BIBLIOGRAPHY GUERZON, NEMIE REX S....
BIBLIOGRAPHY
GUERZON, NEMIE REX S. APRIL 2012. Growth and Yield of Promising Rice
Entries Under Cool, Elevated Condition. Benguet State University, La Trinidad, Benguet.
Adviser: Danilo P. Padua, Ph.D.
ABSTRACT
The study aimed to evaluate and compare the growth and yield performance of the
different rice entries and to determine which entry is more adapted and suitable under cool-
elevated areas like La Trinidad, Benguet.
The fourteen entries evaluated were Ketnel (Local check), IR81551-2-1-3-3-2-PR,
PR34126-B-10, NSIC Rc 104, IR82187-17-3-2-1-2, PR34110-B-4-3-1, IR81528- 15- 3-2-
2-PR, PR34131-B-21-1, PR34126- B-2, IR82737-B-B-B-B-182, PSBRC 46, IR83140- B-
11- B, PR34131-B-20-1 and IR83140-B-28-B.
Results showed that NSIC Rc 104 and PSBRc 46 had good growth performance
and yield. These varieties showed significant differences on rate of recovery, tiller number,
number of productive tillers per hill, length of panicle, number of grains per panicle,
number of filled grains per panicle, grain yield per plot, weight of 1000 grains and
computed grain yield per hectare.
In addition, all entries need further evaluation for more a stable result under cool,
elevated condition and within other seasons.
Growth and Yield of Promising Rice Entries Under Cool, Elevated Condition
GUERZON, NEMIE REX S. APRIL 2012
INTRODUCTION
Rice
Oryza sativa belongs to the Graminae family and is clearly one of the most
important food crops in the world. It feeds almost 40% of the world’s population (De
Datta1981).
In the Philippines, rice is planted in different distinct ecological zones- irrigated,
lowland, rain fed lowland and upland. However, only 1% of rice are grown in the uplands
(Dalrympe, 1986). Most of the upland rice farmers are still growing traditional cultivars
that are low yielding and late maturing. Rice in the uplands is often used for fermentation
or production of wine locally known as “tapuey”, aside from consumption as a staple food
(Tadao, 1994).
Previous studies on rice varietal evaluation observed that rice production in the
highlands is increasing due to higher demand.The growing demand of rice has encouraged
some farmers to go into commercial production of various modern varieties in the different
provinces of the Cordillera region. In fact, modern varieties like IR 3941 had already been
introduced in the higher altitudes of the region. With the increasing demand of modern rice
varieties in the world market and a buying price of Php. 35-40 per kilo, it could be a
substantial income for the Cordillera farmers (IRRI, 1986).
Thus, it is essential to develop and discover rice varieties which are suitable to cool
elevated areas.The result of the study could be used as a guide by the farmers for a better
rice yield and profit.
The objectives of the study were to determine the growth and yield of promising
rice entries and to identify the best suited variety under cool-elevated condition.
Growth and Yield of Promising Rice Entries Under Cool, Elevated Condition
GUERZON, NEMIE REX S. APRIL 2012
The experiment was conducted at La Trinidad, Benguet from October 2011 to
January 2012.
Growth and Yield of Promising Rice Entries Under Cool, Elevated Condition
GUERZON, NEMIE REX S. APRIL 2012
REVIEW OF LITERATURE
Importance of Rice to Household and Economy
Rice production and consumption are positively associated with low income and
poverty of the 23 countries in the world that produce more than one million tons of rice.
Almost half have a per capita income of less than 500 dollars. These are countries
categorized by the World Bank as the least developed. Rice is one of the cheapest sources
food energy and their main source of protein. As income increases, people demand
relatively by higher quality food, and resources are shifted from production of rice
production of other food and non farm goods with high income elasticity demand. The
importance of rice to national economy further dwindles as agriculture’s shares in the
national income decline with a faster growth in non farm incomes. Increasing productivity
of rice sector however is an important means of raising the purchasing capacity of the poor
and alleviation of poverty in low income countries (Evenson
et al., 1996).
Rice has always been one of the most important foods in the world. It is estimated
that 40 percent of the world population takes rice as a major sources of food; 1.6 Billion
people in Asia takes rice as their mainstay food. Rice is produced in 111 countries in the
world. The region with high population density and the most rapid population growth
produce and consume the most rice. Furthermore, rice is the staple food for more than half
of the world’s population in Asia alone. Most of the consumers who depend on rice as their
primary food live less developed countries. It is foreseen that the world’s population may
exceed 8 billion by 2025 and will need about 765 million tons of rice, 70 percent than what
we consume today (Nanda, 2000).
Growth and Yield of Promising Rice Entries Under Cool, Elevated Condition
GUERZON, NEMIE REX S. APRIL 2012
Problems in Rice Production
The world population would increase by 35 percent from 3.5 billion 1990 to 7
billion by 2015. The population increase ill more than 45 percent in developing countries.
The Unites Nations recent population projected indicates that each year almost 80 million
people are likely to be added to the world’s population during the next quarter century.
Over the period, the absolute population increases will be at highest in Asia, but the relative
increased will be greatest in Africa, where population is expected to almost double
(Evenson
et al., 1996).
About 70 percent of the additional production will have to come from irrigated
upland cool elevated areas of Asia and 20 percent from the favorable rain-fed lowland
which was already extensively cultivated. Currently, Asian rice production increase at an
annual rate of only 1.4 percent, which is below the population growth rate. By the year
2025, we need to produce about 60 percent more rice than what we produced today to meet
the growing demand. Further, intensification of their riceland must be pursued against the
backdrop of shrinking land area and decreasing availability and increasing cost of
production input, water, fertilizer, chemical, labor and energy (Balasubramanian, 1999).
