BIBLIOGRAPHY EL CID C. CATNAS. April 2010....
BIBLIOGRAPHY
EL CID C. CATNAS. April 2010. Influence of Animal Urine and Salt Water Seed
Treatment on the Growth and Yield of Organically Grown Pole Snap Bean (Phaseolus vulgaris).
Benguet State University.
Adviser: Danilo P. Padua, Ph. D.
ABSTRACT
The study was conducted to evaluate the growth and seed yield of organically grown pole
snap bean treated with animal urine and salt water and to determine the effect of animal urine
and salt water treatment on seed germination and vigor of pole snap bean.
In the laboratory experiment, results revealed that cow and goat urine and salt water
treatments did not enhance seed germination, vigor, and dry matter production of pole snap bean.
It was also noted in the field experiment that no significant effect was observed from
cow and goat urine and salt water treatments on the growth and seed yield of pole snap bean.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
Bibliography. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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Abstract. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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Table of contents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
ii
INTRODUCTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1
REVIEW OF LITERATURE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3
Germination of common bean . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3
Seed treatment. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3
Inadequacy of chemical seed treatment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4
Animal urine and salt water as an agent
5
for Organic Seed Treatment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
MATERIALS AND METHOD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
7
Laboratory condition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
7
Data gathered . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
8
Field condition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
9
Analysis of data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
12
RESULTS ANDDISCUSSION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
13
Laboratory condition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
13
Days to germination, percent germination
and vigor index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
13
Number of ungerminated seeds and normal
and abnormal seedlings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
14
Length of hypocotyls and epicotyls
seedling height . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
15
Percent dry matter production . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
15
Field condition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
16
Days from sowing to emergence
and flowering . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
16
Percent germination . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
17
Plant height at last harvest. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
18
Number of flowers per cluster, pods
per cluster and percent pod set . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
18
Pod length, pod width, seed length
and plant height at last harvest . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
19
Weight of 100 seeds and seed
yield per plot . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
20
Number of seeds per pod . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
21
Leaf color, flower color and
pod color (Color Chart) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
21
Reaction to bean rust and pod borer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
21
SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
22
Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
22
Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
23
Recommendation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
23
LITERATURE CITED . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
24
INTRODUCTION
Common beans are the most important species of the genus Phaseolus in terms of
number of varieties available and area devoted to its cultivation worldwide. It had
become an important food crop not only in parts of Africa and Asia but also in Europe,
America and the Pacific Islands (Padua, 1997). Many beans are exceptionally good
sources of vegetable protein and are important food staples. Forms include snap beans
that are consumed as pods and as seeds (CHARM, 2001).
Aside from the benefits it can give to man and animals, it helps maintain and
conserve soil fertility because of its ability to fix free nitrogen from the atmosphere
through the action of nitrogen fixing bacteria (Rhizobium bacteria) present in its roots.
One major concern of the farmers is to increase seed production. Seed is the
starting point for all plant production. Throughout history, mankind has developed plant
varieties with higher potential for yield, resistance to pest and pathogens, and suitability
for specific uses or areas of cultivation. Since the seed contains all the genetic
information needed to release the inherent potential of these efforts, its protection has
always been crucial for plant breeders, seed producers, farmers and those involved in
crop protection (ESA, 2007).
For generations, farmers struggled to improve the performance of their seeds, and
to protect them against pests and diseases. Seed treatment is an affordable and effective
way to optimize plant establishment and yield potential. Since seed treatment with
synthetic chemicals is not allowed in organic farming, it is important to find alternative
methods for seed treatment.
Influence of Animal Urine and Salt Water Seed Treatment on the Growth and Yield of
Organically Grown Pole Snap Bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) / El Cid C. Catnas 2010
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Organic practitioners in La Trinidad and other parts of Benguet are finding
altrnative ways to increase crop production and control pest and diseases. Animal urine
and salt water for seed treatment had been done before and was found to be effective. It
may enhance seed germination, vigor and growth of the crop and may also increase seed
production. This study may thus give more information and will help farmers to acquire
some more techniques on seed treatment and increasing yield.
The objectives of the study were to evaluate the growth and seed yield of
organically grown pole snap bean treated with animal urine and salt water and to
determine the effect of animal urine and salt water treatment on seed germination and
vigor of pole snap bean.
The treatment of seeds was conducted at the College of Agriculture building AC
210 from November 12-27, 2008 while the field experiment was done at the BSU
Organic Demo Farm at Balili, La Trinidad, Benguet from December 2008 to April 2009.
Influence of Animal Urine and Salt Water Seed Treatment on the Growth and Yield of
Organically Grown Pole Snap Bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) / El Cid C. Catnas 2010
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REVIEW OF LITERATURE
Germination of Common Bean
APASSC (1997) stated that beans are adapted to both temperate and tropical areas
where there is greater frost free period than 50 days and soils are warm enough to allow
seed germination. Bean seed is sensitive to chilling injury when planted in cold soil. It is
particularly susceptible during the initial stage of germination, which is referred to as
imbibitions. If the soil is cold at this time, permanent damage may occur. If, however,
imbibitions occur under warm conditions, the seed can later tolerate cool soil
temperatures and still germinate normally. Furthermore, the OSU (2004) added that good
germination of bean seed is obtained at soil temperatures of 15.55 C to 28 C. Seed rot is a
serious problem at lower temperatures, and seedling injury from soil incorporated
herbicides may be increased due to longer exposure times from slow germination.
Seed Treatment
Seed treatment is the oldest practice in plant protection. Its origins can be traced
to the 18th century which use brine for the control of cereal smuts (Neergard, 1997). The
modern era of seed treatments began with the introduction of organo-mercury fungicides
in 1912 which were widely used for several decades. The post-World War II period saw
the development of new fungicide chemistry and the first use of seed treatment for insect
control. Today, the most widely used application of seed treatment is the traditional one
of protecting the germinating seedling against seed-and soil-borne fungi in the period
immediately after planting. However, the uses and expectations of seed treatments are
greater today due to the impact of environmental regulations that have either banned or
Influence of Animal Urine and Salt Water Seed Treatment on the Growth and Yield of
Organically Grown Pole Snap Bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) / El Cid C. Catnas 2010
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restricted the use of the potential to control bacteria, viruses, insect, and nematodes and
provide plant protection well into growing season. Seed treatment technology also has
application in control of growth regulators and fertilizers; and sizing and shaping of seeds
to facilitate planting. These new uses often require improved application systems to better
establish dosages and coverage of materials (McGee 1995).
Efficacy of seed treatment is one of the several factors that influence the cost, risk
and benefits of seed treatments. For some crops, such as corn, peanuts, rice and cereals,
fungicide seed treatment is routine and there is little argument that seed treatment is a
necessary and effective means of protecting seeds and seedlings from seed borne
pathogens. After almost 30 years of continual use, seed treatment in maize using captan
Pedersen et al (1986) reevaluated the need for this practice and reached the conclusion
that it was essential to assure stand establishment. In expensive organo-mercury seed
treatments use in the U.K, cereal diseases were rare or unknown (Yarham and Jones et al
1992). According to (Richardson 1986, Sutherland et al 1994), the replacement of
organo-mercurials with more expensive products has led several studies of benefits of
seed treatment of cereals in the U.K. In these reports, no benefit to yield was evident in
plots grown from treated compared to untreated seeds. At individual sites, however,
significant differences were evident. Because control of seed-borne pathogens is a major
reason for seed treatment, Brodal (1993) suggested that decisions to apply seed
treatments should be determined by seed health test results.
Inadequacy of Chemical Seed Treatment
Application practices are usually determined by relating seed treatment rates to
subsequent emergence and yield in a series of field tests in different locations and under a
Influence of Animal Urine and Salt Water Seed Treatment on the Growth and Yield of
Organically Grown Pole Snap Bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) / El Cid C. Catnas 2010
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variety of environmental conditions. If repeated often enough, this type of experiment
may provide reasonably reliable information on application rates, but very little
information is obtained about disease epidemiology. As a result, failures in control
practices cannot be explained and more fungicides tend to be used than are necessary
(McGee 1995).
At least one major crop failure, resulting in multimillion dollar court settlements,
has since been attributed to the inadequacies of research into efficacy of the product
(McGee, 1981). With some crops, such as soybean; the need for seed treatment has
always been unclear. An extensive epidemiological study of soybean seed treatment
(Wall et al., 1983) led to the precise definition of conditions under which soybean seed
treatment could be justified. An important characteristic of this recommendation is that
the grower can easily obtain the required information to make the decision to use seed
treatment. Economic and environmental considerations will require that seed treatment
products developed in the future be applied at low and efficient dosages.
Animal Urine and Salt Water as an Agent
for Organic Seed Treatment
Excess nitrogen from digested protein is excreted in the urine as urea in cow and
goat. It contains 2/3 of the N and 4/5 K discharged by these animals and these elements
are more quickly available because they are in solution. Urine also is a good activator for
converting crop residues to humus Cow urine was found very suitable to treat seeds of
some crops (like finger millet) for good germination and seedling vigor. Cow urine
extract is also an agent to control seed borne pathogens (Shridhar, 2000).
Influence of Animal Urine and Salt Water Seed Treatment on the Growth and Yield of
Organically Grown Pole Snap Bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) / El Cid C. Catnas 2010
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Kaufman (2000) found that salt water treatment is a useful technique in separating
healthy seeds form unhealthy ones. This treatment is found to be very effective in treating
paddy seeds.
Influence of Animal Urine and Salt Water Seed Treatment on the Growth and Yield of
Organically Grown Pole Snap Bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) / El Cid C. Catnas 2010
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MATERIALS AND METHOD
The study was conducted in both laboratory and field conditions, using similar
treatments. The laboratory portion deal mainly with germination and seedling biomass
production while the field experiment was done up to seed production. B-21 bought from
BSU-IPBHCRS, a potential variety of pole snap bean was used.
