BIBLIOGRAPHY FAUSTINO, DELFER P. APRIL...

BIBLIOGRAPHY

FAUSTINO, DELFER P. APRIL 2011. Wet Season Evaluation of Five Potato Entries
For Organic Production in La Trinidad, Benguet. Benguet State University, La Trinidad,
Benguet.

Adviser: Leoncia L. Tandang Ph.D.

ABSTRACT

Five entries of potato were evaluated during the wet season to identify the best entries for
organic production; to determine the profitability of growing potato for organic production
during wet season; and to record and photo document all the activities employed in potato
production under organic production system in La Trinidad, Benguet.
Based on the results, MLUSA #8, and MLUSA #5 are the best entries for organic
production during wet season cropping in La Trinidad, Benguet. They produced high yield and
return on cash expense among the potato entries evaluated.
All cultural management practices from land preparation to crop management and
protection, to harvesting of potato tubers were recorded and photo documented.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Page
Bibliography……………………………………………………………………..
i

Abstract……………………………………………………………….................
i

Table of Contents………………………………………………………………..
ii

INTRODUCTION………………………………………………………………
1

REVIEW OF LITERATURE…………………………………………………...
3

MATERIALS AND METHODS………………………………………………..
6

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION…………………………………………...........
13

Agro-climatic Data……………………………………………………...
13

Plant Survival…………………………………………………………...
14

Plant Height…..…………………………………………………………
14

Canopy Cover…………..……………………………………………….
15

Plant Vigor, Reaction

to Leaf Miner and Late Blight………………….......................................
16

Weight of Marketable

and Non-marketable Tubers……………..................................................
17

Total Yield and Computed

Yield per Hectare ………………………………………………………..
17

Dry Matter and Sugar Content………………………………………….......
18

Return on Cash Expense……………………………….................................
19

Documentation of Cultural Practices………………………………..............
20

SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION

Summary…………………………………………………………..............
27

Conclusion……………………………………..…………….....................
28

Recommendation……………………………….........................................
28

LITERATURE CITED……………………………………………………..............
29

APPENDICES……………………………………...…………................................
31

1

INTRODUCTION

Potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) is a herbaceous annual subtropical and temperate
crop grown for its edible tubers. Solanum tuberosum is mostly used as a vegetable, as a
source of starch and for other commercial purposes. This crop becomes the world's most
important tuber crop and it is considered as the 4th most important source of food energy
after rice, wheat, and maize. Farmers and gardeners grow them worldwide. Growers
cultivate thousands of different varieties of potato (Mosley, 2003).
FNRI (2006) stated that potato has high nutritive value. It contains carbohydrates,
proteins, minerals and vitamins in moderate amounts. Potatoes are best suited in the
highlands like Benguet and Mt. Province because of its cool climate. Thus, it became a
major source of income to growers in the Cordillera.

In addition, potatoes in Benguet have been grown under organic production to
avoid the use of pesticides. Organic production is the traditional practice utilizing the
diverse farming system which avoided the use of synthetic chemical inputs such as
fertilizers, pesticides, herbicides, growth stimulants, and others. Organic farming depends
on crop rotation, green manuring and others. Pest control is done by applying non-
chemical methods such as biological controls, mechanical cultivation, mulches, and other
forms of natural control (Kuepper, 2002).
Potato is one of the most planted crops in Benguet and Mt. Province. This crop is
more profitable than the other crops in the highlands, because potato can give good yield
and higher income to the growers. Aside from the fact that potato is not easily damaged
when transported to the market.
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Organic potato production need good varieties that are adapted to the
environment, resistant against insect pests and diseases, and can produce high yield.
Resistant varieties can help growers to minimize the use of inorganic pesticides or other
chemicals.

Planting potatoes during the wet season is good because the need for water for
growth and development is met. However, during this season plants are easily attacked
by pest and diseases. In this case, the result of the study will serve as a guide to the
farmers in selecting and growing organic potato varieties for wet season production.
Findings can also serve as reference for future research.
The study was conducted:
1.
to evaluate potato entries in La Trinidad Benguet for organic production
during the wet season;
2.
to determine the best organically grown potato entries in terms of growth,
yield, resistance to pests and profitability;
3.
to determine the return on cash expenses (ROCE) of growing organic
potato during the wet season; and
4.
to record and photo document all the activities employed in organic
production of potato.

The study was conducted at BSU Organic Farm in Balili, La Trinidad, Benguet
from August to November 2010.

Wet Season Evaluation of Five Potato Entries For Organic Production in La Trinidad, Benguet.
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REVIEW OF LITERATURE

Definition of Organic Farming

Organic farming is defined as a whole system approach that works to optimize the
natural fertility resources of the farm. This is done through traditional practices of
recycling farm produced like livestock manures, composting, crop rotation, green
manuring, and crop residue management (Kuepper and Gegner, 2004).

Organic agriculture is a holistic production management system that promotes and
enhances agro-ecosystem health, including biodiversity, biological cycle and soil
biological activity. It emphasizes the use of management practices in preference to the
use of off-farm inputs. By using, where possible, agronomic, biological and mechanical
methods, as to opposed using synthetic materials, to fulfil any specific function within the
system (PCARRD, 2006). Organic agriculture also looks to local waste products manures
from confinement feeding food processing waste and others to supplement soil fertility
economically (Potandon, 2003).

Effect of using Organic Fertilizer

Organic fertilizer can improve the conditions of all mineral soils for many
reasons. This fertilizer helps sandy soils by increasing their water- and nutrients-holding
capacity. It improves clay soils by loosening them and improving their tilt (Pandosen,
1986).

