1

BIBLIOGRAPHY

PASCUA, GLORY BHEL G. APRIL 2012. Documentation on the Effect of
Climate Change on Eggplant Production in Sto. Tomas, La Union. Benguet State
University, La Trinidad, Benguet.


Adviser: Jovita M. Sim, MSc


ABSTRACT

The study was conducted to document the awareness of the respondents on climate
change. Thus, this study aimed to determine their perception about climate change based
on their observation. A total of 50 respondents were taken randomly.
All of the respondents were aware on climate change and their perception were
abrupt changes in temperature, occurrence of super typhoon, abrupt changes in weather
condition, changes in season like prolong dry and wet season, La Nina and El Nino.
The weather data shows that from 2000 there is a gradual increase and decrease
yearly in temperature. Pest and diseases occurs during wet and dry season that damaging
crops in field is still being experienced now. Most farmers use chemicals to control pest
and diseases. Strategies applied by farmers were they preferred to changed variety of crops,
change of crops and plan production program and implement.
Farmers were aware of climate change which accordingly is being experienced
now with a lot of changes in weather conditions. Farmers plan and implement production
program to cope-up with climate change and weather changes.

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Farmers engaged in eggplant production are encouraged to decrease the use of
chemicals because this is contributory to the climate change. It is, therefore, recommended
that farmers should reduce their application of chemical inputs to reduce effect on global
warming and pollution to air and soil.

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INTRODUCTION

Rationale

Climate change is a long-term change in the statistical distribution of weather patterns
over periods ranging from decades to millions of years. It may be a change in average
weather conditions or the distribution of events around that average (e.g., more or fewer
extreme weather events). The Philippines, as a developing country and biodiversity
hotspot, is highly vulnerable to climate change impacts The Philippines has experienced
temperature spikes brought about by climate change. It has observed that warming is
experienced most in the Northern and Southern region of the country, while Metro Manila
has warm less than most parts. The sector most affected by climate change, so far, is
agriculture and food security. The sharpest fall in agricultural productions are experienced
during strong El Nino events and after the occurrence of severe tropical cyclones.
Decreases in agricultural productivity and aquaculture will ensue due to thermal and water
stress, sea- level rise, floods and droughts, and tropical cyclones would diminish food
security in many countries of Asia (Jabines and Inventor, 2007 and Zhai and Zhuang,
2007). The predicted changes in temperatures and rainfall patterns, as well as their
associated impacts on water availability, pests, disease, and extreme weather events are all
likely to affect substantially the potential of agricultural production (Zhai and Zhuang,
2007). These factors, individually and cumulatively, lead to reductions in agricultural
production.
Moreover,
agricultural
productivity
will
be
depressed
by
increased climate variability and increased intensity and frequency of extreme events such
a drought and floods. During the El Nino period crops become vulnerable to pest attacks
and diseases. La Nina years bring heavy rain, causing massive runoff, severe erosion of

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fertile soils, and inundation of agricultural areas and aquaculture farms (ADB, 2009).
Farmers have always had to cope with the environment that surrounds them, gradually
adapting to it. Most small-scale farmers have to deal with insufficient resources, and many
are trying to grow crops in soils which the climate is changing and the resulting situations,
weather temporary dry period or a hurricane, only adds to the list of challenges and to the
sense of urgency.

Eggplant (Solanum melongena L.) is a popular vegetable crop grown in almost all
backyards and school gardens throughout the country. It is used as a vegetable and is a
basic ingredient in “pinakbet”, a popular vegetable stew in the northern part of the country.
It also goes well with meat and egg in preparation of eggplant omelets. Immature fruits
are either roasted, fried, stuffed, boiled, pickled or processes while the young fruits are
eaten raw. Among native varieties grown are Negros Purple, Pampanga Purple and Simeda.
Two new eggplant varieties are also available, Dingras Long Purple and Dingras Multiple
Purple.
Foreign
varieties
include
Black
Beauty
and
Golden
Gate.
Eggplant grows in any kind of soil but thrives best in a fertile soil with sufficient moisture.
Western Visayas farmers usually devote o.25 to 0.50 hectares to eggplant production. They
usually allow eggplant seeds to germinate in a seedbox. Seedlings are transplanted in the
field and in some cases in plots. Fertilizers and pesticides application is also practiced,
whenever finances of farmers permit. Harvesting occurs as soon as eggplants attain
marketable size and exhibit a bright, glossary appearance some farmers remove or harvest
the fruits before they reach full maturity to attain the heavier crop. Harvesting is done by
hand-picking the eggplants 3 months after planting. The general climate is long, warm
growing season approximately 120 days. The temperature is 21°C to 29°C and the kind of

