BIBLIOGRAPHY

SACPA, JORDAN B. APRIL 2013. Varietal Response of Potato Applied with
Mokusaku (Wood Vinegar) Under La Trinidad Benguet. Benguet State University, La
Trinidad, Benguet.

Adviser: Esther Josephine D. Sagalla


ABSTRACT

The study was conducted to identify the potato varieties that best respond to
different rates of Mokusaku; determine the effects of different rates of Mokusaku to the
growth and yield of the potato varieties; determine the interaction effect between rates of
Mokusaku and potato varieties; and determine the profitability of producing the different
potato varieties applied with Mokusaku.

The different Mokusaku rates had no significant effect on plant survival, plant
height, canopy cover, tuber weight, dry matter and sugar content.

Among the four potato varieties, Solibao was the most resistant to late blight and
had the highest marketable and total tubers yield.
No interaction effect between the rates of Mokusaku and potato varieties was
observed on most of the parameters gathered.

In terms of economic returns, Solibao and Igorota not applied with Mokusaku
obtained a high ROCE under organic production in La Trinidad.

Varietal Response of Potato Applied with Mokusaku (Wood Vinegar) Under La Trinidad
Benguet | SACPA, JORDAN B. APRIL 2013

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INTRODUCTION


Potato (Solanum tuberosum) is well known worldwide as the fourth largest food
crop in terms of fresh produce, after rice, wheat and corn. It is purposely for cash and eaten
in many ways. It is a major source of starch as well as amino acids, protein and vitamins
C, and B (Martin et al., 1976). Starch is the predominant form of carbohydrate in potatoes.
Starch, like fiber, is also considered to have similar physiological effects and health
benefits such as protection against colon cancer, improved glucose tolerance and insulin
sensitivity, lower plasma cholesterol and triglyceride concentrations, increased satiety, and
possibly even reduced fat storage (PCARRD, 2009).
In the Philippines, potato is consumed as a vegetable rather than staple and occasionally as
a snack item. It is frequently cooked as a meat extender in recipes such as “adobo”,
“egado”, curry, and “lumpia” (PCARRD, 2009).
As a result of population pressure, arable land is decreasing therefore there is a need to
increase production per unit area. Potato being a heavy feeder of plant nutrients in the soil
requires high supply of external mineral nutrients in the form of inorganic fertilizers or
organic manure. However, decline in soil fertility and high costs of inorganic fertilizers are
limitations to potato yield improvement in many production sites (Hughes and Metcalfe,
1972). Heavy use of commercial fertilizers also contributed to soil degradation and
pollution.

Hence, there is a need to shift from chemical-based to organic-based production
system for potatoes that is more sustainable.
Varietal Response of Potato Applied with Mokusaku (Wood Vinegar) Under La Trinidad
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Organic production reduce the exposure of the farmer to hazardous chemicals and favor
the maintenance of the environment (Otculan et al., 2012). Furthermore, potato tubers are
safe for consumption.
Lesser cost of production is also incurred in organic production systems, but lesser crop
yield is also expected due to restricted use of farm inputs. However, market price of the
produce is fixed at a reasonable price (Otculan et al., 2012) leading to higher profit.
One technology in organic systems is the use of wood vinegar or Mokusaku a technology
from Japan. Mokusaku was introduced in Benguet as material to hasten composting process
in just two months, improve the quality of the soil, and produce better quality of vegetables
(Yokomori, 2012).

However, the use of wood vinegar here in Benguet is in its early stage. Thus, the
application of wood vinegar to potato must be evaluated.

The result of the study will, therefore, serve as a guide to farmers who are engaged
in potato production under organic system and lead them to choose the right varieties to
increase their yield and to reduce the cost of production.

The study was conducted to:
1. identify the potato varieties that best respond to different rates of Mokusaku;
2. determine the effects of different rates of Mokusaku to the growth and yield of the potato
varieties;
3. determine the interaction effect between rates of Mokusaku and potato varieties; and

4. determine the profitability of producing the different potato varieties applied with
Mokusaku. The study was conducted from October 2012 to February 2013 at the Benguet
State University Experimental Farm, La Trinidad, Benguet.
Varietal Response of Potato Applied with Mokusaku (Wood Vinegar) Under La Trinidad
Benguet | SACPA, JORDAN B. APRIL 2013

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REVIEW OF LITERATURE


Philippine Potato Industry

White potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) ranks fourth among the world’s major food
crops and is the staple food of almost half of the world’s population. Apparently, potato
by-product is gaining much importance due to their high nutritive value and variety of uses.
Potato production in 2006 was 69,461 tons (t) from 5,451 hectares (ha), with
Benguet accounting for more than 60% of the total production. The other major producers
are Davao del Sur, Mt Province, and Bukidnon. As production falls short of demand,
especially in the processing types, the country imported US $ 36.4 million worth of potato
products in 2006 (Bureau of Agricultural Statistics, 2006).