Organic fertilizer also makes the compact soil lighter, holds the soil particles
together and helps anchor them against erosion, and it provides microelements in more
readily available for the plants.
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Organic fertilizers add the nutrients to the soil that plants need to be more
productive. These vital nutrients include phosphorus, nitrogen, and potassium. They
allow the plant to grow larger, blooming flowers and larger fruits. So the produce are in
good quality, allowing the farmer to harvest more and better fruits. Also keep the plants
growing healthy and productive longer into the season despite changing weather and soil
temperatures. Organic fertilizers break down slowly, which means they need to be
applied much less frequently than other types of fertilizers. This means that farmers
spend less on feeding their plants. In addition, the application of organic matter effects
and improves the physical properties of the soil, decreasing the bulk density of the soil
that favours plant growth (Newsome, 2009).

Varietal Evaluation for Organic Production

In potato trial conducted under organic production system, Ambales (2009) found
that CIP 676089 had the highest tubers and dry matter content at 90 DAP. CIP 13.1.1,
CIP 96-06, PHIL 5.19.2.2 and CIP 676089 produced the highest total yield tubers. CIP
13.1.1, CIP 67608, PHIL 5.19.1.1 and CIP 96-06 had moderately resistance to leaf miner
at 60 DAP and highly resistant to late blight. CIP 676089 obtained the highest return on
cash expenses.

The study of Montes (2006) at Puguis, La Trinidad, Benguet found out that potato
genotype CIP 676080 was the best entry under organic production system, As evidenced
by highly vigorous and tall plants, high yield, high dry matter content of tubers and
resistance to late blight.

Imarga (2009) found that CIP 380241.17, MLUSA 5, MLUSA 8 and Igorota were
adapted under organic production at Beckel, La Trinidad, Benguet. Igorota and MLUSA
Wet Season Evaluation of Five Potato Entries For Organic Production in La Trinidad, Benguet.
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3 were highly resistant to late blight while the other entries were rated moderately
resistant to leaf minner at 75 DAP. MLUSA 5 produced the highest number of
marketable tuber while CIP 380241.17 produced heaviest weight of marketable tubers,
high yield and highest ROCE.

Laweng (2006) found that Entry 13.1.1 produced the highest canopy cover and
the most resistant to late blight. Catani produced the highest marketable yield but was
susceptible to late blight.

Wet Season Evaluation of Five Potato Entries For Organic Production in La Trinidad, Benguet.
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MATERIALS AND METHODS

A total area of 75 m2 was cleaned and thoroughly prepared and divided into three
blocks representing three replications (Figures 1and 2). Each block had five plots
measuring 1m x 5m each. The experiment was laid out following Randomized Complete
Block Design (RCBD) with three replications. The sprouted potato tubers (Figure 3) were
planted in double row-plot at a distance of 30 cm x 30cm between hills and between
rows. Cultural management practices such as irrigation, weeding, pest control and hilling
up were uniformly employed to all treatments throughout the experimental duration.
The treatments were:
Code

Entry

Source
E1

MLUSA #8

Mainland USA
E2

MLUSA #5

Mainland USA
E3

MLUSA #3

Mainland USA
E4

Gloria (check variety)

CIP, Lima Peru
E5

Granola (check variety)

CIP, Lima Peru

Figure 1. Clearing of the experimental area

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Figure 2. Preparation of the experimental area

GLORIA

Figure 3. Sprouted tubers of entries used in the study as planting materials

Data gathering Gathering of data such as plant height, canopy cover, pest and

disease assessment and others was done during the conduct of the study (Figure 4).

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Figure 4. Data gathering in the experimental field

Data gathered
1. Agro climatic data. The temperature, relative humidity, rainfall and sunshine
duration were taken from Philippines Atmospheric Geophysical and Astronomical
Services Administration (PAGASA) Agronomical Meteorological Station based at
Benguet State University.
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2. Plant survival (%). The number of plants that survived was counted at 30, 45,
60 days after planting (DAP) and percent plant survival was calculated using the
following formula.
No of Plant Survived
Plant Survival (%) = x 100

Total Number of Tubers Planted
3. Plant height. The height of ten sample was taken at 30, 45, 60 DAP using
a meter stick from the base of the plant to the youngest leaf.
4.
Canopy cover. This was gathered at 30, 45, 60 DAP using a wooden frame
which measure 120 cm x 60 cm having grids of equal size of 12 cm x 6 cm by placing it
on top of the canopy.

5. Plant vigor. Plant vigor was rated at 30, 45, and 60 DAP based on a rating
scale used by CIP, in 2001.

Scale
Description
Remarks

1
Plants are weak with few stems and leaves,
poor vigor
very pale.
2
Plants are weak with few thin stems and
less vigorous
leaves, pale.
3
Better than less vigorous
vigorous
4
Plants are moderately strong with robust stem
moderately vigorous
and leaves were light green in color
5
Plants are strong with robust stem and leaves,
highly vigorous
light color to dark green in color.

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6. Reaction to leaf miner. The reaction to leaf miner was recorded at 30, 45 and
60 DAP using the following the rating scale used by (CIP, in 2001).
Scale
Description
Reaction
1
Less than 20% of plants per plot infested
Highly Resistant
2
21-41 % of plants per plot infested
Moderately Resistant
3
41-60% of plant per plot infested
Susceptible
4
61-80% of plant per plot infested
Moderately Susceptible
Scale
Description
Reaction
5
80-100% of plants per plot infested
Very Susceptible

2. Reaction to late blight. Ratings were done at 30, 45, 60 and 75 DAP using a
CIP (Henfling, 1987) rating scale as follows:
Blight (%) Scale
Description
1
1
No blight seen
Trace < 5
2
Late blight present. Maximum of 10 lesions per plant

5-<15
3
Plants look healthy, but lesions are easily seen at closer distance.
Maximum foliage are affected by lesions or destroyed
corresponds to not more than 20 leaflets.