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soil is deep sandy loam and clay loam. Satisfactory moisture supply, high fertility, and
good drainage are needed. Eggplant is abundant from February to May, and dwindles from
June to January. Thus, this study aims to identify the effect of climate change to eggplant
production in Sto. Tomas, La Union.

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REVIEW OF LITERATURE

Climate Change
Climate change is defined by Asian Development Bank (2008) as the variation in the
Earth’s global climate or regional climates over times scales ranging from decades to
millions of years. Changes may be driven by internal processes, external forces or, most
recently, by human activities. Pulse Asian describes climate change as “any long-term
significant change in the average weather that a given region experience.” It can be caused
by dynamic processes on earth, variations in sunlight intensity, and in the past hundreds of
years by human activities such as clearing of forests, technology and industry (ABS-CBN,
2010).
Climate change may be limited to a specific region or may occur across the whole
Earth. Climate change results from the interaction of the atmospheric and oceanic factors.
It is the ultimate effect of global warming. The United Nations Framework Convention on
Climate Change (UUNFCCC) put more emphasis on anthropogenic causes of climate
change particularly fossil fuel burning (Tebtebba Foundation, 2009). While the Earth’s
climate has always varied naturally over millennia, there is a a scientific consensus that
human activities are now changing global climate. Precipitation patterns characterizing
land areas of the Northern Hemisphere have progressively changed. These changes include
more rainfall in the mid to high latitudes, and on the contrary, less rainfall in the sub- tropics
These factors further contribute to the difficulties in estimating the impacts of
climate change on agricultural productivity (Zhai and Zhuang, 2007). Sto. Tomas La
Union is not spared with all these effects of climate change in agricultural productivity.

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Thus, this study will look into the effect of climate change to agricultural production
specifically on eggplant which is one of the major case crop in the area.

The Impacts of Climate Change
on People and Food


Food security will depend on the inter-relationships between political and socio-
economic stability, technological progress, agricultural policies and prices, growth of per
capital and national incomes, poverty reduction, women's education, trade and climate
variability.

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Climate change, however, will affect food production because of shifts in
temperature and rainfall, people's access to food by lowering their income from coastal
fishing because of rising sea levels or lowering a country's foreign exchange earnings by
the destruction of its export crops because of the rising frequency and intensity of tropical
cyclones. Overall, climate changes including global warming and increased climate
variability, could result in a variety of impacts on agriculture.
Some of the impacts of climate change on food production which are already visible
and seem to be increasing are: Increased heat stress to crop and livestock, e.g. higher night
temperatures which could adversely affect grain formation and other aspects of crop
development, Increased evapo-transpiration rate are caused by higher temperatures and
lower soil moisture levels, concentration of rainfall into a smaller number of rainy events
with increases in the number of days with heavy rain, increasing erosion and flood risks.
Furthermore, there are changes in seasonal distribution of rainfall with less falling in the
main crop growing season, sea level rise leading to coastal degradation and salt water
intrusion.
Food production and supply disruption through more frequent and severe extreme
events; increase incidence of pests and diseases that will negatively affect crop production.

