguet encountered problems in layer
production such as pests and colds. Two or 20% raiser encountered the feather falling in
layers which occurs during the month of April and according to the raisers, these causes
low production (Table 15).
Problems Encountered on Marketing
All of the poultry raisers in Naguey, Atok, Benguet said that their common problem
on marketing their product is their farm to market road, aside from its long distance, their
roads are closed especially if there are strong typhoon that causes landslide.
Some (40%) poultry raisers experienced low demand for eggs during the month of March
until the month of May because according to the poultry raisers, the month of March until
May is vacation of the students and egg is one of the easiest to prepare by their parents as
their “ulam” in school. Few (10%) poultry raiser said that heavy traffic delaying the time
of delivery as his one problem on marketing his product as shown in Table 16.
Table 15. Problems encountered on production
PROBLEMS
FREQUENCY
PERCENTAGE
Disease and pest
10
100
Feather falling (month of April) 2
20
*Multiple response
A Case Study on the Production and Marketing Practices of Egg Producers in Naguey,
Atok, Benguet | BENIS, PETERSON M. APRIL 2013
Table 16. Problems encountered on marketing
PROBLEMS
FREQUENCY
PERCENTAGE
Farm to market road
10
100
Low demand for eggs (March-
4
40
May)
Heavy traffic
1
10
*Multiple response
Other Production and Marketing Logistics and Issues
The first poultry raisers were part of the extension activities of the Benguet State
University through Mr. Diego Dumapis. At first, the poultry raisers have been technically
assisted by Benguet State University from their production of eggs and marketing their
products. The poultry raisers started to supply the demand for eggs in their locality and as
the poultry raisers are growing, they are still dependent from Benguet State University in
acquiring their feed supply and stocks and other materials that is being used in egg
production.
At present, there was a change in the management of the poultry project including
the extension activities of Benguet State University. There is no technical assistant
provided by Benguet State University to the poultry farmers but still Mr. Dumapis is
volunteering in helping the poultry farmers in their needs when it comes to poultry
production. The poultry farmers in Naguey are no longer getting its feed supply and stocks
and materials that are used in poultry production from the Benguet State University.
Instead, the poultry farmers are now buying their feed supply and stocks through poultry
A Case Study on the Production and Marketing Practices of Egg Producers in Naguey,
Atok, Benguet | BENIS, PETERSON M. APRIL 2013
supply in La Trinidad, Benguet. One example is the “Farm Choice” in km. 3 along Halsema
highway and this is where some of the poultry raisers in Naguey acquired their chick
layers. Poultry raisers now in Naguey are not just supplying egg demand of household
consumers in their locality but the poultry raisers are now trying to supply egg demand of
household consumers in other parts of Benguet like Buguias, La Trinidad, Tinoc, Ifugao
and Baguio City.
A Case Study on the Production and Marketing Practices of Egg Producers in Naguey,
Atok, Benguet | BENIS, PETERSON M. APRIL 2013
SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
Summary
The study was conducted from October 2012 to December 2012 at Naguey, Atok,
Benguet where the poultry farms are located. The study documented the production and
marketing practices and problems encountered in production and marketing of eggs of the
different poultry raisers in Naguey, Atok, Benguet. Gathering of data was done through a
personal interview with the poultry raisers and there were 10 respondents.
The first poultry raiser in Naguey, Atok, Benguet started its production since 2004.
Every following year, there were one poultry raiser added and the last poultry raiser added
started its production in 2012. The poultry raisers acquired their seminars and trainings on
poultry production from the Benguet State University through Mr. Diego Dumapis.
The poultry raisers use the stair stepped cages made up of steel in layer production.
The poultry houses are made up of galvanized iron, some walls are made up of bamboo.
The floor space per bird that is being used by the poultry raisers varies because each poultry
raiser has its own desired floor space for their layers. Most of the poultry raisers follow the
recommended capacity of the layer cages which is 4 birds per cage. The poultry raisers
provide lighting until the birds reach the age of 21 weeks.
All the poultry raisers collect eggs twice a day. The eggs are stored before
delivering to the market. Most of the poultry raisers start culling the birds after 16 months.
A Case Study on the Production and Marketing Practices of Egg Producers in Naguey,
Atok, Benguet | BENIS, PETERSON M. APRIL 2013
The poultry raisers feed the layers twice a day. Natural spring water is provided to
the layers. All of the poultry raisers do not provide heating because Naguey has a favorable
temperature that the layers can tolerate.