Potato Requirements and Physiology
Sarmiento (1995) stated that similar to the other crops, potatoes require proper nutrition to
support plant growth and development. Its tubers are heavy feeders and continuous
cropping in the same piece of land depletes soil fertility, making fertilization an
indispensable activity.
To replenish soil nutrients, all growers apply either organic, inorganic or both types of
fertilizers. In case of organic fertilization, all growers from barangays in Benguet and 49%
of those in Barangays Kibenton and Songco in Bukidnon broadcast chicken manure before
planting potatoes. This type of organic material is usually applied during land preparation
(1-3 days before planting) to avoid direct contact of fresh organic materials with the seed
tubers thereby preventing “burning” effects on the peel and its sprouts. Moreover, basal
application allows thorough mixing of this fertilizer with the soil, hence, increased
Varietal Response of Potato Applied with Mokusaku (Wood Vinegar) Under La Trinidad
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affectivity. Others, particularly the growers who use dried chicken manure, apply it during
planting. Ideally, potato plants should be supplied with equal amounts of nitrogen (N),
phosphorus (P) and potassium (K) at 140 kg each per hectare per cropping season.
Sarmient (1995) also stated that potatoes can be grown in the areas with cool climatic
condition such as Davao del Sur. Research findings revealed that rainfall of 2.5 mm per
week, evenly distributed throughout the growth period, is ideal for potato plants.

Utilization of Organic Fertilizers
When the organic residues are becoming soil or humus, they supply some of essential
nutrients to plant, to serve as the principal source of nitrates, organic phosphate, organic
sulfates, borates, and chloride, increase the cation exchange capacity; and make
phosphorous and macronutrients more readily available to plants over a wide pH range.
Organic residues release essential nutrients faster by microbial decomposition when their
ration of organic carbon to total nitrogen is now wider than above 20:1 (Follet, 1991).

Koshino (1990) found that nutrient elements from organic fertilizers are released
slowly which is particularly important in avoiding salt injury, ensuring a continuous supply
of materials for the growing season, and producing product of better quality.

Use of Pyrolysis or Mokusaku Liquid as a Fungicide
Preliminary results of a laboratory experiment indicated that birch tar oil (10 and 30 % v/v
aq solution) inhibited growth of wood rotting fungi (Cylindrobasidium evolvens, Libertella
sp., Stereumhirsutum and Chondrostereum) on Petri dishes (Tiilikkala and Segerstedt,
2009). The same effect was seen on the cut surfaces of birch branches treated with birch
tar oil. In laboratory conditions, volatile components of birch tar oil effectively inhibited
Varietal Response of Potato Applied with Mokusaku (Wood Vinegar) Under La Trinidad
Benguet | SACPA, JORDAN B. APRIL 2013

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growth of potato late blight (Phytophthora infestans) fungi. A similar control effect was
difficult to achieve outdoors when the same product was sprayed with conventional
equipment (Tiilikkala and Segerstedt, 2009). Many control technologies have been
developed to inhibit fungi that cause discoloration on timber. It has been shown
(Velmurugan et al., 2009) that wood vinegar made from bamboo and broad-leaved trees
are effective against sap staining fungi. The results revealed that compounds of Chikusaku-
eki and Mokusaku-eki markedly inhibit fungal growth and the product possesses both
antifungal and antioxidant properties as well as potential for useas a natural preservative in
wood working industries. The antifungal efficiency of wood vinegars was reported to be
strongly dependent on their phenolic compound content (Baimark and Niamsaa, 2009).

Nutrient Component and Description of Mokusaku
According to JAEC (2011), Mokusaku is liquid obtained from oil, juices, sap and other
liquid contents of organic materials such as wood, coconut shell, bamboo, grass, and other
plants after being heated in a chamber. The chamber is heated by burning firewood placed
at the base of the chamber. When these organic materials are heated, their liquid contents
evaporate as steam (gas, smoke). The steam passes through a tube (cooling chamber) where
it will be allowed to cool. When the steam is cooled, the vapor will turn into liquid
(condensation processed). The liquid is what is known as Mokusaku. From the tube, this
liquid is collected in a container. Mokusaku is composed of a lot of organic chemical
substances. Studies in Japan have shown that there could be 10 groups of organic chemical
substances such as alcohol, ketone, carboxylic acid, furan, phenol, guaiacol, syringol, alkyl,
phenol and others.

Varietal Response of Potato Applied with Mokusaku (Wood Vinegar) Under La Trinidad
Benguet | SACPA, JORDAN B. APRIL 2013

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Beneficial Effects of Mokusaku

Yokomori (2012) aside from its use as a composting agent, Mokusaku is also
effective as fungicide and insecticide. It also boosts the immune system of plants for them
to be resistant to insects and control fungus such as grey and white molds. It is also used to
control nematodes in the soil and it activates useful microorganisms and applies
micronutrients needed for plant growth. Mokusaku is also a good supplement for health
drinks. It helps in improving the digestive system especially for constipated people; makes
the skin radiant; and removes hangover from drinking alcohol.