15-<35
4
Late blight easily seen on most plants. About 25% of foliage is
covered with lesions or destroyed.
35-<65
5
Plots look green; however, all the plants are affected. Lower
leaves are dead. About half of the foliage is destroyed.
65-<85
6
Plots look green with brown flecks. About 75% of each plant is
affected. Leaves of the lower half of the plants are destroyed.
85-<95
7
Plots are neither predominantly green nor brown. Only top leaves
are green. Many stems have large lesions.
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95-<100
8
Plot is black colored. A few top leaves still have green area. Most
stems have lesions or are dead.
100
9
All leaves and stems are dead.
Reaction: 1- Highly resistant; 2-3 Resistant; 4-5 Moderately resistant; 6-7 Moderately
susceptible; 8-9 Susceptible

8. Weight of marketable tubers per plot (kg/m2). This was taken by weighing all
the marketable tubers per plot at harvest.
9. Weight of non-marketable tubers per plot (kg/m2). This was taken by weighing
all the non-marketable per plot at harvest. These are tubers obtained by counting and
weighing all tubers that are malformed, damaged by pest and diseases and those with more
than 10% greening marketable tubers.

10. Total yield per plot (kg/m2). This was the sum of the weight of marketable
and non-marketable tubers per plot.

11. Computed yield (tons/ha). This was computed on a hectare basis using the
formula:

Computed Yield (T/ha) = Total Yield per Plot (kg/5m2) x 2

where: 2 is the factor used to convert yield per plot in kg/5m2 into tons per
hectare assuming one hectare effective area.

12. Return on cash expense. This was computed using the following formula:

Net Income

ROCE (%) = X 100

Total Cost of Production

13. Dry matter content of tubers. Twenty gram (20g) (Figure 5) tubers were
weighed and sliced into cubes and oven dried at 80oC for 24 hours. This was recorded
and computed using the following formula:
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Dry Matter Content = 100%-% moisture content

Fresh Weight – Oven Dry Weight
where: Moisture Content (%) = X100

Fresh Weight

14. Sugar content (0Brix). This was taken by extracting the juice from potato
tubers and measuring sugar content using a digital refractometer.

Figure 5. Cubed potato tubers for dry matter analysis
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15. Documentation of cultural practices. All cultural management practices on
organic production that were employed in this study such as fertilizer application, crop
protection, hilling-up, harvesting and others were recorded and photo documented.

Data Analysis

All quantitative data were analyzed using the Analysis of Variance (ANOVA)
for Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with three replications. The
significance of differences among the treatment means was tested using the Duncan’s
Multiple Range Test (DMRT) at 5% level of significance.
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RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Agro-climatic Data

The monthly temperature, relative humidity, amount of rainfall, and sunshine
duration throughout the conduct of the study are shown in Table 1. The maximum
temperature was recorded in October 2010, while the minimum temperature was
observed in November 2010.
The relative humidity was higher in September and then decreased during the
month of October to November. The monthly rainfall ranged from 6.3 to 8.2 mm.
Highest amount of rainfall was gathered in October. The longer sunshine duration was
observed during the month of September and November which was 237.4 min. and the
shortest sunshine duration was recorded in October. According to (HARRDEC, 1996)
potato grow best in areas with a temperature ranging from 17oC to 22oC and average
relative humidity of 86oC. Yield was highest when average daytime temperature are
about 21oC. Temperature is important because it affects the accumulation of
carbohydrates and dry matter in the tubers.

Table 1. Temperature, relative humidity, rainfall, and sunshine duration for September to
November 2010

MONTHS
TEMPERATURE
RELATIVE RAINFALL SUNSHINE
Max. Min.
HUMIDITY
(mm)
DURATION
oC oC
(%)
(min)
September
24.95
15.82
57
6.30
237.40

October
25.22
15.40
55
8.20
196.40

November
24.80
15.20
55
6.30
237.40

Source: BSU, La Trinidad, Benguet, PAGASA office
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Plant Survival

Figure 6 shows the plant survival of the different potato entries at 30, 45, and 60
DAP. Statistical analysis revealed no significant differences among the five potato entries
tested. At 30 DAP, the percent survival ranged from 97-100% among the five entries of
potatoes evaluated. At 45 DAP, it ranged from 90-97% and at 60 DAP, there was 87-95
% percent survival. There was decreasing percent survival from 30 to 60 DAP due to the
infestation of leaf miner and late blight and prevalence of typhoon at 62 days after
planting.

Plant Height

It is shown in Figure 7 that the plant height of potato entries at 30, 45, and 60
DAP differed significantly among the five potato entries tested. Gloria had the tallest
plants while Granola exhibited the shortest plants at 30, 45, and 60 DAP.

PLANT SURVIVAL (%)
30 DAP
45 DAP
60 DAP
95
91
87
89
94
97
94
96
90
96
99
97
100
99
98
MLUSA # 8
MLUSA # 5
MLUSA # 3
GLORIA
GRANOLA

Figure 6. Plant survival of five potato entries at 30, 45, and 60 DAP under organic
production system during wet season

Wet Season Evaluation of Five Potato Entries For Organic Production in La Trinidad, Benguet.
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Canopy Cover

The canopy cover of the five potato entries showed no significant differences at
30, 45 and 60 DAP (Figure 8). It ranged from 8.33 cm – 11.33 cm at 30 DAP. At 45 DAP
it ranged from 16.33 cm – 26.00 cm and at 60 DAP, it ranged from 29.33 cm – 41.00 cm.
There was increasing canopy cover from 30 to 60 DAP that could be due to the high
vigor of the plants.

PLANT HEIGHT (cm)
30 DAP
45 DAP
60 DAP
52.4
53.51
58.63
50.61
42.4
47.42
35.13
36.88
33.23
24.02
29.27
21.08
21.5
25.04
15.38
MLUSA # 8
MLUSA # 5
MLUSA # 3
GLORIA
GRANOLA

Figure 7 . Plant height of five entries of potato at 30, 45, and 60 DAP under organic
production system during wet season

CANOPY COVER (cm)
30 DAP
45 DAP
60 DAP
33.00
35.00
23.66
36.66
41.00
9.66
20.00
9.00
16.33
26.00
29.33
8.33
11.33
20.00
9.00
MLUSA # 8MLUSA # 5MLUSA # 3 GLORIA GRANOLA

Figure 8. Canopy cover of five entries of potato at 30, 45, 60 DAP under organic
production system during wet season

Wet Season Evaluation of Five Potato Entries For Organic Production in La Trinidad, Benguet.
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Plant Vigor, Reaction to Leaf Miner and Late Blight

Table 2 shows the plant vigor, reaction to leaf miner, and late blight of five potato
entries at 60 DAP. All the entries were highly vigorous. This could be due to the highest
percentage of plant survival and large canopy cover of the plants.