Cow and goat urine were collected at Tawang, La Trinidad, Benguet one day
before sowing both in the laboratory and field experiment while sea water was obtained
from Bangar, La Union two days before sowing. Dilution was done by using graduated
cylinder wherein lower concentration was first formulated before formulating the
treatment with higher concentration. Seeds were soaked in urine and salt water for 30
minutes and air dried in a shaded area.
Experiment A. Laboratory Condition
A germination tray measuring 28 cm x 38 cm x 10 cm was filled with sieved sand
before seeds were planted. A total of 24 trays were used to accommodate three
replications. The experiment was set in completely randomized design (CRD). One
hundred seeds were evenly sown in each tray. Watering of the seeds was done everyday
for two weeks to supply the moisture needed.
The following were the seed treatments:
Code Treatment
T1 Control (no treatment)
T2 Water soaked only (18 hrs.)
T3 1:10 cow urine and water dilution (soak 30 minutes before sowing)
Influence of Animal Urine and Salt Water Seed Treatment on the Growth and Yield of
Organically Grown Pole Snap Bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) / El Cid C. Catnas 2010
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T4 1:5 cow urine and water dilution (soak 30 minutes before sowing)
T5 1:10 goat urine and water dilution (soak 30 minutes before sowing)
T6 1:5 goat urine and water dilution (soak 30 minutes before sowing)
T7 100% salt water (soak 30 minutes before sowing)
T8 50% salt water (soak 30 minutes before sowing)
Data Gathered
1.
Days to germination. This was recorded by counting the number days
from sowing to first germination.
2. Percent germination. This was obtained by using the formula
Number of Seeds Germinated
%Germination = x 100%
Number of Seeds Sown
3. Seedling vigor/ vigor index. This was determined using the formula:
#of normal seedling (1st count) #of normal seedling (last count)
Vigor = +……+
Days to 1st count days to last count
4. No. of ungerminated seeds. This was recorded by counting the number of
ungerminated seeds.
5. No. of normal seedlings. This was recorded by counting the number of
normal seedlings based on visual observation.
6. No. of abnormal seedlings. This was recorded by counting the number of
abnormal seedlings through visual observation.
7. Seedling height. This was obtained by measuring five sample plants per
tray from the base to the tip of the plant two weeks after planting.
8. Length of hypocotyls and epicotyls. This was obtained by measuring five
sample plants per tray two weeks after planting.
Influence of Animal Urine and Salt Water Seed Treatment on the Growth and Yield of
Organically Grown Pole Snap Bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) / El Cid C. Catnas 2010
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9. Dry matter production. This was obtained by weighing ten plant samples
two weeks after planting and computed using the formula:
Fresh weight – Oven dry weight
% Moisture Content =
x 100%
Oven dry weight
Dry Matter (%) = 100% - % Moisture Content
Experiment B. Field Condition
An area of 240 m2 was thoroughly prepared and divided into 24 plots. Each plot
was measured 1 m x 10 m. The experiment was laid out following the randomized
complete block design (RCBD) with three replications. Two seeds were planted in each
hole of double row plots with a distance of 20 cm between rows and hills. Mushroom
compost was applied basally two weeks before planting while Yama-bym (Processed
Chicken Manure) was used during hilling up. Corn was planted on the borders of the area
to serve as barrier while marigold was planted in between beds to serve as pest repellants.
All necessary cultural management practices were done uniformly in all plots.
Data Gathered
A. Vegetative Characters
1. Days to emergence. This was recorded by counting the number of days
from planting to the time when at least 50% of the plants in the plot fully emerged.
2. Days from planting to flowering. This was obtained by counting the
number of days from planting up to the time the plants started to produce flowers.
3. Leaf color. This was obtained through visual observation.
4. Plant height at maturity (cm). This was taken by measuring the plant
height from the ground level to the tip of the vine using meter stick after the last harvest.
Influence of Animal Urine and Salt Water Seed Treatment on the Growth and Yield of
Organically Grown Pole Snap Bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) / El Cid C. Catnas 2010
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B. Percent Germination. This was obtained by using the formula
Number of Seeds Germinated
% Germination =
x 100%
Number of Seeds Sown
C. Flower Characters
1. Number of flower per cluster. The number of flowers per cluster per plant
were recorded from ten sample plants per plot.
2. Flower color. This was obtained through visual observation.
D. Pod Characters
1. Number of pod per cluster. The number of pods per cluster per plant were
recorded from ten sample plants per plot.
2. Pod color. This was obtained through visual observation.
3. Pod length (cm). Ten random sample pods were selected per treatment and
measured using a ruler.
4. Pod width (cm). This was obtained by selecting ten random samples per
treatment and measured using a ruler.
E. Percentage Pod Set. This was determined by using the formula:
% Pod set =
Total Number of Pod Set x 100%
Total Number of Flowers
F. Yield Characters
1. Number of seeds per pod. The number of seeds per pod was obtained from
ten random sample pods per treatment.
2. Total seed yield per plot (kg). The total seed yield per plot was recorded
from each treatment.
3. Seed length (mm). This was obtained by measuring ten random samples
per treatment.
Influence of Animal Urine and Salt Water Seed Treatment on the Growth and Yield of
Organically Grown Pole Snap Bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) / El Cid C. Catnas 2010
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4. Weight of one hundred seeds (g). This was taken by weighing 100 seeds at
10% MC.
H. Bean Rust and Pod Borer Reaction.
1. Bean rust. This was observed using the following rating scale (Cayso,
2005):
Scale Description Remarks
0 No infection high resistance
1 1-25% of the total plants are infected mild resistance
2 26-50% of the total plants are infected moderate resistance
3 51-75% of the total plants are infected susceptible
4
76-100% of the total plants are infected very susceptible
2. Pod borer. This was observed using the following rating scale (Cayso,
2005):
Scale Description Remarks
0 No infestation high resistance
1 1-25% of the total plant are infested mild resistance
2 26-50% of the total plant are infested moderate resistance
3 51-75% of the total plant are infested susceptible
4 76-100% of the total plant are infested very susceptible
Influence of Animal Urine and Salt Water Seed Treatment on the Growth and Yield of
Organically Grown Pole Snap Bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) / El Cid C. Catnas 2010
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Analysis of Data
All quantitative data were statistically analyzed using analysis of variance
(ANOVA) in CRD for experiment A and RCBD for experiment B with three replications.
The significance of differences among the treatment means were tested using the
Duncan’s Multiple Range Test (DMRT) at 5% level of significance.
Influence of Animal Urine and Salt Water Seed Treatment on the Growth and Yield of
Organically Grown Pole Snap Bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) / El Cid C. Catnas 2010
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RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS
A. Effect of Animal Urine and Salt Water on the Germination, Vigor and Dry Matter
Production of Pole Snap Bean
Days to Germination, Percent Germination
and Vigor Index
Results showed no significant differences on the number of days from sowing to
germination, percent germination, and vigor index (Table 1).
Seed germination in all treatments took three to four days after sowing indicating
that the treatments did not enhance germination.
No significant differences were also observed among the treatments on percent
germination. It was clear though that all treatments had much higher germination
percentage compared to the control and water-soaked seeds. The goat and cow urine were
particularly effective in enhancing seed germination by about 16-24%. Salt water
treatment also increased seed germination by 14-15%.
Table 1. Days to germination, percent germination, and vigor index of pole snap beans
TREATMEANTS DAYS
TO
PERCENT
VIGOR
GERMINATION GERMINATION
INDEX
Control 4
68.67
35.42
Water soaked only
3
68.33
33.78
1:10 CU + W
3
90.00
45.14
1:5 CU + W
3
88.33
45.29
1:10 GU + W
3
84.00
43.39
1:5 GU + W
3
92.67
49.74
100% salt water
4
83.33
41.28
50 % salt water
3
82.33
42.83
CV
(%)
16.41 13.38 14.98
Abbreviations: CU= Cow Urine, GU= Goat Urine, W= Water
Influence of Animal Urine and Salt Water Seed Treatment on the Growth and Yield of
Organically Grown Pole Snap Bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) / El Cid C. Catnas 2010
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The beneficial effect of goat and cow urine as well as salt water treatment was
further affirmed by the much higher vigor index of the seeds subjected to these
treatments.
Number of Ungerminated Seeds and Normal
and Abnormal Seedlings
No significant differences in the number of ungerminated seeds and abnormal
seedlings were noted while significant differences in the number of normal seedling were
observed among pole snap bean seed treatments (Table 2).
Pole snap bean seeds treated with 1:10 cow urine and water, 1:5 cow urine and
water, and 1:5 goat urine and water had more normal seedlings than those in the
unsoaked and water soaked seeds. This result is due to the very low seed germination in
unsoaked (control) and water soaked seeds.
No significant differences were observed on the number of abnormal seedlings
because each treatment had only 1-2 abnormal seedlings.
Table 2. Number of ungerminated seeds and normal and abnormal seedlings
TREATMEANTS NUMBER
OF
UNGERMINATED
NORMAL
ABNORMAL
SEEDS
SEEDLINGS
SEEDLINGS
Control 31
66b 2
Water soaked only
32
66b 2
1:10 CU + W
10
90a 1
1:5 CU + W
12
88a 1
1:10 GU + W
16
83ab 1
1:5 GU + W
7
92a 1
100% salt water
17
82ab 2
50 % salt water
18
81ab 1
CV (%)
25.81
13.01
35.97
*Means with common letter are not significant different at 5% level of DMRT.
Influence of Animal Urine and Salt Water Seed Treatment on the Growth and Yield of
Organically Grown Pole Snap Bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) / El Cid C. Catnas 2010
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Length of Hypocotyl and Epicotyl
Seedling Height
Differences on the length of hypocotyl, epicotyl and seedling height of the eight
treatments were not significant (Table 3). The length of hypocotyls and epicotyls ranged
from 18.88 cm to 22.67 cm and 31.67 cm to 36.77 cm respectively while the seedling
height ranged from 40.83 cm to 43.47 cm. Goat and cow urine and salt water treatments
did not affect the growth of pole snap bean.