Varietal Response of Potato Applied with Mokusaku (Wood Vinegar) Under La Trinidad
Benguet | SACPA, JORDAN B. APRIL 2013

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MATERIALS AND METHODS


An area of 240 m2 was prepared for planting and divided into three blocks. Each block was
composed of 16 plots with a dimension of 1 m x 5 m. The study was laid-out in Split Plot
arranged in Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD). The rate of Mokusaku served
as main plot and the varieties of potato served as sub-plot.
Planting was done in double rows with 34 hills at a distance of 25 cm between hills and 30
cm between rows. After emergence, the potato plants were treated with different rates of
Mokusaku up to the second week before harvesting. Spraying of Mokusaku was repeated
every five days during the seedling period and twice a month during the growing and
flowering period. Bioganic, an organic fertilizer composed of processed chicken manure
and carbonized rice hull, was equally applied at a rate of 4 kg per plot. Upon crop
establishment, all other practices for the successful production of potato including hilling-
up, weeding and watering were equally employed in all the treatments.
The treatments were:
MAIN PLOT
F1= no Mokusaku applied

F2= 32 ml of Mokusaku/ 16 L of H2O (recommended for potato)

F3= 24 ml of Mokusaku/ 16 L of H2O

F4= 40 ml of Mokusaku/ 16 L of H2O
SUB PLOT

V1= Granola


V3= PO4 (Solibao)

V2= Igorota (PO3)


V4= Raniag
Data Gathered
Varietal Response of Potato Applied with Mokusaku (Wood Vinegar) Under La Trinidad
Benguet | SACPA, JORDAN B. APRIL 2013

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A. Agro meteorological data. The average daily rain fall (mm), sunshine duration
(hours), average daily temperature (oC) and relative humidity (%) were taken from the
DOST-PAGASA Station at Barangay Balili, La Trinidad, Benguet.

B. Initial and final soil nutrient analysis. Soil samples were taken from the
experimental area before planting and after harvest. The nitrogen, phosphorous, potassium
(NPK), soil pH, and organic matter content of the soil were analyzed at the Department of
Agriculture, Regional Field Unit 1, La Union.
C. Growth development. This was taken from randomly selected 10 plants.

1 Plant survival (%).This was taken at 30 days after planting (DAP) by using the
formula below:



Total number of plants survived

Plant survival =




X 100



Total number of plants grown


2. Plant vigor. This was taken by visual rating at 30, 45, 60 and 75 days after
planting (DAP) using the CIP rating scale below (Gonzales et al., 2004):
Scale
Description
Remarks
1
Plants are weak; with few stems Poor vigor
and leaves , very pale
2
Plants are weak with thin stems Less vigorous
and leaves, pale
3
Better than less vigorous
Vigorous
4
Plants are moderately strong with Moderately vigorous
robust stem and leaves; leaves are
light green in color
5
Plants are strong with robust stem Highly vigorous
and leaves; leaves are light to dark
green in color

3. Initial height (cm). This was taken by measuring ten random sample plants per plot at
30 days after planting (DAP) from the base to the longest shoot.
Varietal Response of Potato Applied with Mokusaku (Wood Vinegar) Under La Trinidad
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4. Final height (cm). The plants were used in measuring the initial height was also
used for final height. Plants are measured from the base up to the tip of the tallest shoot,
one week before harvesting.
5. Canopy cover. This was taken at 30, 45,60 and 75 days after planting using a wooden
frame measuring 120cm x 60cm and having a equally grid size of 12cm x 6cm. this was
done by holding the frame over the foliage of representatives previously marked plants,
grids will covered the effectives leaves are to be counted.

6. Leaf miner incidence. This was recorded at 30, 45, 60 and 75 days after planting
by using the CIP rating scale (CIP, 2001):



SCALE
DESCRIPTION
REMARKS
1
Less than 20 % of plants per Highly resistant
plot infected
2
21-40 % of plants per plot Moderately resistant
infected
3
41-60 % of plants per plot Susceptible
infected
4
61- 80 % of plants per plot Moderately susceptible
infected
5
81-100 % of plants per pot Very susceptible
infected

7. Late blight incidence. This was gathered at 30, 45, 60 and 75 days after planting using
the CIP rating scale (Henfling, 1987):



BLIGHT
SCALE
DESCRIPTION
0
1
No blight observed.
Traces -<5
2
Late blight present.
5-<15
3
Plans looks healthy, but lesions are easily
seen at closer distance. Maximum foliage are
affected by lesions or destroyed corresponds
to more than 20 leaflets.
Varietal Response of Potato Applied with Mokusaku (Wood Vinegar) Under La Trinidad
Benguet | SACPA, JORDAN B. APRIL 2013

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15-<35
4
Late blight easily seen on the most plants.
About 25% of foliage is covered with lesions
or destroyed.
35-<65
5
Plots looks green; however all plants are
affected. Lower leaves are dead. About half
the foliage of the plants destroyed.
65-<85
6
Plots look green with brown flecks. About
75% of each plant is affected. Leaves lower
half of the plants destroyed.
85-<95
7
Plots neither predominantly green nor
brown. Only top leaves are green. Many
stems have large lesions.
95-<100
8
Plot is brown colored. A few leaves still have
green areas. Most have lesions or are dead.
100
9
All leaves and stem are dead.
Description: 1 = highly resistant; 2-3 = resistant; 4-5 = moderately resistant; 6-7 =
moderately susceptible; 8-9 = susceptible


8. Weight of marketable tubers per plot (kg). The tubers that were not infected with disease
and not damaged by insect and with 1% greening of the total surface area were considered
and weighed per plot.