MLUSA #5 was rated susceptible while MLUSA #8 and Granola were
moderately resistant and MLUSA #3 and Gloria were rated highly resistant to leaf miner
(Table 2). At 60 DAP, all the entries were moderately resistant to late blight except
Gloria that was rated resistant (Table 2). The resistance of the entries could be due to
their genotypic characteristics that can tolerate late blight incidence.

According to Tosay (2008) on his personal interview with Perez that high relative
humidity increases the late blight incidence because of the presence of moisture that
favors the occurrence of late blight. Further, the crop is horizontally resistant to late
blight, there may be an infection but not enough to affect the yield.

Table 2. Plant vigor, reaction to leaf miner and late blight at 60 DAP of five potato
entries under organic production system during wet season

REACTION TO
ENTRY
LEAF MINER
LATE BLIGHT

MLUSA # 8
Moderately Resistant
Moderately Resistant

MLUSA # 5
Susceptible
Moderately Resistant

MLUSA # 3
Highly Resistant
Moderately Resistant

GLORIA
Highly Resistant
Resistant

GRANOLA
Moderately Resistant
Moderately Resistant

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Weight of Marketable and Non-Marketable Tubers

Table 3 shows the total weight of marketable and non-marketable tubers per plot
of five potato entries evaluated. No significant differences on marketable and non-
marketable tubers per plot were observed among the five entries evaluated. The weight of
marketable tubers ranged from 1.06 to 1.60 kg/5m2. The weight of non-marketable
ranged from 0.18 to 0.48 kg/5m2.

Total Yield Per 5m2 and Computed Yield Per Hectare

Table 4 also shows no significant differences on the total yield per plot and
computed yield per hectare among the five potato entries evaluated. MLUSA # 8
numerically produced the highest yield of 2.08 kg/5m2 followed by MLUSA # 5. Granola
gave the lowest yield of 1.36 kg/5m2. MLUSA #8 numerically produced the highest
computed yield per hectare of 4.16 T/ha while Granola gave the lowest yield of 2.73
T/ha.

Table 3. Weight of marketable and non-marketable tubers of five potato entries under

organic production

WEIGHT
ENTRY
MARKETABLE NON-MARKETABLE
TUBERS (Kg) TUBERS (Kg)

MLUSA # 8
1.60
0.48

MLUSA # 5
1.56
0.38

MLUSA # 3
1.08
0.30

GLORIA
1.60
0.18

GRANOLA
1.06
0.30

CV (%)
28.63
43.65

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Dry Matter and Sugar Content

Table 5 shows the dry matter content (DMC) and sugar content of the five potato
entries grown during wet season under organic production system. No significant
differences were observed among the potato entries evaluated.

Dry matter contents of tubers ranged from 15.66 to 17.83 %, an indication that the
potato entries tested are not suitable for processing. Based on early reports, potato for
French fries should contain 20 to 24 % dry matter content (APA, 1991). Harvesting
potato tubers earlier (at 60 DAP) had lower dry matter content than the DMC during
usual harvesting period of 110 DAP.

Table 4. Total yield and computed yield of five potato entries under organic production

TOTAL YIELD
COMPUTED YIELD
ENTRY
(kg/5 m2)
(T/ha)

MLUSA # 8
2.08
4.16

MLUSA # 5
1.95
3.90

MLUSA # 3
1.38
2.75

GLORIA
1.78
3.56

GRANOLA
1.36
2.73

CV (%)
25.21
25.21

Means followed by common letters are not significantly different at 5 % level of DMRT

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Table 5. Dry matter and sugar content of five potato entries under organic production
system during wet season

DRY MATTER
SUGAR CONTENT
ENTRY
CONTENT (%)
(oBrix)

MLUSA # 8
17.00b
1.93

MLUSA # 5
17.00b
2.13

MLUSA # 3
17.80a
2.10

GLORIA
15.66c
2.16

GRANOLA
17.83a
2.10

CV (%)
3.91
4.50

Means followed by common letters are not significantly different at 5 % level of DMRT

The sugar content of potato ranged from 1.93 to 2.16 oBrix. Results obtained in
this study indicated that MLUSA #8 could be good entry for chips production. According
to Ludwig in 1985, the sugar content of potatoes for chipping should be below 2 %.
Potatoes with low sugar content resulted in lighter colored chips.

Return on Cash Expense (ROCE)

The return on cash expenses in producting the five potato entries during the wet
season evaluation for organic production is shown on Table 6. Potato entry MLUSA #8
had the highest ROCE of 20.93% followed by MLUSA #3 (13.37%) and Gloria (3.48%)
while Granola and MLUSA #3 had negative ROCE. These results indicate that the entries
with the highest yield could also result in highest profit.

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Table 6. Return on cash expense on growing five potato entries under organic production
system during wet season

TOTAL
COST OF
GROSS
NET
ROCE
ENTYR
WEIGHT OF PRODUCTION INCOME
PROFIT
(%)
TUBERS
(PhP)
(PhP)
(PhP)
(kg/5m2)

MLUSA # 8
2.08
172
208.00
36
20.93

MLUSA # 5
1.95
172
195.00
23
13.37

MLUSA # 3
1.38
172
138.00
-34
-19.76

GLORIA
1.78
172
178.00
6
3.48

GRANOLA
1.36
172
136.00
-36
-20.93
Tubers were sold at 100 Php per kilogram

Documentation of Cultural Practices on Producing
Potato Entries During Wet Season Evaluation for
Organic Production

Land clearing. The area was cleaned by cutting the weeds with the use of a sickle
(Figure 9). Weeds were removed from the area with a hoe. They were polled at one side
of the area for decomposition (Figure 10).
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Figure 9. Clearing of the area
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Figure 10. Removing weeds from the experimental area

