BIBLIOGRAPHY EPIE, MARGIE S. APRIL 2013....
BIBLIOGRAPHY
EPIE, MARGIE S. APRIL 2013. Growth and Yield of Traditional Glutinous Rice
Varieties Sprayed with Mokusaku Under Kapangan, Benguet Condtion. Benguet State
University, La Trinidad, Benguet.
Adviser: Hector C. Gayomba, BS.
ABSTRACT
The study was conducted to: determine the growth and yield of traditional glutinous
rice varieties; determine the effect of
Mokusaku application on the growth and yield of
traditional glutinous rice varieties; determine the interaction effect of
Mokusaku and
traditional glutinous rice varieties; and determine the profitability of growing the different
traditional glutinous rice varieties sprayed with
Mokusaku.
Based on the results of the study, all of the varieties were resistant to stem borer and blast.
Balatinaw produced the highest yield among the varieties evaluated. Glutinous rice
varieties sprayed with
Mokusaku showed significant effect on the number of filled grains
and computed yield per hectare. Furthermore, Bongkitan sprayed with
Mokusaku produced
taller seedlings and more grains. Bongkitan and Balatinaw variety sprayed with
Mokusaku
realized the highest profit.
Growth and Yield of Traditional Glutinous Rice Varieties Sprayed with Mokusaku Under
Kapangan, Benguet Condtion | EPIE, MARGIE S. APRIL 2013
INTRODUCTION
Rice, botanically known as
Oryza sativa L., is a well known plant which is
cultivated in both warm and cool climates. It is well adapted to a wide range of diversity
from rain-fed dryland to deep water condition. In most rice growing areas, flooding the soil
to a certain period or for the entire crop season is mostly practiced. The rice crop grows
variably in height usually from 3 to 16 feet and bears a panicle with a floret of more than
300 (Sheaffer, 2009).
Rice being the staple of billions of people including Filipinos contains protein, fats, and
carbohydrates with a supply of 250 calories per day (IRRI, 1993). In Benguet and some
parts of Cordillera, traditional rice varieties are being preserved and valued because it is
embedded in the culture of the people. Kapangan in particular, traditional rice varieties are
cultivated for traditional festivals, other occasions and for commercial purposes as well.
However, most of the farmers are not applying fertilizer to improve the growth and yieldof
traditional rice varieties.
Mokusaku as a foliar spray contains organic compounds that enhances rooting, promotes
photosynthesis and protects the plants from pests and diseases (DA-Thailand, 2011).
Moreover, the beneficial microbes present in
Mokusaku promote plant growth (Tancho,
2011). It has also the ability to absorb plant substances, accelerate nitrogen to amino acids
and water absorption of the plant is easy (Burnette, 2012).
In the past decades until now, high yielding rice varieties (HYV’S), pesticides and synthetic
fertilizers are being introduced leading to the almost disappearance of traditional rice
varieties. Traditional rice varieties being cultivated are generally low yielding and late
maturing making the plants vulnerable to be replaced by high yielding varieties even if
Growth and Yield of Traditional Glutinous Rice Varieties Sprayed with Mokusaku Under
Kapangan, Benguet Condtion | EPIE, MARGIE S. APRIL 2013
2
resistant to severe pests and diseases, adapted to the low temperature, have good eating
quality and a good price (CECAP, 2000).
Therefore, practices that will increase the yield is one of the important aspects in the
conduct of this study. Application of
Mokusaku (wood vinegar) may improve the growth
and increase the yield of traditional rice varieties.
Whatever good result of this study, it will serve as source of information for the farmers to
improve and sustain production of traditional varieties.
The objectives of the study were to:
1. determine the growth and yield of traditional glutinous rice varieties sprayed with
Mokusaku;
2. determine the effect of
Mokusaku on the growth and yield of traditional glutinous rice
varieties;
3. determine the interaction effect between the traditional glutinous rice varieties and
Mokusaku on the growth and seed yield of traditional glutinous rice; and
4. determine the profitability of growing the traditional glutinous rice varieties sprayed
with
Mokusaku, under Kapangan, Benguet, condition.
The study was conducted at Balakbak, Kapangan, Benguet from August 2012 to January
2013.
Growth and Yield of Traditional Glutinous Rice Varieties Sprayed with Mokusaku Under
Kapangan, Benguet Condtion | EPIE, MARGIE S. APRIL 2013
REVIEW OF LITERATURE
The Economic Importance of Rice
Rice is the most important crop in Asia and the staple food for about half of the world’s
population. It is grown in about 143.5M hectares all over the world, more than 90% of
which in Asia. Rice is an economically important food crop with nutritional diversification
and helps in poverty alleviation. Rice is ranked as the world’s number one human food
crop. Rice provides more calories per hectare than any other cereal crop. Rice is planted to
about 2.8ha with an average yield of 3.8 tons. About 2.5 M Filipino rice farmers depend
on rice industry to livelihood and it provides employment to 11.78M agricultural labor
forces (BAS, 2008). Rice is produced in 111 countries in the world and the region with
high population density and the most rapid population growth produced and consumed the
most rice (Nanda, 2000).