Importance of Grain Quality of Rice
It is very difficult to define with precision as preferences for quality vary from
country to country. Few people realize its complexity and various quality components are
involved. The concept of quality varies according to the preparation for which the grains
are to be used. Although some of the desired quality characteristics by grower; millers and
consumers may be the same yet each may place different emphasis on various quality
characteristics. For instance, the miller’s basis of quality is dependent upon total recovery
Growth and Yield of Promising Rice Entries Under Cool, Elevated Condition
GUERZON, NEMIE REX S. APRIL 2012
and proportion of the head and broken rice on milling. Consumers based their concept of
quality on the grain appearance, size and shape of the grains, the behavior upon cooking,
the taste, tenderness, and flavor of the cook rice (Singh and Khush, 2000).
Temperature Requirement
Cool temperature, little sunshine condition prevailing in the Cordillera generally
results in low rice yield. Average rice yield in the region is currently placed at 2.1 tons per
hectare. Planting during wet season usually results to sterility of the spikelet (CECAP and
PhilRice, 2000).
Discoloration is the biggest problem of rice during the wet season in cool places of
Cordillera like in Banaue, Ifugao, Philippines. In this case, it can be avoided by late
maturity but it is disadvantageous for double cropping (Tadao, 1993).
Pest Control Management
Integrated Pest Management (IPM) can make a contribution to environmental
sensitive farming. Using GM or conventional crops with resistance to pest are an important
part of IPM. Rotation of modern rice cultivars with different patterns of resistance is
necessary to manage pest damage at the farm.Sanitation and cleanliness must be observed
to help control the infestation of disease. Using a resistant varieties are said to be the most
considered factor in resisting infestation of diseases. (Sheely
et al., 2000).
Growth and Yield of Promising Rice Entries Under Cool, Elevated Condition
GUERZON, NEMIE REX S. APRIL 2012
Importance of Varietal Evaluation
Varietal evaluation is important to observe performance characters which yield,
earliness, vigor, maturity and quality because varieties has a wide range of differences of
a plant in size and yield performance (Work and Carew, 1995).Furthermore, PRRI (1993)
stated that varietal evaluation is an important in agro-ecology that stabilize the yield at a
higher level that facilitates the production of efficient qualities of seed recommended
varieties and encourage further seed increase for the farmer use.
High yielding and improve cultivars are known to play an important role in boosting
production. Large number of indigenous and exotic accessories of various plants is
evaluated and the number of cultivars are selected and recommended for mass growing
(Bitaga, 2002).
In La Trinidad, Benguet, fifteen rice cultivars were tested. Among these were,
Bassat and Talloythat performed better and produced the highest grain yield. They had
better adaptability and resistance than other cultivars evaluated under the weather
conditions prevailed on the location where the study was conducted.Varietal trials of three
promising rice selection were also studied in a few locations of Ifugao, Kalinga and Apayao
(Cadatal and Pedro, 1993).
Growth and Yield of Promising Rice Entries Under Cool, Elevated Condition
GUERZON, NEMIE REX S. APRIL 2012
MATERIALS AND METHODS
An area of 403.2 square meters was thoroughly prepared and it was divided into
three blocks. Each block consisted of 14 plots measuring 1.6 m x 6 m corresponding to the
14 treatments with three replications per block (Figure 1). The treatments were laid out
following the Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD).
Thirteen (13) promising rice varieties and Ketnel (check variety) were used. These
promising varieties were developed by Philippine Rice Research Institute (PHILRICE).
The recommended fertilizer rate was applied. Hill spacing was 20 cm between rows with
8 rows per plot and 30 hills per row. Three tillers were transplanted per hill (Figure 2).
All other cultural management practices necessary to the study such as irrigation,
weeding, pest and disease control were strictly employed.
The entries that were used are the following:
V1 = IR81551-2-1-3-3-2-PR
V12 = PR34131-B-20-1
V2 =PR34126-B-10
V13 = IR83140-B-28-B
V3 = NSIC Rc 104
V14 = Ketnel (check variety)
V4 =IR82187-17-3-2-1-2
V5 = PR34110-B-4-3-1
V6 = IR81528- 15- 3-2-2-PR
V7 = PR34131-B-21-1
V8 = PR34126- B-2
V9 = IR82737-B-B-B-B-182
V10 = PSBRC 46
V11 = IR83140- B- 11- B
Growth and Yield of Promising Rice Entries Under Cool, Elevated Condition
GUERZON, NEMIE REX S. APRIL 2012
Figure 1. Land preparation and lay-outing
Figure 2. Transplanting of the fourteen rice entries
Assessment on Farmers’ Acceptability of Organic Farming in Tuba, Benguet
PARAN, SHIRLY P. APRIL 2013
The data gathered were the following:
1.Agro-meteorological data. Meteorological data such as temperature, rainfall,
relative humidity and sunshine duration were obtained at Philippine Atmospheric
Geographical and Service Administration (PAGASA) station at Benguet State University.
2. Height of seedling .The height of rice seedlings was measured from the base to
the longest leaf before transplanting.
Scale
Remarks
1
Short (<30 cm)
2
Intermediate (~45 cm)
3
Tall (>60 cm)
3. Days of recovery. The number of days from transplanting to full recovery of
seedling was recorded when the rice plants in the paddies were almost dark green in color.
4. Days from transplanting to tillering. This was gathered when at least 50% of the
rice plants produced tillers.
5. Tiller number. The average number of tillers at maximum tillering was recorded
from ten random samples per treatment.
6. Days from transplanting to booting. This was gathered when 50% of the rice
plants reached the booting stage.
7. Days from transplanting to heading. This was recorded when 50% of the rice
plants formed heads.