Land preparation and application of compost fertilizer. Land preparation was
done by digging plots to raise the beds. BSU compost as organic fertilizer was
broadcasted on the plots 15 days before planting at a rate of 5kg per 5m2 (Figures 11 and
12).
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Figure 11. Land preparation

Figure 12. Application and mixing of compost fertilizer in the plot

Planting. Planting of tubers was done at a distance of 30 cm x 30 cm between hills
and between rows in a plot 1m2 x 5m2 (Figure 13).
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Figure13. Lay-outing and planting of potato tubers

Irrigation. Irrigation water was obtained from Balili river using watering cans.
Irrigation of the crops where done twice a week or when necessary (Figure 14).
Wet Season Evaluation of Five Potato Entries For Organic Production in La Trinidad, Benguet.
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26

Figure 14. Irrigating potato plant using watering cans

Hilling-up. Hilling-up was done once at 30 DAP using a grab hoe (Figure 15).
This was done to cover the base of the plant to avoid greening of tubers. The overview of
the plants after hilling-up at 30, 45, and 60 DAP is shown in Figures 16 to 18.

Wet Season Evaluation of Five Potato Entries For Organic Production in La Trinidad, Benguet.
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Figure 15. Hilling-up of potato plants

Figure 16. Overview of five potato entries at 30 days after planting
Wet Season Evaluation of Five Potato Entries For Organic Production in La Trinidad, Benguet.
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28

Figure 17. Overview of potato plants at 45 DAP

Figure 18. Overview of potato plants at 60 DAP

Crop protection. Crop protection against late blight is done by spraying of
virtuoso, a bio fungicide at a rate of seven tablespoons mixed with 16 liters of water
Wet Season Evaluation of Five Potato Entries For Organic Production in La Trinidad, Benguet.
FAUSTINO, DELFER P. APRIL 2011

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(Figure 19). Spraying was done once a week to prevent the incidence of late blight
especially during the conduct of the study that weather was un-prevalent.

Figure 19. Spraying of virtuoso to potato at 45 DAP

Harvesting. Harvesting of potato tubers was done using a pointed stick for

digging (Figures 20 and 21). Harvesting was done at 70 days after planting.

Figure 20. Harvesting using a pointed stick for digging
Wet Season Evaluation of Five Potato Entries For Organic Production in La Trinidad, Benguet.
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30

Figure 21. Harvested potato tubers
SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION

Summary
The study was conducted from September to November 2010. Five entries of
potato were evaluated for their growth and development during wet season under organic
production system, to and identify the best potato entries for organic production during
wet season; to determine the profitability of growing potato for organic production during
wet season; and to record and photo document all the activities employed in organic
production of potato in La Trinidad, Benguet.

Among the five potato entries evaluated, significant differences were observed on
the plant height. No significant differences were observed on the plant survival, canopy
Wet Season Evaluation of Five Potato Entries For Organic Production in La Trinidad, Benguet.
FAUSTINO, DELFER P. APRIL 2011

31

cover, weight of marketable and non-marketable tubers, total yield and computed yield
and dry matter and sugar contents among the five potato entries studied.

The five potato entries had statistically similar and decreasing plant survival from
30 DAP to 45 DAP to 60 DAP. MLUSA # 8 had the highest plant survive. Gloria
produced significantly tallest plants which was comparable to MLUSA #5 and MLUSA
#8. Gloria had also the largest canopy cover followed by MLUSA #3 and was
comparable to MLUSA #5. All the entries were highly vigorous at 60 DAP.

All the entries were resistant to leafminer except for MLUSA # 5 that was rated
susceptible to leaf miner at 60 DAP. Gloria was resistant to late blight while all of the
other entries were moderately resistant.

Among the potato entries, MLUSA # 8, and MLUSA # 5 produced numerically
high total yield plot and computed yield per hectare that consequently recorded the
highest return on cash expense among the potato entries grown under organic production
system during wet season.

Granola and MLUSA #3 recorded the higher dry matter content at 60 DAP.
Gloria and MLUSA #5 had the highest sugar content which MLUSA #8 recorded that
least sugar content.
All the cultural management practices from land preparation, to crop management
and protection, to harvesting of potato tubers under organic production system in La
Trinidad Benguet during wet season cropping were fully recorded and photo documented.

Conclusion

Based on the results of this study, MLUSA # 8 and MLUSA # 5 are the best
entries for organic production during wet season cropping in La Trinidad, Benguet. Both
Wet Season Evaluation of Five Potato Entries For Organic Production in La Trinidad, Benguet.
FAUSTINO, DELFER P. APRIL 2011

32

entries produced high yield and gave positive ROCE. Both also showed resistance to leaf
miner and late blight.

Recommendation

MLUSA # 8 and MLUSA # 5 are the entries recommended for organic production
during wet season at La Trinidad, Benguet condition.

Wet Season Evaluation of Five Potato Entries For Organic Production in La Trinidad, Benguet.
FAUSTINO, DELFER P. APRIL 2011

33

LITERATURE CITED

AMBALES, F. 2009. Growth and yield of potato selections grown organically at La
Trinidad, Benguet. BS Thesis. Benguet State University, La Trinidad, Benguet. P.
xii

ASIAN POTATO ASSOCIATION (APA). 1994. Proceedings of the Fourth Asian Potato
Association. Triennial Conference. Daekwanrycong, Korea. Pp 179-185.

CIP. 2001. Fact Sheets. International Potato Center (CIP). P.10.

FOOD AND NUTRITION RESEARCH INSTITUTE (FNRI). 2006. Hand Book on Food
Composition. Sixth Edition. Vol. 1.

HENFLING, J.W. 1987. Technical Info Bulletin 4: Late Blight of Potato. CIP, Peru. P. 5.

IMARGA, B. 2009. Growth and yield of potato entries under organic production at
Beckel, La Trinidad, Benguet. BS Thesis. Benguet State University, La Trinidad,
Benguet. P.