Characteristics of Traditional Rice
PhilRice (2000) enumerated some characteristics of traditional rice varieties grown
in the cordillera as those with low fertility awned grains, tall stalk, and late maturing.
CECAP and PhilRice (2000) stated also that traditional rice varieties are mostly
16cm-200cm in height with droopy leaves, photoperiodic which means their growth
duration depends on the month of planting, low yielding, late maturing and it has a less
response to nitrogen fertilizers.
Growth and Yield of Traditional Glutinous Rice Varieties Sprayed with Mokusaku Under
Kapangan, Benguet Condtion | EPIE, MARGIE S. APRIL 2013
Chemical Composition of
Mokusaku
Mokusaku is a liquid obtained from oil, juices, sap and other liquid contents of organic
materials such as wood, coconut shell, bamboo, grass, and other plants after being heated
in a chamber. It has qualities that provide growth inducing effects to plants (De Guzman,
2009).
The characterization of liquid products from pyrolysis has been continued a long
time. The products contain many organic components and the composition is very
complicated. During the last twenty years the interest has mainly been focused on the liquid
product from fast pyrolysis. According to reference the main organic components of
Mokusaku are methanol and acetic acid. Other components are acetone, methyl acetone,
acetaldehyde, allyl alcohol, furan and furfural, formic, propionic and butyric 114 acids 5
(Tiilikkala
et al., 2010).
Mokusaku as a Foliar Spray
Mokusaku, like hormones, will be absorbed into twigs, trunks, or leaves. Plants will be
stronger, and leaves will be greener and resistant to pests and diseases. For plant production
specifically, spray the solution over plant shoots. Through foliar application of
Mokusaku,
the leaves become shiny and darker in color. This is due to the increase in chlorophyll
through the effect of ester in the
Mokusaku which promotes photosynthesis. The ester also
helps in the formation of sugar and amino acids that result in a better taste of the produce.
The healthier leaves naturally have a stronger resistance against pests and diseases.
Mokusaku has capability to break water into smaller clusters. It means that pesticides
diluted in water and added with
Mokusaku will penetrate faster and better into plant leaves
and plants sprayed with
Mokusaku-mixed liquid dry faster too (Yokomori, 2011).
Growth and Yield of Traditional Glutinous Rice Varieties Sprayed with Mokusaku Under
Kapangan, Benguet Condtion | EPIE, MARGIE S. APRIL 2013
Effect of
Mokusaku on Crops
Yokomori (2011) reported his interview with Mr. Capsuyan, applying
Mokusaku on
carrots by spraying once a week at five to seven days interval with a dosage of one small
can of sardines (180 ml) plus fungicides (mancozeb and other fungicide) and insecticides
(half of the recommended dosage) in a 16 liter capacity knapsack sprayer during the
vegetative stage. Result showed that
Mokusaku reduced the strong odor of pesticide; wide
and thicker leaves; big sizes of roots and were almost uniform in size. Four tons of carrot
was harvested from a 400 grams seed. The increase in yields attributed to low quantity of
rejects. The same observation was noted in celery.
Another interview with Mr. Renato Dingwas (2011), a member of the LATOPMPC who
used
Mokusaku in sweet potato noticed that it can also control insect pest such as beetles
that feed on the leaves and also leaf folders that feed on the young shoots and observed to
be robust. Application was done either as fertigation or foliar and applied once a month.
Growth and Yield of Traditional Glutinous Rice Varieties Sprayed with Mokusaku Under
Kapangan, Benguet Condtion | EPIE, MARGIE S. APRIL 2013
MATERIALS AND METHODS
An area of 180m2 was properly prepared and divided into three blocks consisting of 10
plots each measuring 1m x 6m (Figure 1). The experiment was laid-out using split plot
design in randomized complete block design (RCBD). The treatments were as follows:
Main plot:
Mokusaku application (M)
M1= without
Mokusaku application
M2= with
Mokusaku application
Sub-plot: Traditional glutinous rice varieties (V)
Code
Variety
Source
V1
‘Molis’
Balakbak , Kapangan, Benguet
V2
‘Balatinaw’
Balakbak , Kapangan, Benguet
V3
‘Bongkitan’
Balakbak , Kapangan, Benguet
V4
‘Langkay’
Balakbak , Kapangan, Benguet
V5
‘Malunaw’
Cuba, Kapangan, Benguet
The rice seedling of each variety was raised in a wet-bed method. The rice seedlings
were transplanted at 30 days after sowing (Figure 2). Two seedlings per hill were planted
at a distance of 20 cm x 20 cm between hills and row. Replanting was done five days after
transplanting (DAT) to ensure that all hills will have a growing plant.