9. Weight of non marketable tubers per plot (kg). The tubers which were infected
with diseases, damaged by insect and malformed were considered as non-marketable tubers
and were weighed per plot.

10. Total weight per plot (kg). Marketable and non-marketable tubers in kilograms
were summed up for total weight per plot.

11. Dry matter content (%). Tubers were cubed and weighed into 100 grams per
sample and dried at 80 oC for 72 hours. Dry matter content was computed using the formula
below:



Varietal Response of Potato Applied with Mokusaku (Wood Vinegar) Under La Trinidad
Benguet | SACPA, JORDAN B. APRIL 2013

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% DMC= 100% - Moisture Content
Where:
Fresh Weight – Oven Dry Weight
% Moisture Content (MC) =
X 100

Fresh Weight

12. Sugar content (oBrix). This was be taken by extracting the juice of 25 grams of potato
tubers and was measured using a digital refractometer.
13. Computed yield per hectare (t/ha). This was taken by using the formula below:





Total yield /plot (kg)

Computed yield (t/ha) =
X 100




5 m2 /10000


14. Return on cash expense (ROCE). Return on total cash expense was computed
using the formula below:



Gross sales – total expenses

ROCE=




X 100




Total expenses


Varietal Response of Potato Applied with Mokusaku (Wood Vinegar) Under La Trinidad
Benguet | SACPA, JORDAN B. APRIL 2013

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RESULTS AND DISCUSSION


Meteorological Data

Table 1 shows the temperature, relative humidity, amount of rainfall and daily
sunshine duration during the conduct of the study from October 2012 to January 2013.
Minimum temperature ranged from 13.1 oC to 18.9 oC while maximum temperature ranges
from 20.9 oC to 23.7 oC. The lowest relative humidity was noted in the month of November
while the highest is in the month of January at 89%. The longest sunshine duration was
noted in the month of December at 378 minutes while the shortest sunshine duration was
noted in the month of October with 323 minutes. Rainfall amount ranged from 0.1 mm to
2.2 mm.

Potato grows best in areas with temperatures ranging from 17 oC to 22 o
C with a
mean of 19 oC and average relative humidity of 86%. Hence, the environmental condition
in the site favors potato production and may even enhance better accumulation of
carbohydrates and dry matter of the tubers (HARRDEC, 1996).

Table 1. The average daily temperature, relative humidity, rainfall amount, and sunshine

duration from October 2012 to January 2013







DAILY

TEMPERATURE
RELATIVE RAINFALL SUNSHINE

CO
HUMIDITY AMOUNT DURATION
MONTH
MIN
MAX MEAN
(%)
(mm)
(min)
October
15.1
23.0
19.10
85.0
2.2
323
November
13.1
20.9
17.00
84.8
1.33
329
December
13.2
22.6
17.90
86.5
0.1
378
January
18.9
23.7
21.00
89.0
0.5
360
Mean
15.1
22.6
18.8
81.4
1.3
364
Source: Philippine Atmospheric Geophysical and Astronomical Services Administration
(PAG-ASA), BSU, La Trinidad, Benguet
Varietal Response of Potato Applied with Mokusaku (Wood Vinegar) Under La Trinidad
Benguet | SACPA, JORDAN B. APRIL 2013

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Nutrient Analysis of the Soil

pH. The initial pH of the area was slightly acidic (6.10). Increase in soil pH was
observed in plots not applied with Mokusaku and applied with 32 ml Mokusaku. According
to Chapman and Carter (1976), potatoes are well suited to acidic soil pH from 4.5 to 5.5.
Soil organic matter. Table 2 shows that application of Mokusaku is not effective for
increasing organic matter of the soil except for application of 40 ml Mokusaku.
Nitrogen. The nitrogen content of the area was low which could be due to the N uptake by
the crop. Researchers reported that potatoes need high amount of nitrogen for growth and
development.
Phosphorous. There was a general increase in the total phosphorus content in the area. The
increase may be due to the application of Mokusaku on the soil.

Potassium. There was an increase in the potassium content of the soil after
harvesting. The increase may be due to the application of different rates of Mokusaku.

Table 2. The soil pH, organic matter, nitrogen, phosphorous, and potassium before and
after harvesting



ORGANIC
NITRO- PHOSPHO- POTAS-

pH
MATTER
GEN
ROUS
SIUM


(%)
(%)
(ppm)
(ppm)

Before planting
6.10
1.5
0.075
270
140
After harvesting





no Mokusaku
6.17
1.5
0.075
380
243
32 ml of Mokusaku 6.13
1.5
0.075
373
255
24 ml of Mokusaku 6.10
1.5
0.075
350
387
40 ml of Mokusaku 6.10
1.7
0.085
413
259






Analyzed by the Regional Soils and Field Laboratory at San Fernando City, La Union
Plant Survival
Varietal Response of Potato Applied with Mokusaku (Wood Vinegar) Under La Trinidad
Benguet | SACPA, JORDAN B. APRIL 2013

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Effect of Mokusaku rate. No significant differences were obtained on the
percentage plant survival of potato applied with different rates of Mokusaku. Potato
varieties applied with 40 ml of Mokusaku obtained the highest plant survival of 98% (Table
3).
Effect of potato variety. The potato varieties significantly differed in terms of percentage
plant survival. Raniag and Igorota obtained the highest plant survival of 99.75 and 98.83%,
respectively. The high percentage of plant survival could be due to desirable genetic
characteristics or to the planting materials used.
Interaction effect. There was no significant interaction between the rates of Mokusaku and
potato varieties on plant survival. This result implies that any of the potato varieties may
not be applied with Mokusaku to have high plant survival.