KUEPPER, G. 2002. Organic soy bean. Retrieved July 08, 2010 from
http://www.attra.org/attra-ph/organicsoy.html.organicsoybeanproducts.

KUEPPER, G. and L. GEGNER. 2004. Retrieved from http://www.attar.org./attar-
pub/organiccrop.htm.

LAWENG, M. D. 2006. Wet Season Evaluation of Potato Entries for Organic Production
under La Trinidad Condition. BS. Thesis. Benguet State University, La Trinidad,
Benguet. P. ix

LUDWIG, J. W. 1985. Quality Standards for the processing industry. Netherlands
International Agriculture Center. P. 20.

MONTES, F. R. 2006. Growth and yield of potato genotype in an organic farm at Puguis,
La Trinidad, Benguet. BS Thesis. Benguet State University, La Trinidad,
Benguet.P.4.

MOSLEY, A. R. 2003. The Potato Plant. Potandon Produce L.L.C. Retrieved August
2010 from http://www.potandon.com?ss potatoes plant.htm.

NEWSOME, J. 2009. Benefits of using Organic Fertilizer. Retrieved June 2010 from
http://www.gardenguids.com/78504-benefits-usingorganic-fertilizer.htm.

Wet Season Evaluation of Five Potato Entries For Organic Production in La Trinidad, Benguet.
FAUSTINO, DELFER P. APRIL 2011

34

PANDOSEN, M.D. 1986 Potential of wild sunflower (Tithonia diversifolia) as Organic
fertilizer. MS Thesis. Benguet State University, La Trinidad, Benguet. P. 4, 18-
19.

PHILIPPINE COUNCIL FOR AGRICULTURE, FORESTRY AND NATURAL
RESOURCES RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT (PCARRD). 2006. The
Philippines recommended for organic fertilizer production & utilization.
Department of Science and Technology, Los Banos, Laguna, Philippines. Pp. 25,
118.

POTANDON, M. 2003. The Potato Plant. Potandon Produce L.L.C. 1210 Pier View
Drive.
Idaho
Falls,
ID
83402.
Retrieved
July
2010
from
http://www.potandon.com/ss_potaoes_plant.htm.

SAWAC, B. P. 2010. On-farm evaluation of potato entries for organic production under
Loo, Buguias, Benguet condition. BS Thesis. Benguet State University, La
Trinidad, Benguet. P. 24.

TOSAY, M.P. 2008. Growth and yield of potato as affected by tillage and compost
fertilizer under organic production. BS Thesis. Benguet State University, La
Trinidad, Benguet. P. 25.

Wet Season Evaluation of Five Potato Entries For Organic Production in La Trinidad, Benguet.
FAUSTINO, DELFER P. APRIL 2011

35

APPENDICES

Appendix Table 1. Plant survival at 30 DAP

REPLICATION

VARIETIES

TOTAL
MEAN
I
II
III

MLUSA # 8
97
100
100
297
99

MLUSA # 5
94
97
100
291
97

MLUSA # 3
100
100
100
300
100

GLORIA
100
97
100
297
99

GRANOLA
97
97
100
294
98

ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE TABLE

SOURCE OF
DEGREE
SUM OF MEAN OF COMPUTED TABULATED F
VARIATION
OF
FREEDOM SQUARES SQUARES
F
0.05
0.01
Replication
2
15.60
7.800
3.06ns

Treatment
4
15.60
3.900
1.53ns
3.84
4.46
Error
8
20.40
2.550

TOTAL
14
51.60

ns- not significant
CV (%) = 1.62
Wet Season Evaluation of Five Potato Entries For Organic Production in La Trinidad, Benguet.
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Appendix Table 2. Plant survival at 45 DAP

REPLICATION

VARIETIES

TOTAL
MEAN
I
II
III

MLUSA # 8
94
100
97
291
97

MLUSA # 5
94
97
91
282
94

MLUSA # 3
94
94
100
288
96

GLORIA
100
85
85
270
90

GRANOLA
97
94
97
288
96

ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE TABLE

SOURCE OF
DEGREE
SUM OF MEAN OF COMPUTED TABULATED F
VARIATION
OF
FREEDOM SQUARES SQUARES
F
0.05
0.01
Replication
2
10.80
5.400
0.21ns

Treatment
4
93.60
23.400
0.91ns
3.84
4.46
Error
8
205.20

TOTAL
14
309.60

ns- not significant
CV (%) = 5.35

Wet Season Evaluation of Five Potato Entries For Organic Production in La Trinidad, Benguet.
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Appendix Table 3. Plant survival at 60 DAP

REPLICATION

VARIETIES

TOTAL
MEAN
I
II
III

MLUSA # 8
94
94
97
285
95

MLUSA # 5
88
94
91
273
91

MLUSA # 3
88
85
88
261
87

GLORIA
97
85
85
267
889

GRANOLA
94
91
97
282
94

ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE TABLE

SOURCE OF
DEGREE
SUM OF MEAN OF COMPUTED TABULATED F
VARIATION
OF
FREEDOM SQUARES SQUARES
F
0.05
0.01
Replication
2
15.60
7.80
0.49ns

Treatment
4
134.40
33.60
2.09ns
3.84
4.46
Error
8
128.40
16.05

TOTAL
14
278.40

ns- not significant
CV (%) = 4.39

Wet Season Evaluation of Five Potato Entries For Organic Production in La Trinidad, Benguet.
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Appendix Table 4. Plant height at 30 DAP

REPLICATION

VARIETIES

TOTAL
MEAN
I
II
III

MLUSA # 8
26.80
23.71
21.55
72.05
24.02

MLUSA # 5
22.80
20.70
19.74
63.24
21.08

MLUSA # 3
21.37
22.59
20.55
64.51
21.50

GLORIA
34.95
26.23
28.73
89.91
29.97

GRANOLA
18.94
14.80
12.40
46.14
15.38

ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE TABLE

SOURCE OF
DEGREE
SUM OF MEAN OF COMPUTED TABULATED F
VARIATION
OF
FREEDOM SQUARES SQUARES
F
0.05
0.01
Replication
2
52.53
26.267
6.86**