Mokusaku was sprayed for an interval of 14 days with a ratio of 2 liters water: 4
table spoons of
Mokusaku (Legueb, 2012). The
Mokusaku was acquired at the Municipality
of Kapangan, Benguet.
Growth and Yield of Traditional Glutinous Rice Varieties Sprayed with Mokusaku Under
Kapangan, Benguet Condtion | EPIE, MARGIE S. APRIL 2013
8
7
Weeding was done after 30 days of transplanting (DAP) and other cultural
management practices were done equally.
Figure 1. Overview of the production site during land preparation
Figure 2. Transplanting of 30-day old rice seedlings
Growth and Yield of Traditional Glutinous Rice Varieties Sprayed with Mokusaku Under
Kapangan, Benguet Condtion | EPIE, MARGIE S. APRIL 2013
Data Gathered
1. Meteorological data. The temperature and relative humidity were taken by using a
hygrometer. Rainfall was taken by placing plastic containers within the field to collect
water when precipitation occurs. The volume of water collected was measured using a
graduated cylinder. Rainfall was recorded by getting the average volume of water from the
plastic container. Light intensity was taken by using a digital light meter.
2. Soil analysis. Soil samples were taken from the experimental area before and after
harvesting.
3. Plant vigor. This was taken before transplanting using the following scale (Phil Rice,
1996):
Scale
Description
Remarks
1
Majority of the seedling have 5 or more
Very
leaves with 2-3 tillers
vigorous
2
Majority of the seedlings have 1-5 leaves
Vigorous
with 1-2 tillers
3
Most of the seedling have 4 leaves without
Normal
tillers
4
Most of the seedlings have 3-4 leaves without
Weak
tillers
5
Most of the seedlings turned yellow and thin
Very weak
4. Seedling height (cm). This was measured from the base of the shoot to the tip of the
tallest leaf blade. Ten seedlings per variety were measured before transplanting (Phil Rice,
1996):
Scale
Remarks
1
Short (30cm)
2
Intermediate (45cm)
3
Tall (> 60 cm)
Growth and Yield of Traditional Glutinous Rice Varieties Sprayed with Mokusaku Under
Kapangan, Benguet Condtion | EPIE, MARGIE S. APRIL 2013
5. Height at maturity (cm). This was measured from the base of the plant to the tip at
harvest. Ten samples per plot were selected randomly.
6. Maturity
6.1. No. of days from transplanting to tillering. This was taken when 50% of the
plants produced tillers.
6.2. No. of days from transplanting to booting. This was taken when 50% of the
total plant in a plot booted as shown by the swelling of the upper flag sheath.
6.3. No. of days from transplanting to heading. This was recorded when 50% of the
total plant produced panicles.
6.4. No. of days from transplanting to ripening. This was recorded when 50% of
the panicles turn yellow.
7. No. of tillers produced. Tillers were counted just before booting using ten hills per
treatment.
8. No. of productive tillers per hill. The productive tillers were counted using ten hills per
treatment selected randomly. Only the plants which produce panicles were considered
productive.
9. Yield and yield component (Phil Rice, 1996)
9.1 No. of filled and unfilled grains per panicle. This was recorded by counting the
no. of filled and unfilled grains at heading.
9.2. Yield per plot (kg). Grain yield per plot was taken after threshing and drying
at 14% moisture content (MC) then weighed.
9.3. Grain weight (g). Random samples of 1000 well-developed whole grains, dried
to 13% MC were weighed on a sensitive balance.
Growth and Yield of Traditional Glutinous Rice Varieties Sprayed with Mokusaku Under
Kapangan, Benguet Condtion | EPIE, MARGIE S. APRIL 2013
9.4. Computed yield per hectare. This was taken by converting grain yield per
treatment into yield per hectare using the following ratio and proportion:
Yield/ha= Yield per plot (kg) x 10,000
Plot size x 1000
10. ROCE. This was the actual expenses during the conduct of the study and will be
computed using the formula:
ROCE = Net income x 100
Total cost production
11. Pest and disease incidence
11.1. Stem borer damage evaluation. Field rating was based on the actual no. of
panicles affected using the three middle of the plot as sampling area. Ten sample hills were
selected at random where white heads were counted ten days before harvest, using the
following scale (Phil Rice, 1996).
Scale
Descriptive
Rating
1
1-5 white heads
Resistant
2
6-10 white heads
Moderately resistant
3
11-15 white heads
Intermediate
4
16-25 white heads
Moderately susceptible
5
26 and above white heads
Susceptible
11.2. Blast resistance (neck rot). Evaluation of the severity of rice blast was taken
from the plant at the center rows per hill. Ten sample plant hills were taken randomly.
Computation of percent infected was done by using the formula (Phil Rice, 1996).