The nitrogenous constituents, potassium and other elements found in cow and goat urine
might have already been used up in the early stage of growth of the seedlings thus the
growth elongation of the hypocotyl and epicotyl and the height of the seedling were not
enhanced.
Dry Matter Production
Table 4 presents the dry matter production of pole snap bean seedlings. No
significant differences were noted on the eight treatments indicating that cow and goat
urine and salt water had no effect on biomass production.
Table 3. Length of hypocotyl and epicotyl and seedling height two weeks after sowing
TREATMEANTS LENGTH
(cm)
OF
SEEDLING
HYPOCOTYL
EPICOTYL
HEIGHT (cm)
Control
21.74 34.79 42.22
Water soaked only
22.31
33.52
41.31
1:10 CU + W
19.80
32.41
41.67
1:5 CU + W
20.48
36.77
43.47
1:10 GU + W
22.67
31.67
40.83
1:5 GU + W
18.11
34.88
43.31
100% salt water
19.01
34.52
40.48
50 % salt water
18.88
34.58
42.55
CV (%)
12.33
9.44
6.29
Influence of Animal Urine and Salt Water Seed Treatment on the Growth and Yield of
Organically Grown Pole Snap Bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) / El Cid C. Catnas 2010
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Table 4. Percent dry matter production two weeks after sowing
TREATMENTS DRY
MATTER PRODUCTION (%)
Control 9.46
Water soaked only
8.55
1:10 CU + W
9.12
1:5 CU + W
8.80
1:10 GU + W
8.69
1:5 GU + W
10.09
100% salt water
9.14
50 % salt water
8.16
CV (%)
8.37
According to Bristow and Whitehead et al. (2006), total N in cow urine ranges
from 6.8 to 21.6 g N litre-1 while goat urine ranged from 3.0 to 13.7 g litre-1. It contains
S, Cu, Fe, PO4, Na, K, Mn, Ca, and other minerals (Kedia et al, 2008) but it is not
sufficient to enhance the dry matter production of pole snap bean.
B. Effect of Animal Urine and Salt Water on the Growth and Seed Yield of Pole Snap
Bean
Days From Sowing to Emergence
and Flowering
Table 5 shows the number of days from sowing to emergence and flowering.
Significant differences were observed in the two parameters.
Influence of Animal Urine and Salt Water Seed Treatment on the Growth and Yield of
Organically Grown Pole Snap Bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) / El Cid C. Catnas 2010
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Table 5. Days from sowing to emergence and flowering
TREATMENTS
DAYS FROM SOWING TO
EMERGENCE FLOWERING
Control 10a 44a
Water soaked only
8b 43b
1:10 CU + W
9a 44a
1:5 CU + W
9a 44a
1:10 GU + W
9a 44a
1:5 GU + W
9a 44a
100% salt water
9a 44a
50 % salt water
9a 44a
CV (%)
4.49
0.99
*Means with common letter are not significant different at 5% level of DMRT
The seeds soaked in water only started to emerge eight days after sowing while
unsoaked seeds emerged ten days after sowing. Results show that cow and goat urine and
salt water donnot enhance the emergence of bean seed.
Longer days of emergence of the seeds might be attributed to soil clods in each
plot that may have delayed seed emergence.
Seeds soaked in water only were the first to produce flowers at 43 days after
sowing while all the rest flowered one day later. Since water soaked seeds were the first
to emerge, it grew and developed earlier and also produced flowers earlier than the other
treatments. This result implies that cow and goat urine and even salt water are not
efficient in enhancing emergence and flowering of pole snap bean.
Percent Germination
Results showed no significant differences on percent germination (Table 6). The
recorded percent germination ranged from 80.78 to 88.43 percent. This trend was almost
similar to that of the laboratory experiment. Interestingly, compared to similar treatment
Influence of Animal Urine and Salt Water Seed Treatment on the Growth and Yield of
Organically Grown Pole Snap Bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) / El Cid C. Catnas 2010
18
Table 6. Percent germination and plant height at harvest
TREATMENTS
% GERMINATION
PLANT HEIGHT (cm)
Control 83.33
331.69
Water soaked only
81.63
332.22
1:10 CU + W
80.78
331.10
1:5 CU + W
84.18
333.04
1:10 GU + W
88.43
329.65
1:5 GU + W
83.50
330.92
100% salt water
86.05
331.87
50 % salt water
82.31
333.24
CV (%)
4.15
0.46
in the laboratory experiment unsoaked (control) and water soaked seeds had
higher germination percentage.
Although no significant differences were observed, the highest percentage
germination was attained by seeds soaked in 1:10 goat urine and water with a mean of
88.43% followed by seeds soaked in 100% salt water with 86.05 percent germination.
The lowest percent germination was obtained by seeds soaked in 1:10 cow urine and
water (80.78%).
Plant Height at Last Harvest
No significant differences were noted on the plant height at last harvest. This
trend was similar to that of the laboratory experiment. The recorded height of the plants
ranged from 329.65 cm to 333.24 cm.
Number of Flowers Per Cluster, Pods
Per Cluster and Percent Pod Set
The number of flowers per cluster, pods per cluster and percent pod set are shown
in Table 7. No significant differences were observed among the parameters. The number
Influence of Animal Urine and Salt Water Seed Treatment on the Growth and Yield of
Organically Grown Pole Snap Bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) / El Cid C. Catnas 2010
19
of flowers per cluster was five to six while the number of pods per cluster was three to
four.
Low percent pod set among the eight treatments could be attributed to strong rain
during the flowering stage of the crop that increased the abortion of flowers and early
development of pods.
Pod length, Pod Width, and Seed Length
Table 8 shows the pod length and width and seed length of the pole snap bean. No
significant differences were observed among the eight treatments in these three
parameters. The pod length and width ranged from 14.88 -15.06 cm and 1.16 -1.19 cm
respectively.
The seed length in the different treatments ranged from 12.23 mm- 12.50 mm.
Table 7. Number of flowers and pods per cluster, and percent pod set
TREATMENTS
NUMBER OF
PERCENT POD
FLOWER PER
PODS PER
SET
CLUSTER
CLUSTER
Control 6
4
57.05
Water soaked only
5
3
55.11
1:10 CU + W
6
3
59.50
1:5 CU + W
5
4
53.41
1:10 GU + W
6
4
60.16
1:5 GU + W
6
4
66.18
100% salt water
6
3
55.44
50 % salt water
6
3
58.09
CV (%)
8.59
14.77
10.10
Influence of Animal Urine and Salt Water Seed Treatment on the Growth and Yield of
Organically Grown Pole Snap Bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) / El Cid C. Catnas 2010
20
Table 8. Pod length and width, and seed length
TREATMENTS POD SEED
LENGTH (cm)
WIDTH (cm)
LENGTH (mm)
Control
14.91 1.17 12.30
Water soaked only
14.96
1.16
12.23
1:10 CU + W
15.06
1.18
12.40
1:5 CU + W
14.82
1.18
12.33
1:10 GU + W
14.83
1.19
12.50
1:5 GU + W
14.88
1.18
12.43
100% salt water
15.03
1.16
12.30
50 % salt water
14.93
1.17
12.23
CV
(%)
0.91 1.15 1.41
Weight of 100 Seeds and Seed
Yield per Plot
Results show no significant differences among the different treatments on weight
of 100 seeds and total seed yield per plot (Table 9). This indicates that the cow and goat
urine and salt water treatments used did not affect the yield of pole snap beans. It was
noted that the weight of 100 seeds ranged from 29.40- 29.90 g while seed weight per plot
ranged from 2.54kg-2.71 kg.
Table 9. Weight of 100 seeds (g) and total seed yield per plot (kg)
TREATMENTS
100- SEED
TOTAL SEED YEILD
WEIGHT (g)
PER 10 m2
Control 29.60
2.60
Water soaked only
29.73
2.65
1:10 CU + W
29.93
2.56
1:5 CU + W
29.90
2.57
1:10 GU + W
29.40
2.54
1:5 GU + W
29.67
2.57
100% salt water
29.90
2.71
50 % salt water
29.90
2.58
CV (%)
1.33
6.50
Influence of Animal Urine and Salt Water Seed Treatment on the Growth and Yield of
Organically Grown Pole Snap Bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) / El Cid C. Catnas 2010
21
Number of Seeds Per Pod
The number of seeds per pod in all the treatments was eight. This result indicates that
cow and goat urine and salt water had no effect on increasing the number of seeds per
pod of pole snap bean.
Leaf Color, Flower Color and Pod Color (Color Chart)
It was observed that seeds soaked in water only showed darker green leaf color
from two to three weeks after sowing. At five weeks, all the treatments had the same dark
green leaves. No differences in flower and pod color were observed among the eight
treatments.
Reaction to Bean Rust and Pod Borer
Based on the results, B-21 showed mild resistance to bean rust and pod borer. The
occurrence of bean rust and pod borer was observed at 75 DAP and 90 DAP respectively
when 1-25% of the plants were affected.
Influence of Animal Urine and Salt Water Seed Treatment on the Growth and Yield of
Organically Grown Pole Snap Bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) / El Cid C. Catnas 2010
22
SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
Summary
This study was conducted both in laboratory and field conditions to evaluate the
growth and seed yield of organically grown pole snap bean treated with animal urine and
salt water, possibly enhance seed germination and vigor of pole snap bean through animal
urine and salt water treatment, and determine the effect of animal urine and salt water
treatment on the control of seed born diseases of pole snap bean. The laboratory
experiment was conducted at the College of Agriculture building while the field
experiment was done at the BSU Organic Demo Farm at Balili, La Trinidad, Benguet
from November 2008 to April 2009.
Cow and goat urine and salt water were collected and used as seed treatment
agents in B-21, a potential variety of pole snap bean. The same treatments were applied
in the laboratory and field experiments.