Treatment
4
335.27
83.817
21.90**
3.84
4.46
Error
8
30.61
3.827

TOTAL
14
418.41

**- highly significant
CV (%) = 8.74

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Appendix Table 5. Plant height at 45 DAP

REPLICATION

VARIETIES

TOTAL
MEAN
I
II
III

MLUSA # 8
46.40
42.06
38.74
127.20
42.40

MLUSA # 5
36.20
35.70
33.50
105.40
35.13

MLUSA # 3
40.78
35.73
34.14
110.65
36.88

GLORIA
54.00
40.42
47.86
142.28
47.43

GRANOLA
32.43
21.63
21.06
75.12
25.04

ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE TABLE

SOURCE OF
DEGREE
SUM OF MEAN OF COMPUTED TABULATED F
VARIATION
OF
FREEDOM SQUARES SQUARES
F
0.05
0.01
Replication
2
157.70
78.848
8.46**

Treatment
4
851.12
212.779
22.83**
3.84
4.46
Error
8
74.55
9.319

TOTAL
14
1083.37

**- highly significant
CV (%) = 8.18
Wet Season Evaluation of Five Potato Entries For Organic Production in La Trinidad, Benguet.
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Appendix Table 6. Plant height at 60 DAP

REPLICATION

VARIETIES

TOTAL
MEAN
I
II
III

MLUSA # 8
61.15
50.31
45.74
157.20
52.40

MLUSA # 5
57.50
51.15
51.88
160.53
53.51

MLUSA # 3
65.90
40.70
45.25
151.85
50.62

GLORIA
65.93
54.88
55.10
175.91
58.64

GRANOLA
45.35
28.98
25.36
99.69
33.23

ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE TABLE

SOURCE OF
DEGREE
SUM OF MEAN OF COMPUTED TABULATED F
VARIATION
OF
FREEDOM SQUARES SQUARES
F
0.05
0.01
Replication
2
675.79
337.897
19.16**

Treatment
4
1121.31
280.327
15.90**
3.84
4.46
Error
8
141.07
17.633

TOTAL
14
1938.17

**- highly significant
CV (%) = 8.45

Wet Season Evaluation of Five Potato Entries For Organic Production in La Trinidad, Benguet.
FAUSTINO, DELFER P. APRIL 2011

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Appendix Table 7. Canopy cover at 30 DAP

REPLICATION
TOTAL
MEAN
VARIETIES

I
II
III

MLUSA # 8
9
12
8
29
9.66

MLUSA # 5
10
8
9
27
9.00

MLUSA # 3
8
8
9
25
8.33

GLORIA
12
10
12
34
11.33

GRANOLA
5
11
11
27
9.00

ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE TABLE

SOURCE OF
DEGREE
SUM OF MEAN OF COMPUTED TABULATED F
VARIATION
OF
FREEDOM SQUARES SQUARES
F
0.05
0.01
Replication
2
3.33
1.667
0.38ns

Treatment
4
15.73
3.933
0.91ns
3.84
4.46
Error
8
34.67
4.333

TOTAL
14
53.73

ns- not significant
CV (%) = 21.99

Wet Season Evaluation of Five Potato Entries For Organic Production in La Trinidad, Benguet.
FAUSTINO, DELFER P. APRIL 2011

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Appendix Table 8. Canopy cover at 45 DAP

REPLICATION
TOTAL
MEAN
VARIETIES

I
II
III

MLUSA # 8
23
25
23
71
23.66

MLUSA # 5
22
17
21
60
20.00

MLUSA # 3
10
19
20
49
16.33

GLORIA
28
23
27
79
26.00

GRANOLA
18
22
20
60
20.00

ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE TABLE

SOURCE OF
DEGREE
SUM OF MEAN OF COMPUTED TABULATED F
VARIATION
OF
FREEDOM SQUARES SQUARES
F
0.05
0.01
Replication
2
10.00
5.000
0.45ns

Treatment
4
167.07
41.767
3.74ns
3.84
4.46
Error
8
89.33
11.167

TOTAL
14
266.40

ns- not significant
CV (%) = 15.76

Wet Season Evaluation of Five Potato Entries For Organic Production in La Trinidad, Benguet.
FAUSTINO, DELFER P. APRIL 2011

43

Appendix Table 9. Canopy cover at 60 DAP

REPLICATION
TOTAL
MEAN
VARIETIES

I
II
III

MLUSA # 8
32
37
30
99
33.00

MLUSA # 5
30
43
32
75
25.00

MLUSA # 3
33
40
37
110
36.66

GLORIA
45
48
30
132
44.00

GRANOLA
25
33
30
88
29.33

ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE TABLE

SOURCE OF
DEGREE
SUM OF MEAN OF COMPUTED TABULATED F
VARIATION
OF
FREEDOM SQUARES SQUARES
F
0.05
0.01
Replication
2
206.40
103.200
5.13**

Treatment
4
224.67
56.167
2.79ns
3.84
4.46
Error
8
160.93
20.117

TOTAL
14
592.00

**- highly significant
ns- not significant
CV (%) = 12.81

Wet Season Evaluation of Five Potato Entries For Organic Production in La Trinidad, Benguet.
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44

Appendix Table 10. Weight of marketable tubers (kg/5 sqm)

REPLICATION
TOTAL
MEAN
VARIETIES

I
II
III

MLUSA # 8
1.65
1.65
1.50
4.80
1.60

MLUSA # 5
1.35
0.85
2.50
4.70
1.56

MLUSA # 3
1.00
0.75
1.50
3.25
1.08

GLORIA
2.00
1.15
1.65
4.80
1.60

GRANOLA
0.95
1.00
1.25
3.20
1.06

ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE TABLE

SOURCE OF
DEGREE
SUM OF MEAN OF COMPUTED TABULATED F
VARIATION
OF
FREEDOM SQUARES SQUARES
F
0.05
0.01
Replication
2
0.90
0.450
2.87ns