Growth and Yield of Traditional Glutinous Rice Varieties Sprayed with Mokusaku Under
Kapangan, Benguet Condtion | EPIE, MARGIE S. APRIL 2013
% infection = No. of panicles infected x 100
Total no. of panicles
Scale
Description
Rating
1
0-5% are affected by blast
Resistant
2
6-25% are affected by blast
Intermediate
3
26% and above are affected by blast
Susceptible
Data Analysis
All quantitative data were analyzed using the Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) for
split plot design in Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with three replications.
The significance of differences among the treatments was tested using the Duncan’s
Multiple Range Test (DMRT).
Growth and Yield of Traditional Glutinous Rice Varieties Sprayed with Mokusaku Under
Kapangan, Benguet Condtion | EPIE, MARGIE S. APRIL 2013
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Meteorological Data
The monthly temperature, relative humidity, rainfall amount, and light intensity
from August to December 2012 are shown in Table 1. It was observed that the lowest
temperature was recorded in the month of October (25oC) and the highest temperature was
recorded during the month of September (32oC). The relative humidity of the study ranges
from 72% (December) to 80 % (October).
The highest rainfall was recorded in the month of September (2750.01 ml) and zero rainfall
was recorded in the month of December. Arraudeau
et al., (1998) stated that irregular
amount and duration of rainfall are the most important factor in planting rice.
Rice plants at seedling stage require a temperature ranged of 12-13oC, 16-19oC at the
tillering stage, 15-20oC at panicle initiation stage and 22-24oC at the anthesis stage (De
Datta, 1981). Thus, the temperature recorded was favorable for rice production during the
conduct of the study.
Table 1. Meteorological data during the conduct of the study
TEMPERATURE RELATIVE
RAINFALL
LIGHT
MONTH
MIN
MAX
HUMIDITY
AMOUNT
INTENSITY
oC
%
(ml)
(lux)
August
27.00
30.00
75
146.67
1054.00
September
28.80
32.00
76
2750.01
1043.60
October
25.00
30.75
80
563.33
563.33
November
26.50
31.00
73
366.67
1305.50
December
26.25
28.75
72
0
1250.00
MEAN
26.71
30.50
75
765.34
1043.29
Growth and Yield of Traditional Glutinous Rice Varieties Sprayed with Mokusaku Under
Kapangan, Benguet Condtion | EPIE, MARGIE S. APRIL 2013
Soil Chemical Properties
Table 2 shows the chemical properties before transplanting and after harvesting
during the conduct of the study. It was observed that the soil pH of the soil decreased from
6.50 to 6.10 after harvesting. The organic matter of the soil decreased from 3.5% to 2.5 and
2.8% after harvesting.
Soil nitrogen and phosphorus decreased after harvesting which may have been
consumed by the plants for its growth and development. Phosphorus is especially essential
for root development, tillering and ripening (IRRI, 2007). Potassium content of the soil
increased from 112 to 135 ppm after planting which imply that potassium is more than
enough for the rice requirement.
Table 2. Soil chemical properties before transplanting and after harvesting
pH
ORGANIC NITROGEN PHOSPHORUS POTASSIUM
MATTER
(%)
(ppm)
(ppm)
(%)
Before
transplanting
6.50
3.5
0.18
27
112
After
harvesting
Without
Mokusaku 6.10
2.5
0.13
23
132
With
Mokusaku 6.10
2.8
0.14
23
135
Analyzed by: Soils Laboratory, City of San Fernando, La Union
Growth and Yield of Traditional Glutinous Rice Varieties Sprayed with Mokusaku Under
Kapangan, Benguet Condtion | EPIE, MARGIE S. APRIL 2013
Plant Vigor
The plant vigor of the five glutinous rice varieties at seedling stage was normal and
all of the seedlings had 4 to 5 leaves as shown in Figure 3.
Seedling Height
Effect of
Mokusaku application. The height of the seedlings was not significantly
affected by the application of
Mokusaku. Plant height ranges from 29.16 to 29.46 cm (Table
3).
Figure 3. Overview of the rice seedlings of the five varieties before transplanting
Growth and Yield of Traditional Glutinous Rice Varieties Sprayed with Mokusaku Under
Kapangan, Benguet Condtion | EPIE, MARGIE S. APRIL 2013
Table 3. Seedling height and height at 130 DAT of the glutinous rice varieties sprayed
……….. with
Mokusaku
SEEDLING
HEIGHT
TREATMENT
HEIGHT
AT 130 DAT
(cm)
(cm)
Mokusaku Application (M)
Without
Mokusaku application
29.46
122.56
With
Mokusaku application
29.16
124.79
Varieties (V)
Molis
32.64a
140.62a
Balatinaw
27.97b
140.20a
Bongkitan
29.88 b
122.69c
Langkay
28.05 b
135.32b
Malunaw
27.99 b
79.54d
M x V
*
ns
CV a (%)
5.49
1.57
CV b (%)
6.88
1.31
Means of the same letter are not significantly different at 5% level of significance by
DMRT
Effect of varieties. The seedling height of the glutinous rice varieties differed from each
other. Molis significantly had the tallest seedlings among the glutinous rice varieties. The
differences in seedling height could be attributed to their varietal characteristics (Ahmed
et al., 1995).