In the laboratory experiment, seeds were sown in trays and were observed within a
two-week duration. Results showed that only the number of normal seedlings was
significantly different while the other parameters considered in this study were
statistically comparable among treatments. Pole snap bean seeds treated with 1:10 cow
urine and water, 1:5 cow urine and water, and 1:5 goat urine and water significantly had
more normal seedlings than unsoaked seeds (control) and those soaked in water only.
In the field experiment, significant differences were noted among the eight
treatments on the number of days to emergence and flowering. Seeds soaked in water
only emerged and flowered earlier than the other treatments at 8 days and 43 days after
sowing respectively.
Influence of Animal Urine and Salt Water Seed Treatment on the Growth and Yield of
Organically Grown Pole Snap Bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) / El Cid C. Catnas 2010
23
It was noted that seeds soaked in water only exhibited darker green leaf color from
two to five weeks after sowing. The following week, all the treatments had the same dark
green leaves. No differences were observed in flower, pod and seed color.
B-21 showed mild resistance to bean rust at 75 DAP and to pod borer at 90 DAP.
No significant differences in other parameters including seed yield were observed.
Conclusion
The cow and goat urine and salt water treatments did not affect the growth and
seed yield of pole snap bean. The treatments did not also enhance seed germination and
vigor of pole snap bean. Similarly, resistance of pole snap bean to bean rust and pod
borer were not enhanced by the animal urines and salt water treatments used. However,
the resistance shown by B-21 makes it suitable for organic production.
Recommendation
Although no appreciable effect was found on the growth and seed yield of pole
snap bean, treatment of seeds with cow and goat urine and salt water could still be
recommended for uniform emergence. However, varying the treatments such as the ratio
of dilution or duration of soaking could produce more meaningful result. B-21 could be
recommended for organic production.
Influence of Animal Urine and Salt Water Seed Treatment on the Growth and Yield of
Organically Grown Pole Snap Bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) / El Cid C. Catnas 2010
24
LITERATURE CITED
ATLANTIC PROVINCES AGRICULTURAL SERVICES COORDINATING
COMMITTEE (APASCC). 1997. Bean (snap).Atlantic Provinces Agricultural
Services Coordinating Committee. Accessed at http://www.nsac.ns.ca/.
BRISTOW, A. W. and WHITEHEAD D. C. 2006. Nitrogenous constituents in the urine
of cattle, sheep and goats. AFRC Institute of Grassland and Environmental
Research, Hurley Research Station, Maidenhead, Berkshire SL6 5LR, UK.
Accessed at http:// www3.interscience.wiley.com/journal.
BRODAL, G. 1993. Fungicide treatment of cereals according to the need in Nordic
countries. Proc. Crop Prot. North Brit. Pp 7-16.
CAYSO, A. L. 2005. Performance of ten pole snap bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) varieties
under Basil, Tublay, Benguet condition. BS Thesis (Unpub.) BSU, La Trinidad,
Benguet. Pp 11-12
CORDILLERA HIGHLAND AGRICULTURAL RESOURCE MANAGEMENT
(CHARM). 2001. Snap beans Technoguides for Technicians. DA-CHARM,
Baguio City Pp 1, 35.
EUROPEAN SEED ASSOCIATION (ESA). 2007. Better Regulation for Plant
Protection Products for Seed Treatment and Minor Uses. Accessed at
http://www.euroseeds.org/position-papers/PP 2007/ESA_2007.
KAUFMAN, E. R. 2000. Organic Seed Treatments Notes. Accessed at http://www.grow
seed.org/seed treatment notes. hmtl.
KEDIA P. M. 2008. Cow Wealth Non-Milk Products. World Cow Resource Center.
Accessed at http://www.worldcow .org/cow_wealth.html
MCGEE, D. C. 1981. Seed pathology: its place in modern seed production. Plant Dis.
65:638-42.
MCGEE, D. C. 1995. Advances on Seed Treatment Technology. Seed Science Center,
Iowa University, Ames, IA 50011, USA. Accessed at http://www.green-
seeds.com/pdf/seed_treat.pdf.
NERGAAD, P. 1997. Seed Pathology, Vols. I, II. John Wiley and Sons, New York.
OREGON STATE UNIVERSITY (OSU). 2004. Snap Beans, Commercial Vegetable
Production Guide. Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon. Accessed at
http://hort-devel-nwrec.hort.oregonstate.edu/snapbean.html.
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RICHARDSON, M. J. 1986. An assessment of the need for routine use of organ
mercurial cereal seed treatment. Field Crop Res. 13:3-24.
SHRIDHAR, S. 2000. Organic vegetable gardening. Center for Indian Knowledge
Systems. Chennai. P 40.
SUTHERLAND, K. G., WALE, S. J., and OXLEY, S. J. P. 1994. Evaluation of broad
spectrum seed treatments for the control of cereal foliar diseases in Scotland.
Pages 53-62 in seed treatment: Progress and Prospects Mono. 57, BCPC,
Thornton Health, UK.
WALL, M. T., MCGEE, D. C. and BURRIS, J. S. 1983. Emergence and yield of
fungicide treated soybeans differing in quality. Agron. J. 75:969-973.
YARHAM D. J. and JONES, D. R. 1992. The forgotten diseases: why should we
remember them? Proc. Brighton Crop Prot. Pest Dis. 3: 1117-1126.
Influence of Animal Urine and Salt Water Seed Treatment on the Growth and Yield of
Organically Grown Pole Snap Bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) / El Cid C. Catnas 2010
26
APPENDICES
Experiment A. Laboratory Condition (CRD)
Appendix Table 1. Days to germination
TREATMEANTS REPLICATION TOTAL
MEAN
I
II
III
T1 4
3
4
11
4
T2
2 3 3 8
3
T3
3 3 3 9
3
T4 3
4
3
10
3
T5 3
3
4
10
3
T6 3
3
4
10
3
T7 3
4
4
11
4
T8 3
4
3
10
3
TOTAL
24 27 28 79
26
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCE DEGREE
SUM
MEAN
COMPUTED
TABULAR F
OF
OF
OF
OF
F
O.05 0.01
VARIANCE FREEDOM SQUARES SQUARES
Treatment 7 2.292 0.327 1.1.12ns 2.66
4.03
Error 16
4.667
0.292
Total 23
6.958
ns- Not Significance Coefficient of Variation= 16.41%
Influence of Animal Urine and Salt Water Seed Treatment on the Growth and Yield of
Organically Grown Pole Snap Bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) / El Cid C. Catnas 2010
27
Appendix Table 2. Percent germination
TREATMEANTS REPLICATION TOTAL
MEAN
I
II
III
T1 89
79
38
206
68.667
T2 64
79
62
205
68.333
T3 91
88
91
270
90.000
T4 92
84
89
265
88.333
T5 82
83
87
252
84.000
T6 93
92
93
278
92.667
T7 89
88
73
250
83.333
T8 88
75
84
247
82.333
TOTAL 688 668 617
1973
657.666
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCE DEGREE
SUM
MEAN
COMPUTED
TABULAR F
OF
OF
OF
OF
F
O.05 0.01
VARIANCE FREEDOM SQUARES SQUARES
Treatment 7 1763.958
251.994 2.08ns 2.66
4.03
Error 16
19636.000
121.000
Total 23
3699.958
ns- Not Significance Coefficient of Variation= 13.38%
Influence of Animal Urine and Salt Water Seed Treatment on the Growth and Yield of
Organically Grown Pole Snap Bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) / El Cid C. Catnas 2010
28
Appendix Table 3. Vigor index
TREATMEANTS REPLICATION TOTAL
MEAN
I
II
III
T1 47.42
40.70
18.14
106.26
35.420
T2 31.80
38.96
30.57
101.33
33.777
T3 42.22
47.85
45.34
135.41
45.137
T4 47.75
41.47
46.39
135.88
45.293
T5 41.81
44.33
44.04
130.18
43.393
T6 49.43
49.87
49.91
149.21
49.737
T7 47.28
39.37
37.19
123.84
41.280
T8 46.56
38.90
43.03
128.49
42.830
TOTAL 354.27
341.45
315.11
1010.60
333.867
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCE DEGREE
SUM
MEAN
COMPUTED
TABULAR F
OF
OF
OF
OF
F
O.05 0.01
VARIANCE FREEDOM SQUARES SQUARES
Treatment 7 583.545
83.364 2.09ns 2.66
4.03
Error 16
637.026
39.814
Total 23
1220.572
ns- Not Significance Coefficient of Variation= 14.98%
Influence of Animal Urine and Salt Water Seed Treatment on the Growth and Yield of
Organically Grown Pole Snap Bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) / El Cid C. Catnas 2010
29
Appendix Table 4. Number of ungerminated seeds
TREATMEANTS REPLICATION TOTAL
MEAN
I
II
III
T1
11 21 62 94 31
T2
36 21 38 95 32
T3
9 12 9 30 10
T4
8 16 11 35 12
T5
18 17 13 48 16
T6 7
8
7
22
7
T7
11 12 27 50 17
T8
12 25 16 53 18
TOTAL 112 132 183 427 143
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCE DEGREE
SUM
MEAN
COMPUTED
TABULAR F
OF
OF
OF
OF
F
O.05 0.01
VARIANCE FREEDOM SQUARES SQUARES
Treatment 7 1763.958
251.994
2.08ns 2.66
4.03
Error 16
1936.000
121.000
Total 23
3699.958
ns- Not Significance Coefficient of Variation= 25.81%
Influence of Animal Urine and Salt Water Seed Treatment on the Growth and Yield of
Organically Grown Pole Snap Bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) / El Cid C. Catnas 2010
30
Appendix Table 5. Number of normal seedlings
TREATMEANTS REPLICATION TOTAL
MEAN
I
II
III
T1 86
76
37
199
66
T2 60
77
61
198
66
T3 91
87
91
269
90
T4 92
83
89
264
88
T5 81
81
87
249
83
T6 92
92
93
277
92
T7 85
87
73
245
82
T8 86
75
83
244
81
TOTAL 673 658 614
1945
648
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCE DEGREE
SUM
MEAN
COMPUTED
TABULAR F
OF
OF
OF
OF
F
O.05 0.01
VARIANCE FREEDOM SQUARES SQUARES
Treatment 7 2091.625
298.804
2.69*
2.66
4.04
Error 16
1779.333
111.208
Total 23
3870.958
*- Highly Significance Coefficient of Variation= 13.01%
Influence of Animal Urine and Salt Water Seed Treatment on the Growth and Yield of
Organically Grown Pole Snap Bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) / El Cid C. Catnas 2010
31
Appendix Table 6. Number of abnormal seedlings.