Table 3. Plant survival of potato varieties applied with different rates of Mokusaku

TREATMENT
PLANT SURVIVAL (%)
Rate of Mokusaku (M)

no Mokusaku
97.25
32 ml of Mokusaku
97.10
24 ml of Mokusaku
97.25
40 ml of Mokusaku
98.00
Potato Variety (V)

Granola
96.00b
Igorota
98.83a
Solibao
95.00b
Raniag
99.75a
M x V
Ns
CV a (%)
4.43
CV b (%)
2.72
Means with the same letter are not significantly different at 5% level of DMRT.


Varietal Response of Potato Applied with Mokusaku (Wood Vinegar) Under La Trinidad
Benguet | SACPA, JORDAN B. APRIL 2013

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Plant Vigor

Effect of Mokusaku rate. At 30 to 45 days after planting, the plant vigor of potato
applied with Mokusaku was moderately vigorous but at 60 days after planting less vigorous
plants were observed.

Effect of potato variety. Slight variations on plant vigor of the potato varieties at 30
to 45 days after planting were observed. At 60 days after planting, Granola, Igorota, and
Raniag had poor vigor while Solibao remained vigorous.

Table 4. Plant vigor of potato varieties applied with different rates of Mokusaku at 30, 45
and 60 days after planting (DAP)


PLANT VIGOR*
TREATMENT
30DAP
45DAP
60DAP




Rate of Mokusaku (M)



no Mokusaku
4
4
2
32 ml of Mokusaku
4
4
2
24 ml of Mokusaku
4
4
2
40 ml of Mokusaku
4
4
2




Potato Variety (V)



Granola
4
4
1
Igorota
5
4
1
Solibao
4
5
3
Raniag
5
4
1




*Scale: 5 – Highly vigorous, 4 - Moderately vigorous, 3 – Vigorous, 2 – Less vigorous,
1– Poor vigor



Varietal Response of Potato Applied with Mokusaku (Wood Vinegar) Under La Trinidad
Benguet | SACPA, JORDAN B. APRIL 2013

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Plant Height
Effect of Mokusaku rate. Plants applied with different Mokusaku rates had no significant
differences in terms of plant height at 30 and 70 DAP (Table 5). However, it was observed
that plants applied with 40 ml of Mokusaku produced the tallest plants.
Effect of potato variety. As shown in Table 5, Igorota significantly produced the tallest
plants at 30 and 70 DAP. The significant differences on plant height could be due to their
genetic characteristics.
Interaction effect. There was no significant interaction effect on plant height between
potato varieties and different rates of Mokusaku.

Table 5. Initial and final height of four potato varieties applied by Mokusaku

PLANT HEIGHT (cm)
TREATMENT
30 DAP
70 DAP



Rate of Mokusaku (M)


no Mokusaku
29.500
35.833
32 ml of Mokusaku
31.333
38.083
24 ml of Mokusaku
29.667
35.833
40 ml of Mokusaku
31.750
38.250



Potato Variety (V)


Granola
23.917d
24.083c
Igorota
38.167a
46.167a
Solibao
27.167c
32.667b
Raniag
33.000b
45.083a
M x V
ns
ns
CV a (%)
19.24
15.54
CV b (%)
7.94
8.20
Means with the same letter are not significantly different at 5% level of DMRT.




Varietal Response of Potato Applied with Mokusaku (Wood Vinegar) Under La Trinidad
Benguet | SACPA, JORDAN B. APRIL 2013

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Canopy Cover

Effect of Mokusaku rate. As shown in Table 6, there were no significant differences
obtained in canopy cover of potatoes applied with different rates of Mokusaku at 30, 45,
and 60 DAP. Widest canopy of plants was observed at 45 DAP, however plant canopy
decreased at 60 DAP due to the emergence of late blight.

Effect of potato variety. There were significant differences observed on the canopy
cover of four potato varieties applied with Mokusaku (Table 6). At 30 to 45 DAP, Igorota,
Solibao and Raniag had the widest canopy. However at 60 DAP, only Solibao had the
widest canopy which may imply high yield and resistance to late blight. All the other
varieties were severely affected by the disease.

Interaction effects. No significant interaction between rate of Mokusaku and potato
varieties was observed on canopy cover at 30 and 45 DAP. At 60 DAP, significant
interaction between the two factors was observed. Solibao applied with 40 ml Mokusaku
had the widest canopy (Figure 1).