Treatment
4
0.95
0.238
1.52ns
3.84
4.46
Error
8
1.25
0.157

TOTAL
14
3.11

ns- not significant
CV (%) = 28.63

Wet Season Evaluation of Five Potato Entries For Organic Production in La Trinidad, Benguet.
FAUSTINO, DELFER P. APRIL 2011

45

Appendix Table 11. Weight of non-marketable tubers

REPLICATION

VARIETIES

TOTAL
MEAN
I
II
III

MLUSA # 8
0.60
0.60
0.25
1.45
0.48

MLUSA # 5
0.55
0.30
0.30
1.15
0.38

MLUSA # 3
0.40
0.20
0.30
0.90
0.30

GLORIA
0.15
0.15
0.25
0.55
0.18

GRANOLA
0.20
0.25
0.45
0.90
0.30

ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE TABLE

SOURCE OF
DEGREE
SUM OF MEAN OF COMPUTED TABULATED F
VARIATION
OF
FREEDOM SQUARES SQUARES
F
0.05
0.01
Replication
2
0.02
0.010
0.46ns

Treatment
4
0.15
0.037
1.80ns
3.84
4.46
Error
8
0.17
0.021

TOTAL
14
0.33

ns- not significant
CV (%) = 43.65

Wet Season Evaluation of Five Potato Entries For Organic Production in La Trinidad, Benguet.
FAUSTINO, DELFER P. APRIL 2011

46

Appendix Table 12. Total yield per plot

REPLICATION

VARIETIES

TOTAL
MEAN
I
II
III

MLUSA # 8
2.25
2.25
1.75
6.25
2.08

MLUSA # 5
1.90
1.15
2.80
5.85
1.95

MLUSA # 3
1.40
0.95
1.80
4.15
1.38

GLORIA
2.15
1.30
1.90
5.35
1.78

GRANOLA
1.15
1.25
1.70
4.10
1.36

ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE TABLE

SOURCE OF
DEGREE
SUM OF MEAN OF COMPUTED TABULATED F
VARIATION
OF
FREEDOM SQUARES SQUARES
F
0.05
0.01
Replication
2
0.95
0.477
2.56ns

Treatment
4
1.28
0.320
1.72ns
3.84
4.46
Error
8
1.49
0.187

TOTAL
14
3.73

ns- not significant
CV (%) = 25.21

Wet Season Evaluation of Five Potato Entries For Organic Production in La Trinidad, Benguet.
FAUSTINO, DELFER P. APRIL 2011

47

Appendix Table 13. Computed yield per hectare

REPLICATION

VARIETIES

TOTAL
MEAN
I
II
III

MLUSA # 8
4.5
4.5
3.5
12.5
4.1

MLUSA # 5
3.8
2.3
5.6
11.7
3.9

MLUSA # 3
2.8
1.9
3.6
8.3
2.7

GLORIA
4.3
2.6
3.8
10.7
3.5

GRANOLA
2.3
2.5
3.4
8.2
2.7

ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE TABLE

SOURCE OF
DEGREE
SUM OF MEAN OF COMPUTED TABULATED F
VARIATION
OF
FREEDOM SQUARES SQUARES
F
0.05
0.01
Replication
2
3.82
1.909
2.56ns

Treatment
4
5.12
1.281
1.72ns
3.84
4.46
Error
8
5.97
0.746

TOTAL
14
14.91

ns- not significant
CV (%) = 25.21

Wet Season Evaluation of Five Potato Entries For Organic Production in La Trinidad, Benguet.
FAUSTINO, DELFER P. APRIL 2011

48

Appendix Table 14. Dry matter content

REPLICATION

VARIETIES

TOTAL
MEAN
I
II
III

MLUSA # 8
17
16.5
17.5
51
17.00

MLUSA # 5
17.5
16.5
17
51
17.00

MLUSA # 3
16.5
18.5
18.5
53.5
17.8

GLORIA
15
16
16
47
15.66

GRANOLA
18
17.5
18
53.5
17.83

ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE TABLE

TABULATED
SOURCE OF
DEGREE
SUM OF MEAN OF COMPUTED
F
VARIATION
OF
FREEDOM SQUARES SQUARES
F
0.05
0.01
Replication
2
0.933
0.467
1.047ns

Treatment
4
09.433
2.358
5.290**
3.84
4.46
Error
8
3.567
0.446

TOTAL
14
13.933

ns- not significant
** - highly signinficant
CV (%) = 3.91

Wet Season Evaluation of Five Potato Entries For Organic Production in La Trinidad, Benguet.
FAUSTINO, DELFER P. APRIL 2011

49

Appendix Table 15. Sugar content

REPLICATION

VARIETIES

TOTAL
MEAN
I
II
III

MLUSA # 8
2.00
1.90
1.90
5.80
1.90

MLUSA # 5
2.10
2.30
2.00
6.40
2.13

MLUSA # 3
2.10
2.30
1.90
6.30
2.10

GLORIA
2.30
2.20
2.00
6.50
2.16

GRANOLA
2.10
2.20
2.00
6.60
2.16

ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE TABLE

TABULATED
OURCE OF
DEGREE
SUM OF MEAN OF COMPUTED
F
VARIATION
OF
FREEDOM SQUARES SQUARES
F
0.05
0.01
Replication
2
0.13
0.065
7.32**

Treatment
4
0.10
0.024
2.75ns
3.84
4.46
Error
8
0.07
0.009

TOTAL
14
0.30

**- highly significant
ns- not significant
CV (%) = 4.50

Wet Season Evaluation of Five Potato Entries For Organic Production in La Trinidad, Benguet.
FAUSTINO, DELFER P. APRIL 2011

Document Outline

Wet Season Evaluation of Five Potato EntriesFor Organic Production in La Trinidad, Benguet
- BIBLIOGRAPHY
- TABLE OF CONTENTS
- INTRODUCTION
- REVIEW OF LITERATURE
- MATERIALS AND METHODS
- RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
- LITERATURE CITED
- APPENDICES