TREATMEANTS REPLICATION TOTAL
MEAN
I
II
III
T1 3 3 1 7 2
T2 4 2 1 7 2
T3 0 1 0 1 1
T4 0 1 0 1 1
T5 1 2 0 3 1
T6 1 0 0 1 1
T7 4 1 0 5 2
T8 2 0 1 3 1
TOTAL 15 10 3 28 11
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCE DEGREE
SUM
MEAN
COMPUTED
TABULAR F
OF
OF
OF
OF
F
O.05 0.01
VARIANCE FREEDOM SQUARES SQUARES
Treatment 7 15.333
2.190 1.59ns 2.66
4.03
Error 16
22.000
1.375
Total 23
37.333
ns- Not Significance Coefficient of Variation= 35.97%
Influence of Animal Urine and Salt Water Seed Treatment on the Growth and Yield of
Organically Grown Pole Snap Bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) / El Cid C. Catnas 2010
32
Appendix Table 7. Length of hypocotyl (cm)
TREATMEANTS REPLICATION TOTAL
MEAN
I
II
III
T1
21.88 20.94 22.40 65.22 21.740
T2
19.50 23.16 24.26 66.92 22.307
T3
18.18 21.04 20.18 59.40 19.800
T4
18.60 23.00 19.84 61.44 20.480
T5
22.92 20.30 24.80 68.02 22.673
T6
15.30 19.56 22.48 54.34 18.113
T7
17.76 18.30 20.96 57.02 19.007
T8
19.88 18.00 18.78 56.64 18.880
TOTAL 154.02 164.30 173.7 489.00 163
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCE DEGREE
SUM
MEAN
COMPUTED
TABULAR F
OF
OF
OF
OF
F
O.05 0.01
VARIANCE FREEDOM SQUARES SQUARES
Treatment 7 61.323
8.760 1.39ns 2.66
4.03
Error 16
100.947
6.309
Total 23
162.270
ns- Not Significance Coefficient of Variation= 12.33%
Influence of Animal Urine and Salt Water Seed Treatment on the Growth and Yield of
Organically Grown Pole Snap Bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) / El Cid C. Catnas 2010
33
Appendix Table 8. Length of epicotyl (cm)
TREATMEANTS REPLICATION TOTAL
MEAN
I
II
III
T1 29.28
35.64
39.44
104.64
34.787
T2 34.62
30.46
35.48
100.56
33.520
T3
32.28 30.02 34.92 97.22 32.407
T4 35.70
37.72
36.90
110.32
36.773
T5
29.10 33.14 32.78 95.02 31.673
T6 30.80
35.38
38.46
104.64
34.880
T7 35.04
34.00
34.52
103.56
34.520
T8 32.75
39.96
31.04
103.75
34.583
TOTAL 259.57 276.32 283.54 819.43 273.143
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCE DEGREE
SUM
MEAN
COMPUTED
TABULAR F
OF
OF
OF
OF
F
O.05 0.01
VARIANCE FREEDOM SQUARES SQUARES
Treatment 7 53.143
7.592 0.73ns 2.66
4.03
Error 16
166.290
10.393
Total 23
219.433
ns- Not Significance Coefficient of Variation= 9.44%
Influence of Animal Urine and Salt Water Seed Treatment on the Growth and Yield of
Organically Grown Pole Snap Bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) / El Cid C. Catnas 2010
34
Appendix Table 9. Seedling height (cm)
TREATMEANTS REPLICATION TOTAL
MEAN
I
II
III
T1 39.66
42.24
44.76
126.66
42.220
T2 41.18
37.10
45.64
123.92
41.307
T3 41.84
38.88
44.28
125.00
41.667
T4 43.34
42.42
44.68
130.40
43.467
T5 39.64
39.92
42.92
122.48
40.827
T6 41.74
39.68
48.52
129.94
43.313
T7 40.10
41.10
41.32
122.52
40.840
T8 41.48
45.96
40.20
127.64
42.547
TOTAL 328.98
327.30
352.32
1008.56
336.188
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCE DEGREE
SUM
MEAN
COMPUTED
TABULAR F
OF
OF
OF
OF
F
O.05 0.01
VARIANCE FREEDOM SQUARES SQUARES
Treatment 7 22.599
3.228 0.38ns 2.66
4.03
Error 16
135.148
8.447
Total 23
157.747
ns- Not Significance Coefficient of Variation= 6.92%
Influence of Animal Urine and Salt Water Seed Treatment on the Growth and Yield of
Organically Grown Pole Snap Bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) / El Cid C. Catnas 2010
35
Appendix Table 10. Biomass production (%)
TREATMEANTS REPLICATION TOTAL
MEAN
I
II
III
T1 9.763
8.339
10.274
28.376
9.459
T2 8.059
8.163
9.443
25.665
8.555
T3 8.278
9.046
9.990
27.314
9.105
T4 9.793
7.696
8.912
26.401
8.800
T5 8.066
9.309
8.706
26.081
8.694
T6 10.134
9.767
10.363
30.264
10.088
T7 9.312
8.883
9.212
27.407
9.136
T8 9.397
8.912
8.176
24.485
8.162
TOTAL 72.802
70.115
75.076
215.993
71.999
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCE DEGREE
SUM
MEAN
COMPUTED
TABULAR F
OF
OF
OF
OF
F
O.05 0.01
VARIANCE FREEDOM SQUARES SQUARES
Treatment 7 7.374 1.053 1.85ns 2.66
4.03
Error 16
9.090
0.568
Total 23
16.464
ns- Not Significance Coefficient of Variation= 8.37%
Influence of Animal Urine and Salt Water Seed Treatment on the Growth and Yield of
Organically Grown Pole Snap Bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) / El Cid C. Catnas 2010
36
Experiment B. Field Condition (RCBD)
Appendix Table 11. Days to emergence
TREATMEANTS REPLICATION TOTAL
MEAN
I
II
III
T1 10 10 9 29 10
T2 8
8
8
24
8
T3
9 10 9 28 9
T4 9
9
10
28
9
T5 9
9
9
27
9
T6
9 10 9 28 9
T7 9
9
9
27
9
T8 9
9
9
27
9
TOTAL 72 74 72 218 72
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCE DEGREE
SUM
MEAN
COMPUTED
TABULAR F
OF
OF
OF
OF
F
O.05 0.01
VARIANCE FREEDOM SQUARES SQUARES
Replication 2 0.333 0.167 4.43**
2.77
4.28
Treatment 7 5.167 0.738
Error 14
2.333
0.167
Total 23
7.833
**- Highly Significant Coefficient of Variation=4.49%
Influence of Animal Urine and Salt Water Seed Treatment on the Growth and Yield of
Organically Grown Pole Snap Bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) / El Cid C. Catnas 2010
37
Appendix Table 12. Days from planting to flowering
TREATMEANTS REPLICATION TOTAL
MEAN
I
II
III
T1 45
44
44
133
44
T2 43
43
43
129
43
T3 44
43
44
131
44
T4 44
44
44
132
44
T5 44
44
44
132
44
T6 43
44
44
131
44
T7 44
45
44
133
44
T8 44
44
44
132
44
TOTAL 351 351 351
1053
351
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCE DEGREE
SUM
MEAN
COMPUTED
TABULAR F
OF
OF
OF
OF
F
O.05 0.01
VARIANCE FREEDOM SQUARES SQUARES
Replication 2 0.000 0.000 2.97**
2.77
4.28
Treatment 7 3.958 0.565
Error 14
2.667
0.190
Total 23
6.625
**- Highly Significant Coefficient of Variation=0.99%
Influence of Animal Urine and Salt Water Seed Treatment on the Growth and Yield of
Organically Grown Pole Snap Bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) / El Cid C. Catnas 2010
38
Appendix Table 13. Percent germination
TREATMEANTS REPLICATION TOTAL
MEAN
I
II
III
T1 78.57
83.67
87.76
250.00
83.333
T2 80.61
84.18
80.10
244.89
81.630
T3 83.16
78.06
81.12
242.34
80.780
T4 86.73
77.04
88.76
252.53
84.177
T5 87.24
86.22
91.84
265.30
88.433
T6 86.22
78.06
86.22
250.50
83.500
T7 89.80
82.14
86.22
258.16
86.053
T8 85.20
80.61
81.12
246.93
82.310
TOTAL 677.53
649.98
683.14
2010.65
670.216
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCE DEGREE
SUM
MEAN
COMPUTED
TABULAR F
OF
OF
OF
OF
F
O.05 0.01
VARIANCE FREEDOM SQUARES SQUARES
Replication 2 78.753
39.376 1.52ns 2.77
4.28
Treatment 7 129.120
18.446
Error 14
169.523
12.109
Total 23
377.396
ns- Not Significant Coefficient of Variation=4.15%
Influence of Animal Urine and Salt Water Seed Treatment on the Growth and Yield of
Organically Grown Pole Snap Bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) / El Cid C. Catnas 2010
39
Appendix Table 14. Plant height at maturity (cm)
TREATMEANTS REPLICATION TOTAL
MEAN
I
II
III
T1
334.92 330.90 329.24 995.06 331.687
T2
333.41 332.24 331.02 996.67 332.223
T3
331.23 330.43 331.63 993.29 331.097
T4
332.47 332.43 334.21 999.11 333.097
T5
330.24 330.15 328.55 988.94 329.647
T6
332.65 329.26 330.86 992.77 330.923
T7
333.26 329.77 332.57 995.6 331.867
T8
334.54 334.64 330.56 999.72 333.240
TOTAL
2662.72 2649.82 2648.64 7961.16 2653.72
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCE DEGREE
SUM
MEAN
COMPUTED
TABULAR F
OF
OF
OF
OF
F
O.05 0.01
VARIANCE FREEDOM SQUARES SQUARES
Replication 2 15.207 7.604 1.77ns 2.77
4.28
Treatment 7 28.925
4.132
Error 14
32.695
2.335
Total 23