Interaction effect. Significant interaction effect was observed between the glutinous rice
varieties and
Mokusaku application on seedling height as shown on Figure 4. Varieties
Molis without
Mokusaku application produced the tallest seedlings.
Growth and Yield of Traditional Glutinous Rice Varieties Sprayed with Mokusaku Under
Kapangan, Benguet Condtion | EPIE, MARGIE S. APRIL 2013
16
Height at 130 DAT
Effect of
Mokusaku application. No significant effect of
Mokusaku on plant height
at maturity was observed (Table 2). Numerically at 130 DAT, rice plants sprayed with
Mokusaku were taller compared to plants without
Mokusaku.
Effect of varieties. Significant differences were observed on the height of the rice
varieties evaluated. Varieties Molis (140.62 cm) and Balatinaw (140.20 cm) were the tallest
while Malunaw was the shortest (79.54 cm). The differences could be attributed to varietal
characteristics. In addition, traditional rice varieties were characterized by PhilRice (2000)
as tall with an average height of 60 to 200 cm.
Interaction effect. There was no significant interaction observed on the height at
maturity of the glutinous rice varieties sprayed with
Mokusaku.
40
35
m)
(c 30
ht 25
ig
he 20
without Mokusaku
ng 15
dli 10
application
e
e
S 5
with Mokusaku
0
application
Rice varieties
Figure 4. Interaction effect of
Mokusaku application and glutinous rice varieties on
………... seedling height
Growth and Yield of Traditional Glutinous Rice Varieties Sprayed with Mokusaku Under
Kapangan, Benguet Condtion | EPIE, MARGIE S. APRIL 2013
Number of Days from Transplanting to Tillering
Effect of
Mokusaku application. The number of days from transplanting to tillering
was not significantly affected by the application of
Mokusaku. All the plants produced
tillers at 31 DAT (Table 4 and Figure 5).
Effect of varieties. No significant differences were observed on the effect of glutinous rice
varieties on the number of days from transplanting to tillering. All of the varieties produced
tillers at the same time (30 DAT) except Balatinaw which produced tillers at 35 DAT.
Interaction effect. No interaction effect was observed on the number of days from
transplanting to tillering and the five glutinous rice varieties sprayed with
Mokusaku.
Number of Days from Transplanting to Booting
Effect of
Mokusaku application. No significant differences were observed among
the treatments. Plants sprayed and not sprayed with
Mokusaku booted at 82 DAT (Table
4).
Effect of varieties. Numerically, Malunaw was the earliest to boot at 75 DAT followed by
Molis, Bongkitan, and Langkay at 82 DAT.
Booting stage is not always affected by its genetic characteristics. Some factors like
temperature, may delay booting when it is low (Arraudeau
et al., 1998).
Interaction effect. There was no significant interaction effect between the glutinous rice
varieties and
Mokusaku application on the number of days from transplanting to booting.
Growth and Yield of Traditional Glutinous Rice Varieties Sprayed with Mokusaku Under
Kapangan, Benguet Condtion | EPIE, MARGIE S. APRIL 2013
Table 4. Number of days from transplanting to tillering, booting, heading, and ripening of
the glutinous rice varieties sprayed with
Mokusaku
TREATMENT
NUMBER OF DAYS FROM TRANSPLANTING TO
TILLERING
BOOTING HEADING RIPENING
Mokusaku Application (M)
Without
Mokusaku
31
82
109
124
With
Mokusaku
31
82
109
124
Varieties (V)
Molis
30
82
108
125
Balatinaw
35
89
115
130
Bongkitan
30
82
108
125
Langkay
30
82
108
125
Malunaw
30
75
108
113
M x V
ns
ns
ns
ns
CV (%)
0
0
0
0
Means of the same letter are not significantly different at 5% level of significance by
DMRT.
Growth and Yield of Traditional Glutinous Rice Varieties Sprayed with Mokusaku Under
Kapangan, Benguet Condtion | EPIE, MARGIE S. APRIL 2013
…..Figure 5. Tillering stage of glutinous rice varieties
Number of Days from Transplanting to Heading
Effect of
Mokusaku application. No significant differences were observed. All the
plants sprayed and not sprayed with
Mokusaku produced heads at 109 DAT.
Effect of varieties. Molis, Bongkitan, Langkay and Malunaw produced head at the
same time (108 DAT) while Balatinaw was the latest to produced heads at 115 DAT
(Figure 6).
Interaction effect. No significant interaction effect was observed between the
glutinous rice varieties and application of
Mokusaku on the number of days from
transplanting to heading.