Poultry raisers get their supply of feed from the Benguet State University. However,
as of December 2012, due to reorganization of the university, poultry raisers get their feed
supply from B-MEG through poultry supply in La Trinidad, Benguet.
Poultry raisers deliver their products on Saturday and Sunday and some deliver
their products anytime. Poultry raisers use crates and trays in packaging their products. The
poultry raisers sell their products to different parts of Benguet and one poultry raiser deliver
its product to Tinoc, Ifugao. Most of the poultry raisers are paid through consignment.
The poultry raisers experienced some problems in production like pest and
disease. Most of the poultry raisers said that their farm to market road is one of their
problem because of its long distance. The poultry raisers also experienced low demand for
eggs during the month of March until the month of May.
Conclusions
Based on the findings of the study, the following conclusions were made:
1. The poultry raisers in Naguey, Atok, Benguet are knowledgeable when it comes
to poultry production because all of them attended seminars and trainings on poultry
production that was conducted by the Benguet State University Poultry project; 2.
There is increasing market demand for eggs that is why poultry raisers in Naguey do not
just supply the demand for eggs in their locality but they also try to supply in other parts
of Benguet and even outside of Benguet; and,
A Case Study on the Production and Marketing Practices of Egg Producers in Naguey,
Atok, Benguet | BENIS, PETERSON M. APRIL 2013
3. The poultry raisers do no longer get their feed supply and other stocks for poultry
production from the Benguet State University as of December 2012 because of the change
in the management of the poultry project including on the extension activities conducted
by the project.
Recommendations
Based on the conclusion of the study, it is recommended that technical and other
and logistics in poultry egg production should continuously be provided to growers and if
possible encourage more producers to increase supply and meet the demand of consumers
in Benguet and Baguio City. At present demand of eggs in Baguio City could not be
provided by egg producers in Benguet that is why most of the eggs supply in Baguio City
was imported from the lowland areas of Region 1 and 3.
Furthermore, poultry raisers may conduct experiments on brooding their own
chicks so that producers here in Benguet will not be depending on the supply of chick
layers from companies in the lowland areas. In addition, poultry raisers must learn other
techniques in marketing their products such as technologies in transporting their products.
The poultry raisers are also encouraged to explore other methods to increase production in
order to meet demands of household and institutional consumers in the locality.
A Case Study on the Production and Marketing Practices of Egg Producers in Naguey,
Atok, Benguet | BENIS, PETERSON M. APRIL 2013
LITERATURE CITED
CHEEKE, P. 1991. Applied Animal Nutrition. Mac Millian Publishing Company.
New York, New York 10022. P. 327.
DAGOON, J. D. 1990. Poultry, Swine and Goat Production. Rex Book Store
856 NicanorReyes,Sr. St. Manila, Philippines. P. 14.
ENSMINGER, M. E. 1980. Poultry Science 2nd Edition. The Interstate Printers &
Publishers, INC. USA. Pp. 279-280.
GILLESPIE, J. 1981. Modern Livestock and Poultry Production. Delmar Publishers.
Albany, New York 12205. P. 6.
GILLESPIE, J. 2002. Modern Livestock and Poultry Production. Sixth Edition.
DelmarPublishers. Albany, New York. P. 723.
JADHAV, N. V. 2007. Handbook of Poultry Production and Management 2nd Edition
Jaypee Brothers Medical Publishers (P) LTD. New Delhi. Pp. 86, 119, 121.
MOLECIO, A. C. 2011. A Case Study on the Production and Marketing Operations of
Sab-it Poultry Farm. Thesis. Benguet State University. La Trinidad, Benguet.
P.1,4,6,8-12.
POND, WILSON G. 2000. Introduction to Animal Science. John Wiley & Sons, INC.
New York, USA. Pp. 374, 398.
YADAV, P. R. 2010. Understanding Farm Animals. Discovery Publishing House PVT.
LTD. 4831/24, Ansari Road, Prahlad Street, Parya Ganj, New Delhi – 110002
(India). Pp. 298, 300.
A Case Study on the Production and Marketing Practices of Egg Producers in Naguey,
Atok, Benguet | BENIS, PETERSON M. APRIL 2013