76.695
ns- Not Significant Coefficient of Variation=0.46%
Influence of Animal Urine and Salt Water Seed Treatment on the Growth and Yield of
Organically Grown Pole Snap Bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) / El Cid C. Catnas 2010
40
Appendix Table 15. Number of flowers per cluster
TREATMEANTS REPLICATION TOTAL
MEAN
I
II
III
T1 7
6
5
18
6
T2 6
5
5
16
5
T3 6
6
5
17
6
T4 6
5
5
16
5
T5 7
6
5
18
6
T6 6
6
6
18
6
T7 6
6
5
17
6
T8 7
5
6
18
6
TOTAL 51 45 42 138 46
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCE DEGREE
SUM
MEAN
COMPUTED
TABULAR F
OF
OF
OF
OF
F
O.05 0.01
VARIANCE FREEDOM SQUARES SQUARES
Replication 2 5.250 2.625 1.07ns 2.77
4.28
Treatment 7 1.833 0.262
Error 14
3.417
0.244
Total 23
10.500
ns- Not Significant Coefficient of Variation=8.59%
Influence of Animal Urine and Salt Water Seed Treatment on the Growth and Yield of
Organically Grown Pole Snap Bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) / El Cid C. Catnas 2010
41
Appendix Table 16. Number of pods per cluster
TREATMEANTS REPLICATION TOTAL
MEAN
I
II
III
T1 4
3
4
11
4
T2 3 3 3 9 3
T3 3
4
3
10
3
T4 3
3
4
10
3
T5 3
4
4
11
4
T6 4
3
4
11
4
T7 3 3 3 9 3
T8 3 3 3 9 3
TOTAL 26 26 28 80 27
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCE DEGREE
SUM
MEAN
COMPUTED
TABULAR F
OF
OF
OF
OF
F
O.05 0.01
VARIANCE FREEDOM SQUARES SQUARES
Influence of Animal Urine and Salt Water Seed Treatment on the Growth and Yield of
Organically Grown Pole Snap Bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) / El Cid C. Catnas 2010
42
Replication 2 0.376 0.188 1.29ns 2.77
4.28
Treatment 7 2.227 0.318
Error 14
3.442
0.246
Total 23
6.046
ns- Not Significant Coefficient of Variation=14.77%
Appendix Table 17. Percent pod set (%)
TREATMEANTS REPLICATION TOTAL
MEAN
I
II
III
T1 54.258
48.048
68.81
171.143
57.048
T2 55.573
58.000
51.762
165.335
55.112
T3 51.048
64.258
63.167
178.500
59.500
T4 52.000
52.143
56.100
160.243
53.414
T5 48.571
61.429
70.476
180.476
60.159
T6 64.166
66.048
68.33
198.544
66.181
T7 49.036
57.285
60.001
166.322
55.441
T8 50.536
66.453
57.287
174.276
58.092
TOTAL
425.188 473.664 495.933 1394.84 464.947
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCE DEGREE
SUM
MEAN
COMPUTED TABULAR F
OF
OF
OF
OF
F
O.05 0.01
Influence of Animal Urine and Salt Water Seed Treatment on the Growth and Yield of
Organically Grown Pole Snap Bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) / El Cid C. Catnas 2010
43
VARIANCE FREEDOM SQUARES SQUARES
Replication 2 326.903
163.451 1.37ns 2.77
4.28
Treatment 7 331.706
47.387
Error 14
482.357
34.454
Total 23
1140.965
ns- Not Significant Coefficient of Variation=10.10%
Appendix Table 18. Pod length (cm)
TREATMEANTS REPLICATION TOTAL
MEAN
I
II
III
T1
15.13 14.75 15.06 44.94 14.980
T2
15.12 14.90 14.85 44.87 14.957
T3
15.09 15.23 14.86 45.18 15.060
T4
15.01 14.70 14.74 44.45 14.817
T5
14.84 14.79 14.87 44.48 14.827
T6
14.84 14.86 14.94 44.64 14.880
T7
15.14 14.85 15.11 45.10 15.033
T8
14.91 14.81 15.07 44.79 14.930
TOTAL 120.08 118.89 119.5 358.45 119.484
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCE DEGREE
SUM
MEAN
COMPUTED
TABULAR F
OF
OF
OF
OF
F
O.05 0.01
Influence of Animal Urine and Salt Water Seed Treatment on the Growth and Yield of
Organically Grown Pole Snap Bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) / El Cid C. Catnas 2010
44
VARIANCE FREEDOM SQUARES SQUARES
Replication 2 0.086 0.043 1.31ns 2.77
4.28
Treatment 7 0.170 0.170
Error 14
0.258
0.258
Total 23
0.514
0.514
ns- Not Significant Coefficient of Variation=0.91%
Appendix Table 19. Pod width (cm)
TREATMEANTS REPLICATION TOTAL
MEAN
I
II
III
T1
1.17 1.18 1.16 3.51 1.170
T2
1.16 1.17 1.16 3.49 1.163
T3
1.19 1.17 1.18 3.54 1.180
T4
1.21 1.16 1.17 3.54 1.180
T5
1.19 1.19 1.19 3.57 1.190
T6
1.21 1.17 1.17 3.55 1.183
T7
1.17 1.16 1.15 3.48 1.160
T8
1.16 1.17 1.18 3.51 1.170
TOTAL 9.46 9.37 9.36
28.19
9.396
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCE DEGREE
SUM
MEAN
COMPUTED
TABULAR F
Influence of Animal Urine and Salt Water Seed Treatment on the Growth and Yield of
Organically Grown Pole Snap Bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) / El Cid C. Catnas 2010
45
OF
OF
OF
OF
F O.05
0.01
VARIANCE FREEDOM SQUARES SQUARES
Replication 2 0.001 0.000 1.76ns 2.77
4.28
Treatment 7 0.002 0.000
Error 14
0.003
0.000
Total 23
0.006
ns- Not Significant Coefficient of Variation=1.15%
Appendix Table 20. Seed length (mm)
TREATMEANTS REPLICATION TOTAL
MEAN
I
II
III
T1
12.1 12.5 12.3 36.9 12.300
T2
12.3 12.1 12.3 36.7 12.233
T3
12.4 12.3 12.5 37.2 12.400
T4
12.4 12.2 12.4 37.0 12.333
T5
12.5 12.2 12.8 37.5 12.500
T6
12.4 12.4 12.5 37.3 12.433
T7
12.2 12.3 12.4 36.9 12.300
T8
12.1 12.3 12.3 36.7 12.233
TOTAL 98.4 98.3 99.5
296.2
98.732
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
Influence of Animal Urine and Salt Water Seed Treatment on the Growth and Yield of
Organically Grown Pole Snap Bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) / El Cid C. Catnas 2010
46
SOURCE DEGREE
SUM
MEAN
COMPUTED
TABULAR F
OF
OF
OF
OF
F
O.05 0.01
VARIANCE FREEDOM SQUARES SQUARES
Replication 2 0.111 0.055 1.39ns 2.77
4.28
Treatment 7 0.192 0.027
Error 14
0.276
0.020
Total 23
0.578
ns- Not Significant Coefficient of Variation=1.14%
Appendix Table 21. Weight of 100 seeds (g)
TREATMEANTS REPLICATION TOTAL
MEAN
I
II
III
T1
29.6 29.6 29.6 88.8 29.600
T2
29.1 29.9 30.2 89.2 29.733
T3
29.3 30.3 30.3 89.8 29.933
T4
30 29.4 30.3 89.7 29.900
T5
29.5 29.2 29.5 88.2 29.400
T6 29.2
29.9
29.9
89
29.677
T7
30.2 29.4 30.1 89.7 29.900
T8
29.8 30.3 29.6 89.7 29.900
TOTAL 236.7 238 239.5
714.1
238.043
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
Influence of Animal Urine and Salt Water Seed Treatment on the Growth and Yield of
Organically Grown Pole Snap Bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) / El Cid C. Catnas 2010
47
SOURCE DEGREE
SUM
MEAN
COMPUTED
TABULAR F
OF
OF
OF
OF
F
O.05 0.01
VARIANCE FREEDOM SQUARES SQUARES
Replication 2 0.493 0.247 0.69ns 2.77
4.28
Treatment 7 0.760 0.109
Error 14
2.207
0.158
Total 23
0.903
ns- Not Significant Coefficient of Variation=1.33%
Appendix Table 22. Total seed yield per plot (kg)
TREATMEANTS REPLICATION TOTAL
MEAN
I
II
III
T1
2.70 2.62 2.48 7.80 2.600
T2
2.40 2.98 2.57 7.95 2.650
T3
2.37 2.71 2.61 7.69 2.563
T4
2.49 2.53 2.69 7.71 2.570
T5
2.31 2.57 2.74 7.62 2.540
T6 2.36
2.8
2.56
7.72
2.573
T7
2.39 2.74 2.99 8.12 2.707
T8
2.25 2.73 2.81 7.79 2.597
TOTAL 19.27
21.68
21.45 62.4 20.8
Influence of Animal Urine and Salt Water Seed Treatment on the Growth and Yield of
Organically Grown Pole Snap Bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) / El Cid C. Catnas 2010
48
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCE DEGREE
SUM
MEAN
COMPUTED
TABULAR F
OF
OF
OF
OF
F
O.05 0.01
VARIANCE FREEDOM SQUARES SQUARES
Replication 2 0.442 0.221 0.31ns 2.77
4.28
Treatment 7 0.061 0.009
Error 14
0.400
0.029
Total 23
0.903
ns- Not Significant Coefficient of Variation=6.50%
Influence of Animal Urine and Salt Water Seed Treatment on the Growth and Yield of
Organically Grown Pole Snap Bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) / El Cid C. Catnas 2010
EL CID C. CATNAS. April 2010. Influence of Animal Urine and Salt Water Seed
Treatment on the Growth and Yield of Organically Grown Pole Snap Bean (Phaseolus vulgaris).