………………………………………………………………………………………………
.Figure 6. Heading stage of glutinous rice varieties
Growth and Yield of Traditional Glutinous Rice Varieties Sprayed with Mokusaku Under
Kapangan, Benguet Condtion | EPIE, MARGIE S. APRIL 2013
Number of Days from Transplanting to Ripening
Effect of mokusaku application. There were no significant differences observed on
the number of days from transplanting to ripening of the glutinous rice varieties sprayed
and not sprayed with
Mokusaku.
Effect of varieties. Malunaw was the earliest to ripen at 113 DAT while Molis,
Bongkitan and Langkay ripened at 125 DAT. Balatinaw was the latest to boot and ripen at
130 DAT. Maturity of traditional rice varieties depends on variety and environmental
conditions such as nutrient and temperature (Ahmed
et al., 1995).
Interaction effect. No significant interaction effect was observed on the number of
days from transplanting to ripening between the glutinous rice varieties and
Mokusaku
application.
Number of Tillers
Effect of
Mokusaku application. The number of tillers of the glutinous rice varieties
not sprayed with
Mokusaku is not significantly different from the tiller number of glutinous
rice varieties sprayed with
Mokusaku. However, it was noted that glutinous rice varieties
sprayed with
Mokusaku produced lesser tillers compared to glutinous rice varieties not
sprayed with
Mokusaku (Table 5).
Effect of varieties. Among the five varieties tested, it was observed that Malunaw
significantly had the highest number of tillers (9) and Bongkitan gave the lowest number
of tillers (5). Factors such as variety, spacing, nutrient availability and temperature may
affect the number of tillers produced (Pandey, 1991).
Growth and Yield of Traditional Glutinous Rice Varieties Sprayed with Mokusaku Under
Kapangan, Benguet Condtion | EPIE, MARGIE S. APRIL 2013
Table 5. Number of tillers and productive tillers per hill of the glutinous rice varieties
……….. sprayed with
Mokusaku
NUMBER OF
TREATMENT
TILLERS
PRODUCTIVE
TILLERS
Mokusaku Application (M)
Without
Mokusaku application
7
5
With
Mokusaku application
6
6
Varieties (V)
Molis
6 b
5c
Balatinaw
6b
5c
Bongkitan
5c
5c
Langkay
6 b
6b
Malunaw
9a
8a
M x V
ns
ns
CV a (%)
8.08
8.25
CV b (%)
10.27
10.58
Means of the same letter are not significantly different at 5% level of significance by
DMRT.
Interaction effect. Significant interaction effect between
Mokusaku application and
glutinous rice varieties was not exhibited on the number of tillers per hill of the glutinous
rice varieties.
Growth and Yield of Traditional Glutinous Rice Varieties Sprayed with Mokusaku Under
Kapangan, Benguet Condtion | EPIE, MARGIE S. APRIL 2013
Number of Productive Tillers
Effect of
Mokusaku application. Statistically, there was no significant effect of
spraying
Mokusaku on the number of productive tillers of glutinous rice varieties (Table
5). However, it was noted that glutinous rice varieties not sprayed with
Mokusaku produced
seven tillers but only five tillers were productive. On the other hand, glutinous rice varieties
sprayed with
Mokusaku produced six tillers but all were productive.
Effect of varieties. As shown in Table 5, significant differences among the five
glutinous rice varieties were observed. Malunaw produced eight productive tillers followed
by Langkay with six productive tillers. Tiller production in rice may be attributed to varietal
characteristics and a well-balanced nutrient (Vergara, 1983).
Interaction effect. There was no significant interaction effect observed between the
glutinous rice varieties and application of
Mokusaku on the number of productive tillers.
Number of Filled and Unfilled Grains
Effect of
Mokusaku application. Plants sprayed with
Mokusaku significantly had
the highest number of filled grains per panicle of 149 as shown in Table 6. Plants not
sprayed with
Mokusaku had the least number of filled grains per panicle. Application of
Mokusaku helps in the prevention and attack of insect pests promoting to better growth and
productivity of the plants (Yokomori, 2011).
Glutinous rice varieties sprayed with
Mokusaku had the least number of unfilled grains
while glutinous rice varieties without
Mokusaku application had the highest number of
unfilled grains.
Growth and Yield of Traditional Glutinous Rice Varieties Sprayed with Mokusaku Under
Kapangan, Benguet Condtion | EPIE, MARGIE S. APRIL 2013
24
Table 6. Number of filled and unfilled grains per panicle of the glutinous rice varieties
……….. sprayed with
Mokusaku
NUMBER OF GRAINS PER PANICLE
TREATMENT
FILLED
UNFILLED
Mokusaku Application (M)
Without
Mokusaku application
125b
16
With
Mokusaku application
149a
13
Varieties (V)
Molis
135c
14a
Balatinaw
157b
14a
Bongkitan
169a
19b
Langkay
136c
13a
Malunaw
89d
15a
M x V
**
*
CV a (%)
1.70
16.81
CV b (%)
3.92
11.83
Means of the same letter are not significantly different at 5% level of significance by
DMRT.