8. Spikelet fertility. It was determined by counting the number of well developed
spikelet in proportion to the total number of panicle using the scale:
Assessment on Farmers’ Acceptability of Organic Farming in Tuba, Benguet
PARAN, SHIRLY P. APRIL 2013
Scale
Description
Remarks
1
90-100%
highly fertile
3
75-89%
fertile
5
50-74%
partly fertile
7
50% and below
highly sterile
9
0%
completely sterile
9. Days from transplanting to ripening. This was obtained when the grains of the
upper ¾ portion of the panicle are firm using ten random samples per treatment.
10. Height at maturity. The height was measured from the tip of the tallest panicle
of the rice plant to the base.
11. Lodging resistance. This was obtained before harvest using the following scale:
Scale
Description
Remarks
1
All plants are erect
Resistant
2
Plants are leaning at an
Moderately Resistant
angle of 70 degrees
3
Plants are leaning at an
Intermediate
angle of 45 degrees about
50% of the population are
affected
4
Plants are leaning at an
Moderately Susceptible
angle of 30 degrees about
50% of the population are
Affected
5
All plants are fallen on the ground Susceptible
12. Number of productive tillers per hill. The average number of productive tillers
of ten random samples per treatment was gathered.
Assessment on Farmers’ Acceptability of Organic Farming in Tuba, Benguet
PARAN, SHIRLY P. APRIL 2013
13. Length of panicle (cm). The length of the panicle was measured from the base
to the top of the panicle using ten random samples per treatment.
14. Number of grains per panicle. The number of grains was counted and recorded
during harvest. The same samples for length of panicle were used.
15.Number of filled grains per panicle. This was gathered from the average number
of grains per panicle. Ten random sample plants per treatment were used.
16. Grain yield per plot (kg).This was taken after the grains have been sun-dried to
approximately 14% moisture content. Winnowing was done to separate the filled from
unfilled grains.
17. Weight of 1000 grains (g). One thousand seeds with 14% moisture content was
counted and weighed.
18. Computed grain yield per hectare (kg/ha). The weight of dry filled grains per
treatment was taken and the yield per hectare was computed using the following formula:
X
Yield
Yield per hectare (kg)=
x
10000 m2
1.6m x 6m
19. Insect pest evaluation (Stem borers). Field rating for rice stem borers were based
on actual number of dead hearts and white heads. Dead hearts were counted 45 days after
transplanting while white heads counted ten days before harvesting. For both dead hearts
and white heads, rating was based on the following (Phil Rice, 1993):
Assessment on Farmers’ Acceptability of Organic Farming in Tuba, Benguet
PARAN, SHIRLY P. APRIL 2013
SCALE
Number of
REMARKS Number of REMARKS
Dead Hearts
White Heads
1
1-10
R
1-5
R
3
11-20
MR
6-10
MR
5
21-30
I
11-15
I
7
31-60
MS
16-25
MS
9
60 and above
S
26 and above
S
Where:
R= Resistant
MS= Moderately Susceptible
MR= Moderately Resistant
S= Susceptible
I= Intermediate
20. Blast (neck rot). Evaluation of rice blast (neck rot) was taken from the rice
plants at the center rows. Computation in percent infection was taken using the formula:
% Infection=No. of panicles infected X 100
Total no. of panicle
Analysis of Data
All quantitative data were analyzed using Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) for
single factor arranged in Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with three
replications. The significance of differences among the treatment means were tested using
the Duncan’s Multiple Range Test (DMRT) at 5% level of significance.
Assessment on Farmers’ Acceptability of Organic Farming in Tuba, Benguet
PARAN, SHIRLY P. APRIL 2013
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Agro-meteorological Data
Table 1 shows the temperature, relative humidity, amount of rainfall and sunshine
duration from the October 2011 to January 2012. It was observed that the temperature
ranged from 14.0-22.0°C, relative humidity ranged from 86.00%, and average rainfall is
4.00 mm.
High yielding varieties are tolerant to cool temperatures ranging from 17-220C.
Some modern varieties are sensitive to an average temperature of 150C. Planting modern
rice varieties in the upland need at least 100 mm for a sufficient water supply (IRRI, 2011).
The highest sunshine duration recorded was on the month of October 2011 and
January 2012.
Table 1. Temperature, relative humidity, rainfall and daily sunshine duration from
October 2011 to January 2012
RELATIVE
RAINFALL
DAILY
TEMPERATURE HUMIDITY
AMOUNT
SUNSHINE
MONTH
(°C)
(%)
DURATION
(mm)
(min)
Min Max
October
17.00 25.00
86.00
3.40
293.00
November 14.00 24.00
86.00
2.20
257.00
December 14.00 17.00
87.00
6.40
244.00
January
14.00 22.00
84.00
3.20
293.00
MEAN
14.00 22.00
86.00
4.00
284.00
Source: PAG-ASA Station, BSU, La Trinidad, Benguet
Assessment on Farmers’ Acceptability of Organic Farming in Tuba, Benguet
PARAN, SHIRLY P. APRIL 2013
Height of Seedling before Transplanting
No significant differences on the seedling height of the fourteen rice entries were
noted (Table 2). The seedlings were measured from the base to the tip of the longest leaf
using a ruler. It was observed that all entries were almost uniform in height.