Benguet State University.
Adviser: Danilo P. Padua, Ph. D.
ABSTRACT
The study was conducted to evaluate the growth and seed yield of organically grown pole
snap bean treated with animal urine and salt water and to determine the effect of animal urine
and salt water treatment on seed germination and vigor of pole snap bean.
In the laboratory experiment, results revealed that cow and goat urine and salt water
treatments did not enhance seed germination, vigor, and dry matter production of pole snap bean.
It was also noted in the field experiment that no significant effect was observed from
cow and goat urine and salt water treatments on the growth and seed yield of pole snap bean.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
Bibliography. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
i
Abstract. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
i
Table of contents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
ii
INTRODUCTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1
REVIEW OF LITERATURE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3
Germination of common bean . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3
Seed treatment. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3
Inadequacy of chemical seed treatment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4
Animal urine and salt water as an agent
5
for Organic Seed Treatment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
MATERIALS AND METHOD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
7
Laboratory condition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
7
Data gathered . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
8
Field condition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
9
Analysis of data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
12
RESULTS ANDDISCUSSION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
13
Laboratory condition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
13
Days to germination, percent germination
and vigor index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
13
Number of ungerminated seeds and normal
and abnormal seedlings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
14
Length of hypocotyls and epicotyls
seedling height . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
15
Percent dry matter production . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
15
Field condition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
16
Days from sowing to emergence
and flowering . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
16
Percent germination . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
17
Plant height at last harvest. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
18
Number of flowers per cluster, pods
per cluster and percent pod set . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
18
Pod length, pod width, seed length
and plant height at last harvest . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
19
Weight of 100 seeds and seed
yield per plot . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
20
Number of seeds per pod . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
21
Leaf color, flower color and
pod color (Color Chart) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
21
Reaction to bean rust and pod borer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
21
SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
22
Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
22
Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
23
Recommendation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
23
LITERATURE CITED . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
24
INTRODUCTION
Common beans are the most important species of the genus Phaseolus in terms of
number of varieties available and area devoted to its cultivation worldwide. It had
become an important food crop not only in parts of Africa and Asia but also in Europe,
America and the Pacific Islands (Padua, 1997). Many beans are exceptionally good
sources of vegetable protein and are important food staples. Forms include snap beans
that are consumed as pods and as seeds (CHARM, 2001).
Aside from the benefits it can give to man and animals, it helps maintain and
conserve soil fertility because of its ability to fix free nitrogen from the atmosphere
through the action of nitrogen fixing bacteria (Rhizobium bacteria) present in its roots.
One major concern of the farmers is to increase seed production. Seed is the
starting point for all plant production. Throughout history, mankind has developed plant
varieties with higher potential for yield, resistance to pest and pathogens, and suitability
for specific uses or areas of cultivation. Since the seed contains all the genetic
information needed to release the inherent potential of these efforts, its protection has
always been crucial for plant breeders, seed producers, farmers and those involved in
crop protection (ESA, 2007).
For generations, farmers struggled to improve the performance of their seeds, and
to protect them against pests and diseases. Seed treatment is an affordable and effective
way to optimize plant establishment and yield potential. Since seed treatment with
synthetic chemicals is not allowed in organic farming, it is important to find alternative
methods for seed treatment.
Influence of Animal Urine and Salt Water Seed Treatment on the Growth and Yield of
Organically Grown Pole Snap Bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) / El Cid C. Catnas 2010
2
Organic practitioners in La Trinidad and other parts of Benguet are finding
altrnative ways to increase crop production and control pest and diseases. Animal urine
and salt water for seed treatment had been done before and was found to be effective. It
may enhance seed germination, vigor and growth of the crop and may also increase seed
production. This study may thus give more information and will help farmers to acquire
some more techniques on seed treatment and increasing yield.
The objectives of the study were to evaluate the growth and seed yield of
organically grown pole snap bean treated with animal urine and salt water and to
determine the effect of animal urine and salt water treatment on seed germination and
vigor of pole snap bean.
The treatment of seeds was conducted at the College of Agriculture building AC
210 from November 12-27, 2008 while the field experiment was done at the BSU
Organic Demo Farm at Balili, La Trinidad, Benguet from December 2008 to April 2009.
Influence of Animal Urine and Salt Water Seed Treatment on the Growth and Yield of
Organically Grown Pole Snap Bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) / El Cid C. Catnas 2010
3
REVIEW OF LITERATURE
Germination of Common Bean
APASSC (1997) stated that beans are adapted to both temperate and tropical areas
where there is greater frost free period than 50 days and soils are warm enough to allow
seed germination. Bean seed is sensitive to chilling injury when planted in cold soil. It is
particularly susceptible during the initial stage of germination, which is referred to as
imbibitions. If the soil is cold at this time, permanent damage may occur. If, however,
imbibitions occur under warm conditions, the seed can later tolerate cool soil
temperatures and still germinate normally. Furthermore, the OSU (2004) added that good
germination of bean seed is obtained at soil temperatures of 15.55 C to 28 C. Seed rot is a
serious problem at lower temperatures, and seedling injury from soil incorporated
herbicides may be increased due to longer exposure times from slow germination.
Seed Treatment
Seed treatment is the oldest practice in plant protection. Its origins can be traced
to the 18th century which use brine for the control of cereal smuts (Neergard, 1997). The
modern era of seed treatments began with the introduction of organo-mercury fungicides
in 1912 which were widely used for several decades. The post-World War II period saw
the development of new fungicide chemistry and the first use of seed treatment for insect
control. Today, the most widely used application of seed treatment is the traditional one
of protecting the germinating seedling against seed-and soil-borne fungi in the period
immediately after planting. However, the uses and expectations of seed treatments are
greater today due to the impact of environmental regulations that have either banned or
Influence of Animal Urine and Salt Water Seed Treatment on the Growth and Yield of
Organically Grown Pole Snap Bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) / El Cid C. Catnas 2010
4
restricted the use of the potential to control bacteria, viruses, insect, and nematodes and
provide plant protection well into growing season. Seed treatment technology also has
application in control of growth regulators and fertilizers; and sizing and shaping of seeds
to facilitate planting. These new uses often require improved application systems to better
establish dosages and coverage of materials (McGee 1995).
Efficacy of seed treatment is one of the several factors that influence the cost, risk
and benefits of seed treatments. For some crops, such as corn, peanuts, rice and cereals,
fungicide seed treatment is routine and there is little argument that seed treatment is a
necessary and effective means of protecting seeds and seedlings from seed borne
pathogens. After almost 30 years of continual use, seed treatment in maize using captan
Pedersen et al (1986) reevaluated the need for this practice and reached the conclusion
that it was essential to assure stand establishment. In expensive organo-mercury seed
treatments use in the U.K, cereal diseases were rare or unknown (Yarham and Jones et al
1992). According to (Richardson 1986, Sutherland et al 1994), the replacement of
organo-mercurials with more expensive products has led several studies of benefits of
seed treatment of cereals in the U.K. In these reports, no benefit to yield was evident in
plots grown from treated compared to untreated seeds. At individual sites, however,
significant differences were evident. Because control of seed-borne pathogens is a major
reason for seed treatment, Brodal (1993) suggested that decisions to apply seed
treatments should be determined by seed health test results.
Inadequacy of Chemical Seed Treatment
Application practices are usually determined by relating seed treatment rates to
subsequent emergence and yield in a series of field tests in different locations and under a
Influence of Animal Urine and Salt Water Seed Treatment on the Growth and Yield of
Organically Grown Pole Snap Bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) / El Cid C. Catnas 2010
5
variety of environmental conditions. If repeated often enough, this type of experiment
may provide reasonably reliable information on application rates, but very little
information is obtained about disease epidemiology. As a result, failures in control
practices cannot be explained and more fungicides tend to be used than are necessary
(McGee 1995).
At least one major crop failure, resulting in multimillion dollar court settlements,
has since been attributed to the inadequacies of research into efficacy of the product
(McGee, 1981). With some crops, such as soybean; the need for seed treatment has
always been unclear. An extensive epidemiological study of soybean seed treatment
(Wall et al., 1983) led to the precise definition of conditions under which soybean seed
treatment could be justified. An important characteristic of this recommendation is that
the grower can easily obtain the required information to make the decision to use seed
treatment. Economic and environmental considerations will require that seed treatment
products developed in the future be applied at low and efficient dosages.
Animal Urine and Salt Water as an Agent
for Organic Seed Treatment
Excess nitrogen from digested protein is excreted in the urine as urea in cow and
goat. It contains 2/3 of the N and 4/5 K discharged by these animals and these elements
are more quickly available because they are in solution. Urine also is a good activator for
converting crop residues to humus Cow urine was found very suitable to treat seeds of
some crops (like finger millet) for good germination and seedling vigor. Cow urine
extract is also an agent to control seed borne pathogens (Shridhar, 2000).
Influence of Animal Urine and Salt Water Seed Treatment on the Growth and Yield of
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Kaufman (2000) found that salt water treatment is a useful technique in separating
healthy seeds form unhealthy ones. This treatment is found to be very effective in treating
paddy seeds.
Influence of Animal Urine and Salt Water Seed Treatment on the Growth and Yield of
Organically Grown Pole Snap Bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) / El Cid C. Catnas 2010
7
MATERIALS AND METHOD
The study was conducted in both laboratory and field conditions, using similar
treatments. The laboratory portion deal mainly with germination and seedling biomass
production while the field experiment was done up to seed production. B-21 bought from
BSU-IPBHCRS, a potential variety of pole snap bean was used.