70
P 60
DA 50
at 60
40
r
F1
ove 30
F2
c
y
F3
20
F4
Canop 10
0
GRANOLA
IGOROTA
SOLIBAO
RANIAG
Variety

Figure 1. Interaction of potato varieties and Mokusaku rates on canopy cover at 60 DAP

Varietal Response of Potato Applied with Mokusaku (Wood Vinegar) Under La Trinidad
Benguet | SACPA, JORDAN B. APRIL 2013

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Table 6. Canopy cover of potato varieties applied with different rates of Mokusaku

CANOPY COVER
TREATMENT
30 DAP
45 DAP
60 DAP




Rate of Mokusaku (M)



no Mokusaku
42.67
51.42
12.58
32 ml of Mokusaku
50.08
53.75
14.42
24 ml of Mokusaku
40.67
51.08
12.75
40 ml of Mokusaku
44.75
54.75
15.08




Potato Variety (V)



Granola
43.83ab
37.33b
00.00b
Igorota
47.83a
59.50a
00.00b
Solibao
39.75b
58.41a
54.83a
Raniag
46.75a
55.75a
00.00b
M x V
ns
ns
**
CV a (%)
27.03
20.16
15.28
CV b (%)
14.08
11.86
16.81
Means with the same letter are not significantly different at 5% level of DMRT.

Leaf Miner

Effect of Mokusaku rate. Table 7 shows the response to incidence of leaf miner of
potato plants applied with Mokusaku. The plants which were not applied with Mokusaku
and applied with different Mokusaku rates were highly resistant to leaf miner at 30 and 45
DAP. However at 60 DAP, symptoms of leaf miner infestation was not observed since
most of the plants died due to late blight infection.

Effect of potato variety. The different potato varieties were highly resistant to
moderately resistant to leaf miner at 30 to 45 DAP. However at 60 DAP, only Solibao
remained moderately resistant while symptoms of leaf miner infestation was not observed
in the other varieties that were severely infected with late blight.

Varietal Response of Potato Applied with Mokusaku (Wood Vinegar) Under La Trinidad
Benguet | SACPA, JORDAN B. APRIL 2013

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Table 7. Response to leaf miner incidence of potato varieties applied with different rates
of Moku of Mokusaku


RESPONSE TO LEAF MINER INCIDENCE*
TREATMENT
30DAP
45DAP
60DAP




Rate of Mokusaku (M)



no Mokusaku
1
1
-
32 ml of Mokusaku
1
1
-
24 ml of Mokusaku
1
1
-
40 ml of Mokusaku
1
1
-




Potato Variety (V)



Granola
1
1
-
Igorota
1
1
-
Solibao
1
2
2
Raniag
1
2
-
*Description: 1= highly resistant; 2= moderately resistant; 3= susceptible; 4= moderately
susceptible; 5 =very susceptible


Late Blight

Effect of Mokusaku rate. Table 8 shows the response of potato plants applied with
Mokusaku on late blight infection. The plants were highly resistant to late blight at 30 DAP
while at 45 DAP, the plants were resistant. However at 60 DAP, the plants applied and not
applied with Mokusaku were moderately susceptible to disease.
Effect of potato variety. High resistance to late blight was observed from Solibao at 30 to
45 DAP while the rest of varieties were resistant. At 60 DAP, most of the plants were
susceptible to the disease (Figure 2) resulting in predominantly brown plants with necrotic
spots. Only Solibao remained to be resistant to late blight. Occurrence of late blight may
be attributed to scattered rainfall and high relative humidity in the month of January.
According to Perez (2008), high relative humidity favors the occurrence of late blight.
Table 8. Response to late blight infection of potato varieties applied with different rates
of Mokusaku
Varietal Response of Potato Applied with Mokusaku (Wood Vinegar) Under La Trinidad
Benguet | SACPA, JORDAN B. APRIL 2013

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RESPONSE TO LATE BLIGHT*
TREATMENT
30DAP
45DAP
60DAP




Rate of Mokusaku (M)



no Mokusaku
1
3
7
32 ml of Mokusaku
1
2
6
24 ml of Mokusaku
1
3
7
40 ml of Mokusaku
1
3
6




PotatoVariety (V)



Granola
2
3
9
Igorota
1
3
8
Solibao
1
1
3
Raniag
1
3
7
*Description: 1 = highly resistant; 2-3 = resistant; 4-5 = moderately resistant; 6-7 =
moderately susceptible; 8-9 = susceptible



Figure 2. Potato plants infected with late blight at 60 days after planting






Varietal Response of Potato Applied with Mokusaku (Wood Vinegar) Under La Trinidad
Benguet | SACPA, JORDAN B. APRIL 2013

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Weight of Marketable and Non-marketable
Tubers per Plot

Effect of Mokusaku rate. The weight of marketable and non-marketable tubers of
plants applied with different Mokusaku rates is presented in Table 9. No significant
differences were observed, however, plants not applied with Mokusaku had the highest
weight of marketable tubers.

Effect of potato variety. Table 9 shows significant differences in the weight of
marketable tubers of four potato varieties (Figures 3 to 6). Solibao and Igorota had the
heaviest marketable tubers which might be due to wide canopy cover and resistance to late
blight. Slight variations and no significant differences were observed on the weight of non-
marketable tubers among the potato varieties evaluated.