Climate Change and Agriculture
The sector most affected by climate change, so far, is agriculture and food security.
The sharpest fall in agricultural productions are experienced during strong El Nino events
and after the occurrence of severe tropical cyclones. Decreases in agricultural productivity
and aquaculture will ensue due to thermal and water stress, sea-level rise, floods and
droughts, and tropical cyclones would diminish food security in many countries of Asia
Documentation on the Effect of Climate Change on Eggplant Production in Sto. Tomas, La
Union | PASCUA, GLORY BHEL G. APRIL 2012

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(Jabines and Inventor, 2007 and Zhai and Zhuang, 2007). The predicted changes in
temperatures and rainfall patterns, as well as their associated impacts on water availability,
pests, disease, and extreme weather events are all likely to affect substantially the potential
of agricultural production (Zhai and Zhuang, 2007). These factors, individually and
cumulatively, lead to reductions in agricultural production. Moreover, agricultural
productivity will be depressed by increased climate variability and increased intensity and
frequency of extreme events such a drought and floods. These factors further contribute to
the difficulties in estimating the impacts of climate change on agricultural productivity (
Zhai and Zhuang, 2007).















Documentation on the Effect of Climate Change on Eggplant Production in Sto. Tomas, La
Union | PASCUA, GLORY BHEL G. APRIL 2012

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METHODOLOGY

Locale and Time of the Study

The study was conducted in 3 barangays of Sto. Tomas La Union, namely Patac,
Casilagan and Bail. The study was conducted on October to November, 2011.

Respondents of the Study
The respondents were 50 eggplant farmers. The respondents were chosen at
random.

Data Gathering Procedure
The study made use of primary and secondary data. Questionnaires were distributed
to the respondents and personal interview with the respondents was done during the
collection of questionnaires to validate data. Secondary data were taken at PAGASA
(Region I).

Data Gathered
The data gathered were the climatological data, agro-ecological data of the area and
socio-demographic data of the respondents, observation in changes in agro-physical feature
of the area and production data.

Data Analysis
The data collected were tabulated and analyzed using frequency and descriptive
analysis and other appropriate statistical tool.


Documentation on the Effect of Climate Change on Eggplant Production in Sto. Tomas, La
Union | PASCUA, GLORY BHEL G. APRIL 2012

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RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Profile of the Respondents

There were 50 respondents from 3 barangays of Santo Tomas, La Union. Profile
of the respondents as to their age, gender, educational attainment, civil status and years of
experience in eggplant production are presented in Table 1.

Gender. As shown in the table, most (90%) of the respondents were males and
10% were females. This implies that farming is a job for males in the study areas. .

Age. The age of the respondents ranged from twenty to seventy nine years old. The
largest percentage of the respondents belonged to 40-59 years age bracket with 58%; 32%
belonged to 20-39 years age bracket, and 10% belonged to 60-79 years old bracket.

Religion. All of the respondents are Roman Catholic. This shows that the area is
predominantly Catholic.

Educational background. As shown in the table, most ((72%) of the respondents
had reached high school level; 16% college level, 10% had reached elementary level while
only 2% were college graduate. This implies that the respondents had attended formal
education.

Civil status. Table shows that most (94%) of the respondents were married and 6%
were separated.

Number of years engaged in eggplant production. As to experience in eggplant
production, 30% of the respondents had 16-20 years of experience, 26% had 5-10 years of
experience, 22% had 11 to 15 years and 22% had 21 years and more.


Documentation on the Effect of Climate Change on Eggplant Production in Sto. Tomas, La
Union | PASCUA, GLORY BHEL G. APRIL 2012

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Table 1. Profile of the respondents
CHARACTERISTICS
BARANGAY
PATAC
BAIL
CASILAGAN PERCENTAGE
Gender




Male
25
15
5
90
Female
-
5
-
10
TOTAL
25
20
5
100
Age




20-39
10
3
3
32
40-59
12
15
2
58
60-79
3
2
-
10
TOTAL
25
20
5
100
Religion




Roman Catholic
25
20
5
100
TOTAL
25
20
5
100
Educational




Background

Elementary
2
3
-
10
High school
19
15
2
72
College level
4
2
2
16
College graduate
-
-
1
2
TOTAL
25
20
5
100





Documentation on the Effect of Climate Change on Eggplant Production in Sto. Tomas, La
Union | PASCUA, GLORY BHEL G. APRIL 2012

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Table 1. Continued ….