Table 2. Seedling height and height at maturity of the fourteen rice entries
ENTRY
SEEDLING
HEIGHT AT
HEIGHT (cm)
MATURITY (cm)
IR81551-2-1-3-3-2-PR
17.89
79.23f
PR34126-B-10
17.96
82.60d
NSIC RC 104
18.00
81.17e
IR82187-17-3-2-1-2
17.91
68.17g
PR34110-B-4-3-1
18.24
93.30a
IR81528-15-3-2-2-PR
17.93
68.13g
PR34131-B-21-1
18.32
84.13c
PR34126-B-2
18.05
86.07b
IR82737-B-B-B-B-182
18.11
67.27gh
PSBRC 46
18.50
68.37g
IR83140-B-11-B
18.31
67.83g
PR34131-B-20-1
17.89
80.60e
IR83140-B-28-B
17.83
68.60g
Ketnel
18.40
65.97g
CV (%)
1.85
1.05
Means followed by common letters are not significantly different at 5 % level of significance
Assessment on Farmers’ Acceptability of Organic Farming in Tuba, Benguet
PARAN, SHIRLY P. APRIL 2013
Height at Maturity
Plant height at harvest is shown in Table 2. It was gathered that PR34110-B-4-3-1
was significantly taller than other entries, being almost one meter tall followed by
PR34126-B-2 and PR34131-B-21-1 with a mean of 86.07 cm and 84.13cm, respectively.
Ketnel was found the shortest among the entries with a mean of 65. 87 cm, although it is
well-adapted traditional variety. Significant differences may be due to their genetic make-
up. Some varieties with a short final plant height show its resistance to lodging. This will
keep away the panicle from falling on the ground through gravitational pull (Fang, 2005).
Number of Days to Recovery
Table 3 shows the number of days from transplanting to period of recovery which
was recorded when rice plants were almost dark green in color. All the fourteen entries
recovered in ten days except for three entries that recovered two to four days later (Figure
3). Faster recovery enhances the rice plant to reach its vegetative stage earlier.
Consequently, faster recovery may also produce tillers earlier and probably earlier maturity
(IRRI, 2011).
Number of Days from Transplanting
to Tillering
The number of days from transplanting to tillering is shown in Table 3. It was
observed that IR81551-2-1-3-3-2-PR, PR34126-B-10, IR82187-17-3-2-1-2, PR34110-B-
4-3-1, IR81528-15-3-2-2-PR, PR34131-B-21-1, PR34126-B-2, IR82737-B-B-B-B-182,
IR83140-B-11-B, PR 34131-B-20-1 and IR 83140-B-28-B significantly produced tillers
Assessment on Farmers’ Acceptability of Organic Farming in Tuba, Benguet
PARAN, SHIRLY P. APRIL 2013
earlier within a mean of 20 days as compared to PSBRC 46 within 22 days. Ketnel produced
tillers within a mean of 24 days. Rice varieties that produce tillers in later stage results to
a minimum number of tillers (Lancashire, 1991).
Figure 3a. Rice seedlings at ten days after transplanting
Figure 3b. Rice seedlings at 15 days after transplanting
Assessment on Farmers’ Acceptability of Organic Farming in Tuba, Benguet
PARAN, SHIRLY P. APRIL 2013
Number of Days from
Transplanting to Booting
The number of days from transplanting to booting is shown in Table 3. It was
observed that NSIC RC 104 was the earliest to boot followed by PSBRc 46, together with
IR82737-B-B-B-B-182 and IR83140-B-11-B that boot two days later. Such a significant
difference is due to varietal characteristics. Earlier booting of rice results to a thicker and
longer neck that keeps away the grains from compactness on their leaf sheath. Later
Table 3. Number of days from transplanting to recovery, tillering and booting of the
fourteen rice entries
ENTRY
DAYS FROM TRANSPLANTING TO
RECOVERY TILLERING BOOTING
IR81551-2-1-3-3-2-PR
10.00
20.00
69.00
PR34126-B-10
10.00
20.00
69.00
NSIC RC 104
12.00
23.00
65.00
IR82187-17-3-2-1-2
10.00
20.00
69.00
PR34110-B-4-3-1
10.00
20.00
71.00
IR81528-15-3-2-2-PR
10.00
20.00
67.00
PR34131-B-21-1
10.00
20.00
72.00
PR34126-B-2
10.00
20.00
72.00
IR82737-B-B-B-B-182
10.00
20.00
67.00
PSBRC 46
12.00
23.00
67.00
IR83140-B-11-B
10.00
20.00
67.00
PR34131-B-20-1
10.00
20.00
71.00
IR83140-B-28-B
10.00
20.00
69.00
Ketnel
14.00
24.00
79.33
CV (%)
0.00
0.00
0.44
Means followed by common letters are not significantly different at 5 % level of significance
Assessment on Farmers’ Acceptability of Organic Farming in Tuba, Benguet
PARAN, SHIRLY P. APRIL 2013
booting causes compactness of the grains inside the leaf sheath wherein the tip spikelet
starts to ripen while the spikelets inside the leaf sheath delayed to come out (IRRI, 2011).
Number of Days from
Transplanting to Heading
Number of days from transplanting to heading is shown in Table 4. It was observed
that PSBRC 46 was the earliest to form head with a mean of 76 days while the
Table 4. Number of days from transplanting to heading and ripening of the fourteen rice
entries
ENTRY
DAYS FROM TRANSPLANTING TO
HEADING RIPENING
IR81551-2-1-3-3-2-PR
78.00 119.00
PR34126-B-10
79.00 120.00
NSIC RC 104
79.00 114.00
IR82187-17-3-2-1-2
79.00 122.00
PR34110-B-4-3-1
83.00 122.00
IR81528-15-3-2-2-PR
78.00 119.00
PR34131-B-21-1
82.00 121.00
PR34126-B-2
81.00 120.00
IR82737-B-B-B-B-182
77.00 117.00
PSBRC 46
76.00 112.00
IR83140-B-11-B
78.00 115.00
PR34131-B-20-1
81.00 118.00
IR83140-B-28-B
80.00 116.00
Ketnel
95.67 133.00
CV (%)
0.69 0.00
Means followed by common letters are not significantly different at 5 % level of significance
Assessment on Farmers’ Acceptability of Organic Farming in Tuba, Benguet
PARAN, SHIRLY P. APRIL 2013
check variety, Ketnel was the latest to produce head in 95 days. Earlier heading produces
higher percentage of panicle to emergence while later heading delays ripening of grains
(IRRI, 2011).