Effect of varieties. Significant differences were observed among the five varieties
as shown in Table 6. Bongkitan had the highest number of filled grains per panicle (169)
while Malunaw had the lowest number of filled grains per panicle (89).
Growth and Yield of Traditional Glutinous Rice Varieties Sprayed with Mokusaku Under
Kapangan, Benguet Condtion | EPIE, MARGIE S. APRIL 2013
Bongkitan had the highest number of unfilled grains per panicle while the other varieties
had lesser unfilled grains produced. Arraudeau
et al. (1998) stated that such varieties
usually permit the production of sufficient tillers and leaf area resulting to well- filled
grains.
Interaction effect. There was a significant interaction between glutinous rice
varieties and
Mokusaku application on the number of filled and unfilled grains per panicle.
In Figure 7, it shows that application of
Mokusaku increases the number of filled grains of
Bongkitan variety with the highest increase. In terms of the number of unfilled grains,
plants sprayed with
Mokusaku had lesser number of unfilled grains in varieties Langkay
and Malunaw (Figure 8).
250
ins 200
ra
g
d
e 150
without Mokusaku
fill 100
application
No. of
50
with Mokusaku
application
0
Rice varieties
Figure 7. Interaction effect of
Mokusaku application and glutinous rice varieties on
………… .number of filled grains per panicle
Growth and Yield of Traditional Glutinous Rice Varieties Sprayed with Mokusaku Under
Kapangan, Benguet Condtion | EPIE, MARGIE S. APRIL 2013
25
ins
a
r 20
g
d
e 15
ill
without Mokusaku
10
unf
application
5
o. of
with Mokusaku
N
application
0
Rice varieties
Figure 7. Interaction effect of
Mokusaku application and glutinous rice varieties on
………… .number of unfilled grains per panicle
1000-Grain Weight (g)
Effect of
Mokusaku application. No significant differences were observed in the
1000-grain weight of glutinous rice varieties sprayed and not sprayed with
Mokusaku.
Numerically, grains of glutinous rice varieties sprayed with
Mokusaku had the heavier
grain weight at 31.20 grams (Table 7).
Effect of varieties. No significant differences were observed among the glutinous rice
varieties sprayed with
Mokusaku mean of 1000 filled grains range from 29.67 to 31.33
grams.
Interaction effect. No significant interaction effect was observed among the
glutinous rice varieties and
Mokusaku application on 1000-grain weight.
Growth and Yield of Traditional Glutinous Rice Varieties Sprayed with Mokusaku Under
Kapangan, Benguet Condtion | EPIE, MARGIE S. APRIL 2013
Table 7. 1000-grain weight, total yield per plot and computed yield per hectare of the
…………glutinous rice sprayed with
Mokusaku
WEIGHT OF
TREATMENT
1000 FILLED
YIELD
GRAINS
TOTAL
COMPUTED
(g)
(kg/6m2)
(t/ha)
Mokusaku Application (M)
Without
Mokusaku application
29.80
1.67b
2.67b
With
Mokusaku application
31.20
1.87a
3.06a
Varieties (V)
Molis
29.83
1.63
2.71
Balatinaw
29.67
1.83
2.99
Bongkitan
31.00
1.71
2.85
Langkay
30.67
1.79
2.85
Malunaw
31.33
1.75
2.92
M x V
ns
ns
ns
CV a (%)
4.75
7.91
5.41
CV b (%)
4.80
12.43
12.26
Means of the same letter are not significantly different at 5% level of significance by
DMRT.
Total Yield per Plot
Effect of
Mokusaku application. There were significant differences observed on the
total yield per plot of the glutinous rice varieties sprayed and not sprayed with
Mokusaku.
Glutinous rice varieties sprayed with
Mokusaku had the highest yield of 3.06 kg (Table 7).
Results are due to high number of filled grains and heavier weight of glutinous rice varieties
sprayed with
Mokusaku.
Growth and Yield of Traditional Glutinous Rice Varieties Sprayed with Mokusaku Under
Kapangan, Benguet Condtion | EPIE, MARGIE S. APRIL 2013
Effect of varieties. No significant differences were observed on the total yield per plot
among the glutinous rice varieties (Table 7). Numerically, Balatinaw variety had the
highest yield of 1.83 kg followed by Langkay (1.79 kg), Malunaw (1.75 kg), Bongkitan
(1.71 kg) and Molis which had the lowest yield of 1.63 kg.
Interaction effect. No significant interaction effect was observed between the total
yield per plot of the glutinous rice varieties and
Mokusaku application.
Computed Yield per Hectare (tons/ha)
Effect of
Mokusaku application. Glutinous rice varieties sprayed with
Mokusaku
significantly had a higher computed yield per hectare compared to glutinous rice varieties
not sprayed with
Mokusaku. Nutrient uptake from
Mokusaku application in each phase of
the plant growth may resulted in high yield.