CHARACTERISTICS
BARANGAYS


PATAC
BAIL
CASILAGAN PERCENTAGE
Civil Status




Married
25
18
4
94
Separated
-
2
1
6
TOTAL
25
20
5
100
Years of experience




in eggplant production

5-10 yrs.
9
4
-
26
11-15 yrs.
5
6
-
22
16-20 yrs.
5
8
2
30
21- above
6
2
3
22
TOTAL
25
20
5
100


Weather Data

Table 2 shows rainfall and temperature. It shows that in year 2003 and 2009, the
area experienced heavy rainfall. In year 2010 temperature was highest temperature (23.4
oC to 32.7 oC). In year 2000 lowest temperature at 23.5oC to 31.5oC was experienced. The
weather data shows that from 2000 there is a gradual increase and decrease yearly in
temperature.



Documentation on the Effect of Climate Change on Eggplant Production in Sto. Tomas, La
Union | PASCUA, GLORY BHEL G. APRIL 2012

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Table 2. Data on annual rainfall relative humidity and temperature from 1990-2010
( Dagupan PAGASA Station)

YEARS
AVERAGEANNUAL
RELATIVE
TEMPERATURE (oC)
RAINFALL(mm)
HUMIDITY



Minimum
Maximum
2000
337.2
83.3
23.5
31.5
2001
2071
81.8
23.7
31.9
2002
2730
83.4
22.9
31.9
2003
3500
83.8
22
31.6
2004
2814
84.3
21.9
31.8
2005
1622.1
82.7
23.8
32.4
2006
2304
82.1
23.0
32.3
2007
1942
81.1
22.8
32.2
2008
2157
82.0
22.8
32.1
2009
3306.1
82.4
22.6
31.9
2010
2187.6
81.5
23.4
32.7

Awareness on Climate Change.
Table 3 showed that all the respondents in all area were aware about climate change.
As to their perception about climate change, all the respondents mentioned that climate is
abrupt changes in temperature, most (96%) mentioned the occurrence of super typhoon,
most (90%) also mentioned abrupt changes in weather condition, 78% said that changes in
season like prolong dry and wet season, 30% experience El Nino and 20% experience La
Nina. In terms of their cropping per year on eggplant production, there is no change because
their cropping period is only once and it is being practiced until now. This implies that the
Documentation on the Effect of Climate Change on Eggplant Production in Sto. Tomas, La
Union | PASCUA, GLORY BHEL G. APRIL 2012

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farmers were aware of climate change which according to them is the one being
experienced now with a lot of changes in weather conditions

Table 3. Perception of respondents on climate change
PARTICULAR
FREQUENCY
PERCENTAGE
Abrupt
changes
in
50
100
temperature

Occurrence
of
super
48
96
typhoon

Abrupt changes in weather
45
90
condition

Changes in season like
39
78
prolong dry and wet season

La Nina
42
84
El Nino
25
50





Table 4. Crops grown
CROPS GROWN
1990-2000
2001-2010
F
%
F
%
Eggplant
50
100
50
100
Rice
43
86
39
78
Tobacco
35
70
40
80
Corn
21
42
15
30
String Beans
19
38
16
32
Bitter Gourd
10
20
15
3



Documentation on the Effect of Climate Change on Eggplant Production in Sto. Tomas, La
Union | PASCUA, GLORY BHEL G. APRIL 2012

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Agro- Ecological Profile.

Table 5 shows the landscape of farm of the respondents. It shows the observe
changes in agro-ecological profile in the farm and the causes of changes. There were 42
flat terrain and 8 of the respondents have terraced unirrigated.

Changes in agro-ecological profile in the farm. Table 5 presents the changes in
demographic profile in the farm from 1990 to present. Most (94%) observed decreased
supply of water and farm get easily flooded. Causes of changes in demographic profile
were weather conditions (100%), soil erosion (80%), supply of water become scarce
because the source dried-up (62%), La Nina (84%) and El Nino (50%).