Interaction effect. The different rates of Mokusaku and potato varieties had no
significant interaction on the weight of marketable and non-marketable tubers.

Table 9. Weight of marketable and non-marketable tubers of potato varieties applied with
different rates of Mokusaku

TUBER WEIGHT (kg/5m²)
TREATMENT
MARKETABLE
NON-MARKETABLE
Rate of Mokusaku (M)


no Mokusaku
3.00
0.46
32 ml of Mokusaku
2.88
0.52
24 ml of Mokusaku
2.66
0.43
40 ml of Mokusaku
2.54
0.58
PotatoVariety (V)


Granola
2.48b
0.48
Igorota
2.85ab
0.62
Solibao
3.21a
0.48
Raniag
2.54b
0.41
M x V
ns
Ns
CV a (%)
20.68
7.16
CV b (%)
8.52
10.01
Means with the same letter are not significantly different at 5% level of DMRT.
Varietal Response of Potato Applied with Mokusaku (Wood Vinegar) Under La Trinidad
Benguet | SACPA, JORDAN B. APRIL 2013

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GRANOLA



IGOROTA




SOLIBAO




RANIAG


Figure 3. Marketable tubers of four potato varieties not applied with Mokusaku
Varietal Response of Potato Applied with Mokusaku (Wood Vinegar) Under La Trinidad
Benguet | SACPA, JORDAN B. APRIL 2013

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GRANOLA



IGOROTA




SOLIBAO




RANIAG


Figure 4. Marketable tubers of four potato varieties applied with 32 ml of Mokusaku

Varietal Response of Potato Applied with Mokusaku (Wood Vinegar) Under La Trinidad
Benguet | SACPA, JORDAN B. APRIL 2013

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GRANOLA



IGOROTA




SOLIBAO




RANIAG


Figure 5. Marketable tubers of four potato varieties applied with 24 ml of Mokusaku

Varietal Response of Potato Applied with Mokusaku (Wood Vinegar) Under La Trinidad
Benguet | SACPA, JORDAN B. APRIL 2013

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GRANOLA



IGOROTA




SOLIBAO




RANIAG


Figure 6. Marketable tubers of four potato varieties applied with 40 ml of Mokusaku









Varietal Response of Potato Applied with Mokusaku (Wood Vinegar) Under La Trinidad
Benguet | SACPA, JORDAN B. APRIL 2013

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Total and Computed Yield

Effect of Mokusaku rate. There were no significant differences on the total and
computed yield of potato varieties applied with different rates of Mokusaku (Table 10.).

Effect of potato variety. Highly significant differences were observed in the total
and computed yield of potato varieties applied with Mokusaku. Solibao and Igorota
significantly produced the highest total and computed yield which might be attributed to
the heavy marketable and non-marketable tubers harvested.
Interaction Effect. The interaction between Mokusaku rates and potato varieties did not
significantly affect the yield of potato.

Table 10. Total and computed yield of potato tubers applied with different rates of
Mokusaku Mokusaku


TOTAL YIELD
COMPUTED YIELD
TREATMENT
(kg/5m²)
(tons/ha)



Rate of Mokusaku (M)


no Mokusaku
3.46
6.92
32 ml of Mokusaku
3.40
6.80
24 ml of Mokusaku
3.07
6.13
40 ml of Mokusaku
3.12
6.23



PotatoVariety (V)


Granola
2.96b
5.92b
Igorota
3.44a
6.88a
Solibao
3.69a
7.38a
Raniag
2.95b
5.90b
M x V
ns
Ns
CV a (%)
18.48
19.45
CV b (%)
7.12
8.13
Means with the same letter are not significantly different at 5% level of DMRT.





Varietal Response of Potato Applied with Mokusaku (Wood Vinegar) Under La Trinidad
Benguet | SACPA, JORDAN B. APRIL 2013

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Dry Matter Content

Effect of Mokusaku rate. No significant differences were observed on the dry matter
content of potato tubers applied with different rates of Mokusaku (Table 11).
Effect of potato variety. A highly significant difference was observed on the tuber dry
matter content of the potato varieties. The tuber dry matter content of the different potato
varieties ranged from 14.917 to 22.750%. Igorota and Solibao are suitable for processing
since they have above 18% dry matter content (Table 11). Tubers with less than 18% dry
matter content are seldom used for frozen processing because of poor texture in processing
(Mosley, 2005). Dry matter content of the tubers is affected by genetic characteristics of
the varieties but may also be affected by environmental factors.
Interaction effect. There was no significant interaction observed between Mokusaku rates
and potato variety in terms of tuber dry matter content.

Sugar Content

Effect of Mokusaku rate. There was no significant difference observed on the sugar
content of potato tubers applied with different rates of Mokusaku (Table 11.).
Effect
of potato variety. No significant differences were observed on the sugar content of the four
potato varieties evaluated. Granola obtained the lowest sugar content (Table 11.). Low
tuber sugar content is preferred for processing since it usually results to light colored fries
(Simongo et al., 2011).