Effect of varieties. Numerically, Balatinaw had the highest yield of 2.99 t/ha
followed by Malunaw (2.92 t/ha).
Interaction effect. No significant interaction effect was observed between the
glutinous rice varieties and
Mokusaku application on the computed yield per hectare.
Reaction to Stem Borer and Blast
All the glutinous rice varieties were resistant to stem borer and blast.
Return on Cash Expense
Glutinous rice varieties sprayed and not sprayed with
Mokusaku obtained a positive ROCE.
Balatinaw and Bongkitan sprayed with
Mokusaku had the highest ROCE due to high yield
and resistance to pest.
Growth and Yield of Traditional Glutinous Rice Varieties Sprayed with Mokusaku Under
Kapangan, Benguet Condtion | EPIE, MARGIE S. APRIL 2013
Table 8. ROCE of the glutinous rice varieties sprayed with
Mokusaku
YIELD
GROSS
COST OF
NET
TREATMENT
(kg/18 INCOME PRODUCTION INCOME ROCE
m2)
(Php)
(Php)
(Php)
(%)
Without
Mokusaku
Molis
4.75
380.00
110.00
270.00
245.45
Balatinaw
5.00
400.00
110.00
290.00
263.64
Bongkitan
4.25
340.00
110.00
230.00
209.09
Langkay
5.25
420.00
110.00
310.00
281.82
Malunaw
5.00
400.00
110.00
290.00
263.64
Mean
252.73
With
Mokusaku
Molis
5.00
250.00
125.00
125.00
220.00
Balatinaw
6.00
300.00
125.00
175.00
284.00
Bongkitan
6.00
300.00
125.00
175.00
284.00
Langkay
5.50
275.00
125.00
150.00
252.00
Malunaw
5.50
275.00
125.00
150.00
252.00
Mean
258.40
Note: Milled grains were sold at P 80.00 per kilo
Total cost of production includes seeds, labor and
Mokusaku
Growth and Yield of Traditional Glutinous Rice Varieties Sprayed with Mokusaku Under
Kapangan, Benguet Condtion | EPIE, MARGIE S. APRIL 2013
SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATION
Summary
The study was conducted at Balakbak, Kapangan, Benguet to: determine the growth
and yield of glutinous rice varieties; determine the effect of
Mokusaku application on the
growth in yield of rice varieties; determine the interaction effect glutinous rice varieties
and of
Mokusaku application; and determine the profitability of growing the different
glutinous rice varieties sprayed with
Mokusaku.
Mokusaku application significantly affected the number of filled grains per panicle, yield
per plot, and computed yield per plot.
Mokusaku application to glutinous rice varieties
provided the highest number of filled grains and yield.
Significant differences among the glutinous rice varieties were observed on the seedling
height, height at maturity, number of produced tillers, number of productive tillers and
number of filled and unfilled grains per panicle. Molis variety had the tallest seedling
height and plant height at 130 DAT followed by Balatinaw. Malunaw variety had the
highest number of productive tillers. For the unfilled grains, Langkay, Molis and Balatinaw
had the least number while Bongkitan had the highest number of filled grains followed by
Balatinaw. In terms of yield, Balatinaw had the highest yield, followed by Langkay,
Malunaw and Bongkitan.
Interaction effect of glutinous rice varieties and
Mokusaku application were significant on
the seedling height, number of filled grains per panicle and number of unfilled grains per
panicle. Bongkitan had the tallest seedling height and highest number of filled grains per
panicle.
Glutinous rice either sprayed or not with
Mokusaku realized a positive ROCE.
Growth and Yield of Traditional Glutinous Rice Varieties Sprayed with Mokusaku Under
Kapangan, Benguet Condtion | EPIE, MARGIE S. APRIL 2013
Conclusions
Based on the results of the study, all the varieties were resistant to stem borer and blast.
Malunaw produced the highest number of productive tillers while Bongkitan had the
highest number of filled grains. All the rice varieties had a comparable total and computed
yield.
Application of
Mokusaku increased the total and computed yield of the rice varieties.
Furthermore, application of
Mokusaku on Bongkitan variety produced the taller seedlings
and more filled grains.
Regardless of treatment, positive ROCE was obtained.
Bongkitan and Balatinaw variety sprayed with
Mokusaku showed the highest profitability.
Recommendation
All the five traditional glutinous rice varieties evaluated in this study are recommended for
traditional glutinous rice production under Kapangan, Benguet condition while spraying of
Mokusaku may not be done on traditional glutinous rice.
Growth and Yield of Traditional Glutinous Rice Varieties Sprayed with Mokusaku Under
Kapangan, Benguet Condtion | EPIE, MARGIE S. APRIL 2013
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Growth and Yield of Traditional Glutinous Rice Varieties Sprayed with Mokusaku Under
Kapangan, Benguet Condtion | EPIE, MARGIE S. APRIL 2013