Table 5. Changes in agro-ecological profile
PARTICULAR
FREQUENCY
PERCENTAGE
Farm landscapes


Terraced unrrigated
8
16
Flat terrain
42
84
TOTAL
50
100
Observe changes in demographic


profile in the farm
Farm are easily get flooded
39
78
Decrease supply of water
47
94
Causes of changes in ecological


Profile
Weather conditions
50
100
Soil erosion
40
80
Supply of water became scarce
31
62
because the source dried-up

La Nina
42
84
El Nino
25
50

Documentation on the Effect of Climate Change on Eggplant Production in Sto. Tomas, La
Union | PASCUA, GLORY BHEL G. APRIL 2012

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Source of Irrigation
Table 6 shows that most (90%) of the respondents were using water pump in
irrigating the farm. Majority (62%) of the respondents mentioned that there are changes on
the source of irrigation and 38% had no changes on source of irrigation. Causes of changes
in the source of irrigation low water supply in river as mentioned by all the respondents;
65% mentioned irrigation canal dried-up so farm became rain fed and spring dried-up
during summer season.

Table 6. Source of irrigation
PARTICULARS
FREQUENCY
PERCENTAGE
Source of irrigation


Rain fed
21
42
River
20
40
Irrigation canal
13
26
Spring
8
16
Others (water pump)
45
90
Are there changes in the


source of irrigation

There are changes
31
62
No changes
19
38
TOTAL
50
100
Changes in source of


irrigation
Irrigation canal dried-up so
20
65
farm become rainfed
Low water supply in river
31
100
Spring dried-up during
20
65
summer season
Documentation on the Effect of Climate Change on Eggplant Production in Sto. Tomas, La
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Changes in the variety of crops grown. As shown in the table, most (74%) of the
respondents, mentioned that they had changed the variety of their crops; 26% had not
changed the variety of crops grown. All the respondents mentioned that they changed the
variety of crops grown because of higher yield obtained, adopted to weather and climate
change. Other reasons include easy to manage and resistant to pest and diseases (78%).
This implies that farmers were taking measures or finding ways to cope up with climate
change.

Table 7. Changes in variety of crops grown
PARTICULAR
FREQUENCY
PERCENTAGE
Changes in the variety of crops


There are changes
37
74
No changes
13
26
TOTAL
50
100
Reasons for changing crops


Higher yield
37
100
Easy to manage
30
81
Resistance to pest and diseases
29
78
Adopted to weather changes
37
100
Adopted to climate change
37
100



Reasons for changing crops grown. All the respondents had changed the kind of
crops grown. The changes encountered were better demand in the market, provide higher
income and better yield and (20%) mentioned that the crop is more adapted to abrupt
Documentation on the Effect of Climate Change on Eggplant Production in Sto. Tomas, La
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changes in weather or temperature. Result implies that farmers changed crops grown
because of economic reasons such as provide better yield thus higher income and more
preferred in the market.


Table 8. Reasons for changing the kind of crops grown
REASON
FREQUENCY
PERCENTAGE
Better demand in the market
50
100
Provide higher income
50
100
More adopted to abrupt changes
10
20
in weather or temperature

Better yield
50
100
*multiple response



Changes in production /cultural management practices. The production activities
were weeding, spraying, irrigation, fertilizer application, harvesting practices and
packaging. These are presented in Table 9.

Weeding. Weeding practices was done twice to thrice for the whole cropping
period. In year 1990-2000, majority (60%) of the respondents weeded thrice, 40% weeded
twice. In 2001-2010, most (80%) of the respondents weeded thrice for the whole cropping
period. This shows that there was reduction on the number of farmers weeding their
eggplant farm twice and there was an increase in the number of farmers weeding thrice.
Thus, frequency of weeding farm increased.

Spraying. Spraying activities was done once to two times a week for the whole
cropping period. Majority (70%) of the respondents sprayed 2x a week for the whole
Documentation on the Effect of Climate Change on Eggplant Production in Sto. Tomas, La
Union | PASCUA, GLORY BHEL G. APRIL 2012

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cropping period while 30% sprayed once. This implies that farmers preferred to spray twice
to reduce damage and control pest and diseases.