Interaction effect. No interaction effect was observed between the Mokusaku rates
and potato varieties in terms of tuber sugar content.



Varietal Response of Potato Applied with Mokusaku (Wood Vinegar) Under La Trinidad
Benguet | SACPA, JORDAN B. APRIL 2013

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Table 11. Tuber dry matter and sugar content of potato varieties applied with different
rates of Mokusaku


DRY MATTER CONTENT
SUGAR CONTENT
TREATMENT
(%)
(oBrix)

Rate of Mokusaku (M)

no Mokusaku
18.42
3.20
32 ml of Mokusaku
18.25
3.17
24 ml of Mokusaku
17.83
3.16
40 ml of Mokusaku
18.00
3.23



PotatoVariety (V)


Granola
16.17c
3.12
Igorota
18.67b
3.25
Solibao
22.75a
3.23
Raniag
14.92d
3.16
M x V
ns
Ns
CV a (%)
4.69
3.58
CV b (%)
5.65
4.52
Means with the same letter are not significantly different at 5% level of DMRT.


Return on Cash Expenses
The return on cash expense of potato varieties applied with different rates of Mokusaku is
shown in Table 12. Generally high ROCE was obtained among the varieties due to the
high price of organic potatoes. Solibao and Igorota not applied with Mokusaku had the
highest ROCE of 290%. Similarly, Solibao applied with 32 ml, 24 ml and 40 ml of
Mokusaku had the highest ROCE when compared to the other varieties applied with
Mokusaku.








Varietal Response of Potato Applied with Mokusaku (Wood Vinegar) Under La Trinidad
Benguet | SACPA, JORDAN B. APRIL 2013

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Table 12. Return on cash expenses (ROCE) of four potato varieties applied with different
rates of Mokusaku

MARKETABL
GROS
ROC

COSTOF
E
S
NET
E
PRODUCTIO
INCOM
TREATMENT
N
TUBER YIED
SALES
E
(%)

(Php)
(kg/15m2)
(Php)
(Php)

No Mokusaku





Granola
154.00
8
480.00
326.00
212
Igorota
154.00
10
600.00
446.00
290
Solibao
154.00
10
600.00
446.00
290
Raniag
154.00
8
480.00
326.00
212






32 ml of
Mokusaku





Granola
159.00
7
420.00
261.00
164
Igorota
159.00
9
550.00
381.00
240
Solibao
159.00
10
600.00
441.00
277
Raniag
159.00
9
540.00
381.00
240






24 ml of
Mokusaku





Granola
158.00
7
420.00
262.00
166
Igorota
158.00
8
480.00
322.00
204
Solibao
158.00
10
600.00
442.00
280
Raniag
158.00
7
420.00
262.00
166






40 ml of
Mokusaku





Granola
160.00
8
480
320
200
Igorota
160.00
7
420
260
163
Solibao
160.00
9
540
380
238
Raniag
160.00
6
360
200
125






*Tubers were sold at Php 60.00 per kg.
*Total cost of production include Mokusaku, planting materials and labor





Varietal Response of Potato Applied with Mokusaku (Wood Vinegar) Under La Trinidad
Benguet | SACPA, JORDAN B. APRIL 2013

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SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS


Summary
The study was conducted at Balili, La Trinidad, Benguet from October 2012 to January
2013. The objectives are to identify the potato varieties that best respond to different rates
of Mokusaku; determine the effects of different rates of Mokusaku to the growth and yield
of the potato varieties; determine the interaction effect between rates of Mokusaku and
potato varieties; and determine the profitability of producing the different potato varieties
applied with Mokusaku.

Findings revealed that potato applied with different Mokusaku rates did not differ
significantly on plant survival, plant height, plant vigor, response to leaf miner and late
blight, and tuber yield.
The different potato varieties significantly differed on plant survival, height, response to
leaf miner and late blight, canopy cover, weight of marketable tubers, total and computed
yield. Solibao was the best performer in terms of resistance to late blight, yield and ROCE.
The interaction between potato varieties and different rates of Mokusaku was significant in
terms of canopy cover at 60 DAP.

Conclusions
Based on the results, the different rates of Mokusaku had no significant effect on leaf miner
and late blight resistance, yield, and profitability of the potato plants.
Among the varieties, Solibao was the best in terms of resistance to leaf miner and late
blight, high marketable tuber weight, total and computed yield, and profit. Igorota had also
relatively high yield and profit in spite of its susceptibility to late blight.
Recommendations
Varietal Response of Potato Applied with Mokusaku (Wood Vinegar) Under La Trinidad
Benguet | SACPA, JORDAN B. APRIL 2013

---

Based on the results of the study, Solibao and Igorota are recommended for organic
production under La Trinidad, Benguet condition due to high yield, resistance to pest, and
profitability.
Further studies on application of Mokusaku using higher rates and different methods of
application may be done.


Varietal Response of Potato Applied with Mokusaku (Wood Vinegar) Under La Trinidad
Benguet | SACPA, JORDAN B. APRIL 2013

---

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Varietal Response of Potato Applied with Mokusaku (Wood Vinegar) Under La Trinidad
Benguet | SACPA, JORDAN B. APRIL 2013

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