Number of Days from
Transplanting to Ripening
Table 4 shows the number of days from transplanting to ripening wherein PSBRC
46 significantly ripened earlier in 112 days. NSIC RC 104 and IR82737-B-B-B-B-182
followed with mean of 114 and 117 days, respectively. Ketnel was the latest to ripen (133
days). Timely ripening of rice grains has a greater chance of producing a good quality of
grains (IRRI, 2011)
Tiller Number
The number of tillers at maximum stage was recorded when the flag leaf of the rice
plant came out. Table 5 shows that PSBRC 46 and NSIC RC 104 produced the highest
number of tillers with means of 17.07 and 16.66, respectively. PR34131-B-20-1 and
IR81528-15-3-2-2-PR recorded the lowest number of tillers with means of 11.17 and 11.41,
respectively. Tiller number could be a remarkable measure of yield potential in a certain
variety (Fang, 2005). PSBRc 46 and NSIC Rc 104 appear to have greater potential than the
other entries used based on tiller number.
Number of Productive Tillers
Table 5 revealed the number of productive tillers per hill. NSIC RC 104 has the
most number of productive tillers while Ketnel and IR81551-2-1-3-3-2-PR produced the
least number of productive tillers. Productive tillers exemplify the potential yielding
Assessment on Farmers’ Acceptability of Organic Farming in Tuba, Benguet
PARAN, SHIRLY P. APRIL 2013
capability of a certain rice variety. Rice plants with high number of productive tillers turns
out a greater number of grains (IRRI, 2011).
Table 5. Number of tillers and productive tillers of the fourteen entries
ENTRY
NUMBER
TILLER PRODUCTIVE
TILLER
IR81551-2-1-3-3-2-PR
12.35de
5.13cd
PR34126-B-10
13.87cd
5.60cd
NSIC RC 104
16.67b
8.60a
IR82187-17-3-2-1-2
13.47d
6.50c
PR34110-B-4-3-1
14.25c
6.40c
IR81528-15-3-2-2-PR
11.41e
5.97cd
PR34131-B-21-1
13.48d
6.53c
PR34126-B-2
13.87cd
6.33cd
IR82737-B-B-B-B-182
12.53cd
6.50c
PSBRC 46
17.07a
6.33cd
IR83140-B-11-B
12.17de
6.60b
PR34131-B-20-1
11.17e
5.93cd
IR83140-B-28-B
13.26d
5.37d
Ketnel
12.26cd
4.83e
CV (%)
8.30
9.03
Means followed by common letters are not significantly different at 5 % level of significance
Assessment on Farmers’ Acceptability of Organic Farming in Tuba, Benguet
PARAN, SHIRLY P. APRIL 2013
Lodging Resistance
As to reaction to lodging by the fourteen rice entries, it was observed that all
varieties are highly resistant. Fang (2005) stated that resistance to lodging signifies a
greater stand of 90 degrees until plants fully ripen. This will maintain the panicle away
from falling off the ground.
Length of panicle
The length of panicle of the fourteen rice entries is shown in Table 6. Among the
entries evaluated, it was observed that NSIC RC 104 had the longest panicle with a mean
of 19.45 cm. It was followed by PR34131-B-20-1 with a mean of 17.51 cm and Ketnel had
the shortest panicle with a mean of 14.28 cm. Significant differences could be due to their
genetic make-up. Longer panicles contain more grains than shorter ones. Although, this
was proven in almost Asian varieties that length of the panicle is not the basis for
concluding the grain content (Lancashire, 1991).
Spikelet Fertility
Table 6 demonstrates the spikelet fertility of the different entries. It was observed
that NSIC RC 104 was found highly fertile among all entries. IR81551-2-1-3-3-2-2PR,
PR34126-B-10, IR82187-17-3-2-1-2, IR82187-17-3-2-1-2, PR34110-B-4-3-1, IR81528-
15-3-2-2-PR, PR34131-B-21-1,PR34126-B-2, IR82737-B-B-B-B-182, PSBRC 46,
PR34131-B-20-1, IR83140-B-28-B and Ketnel were found fertile
. Jagadish (2007) stated
that rice spikelet is more fertile in a temperature ranging from 240C-300C.
Assessment on Farmers’ Acceptability of Organic Farming in Tuba, Benguet
PARAN, SHIRLY P. APRIL 2013
This is due to the effect on time of the day in spikelet anthesis relative to a high
temperature episode on spikelet fertility.