Irrigation. The respondents irrigated their crops 2x to 3x a day. This implies that
majority of the farmers irrigated their crops 3x a day. Result shows that more farmers had
increased frequency of irrigation. This could be explain with their observation that the
water holding capacity of the soil was poor and also the soil texture and structure had
changed from porous to compact.

Fertilizer application. Fertilizer applications was done by the respondents only once
for basal in year 1990-2000 and majority (74%) of the respondents applied side dressing
after 1 week and 26% after 2weeks. In 2001-2010, all the respondents applied fertilizer for
basal only once and 74% applied side dressing after 2 weeks. This implies that more
farmers were applying fertilizer after 2 weeks of transplanting.

Harvesting practices. The respondents harvested their crops either 2x to 3x a month.
In 1990-2000, 64% of the respondents harvested their crops 3x a month and 36% harvested
their crops 2x a month. In 2001-2010, majority (72%) of the respondents harvested their
crops 3x a month and 28% harvest 2x a month. The result implies were harvesting 3x a
month was practiced because higher production.

Packaging. In year 1990 – 2000, farmers used sacks or bamboo crates as packaging
material and in 2001 to 2010, farmers and traders use cellophane bags or plastic bag and
still being practiced now. Cellophane is more convenient to use.



Documentation on the Effect of Climate Change on Eggplant Production in Sto. Tomas, La
Union | PASCUA, GLORY BHEL G. APRIL 2012

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Table 9. Changes in production/cultural management practices
ACTIVITIES
1990-2000
2001-2010

F
(%)
F
(%)
Weeding




Twice
20
40
10
20
Thrice
30
60
40
80
TOTAL
50
100
50
100
Spraying




Once
15
30
20
40
Twice
35
70
30
60
TOTAL
50
100
50
100
Irrigation




Twice a week
15
30
9
18
Thrice a week
35
70
41
82
TOTAL
50
100
50
100
Fertilizer application




Basal




Once
50
100
50
100
Side dressing




After 1 week
37
74
13
26
After 2 weeks
13
26
37
74
TOTAL
50
100
50
100





Documentation on the Effect of Climate Change on Eggplant Production in Sto. Tomas, La
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Table 9. Continued…




ACTIVITIES
1990-2000
2001-2010

F
(%)
F
(%)
Harvesting practices




Twice
18
36
14
28
Thrice
32
64
36
72
Packaging




Sack
50
100
-
-
Plastic/cellophane bag
-
-
50
100



Changes in application of fertilizer. Table 10 shows that most of the respondents
(60%) had no changes in the application of fertilizers, while 40% had changes on the
application of fertilizers. In terms of quantity, before farmers used 2 sacks of T14 in 1990-
2000, now at present years (2001-2010) they used 3 ½ sacks of T14 in farm; in 1990-2000
farmers used of 1 ½ sacks of urea and at present years (2001-2010) they used 2 sacks
volume of urea; and for ammonium they used 1 ½ sacks volume in 1990-2000 and at
present years (2001-2010) farmers increased used of ammonium to 2 ½ sacks.

Table 10a. Changes in fertilizer application
PARTICULAR
FREQUENCY
PERCENTAGE
There are changes
20
40
No changes
30
60
TOTAL
50
100

Documentation on the Effect of Climate Change on Eggplant Production in Sto. Tomas, La
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Table 10a. Continued…
PARTICULAR
FREQUENCY
PERCENTAGE
Nature on changes on


the application of fertilizer
Increase of application
20
40





Table 10b. Fertilizer applied
Fertilizer applied
1990-2000
2001-2010
F
QUANTITY
F
QUANTITY
Triple 14
20
2 sack
20
3 ½ sacks
Urea
20
1 ½ sacks
20
2 sacks
Ammonium
20
1 ½ sacks
20
2 ½ sacks


Observations on the incidence of pest and diseases. Table 11 presents the
observations on the incidence of pest and diseases. Fruit borer were low during wet season
and moderate during dry season since 1990-2010. In 1990-2000, army worm were low
during wet season and high during dry season. In 2001-2010 army worm were moderate
during wet and dry season. Aphids were low during wet season and moderate during dry
season since 1990-2000. In 2001-2010, aphids were moderate during wet and dry season.
Leaf miner was observed to be moderate during wet and dry season since 1990-2000. In
2001-2010, leaf miner was low during wet season and moderate during dry season. In
1990-2000, stem borer was observed to be low during wet and dry season. In 2001-2010,
stem borer was observed with low rating during wet season and moderate during dry
season.
Documentation on the Effect of Climate Change on Eggplant Production in Sto. Tomas, La
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In 1990-2000, bacterial wilt, downy mildew, fruit and root rotting were moderate
during wet season. In dry season downy mildew is moderate and others are still low. In
2000-2010, bacterial wilt, downy mildew and fruit rotting were low during wet season
while root rotting was moderate. In dry season, downy mildew was low while bacterial
wilt, fruit and root rotting were moderate. The result implies that pest and diseases occurs
during wet and dry season that damaging crops in field is still being experienced now.

Table 11. Observations on incidence of pest and diseases
1990-2000
2000-2010
NAME OF PEST AND
DISEASES

WET
DRY
WET
DRY
Pest




Fruit borer
2.96
3.58
2.96
3.55
Army worms
2.83
4
3.17
3.56
Aphids
2.94
3.65
3.08
3.79
Leaf miner
3
3.55
2.77
3.87
Stem borer
2.58
2.92
2.29
3
Diseases
Bacterial wilt
3.08
2.95
2.62
3.38
Downy mildew
3.09
3
2.67
2.94
Fruit rotting
3
2.84
2.44
3.19
Root rotting
3
2.89
3
3.12
Legend: 0 - 1 None
1.1 - 2 Low
2.1 - 3 Moderate
3.1 - 4 High

Documentation on the Effect of Climate Change on Eggplant Production in Sto. Tomas, La
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Application of pesticides. Table 12 shows that most of the respondents did not
changed their application of insecticide and pesticide. In 1990-2000, lanate, brudan,
malathione, sagro, tamaron and ascend were applied low during wet season. While, karate
was applied moderately during wet season. In dry season, sagro applied moderately, while
lanate, brudan, malathione, karate and ascend are still applied low. In 2000-2010,
malathione and tamaron applied moderately during wet season while lanate, brudan, sagro,
karate and ascend are applied low during wet season. Malathione were applied moderately
during dry season. Lanate, brudan, sagro and ascend were applied low during dry season.
This results implies that most farmers use chemicals to control pest and diseases.

Table 12. Application of insecticide and pesticide

1990-2000
2001-2010
PESTICIDE AND
INSECTICIDE
WET
DRY
WET
DRY
Lanate
2.40
2.64
2.56
2.70
Brudan
2.71
2.57
2.54
2.43
Malathione
2.56
2.67
3
3
Sagro
2
3
2
2.64
Tamaron
2
0
3
0
Karate
3
2.28
2
2
Ascend
2.76
2.33
2.31
2.41
Legend: 0 – 1 None
1.1 - 2 Low
2.1 - 3 Moderate
3.1 - 4 High


Documentation on the Effect of Climate Change on Eggplant Production in Sto. Tomas, La
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Control measures. It shows to Table 13, all of the respondents use chemicals to control
pest; 60% used manual picking but this is only applicable when the farmers has a small
area planted with eggplant or when incidence is low. There were 10% of the respondents
who use biological or organic control.

Table 13. Control measures
CONTROL MEASURES
FREQUENCY
PERCENTAGE
Use of chemicals
50
100
Biological control
5
10
Manual picking
30
60
Use of organic control
5
10
*Multiple response


Changes in yield. Majority of the respondents had an area of 2500m2 that their
average marketable yield from 1990-2000 is 377.27 kilos while in 2001-2010 is 485.45
kilos. Their non-average marketable from 1990-2000 is 47.27 while in 2001-2010 is 70.81.
This implies that there are changes in yield during 2001-2010 and had higher marketable.