Table 6. Length of panicle and spikelet fertility of the fourteen rice entries
ENTRY
LENGTH OF SPIKELET
PANICLE (cm) FERTILITY
IR81551-2-1-3-3-2-PR
25.37ef partly fertile
PR34126-B-10
26.96bc partly fertile
NSIC RC 104
29.45a highly fertile
IR82187-17-3-2-1-2
25.07fg partly fertile
PR34110-B-4-3-1
27.44b partly fertile
IR81528-15-3-2-2-PR
25.86def partly fertile
PR34131-B-21-1
27.56b partly fertile
PR34126-B-2
27.51b partly fertile
IR82737-B-B-B-B-182
26.21cde partly fertile
PSBRC 46
26.57bcd partly fertile
IR83140-B-11-B
27.29b fertile
PR34131-B-20-1
27.51b partly fertile
IR83140-B-28-B
27.45b partly fertile
Ketnel
24.28g partly fertile
CV (%)
3.16
Means followed by common letters are not significantly different at 5 % level of significance
Assessment on Farmers’ Acceptability of Organic Farming in Tuba, Benguet
PARAN, SHIRLY P. APRIL 2013
Number of Grains per Panicle
Table 7 illustrates the total number of grains per panicle. It was observed that
PSBRC 46 gained the highest number of grains per panicle with a mean of 128.87
Table 7. Number of total grains and filled grains per panicle of the fourteen
rice entries
ENTRY
NUMBER
TOTAL GRAINS FILLED GRAINS
PER PANICLE PER PANICLE
IR81551-2-1-3-3-2-PR
115.03b 46.57c
PR34126-B-10
98.63c 45.93cd
NSIC RC 104
89.23d 62.87a
IR82187-17-3-2-1-2
116.27b 48.10cd
PR34110-B-4-3-1
98.17c 37.43f
IR81528-15-3-2-2-PR
113.73b 49.03bc
PR34131-B-21-1
98.43c 49.33bc
PR34126-B-2
97.67c 39.83ef
IR82737-B-B-B-B-182
115.73b 48.50bc
PSBRC 46
128.87a 42.90de
IR83140-B-11-B
113.87b 50.17b
PR34131-B-20-1
97.97c 41.17b
IR83140-B-28-B
114.33e 50.80b
Ketnel
87.90d 41.77e
CV (%) 1.35 3.90
Means followed by common letters are not significantly different at 5 % level of significance
Assessment on Farmers’ Acceptability of Organic Farming in Tuba, Benguet
PARAN, SHIRLY P. APRIL 2013
followed by IR82187-17-3-2-1-2 with a mean of 116.27 while NSIC RC 104 and Ketnel
had the lowest number of grains per panicle with mean of 89.23 and 87.90, respectively.
This result seem to suggest that PSBRc 46 has the greatest number of grains among the
entries tested. Panicle with an optimum number of grains had a greater yield than those of
many compacted grains in a panicle (Fang, 2005).
Number of Filled Grains Per Panicle
The result on filled grains per panicle is shown in Table 7. It was observed that
NSIC RC 104 had the most number of filled grains (62.87) followed by IR83140-B-28-B
(50.80). In contrast, PR34110-B-4-3-1 produced the lowest number of filled grains per
panicle. Most of those varieties that are resistant to pests and diseases had a high percentage
of filled grains than unfilled (Fang, 2005).
Grain yield and Computed
Grain Yield per Hectare
Total and computed grain yield of the different rice entries is shown in Table
8. Statistical analysis shows that NSIC RC 104 produced the highest computed grain
yield over IR81551-2-1-3-3-2-PR and IR 82737-B-B-B-B-182 with a mean of 2.75
kg per hectare. PR 34126-B-10 and PR34131-B-20-1 obtained the lowest grain yield
per plot with a mean of 1.14 kg. In corresponding to the computed grain yield per
hectare, NSIC Rc 104 gained the highest while PR34126-B-10 and PR34131-B-20-1
obtained the lowest. Such differences could be attributed to their varietal differences and
compactness of grains in the panicle.
Assessment on Farmers’ Acceptability of Organic Farming in Tuba, Benguet
PARAN, SHIRLY P. APRIL 2013
Table 8. Total and computed grain yield of the fourteen rice entries
ENTRY
GRAIN YIELD
TOTAL COMPTUED
(kg/ 9.6m2) (t/ha)
IR81551-2-1-3-3-2-PR
2.12ab 2.21ab
PR34126-B-10
1.14e 1.19e
NSIC RC 104
2.75a 2.87a
IR82187-17-3-2-1-2
1.90c 1.98c
PR34110-B-4-3-1
1.21cd 1.26cd
IR81528-15-3-2-2-PR
2.04b 2.13b
PR34131-B-21-1
2.10ab 2.19ab
PR34126-B-2
1.15d 1.20d
IR82737-B-B-B-B-182
1.97b 2.05b
PSBRC 46
2.20ab 2.29ab
IR83140-B-11-B
1.60c 1.67c
PR34131-B-20-1
1.14d 1.19d
IR83140-B-28-B
2.07ab 2.16ab
Ketnel
1.16d 1.21d
CV (%)
10.12 11.11
Means followed by common letters are not significantly different at 5 % level of significance
Weight of 1000 Filled Grains
Table 9 and Figure 4a-d show the weight of 1000 grains. It was gathered that
PR34131-B-20-1 gained the heaviest weight with a mean of 30.33 grams followed by
Assessment on Farmers’ Acceptability of Organic Farming in Tuba, Benguet
PARAN, SHIRLY P. APRIL 2013
IR 81528- 15-3-2-2- PR with a mean of 29.67 grams. On the other hand, PR 34110-
B-4-3-1 and PR34131-B-21-1 were the lightest with a mean of 21.33 and 20.67 grams,
Table 9. Weight of 1000 grains of the fourteen rice entries
ENTRY
WEIGHT OF 1000
GRAINS (g.)
IR81551-2-1-3-3-2-PR
27.00e
PR34126-B-10
25.00c
NSIC RC 104
26.00d
IR82187-17-3-2-1-2
26.00d
PR34110-B-4-3-1
21.33b
IR81528-15-3-2-2-PR
29.67f
PR34131-B-21-1
20.67a
PR34126-B-2
25.33cd
IR82737-B-B-B-B-182
26.00d
PSBRC 46
27.67ef
IR83140-B-11-B
27.67ef
PR34131-B-20-1
30.33g
IR83140-B-28-B
29.67f
Ketnel
25.00c
CV (%)
5.74
Means followed by common letters are not significantly different at 5 % level of significance
Assessment on Farmers’ Acceptability of Organic Farming in Tuba, Benguet
PARAN, SHIRLY P. APRIL 2013
respectively. Well dried and fully ripened grains are lighter than soft grains wherein soft
grains had higher moisture content that made it heavier (Jagadish, 2007).