Table 14. Changes yield per year of a 2500m2 farm
PARTICULARS
1990-2000
2001-2010
Marketable
377.27
485.45
Non-marketable
47.27
70.81


Documentation on the Effect of Climate Change on Eggplant Production in Sto. Tomas, La
Union | PASCUA, GLORY BHEL G. APRIL 2012

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Coping mechanism. Table 15 shows that all respondents cope-up with climate
change by changing the crops, or change variety of crop (74%), change or adjust cropping
period (40%) and plan and implement production program.

This implies that farmers employing some strategies to cope-up with climate and
weather changes.

Table 15. Strategies/coping mechanism employed by farmers
PARTICULARS
FREQUENCY
PERCENTAGE
Change of crops
50
100

Change variety of crops
37
74

Change/adjust cropping
20
40
period

Plan production program
20
40
and implement

*Multiple response










Documentation on the Effect of Climate Change on Eggplant Production in Sto. Tomas, La
Union | PASCUA, GLORY BHEL G. APRIL 2012

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SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS


Summary


The study was conducted to document the awareness of the respondents on climate
change. Thus, this study aimed to determine the perception about climate change based on
their observation. The study was conducted from October to November 2011. The study
was conducted in 3 barangays in Sto. Tomas, La Union namely Patac, Bail and Casilagan
using survey questionnaire. A total of 50 respondents were taken randomly.

All of the respondents were aware on climate change and their perception were
abrupt changes in temperature, occurrence of super typhoon, abrupt changes in weather
condition, changes in season like prolong dry and wet season, La Nina and El Nino.
Secondary data was taken from PAGASA at Dagupan City, Pangasinan. The weather data
shows that from 2000 there is a gradual increase and decrease yearly in temperature. Pest
and diseases occurs during wet and dry season that damaging crops in field is still being
experienced now. And most farmers use chemicals to control pest and diseases. Strategies
applied by farmers are they preferred to changed variety of crops, change of crops and plan
production program and implement.



Conclusions
Farmers were aware of climate change which according to them is the one being
experienced now with a lot of changes in weather conditions. Farmers employed several
strategies and coping mechanism to mitigate climate change however, they apply more
chemicals.


Documentation on the Effect of Climate Change on Eggplant Production in Sto. Tomas, La
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Recommendations
Respondents who are engaged in farming are encouraged to decreased utilization
of chemicals because this is one of the reasons contributing to the climate change. It is
recommended that farmers should revisit traditional production practices to reduce effect
of global warming and pollution to air and soil.


















Documentation on the Effect of Climate Change on Eggplant Production in Sto. Tomas, La
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LITERATURE CITED

ABS-CBN. 2010. More Filipinos Believe Climate Change Dangerous: Survey.
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JABINES, A. AND J. INVENTOR. 2007. The Philippines: A Climate Hotspot Climate
Change Impacts and the Philippines. Greenpeace Southeast Asia. Retrieved
October 1, 2011 from http:// www. greenpeace. org/ raw/ content/seasia/ en/ press
/reports/the-philippines-a-climate-hot.pdf.

GREENPEACE, 20071;PHILIPPINE DAILY INQUIRER, 2009. NO. Debate: Deluge
Due to Climate Change. Retrieved October 1, 2011 from http://newsinfo.
inquire.net/inquirer
headlines/natio/view/20090930-227601/No-debate-Deluge-
due-to-climate-change

RINCON, M.F.G AND VIRTUCIO. F.K. JR. 2008. Climate Change in the Philippines: A
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climate + change+ in+the+philippines

TEBTEBBA FOUNDATION. 2009. Guide of Climate Change and Indigenous Peoples.
2nd ed. Tebtebba Foundation, Philippines

ZHAI, F., and J. ZHUANG. 2007. Agricultural Impact of Climate Change: A General
Equilibrium Analysis with Special References to Southeast Asia. ADBI Working
Paper 131. Tokyo: Asia Development Bank Institute. Retrieved July 7, 2011 from
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Documentation on the Effect of Climate Change on Eggplant Production in Sto. Tomas, La
Union | PASCUA, GLORY BHEL G. APRIL 2012

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