Insect Pest Evaluation
Table 10 shows the evaluation of stem borer expressed as dead hearts and white
heads which was done before booting and after heading, respectively. For dead hearts, it
Table 10. Reaction to Stem Borer of the fourteen rice entries
ENTRY
WHITE HEADS DEAD HEARTS
Rating Remarks Rating Remarks
IR81551-2-1-3-3-2-PR
5 I 3 MR
PR34126-B-10
7 MS 5 I
NSIC RC 104
3 MR 1 R
IR82187-17-3-2-1-2
5 I 3 MR
PR34110-B-4-3-1
5 I 3 MR
IR81528-15-3-2-2-PR
7 MS 5 I
PR34131-B-21-1
7 MS 5 I
PR34126-B-2
7 MS 5 I
IR82737-B-B-B-B-182
5 I 3 MR
PSBRC 46
7 S 5 I
IR83140-B-11-B
5 I 3 R
PR34131-B-20-1
7 MS 5 I
IR83140-B-28-B
7 MS 5 I
Ketnel
5 I 3 MR
CV (%)
0.00 0.00
Means followed by common letters are not significantly different at 5 % level of significance
Assessment on Farmers’ Acceptability of Organic Farming in Tuba, Benguet
PARAN, SHIRLY P. APRIL 2013
was found that NSIC RC 104 was the most resistant while PR34126-B-10, IR81528-15-3-
2-2-PR, PR34131-B-21-1, PR34126-B-2, PSBRC 46, IR83140-B-11-B and IR83140-B-28-
B were found to be intermediate. On white heads, NSIC Rc 104 was the most resistant
while PR34126-B-10, IR81528-15-3-2-2-PR. PR34131-B-21-1, PR34126-B-2, PSBRc 46,
PR34131-B-20-1 and IR83140-B-28-B were found susceptible. Rice stem borers are
serious pests of rice. They infest plants from the seedling stage to maturity and mostly
likely during ripening stage but it could be treated by applying lannate and curzate (IRRI,
2007). Furthermore, NSIC Rc 104 could be used by the farmers for further evaluation.
Blast (neck rot)
Rice blast disease evaluation was taken before harvest. It was observed that all
entries were resistant to neck rot. The fungus is able to infect and produce lesions on all
organs of the rice plant except the root (Kato, 1999). In addition, all entries could be further
evaluated by farmers as it was found highly resistant.
Assessment on Farmers’ Acceptability of Organic Farming in Tuba, Benguet
PARAN, SHIRLY P. APRIL 2013
Ketnel
NSIC 104
PSBRc 46
IR81551-2-1-3-3-2-PR
Figure 4a. Grains of the fourteen entries
Assessment on Farmers’ Acceptability of Organic Farming in Tuba, Benguet
PARAN, SHIRLY P. APRIL 2013
PR34126-B-10
IR82187-17-3-2-1-2
PR34110-B-4-3-1
IR81528- 15- 3-2-2-PR
Figure 4b. Grains of the fourteen rice entries
Assessment on Farmers’ Acceptability of Organic Farming in Tuba, Benguet
PARAN, SHIRLY P. APRIL 2013
PR34131-B-21-1
PR34126- B-2
IR82737-B-B-B-B-182
IR83140- B- 11- B
Figure 4c. Grains of the fourteen rice entries
Assessment on Farmers’ Acceptability of Organic Farming in Tuba, Benguet
PARAN, SHIRLY P. APRIL 2013
PR34131-B-20-1
IR83140-B-28-B
Figure 4d. Grains of the fourteen rice entries
Assessment on Farmers’ Acceptability of Organic Farming in Tuba, Benguet
PARAN, SHIRLY P. APRIL 2013
SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
Summary
PSBRc 46 and NSIC 104 produced the highest number of tillers and productive
tillers. In contrast, Ketnel gained the lowest number of tillers and productive tillers.
NSIC Rc 104 was the earliest to boot and it was found to have highly fertile spikelet.
On the other hand, Ketnel was the latest to boot. NSIC Rc 104 produced the longest panicle
and highest number of filled grains. Consequently, it gained the highest yield. Ketnel
recorded the lowest yield.
PSBRc 46 was the earliest to form head and ripen, while Ketnel was the latest. It
also obtained the highest number of grains per panicle in contrast with Ketnel which
produced the lowest.
Furthermore, PR 3410-B-4-3-1 was the tallest at maturity while Ketnel was found
the shortest. Also, PR34131-B-20-1 had the heaviest weight of 1000 filled grains.
Conclusion
Results showed that NSIC Rc 104, IR81551-2-1-3-3-2-PR and PSBRc 46 had good
growth performance and yield. These varieties showed significant differences on rate of
recovery, tiller number, number of productive tillers per hill, length of panicle, number of
grains per panicle, number of filled grains per panicle, grain yield per plot, weight of 1000
grains and computed grain yield per hectare.
NSIC RC 104 was the earliest to boot and ripen. Consequently, it produced the
highest yield. Most of the entries were susceptible to white heads and dead hearts that
resulted to a low yield.
Assessment on Farmers’ Acceptability of Organic Farming in Tuba, Benguet
PARAN, SHIRLY P. APRIL 2013
Recommendation
All entries need further evaluation for more stable results under cool-elevated
condition and within other seasons.
Assessment on Farmers’ Acceptability of Organic Farming in Tuba, Benguet
PARAN, SHIRLY P. APRIL 2013
LITERATURE CITED
BALASUBRAMANIAN V., HERDT R.W. and M. HOSSAIN. 1999. Management in Rice
System. New York, USA: Kluwer Academic Publisher. P. 1.
BITAGA, J.E. 2002.Paddy Rice Post Harvest Industry in Developing Countries. Laguna:
Philrice Research Institute P. 1.
CADATAL, M.D. and A. PEDRO. 1993. Rice production technology in the Cordillera
Administrative Region strategies for research technology transfer. A paper
presented during the 6th National Rice Research and Development Review
and Planning Workshop held at Benguet State University on March 3-5. 2005
CAFÉ, A. 2010.Native Rice to Save Deteriorating Ifugao Rice Terraces. Retrieved
December
2011.Fromhttp://affleap.com/native-rice-to-save-deteriorating-
ifugao-rice-terraces/.
CENTRAL CORDILLERA AGRICULTURAL PROGAMMED (CECAP) AND
PHILIPPINES RICE RESEARCH INSTITUTE (PHILRICE). 2000. Highland
Rice production in the Philippines. Nueva Ecija: Agricultural program and
Philrice research institute. Pp. 5-10.
CENTRAL CORDILLERA AGRICULTURAL PROGAMMED (CECAP) AND
PHILPPINES RICE RESEARCH INSTITUE (PHILRICE). 2002. Highland
Rice production in the Philippines. Nueva Ecija: Agricultural program and Phil
Rice research institute. P. 44.
EVENSON, R.E 1996. Rice Research in Asia Progress and Priories. USA: Science
Publisher Inc. Pp.1-25.
FANG, Z.C. 2005.Rice Characteristics. Huazhong University: Wuhan, China. Pp.45-48,
79
GUANG H.W 1980.Rice improvement in China and other Asian Countries. China:
International Rice Research Institute and Chinese Academy of Agricultural
Science. P. 37.
INTERNATIONAL RICE RESEARCH INSTITUTE (IRRI). 1996. Progress in Upland
Rice Research. Los Banos, Laguna, Philippines. P. 63
INTERNATIONAL RICE RESEARCH INSTITUTE (IRRI) .2011. Crop and Planting
Environmental Sciences. University of the Philippines Los Banos: Laguna
Philippines. Pp. 6-8, 11, 57, 98 and 101
JAGADISH.S.V. 2007.Spikelet Fertility in Rice. University of Delhi: India. P. 68
Assessment on Farmers’ Acceptability of Organic Farming in Tuba, Benguet
PARAN, SHIRLY P. APRIL 2013
KATO.J.K.1999. Rice Blast Disease.Japan Plant Protection Department. Tokyo: Japan.
P. 74
LACANSHIRE, P.D. 1991. Growth Stages of Crops. University of Delhi:India. Pp.56-59,
88-89
NANDA J.S 2000.Rice Breeding and genetic research priorities and challenges.USA:
Science publisher Inc. Pp. 1-3.
PHILIPPINES RICE RESEARCH INSTITUTE (PHILRICE). 1993. Philippine Rice R and
D Highlights. Nueva Ecija: Philrice research institute. Pp 2-3.
PHILIPPINES RICE RESEARCH INSTITUTE (PHILRICE). 1996. Philippine rice R and
D Highlights. Nueva Ecija: Phil Rice. Pp. 1-13.
PHILIPPINE COUNCIL FOR AGRICULTURE, FORESTRY and RESOURCE
RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT (PCARRD). 2011. Short message
service. Retrieved march 2011. from. dost. gov. ph.
ROTTGER U. 1992.Paddy deterioration in the humid tropic. Germany: German agency
for technical cooperation. P. 23.
REBUELTA, P.I. 1997. Rice Specialist Training Courch on IPM- Weather, Climate and
Rice Production. March 12 1997 Nueva Ecija: PhilRice. Pp. 19-22.
SACHIKO J. 2010. Rice farming. Retrieved March 2011 from: http:
//www.ricefarming.com/home /issues/2010-05/2010_MaySS.htmlLouisiana.
SHEELY, J.E., MITCHEL, P.L. and J. HARDY. 2000.Redisigning rice photosynthesis to
increase yield. Los Baños, Laguna: IRRI. Pp3-4.
SINGH, K. andG.S. KHUSH.2000.Aromatic rice. New Delhi: Oxford and IBH Publishing
P 15.
SCHILLER,
J.M.,
CHANGPENGXAY,
M.B.,
LIAQUIST,
B.
and
S.APPARAO.2006.Rice in Laos. Laguna: IRRI. P. 291.
SUBHA, R.S, 2010. Aroma association in Global popular Aromatic rice Cultivars in
Tropical Environment.Malaysia: Institute of Biological Science. Pp.1 -14.
TADAO, V.P. 1993. Evaluation of Eight Cultivars of Rice under La Trinidad Condition.
Unpublished Undergraduate Thesis, College of Agricuture, Benguet State
University, Benguet State University. Pp. 3-4
Assessment on Farmers’ Acceptability of Organic Farming in Tuba, Benguet
PARAN, SHIRLY P. APRIL 2013
UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES LOS BANOS (UPLB). 1983. Rice Production
Manual for NFAC-UPLB Country side Action Program.UPLB, Laguna,
Philippines. Pp.7-16.
VIRMANI, R. 1988. Rice Research and Development. Laguna: IRRI. P. 11.
WORK and CAREW, J. 1995.Producing Vegetable Crops.The Interstate Printers and
Publisher, Inc.Pp.2, 238.
YOSHIDA, S. 1981. Fundamentals of Rice crop science. Laguna: IRRI. Pp. 30-32, 67-
70.
Assessment on Farmers’ Acceptability of Organic Farming in Tuba, Benguet
PARAN, SHIRLY P. APRIL 2013