Cow and goat urine were collected at Tawang, La Trinidad, Benguet one day
before sowing both in the laboratory and field experiment while sea water was obtained
from Bangar, La Union two days before sowing. Dilution was done by using graduated
cylinder wherein lower concentration was first formulated before formulating the
treatment with higher concentration. Seeds were soaked in urine and salt water for 30
minutes and air dried in a shaded area.
Experiment A. Laboratory Condition
A germination tray measuring 28 cm x 38 cm x 10 cm was filled with sieved sand
before seeds were planted. A total of 24 trays were used to accommodate three
replications. The experiment was set in completely randomized design (CRD). One
hundred seeds were evenly sown in each tray. Watering of the seeds was done everyday
for two weeks to supply the moisture needed.
The following were the seed treatments:
Code Treatment
T1 Control (no treatment)
T2 Water soaked only (18 hrs.)
T3 1:10 cow urine and water dilution (soak 30 minutes before sowing)
Influence of Animal Urine and Salt Water Seed Treatment on the Growth and Yield of
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T4 1:5 cow urine and water dilution (soak 30 minutes before sowing)
T5 1:10 goat urine and water dilution (soak 30 minutes before sowing)
T6 1:5 goat urine and water dilution (soak 30 minutes before sowing)
T7 100% salt water (soak 30 minutes before sowing)
T8 50% salt water (soak 30 minutes before sowing)
Data Gathered
1.
Days to germination. This was recorded by counting the number days
from sowing to first germination.
2. Percent germination. This was obtained by using the formula
Number of Seeds Germinated
%Germination = x 100%
Number of Seeds Sown
3. Seedling vigor/ vigor index. This was determined using the formula:
#of normal seedling (1st count) #of normal seedling (last count)
Vigor = +……+
Days to 1st count days to last count
4. No. of ungerminated seeds. This was recorded by counting the number of
ungerminated seeds.
5. No. of normal seedlings. This was recorded by counting the number of
normal seedlings based on visual observation.
6. No. of abnormal seedlings. This was recorded by counting the number of
abnormal seedlings through visual observation.
7. Seedling height. This was obtained by measuring five sample plants per
tray from the base to the tip of the plant two weeks after planting.
8. Length of hypocotyls and epicotyls. This was obtained by measuring five
sample plants per tray two weeks after planting.
Influence of Animal Urine and Salt Water Seed Treatment on the Growth and Yield of
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9
9. Dry matter production. This was obtained by weighing ten plant samples
two weeks after planting and computed using the formula:
Fresh weight – Oven dry weight
% Moisture Content =
x 100%
Oven dry weight
Dry Matter (%) = 100% - % Moisture Content
Experiment B. Field Condition
An area of 240 m2 was thoroughly prepared and divided into 24 plots. Each plot
was measured 1 m x 10 m. The experiment was laid out following the randomized
complete block design (RCBD) with three replications. Two seeds were planted in each
hole of double row plots with a distance of 20 cm between rows and hills. Mushroom
compost was applied basally two weeks before planting while Yama-bym (Processed
Chicken Manure) was used during hilling up. Corn was planted on the borders of the area
to serve as barrier while marigold was planted in between beds to serve as pest repellants.
All necessary cultural management practices were done uniformly in all plots.
Data Gathered
A. Vegetative Characters
1. Days to emergence. This was recorded by counting the number of days
from planting to the time when at least 50% of the plants in the plot fully emerged.
2. Days from planting to flowering. This was obtained by counting the
number of days from planting up to the time the plants started to produce flowers.
3. Leaf color. This was obtained through visual observation.
4. Plant height at maturity (cm). This was taken by measuring the plant
height from the ground level to the tip of the vine using meter stick after the last harvest.
Influence of Animal Urine and Salt Water Seed Treatment on the Growth and Yield of
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B. Percent Germination. This was obtained by using the formula
Number of Seeds Germinated
% Germination =
x 100%
Number of Seeds Sown
C. Flower Characters
1. Number of flower per cluster. The number of flowers per cluster per plant
were recorded from ten sample plants per plot.
2. Flower color. This was obtained through visual observation.
D. Pod Characters
1. Number of pod per cluster. The number of pods per cluster per plant were
recorded from ten sample plants per plot.
2. Pod color. This was obtained through visual observation.
3. Pod length (cm). Ten random sample pods were selected per treatment and
measured using a ruler.
4. Pod width (cm). This was obtained by selecting ten random samples per
treatment and measured using a ruler.
E. Percentage Pod Set. This was determined by using the formula:
% Pod set =
Total Number of Pod Set x 100%
Total Number of Flowers
F. Yield Characters
1. Number of seeds per pod. The number of seeds per pod was obtained from
ten random sample pods per treatment.
2. Total seed yield per plot (kg). The total seed yield per plot was recorded
from each treatment.
3. Seed length (mm). This was obtained by measuring ten random samples
per treatment.
Influence of Animal Urine and Salt Water Seed Treatment on the Growth and Yield of
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4. Weight of one hundred seeds (g). This was taken by weighing 100 seeds at
10% MC.
H. Bean Rust and Pod Borer Reaction.
1. Bean rust. This was observed using the following rating scale (Cayso,
2005):
Scale Description Remarks
0 No infection high resistance
1 1-25% of the total plants are infected mild resistance
2 26-50% of the total plants are infected moderate resistance
3 51-75% of the total plants are infected susceptible
4
76-100% of the total plants are infected very susceptible
2. Pod borer. This was observed using the following rating scale (Cayso,
2005):
Scale Description Remarks
0 No infestation high resistance
1 1-25% of the total plant are infested mild resistance
2 26-50% of the total plant are infested moderate resistance
3 51-75% of the total plant are infested susceptible
4 76-100% of the total plant are infested very susceptible
Influence of Animal Urine and Salt Water Seed Treatment on the Growth and Yield of
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Analysis of Data
All quantitative data were statistically analyzed using analysis of variance
(ANOVA) in CRD for experiment A and RCBD for experiment B with three replications.
The significance of differences among the treatment means were tested using the
Duncan’s Multiple Range Test (DMRT) at 5% level of significance.
Influence of Animal Urine and Salt Water Seed Treatment on the Growth and Yield of
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RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS
A. Effect of Animal Urine and Salt Water on the Germination, Vigor and Dry Matter
Production of Pole Snap Bean
Days to Germination, Percent Germination
and Vigor Index
Results showed no significant differences on the number of days from sowing to
germination, percent germination, and vigor index (Table 1).
Seed germination in all treatments took three to four days after sowing indicating
that the treatments did not enhance germination.
No significant differences were also observed among the treatments on percent
germination. It was clear though that all treatments had much higher germination
percentage compared to the control and water-soaked seeds. The goat and cow urine were
particularly effective in enhancing seed germination by about 16-24%. Salt water
treatment also increased seed germination by 14-15%.
Table 1. Days to germination, percent germination, and vigor index of pole snap beans
TREATMEANTS DAYS
TO
PERCENT
VIGOR
GERMINATION GERMINATION
INDEX
Control 4
68.67
35.42
Water soaked only
3
68.33
33.78
1:10 CU + W
3
90.00
45.14
1:5 CU + W
3
88.33
45.29
1:10 GU + W
3
84.00
43.39
1:5 GU + W
3
92.67
49.74
100% salt water
4
83.33
41.28
50 % salt water
3
82.33
42.83
CV
(%)
16.41 13.38 14.98
Abbreviations: CU= Cow Urine, GU= Goat Urine, W= Water
Influence of Animal Urine and Salt Water Seed Treatment on the Growth and Yield of
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The beneficial effect of goat and cow urine as well as salt water treatment was
further affirmed by the much higher vigor index of the seeds subjected to these
treatments.
Number of Ungerminated Seeds and Normal
and Abnormal Seedlings
No significant differences in the number of ungerminated seeds and abnormal
seedlings were noted while significant differences in the number of normal seedling were
observed among pole snap bean seed treatments (Table 2).
Pole snap bean seeds treated with 1:10 cow urine and water, 1:5 cow urine and
water, and 1:5 goat urine and water had more normal seedlings than those in the
unsoaked and water soaked seeds. This result is due to the very low seed germination in
unsoaked (control) and water soaked seeds.
No significant differences were observed on the number of abnormal seedlings
because each treatment had only 1-2 abnormal seedlings.
Table 2. Number of ungerminated seeds and normal and abnormal seedlings
TREATMEANTS NUMBER
OF
UNGERMINATED
NORMAL
ABNORMAL
SEEDS
SEEDLINGS
SEEDLINGS
Control 31
66b 2
Water soaked only
32
66b 2
1:10 CU + W
10
90a 1
1:5 CU + W
12
88a 1
1:10 GU + W
16
83ab 1
1:5 GU + W
7
92a 1
100% salt water
17
82ab 2
50 % salt water
18
81ab 1
CV (%)
25.81
13.01
35.97
*Means with common letter are not significant different at 5% level of DMRT.
Influence of Animal Urine and Salt Water Seed Treatment on the Growth and Yield of
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Length of Hypocotyl and Epicotyl
Seedling Height
Differences on the length of hypocotyl, epicotyl and seedling height of the eight
treatments were not significant (Table 3). The length of hypocotyls and epicotyls ranged
from 18.88 cm to 22.67 cm and 31.67 cm to 36.77 cm respectively while the seedling
height ranged from 40.83 cm to 43.47 cm. Goat and cow urine and salt water treatments
did not affect the growth of pole snap bean.
The nitrogenous constituents, potassium and other elements found in cow and goat urine
might have already been used up in the early stage of growth of the seedlings thus the
growth elongation of the hypocotyl and epicotyl and the height of the seedling were not
enhanced.
Dry Matter Production
Table 4 presents the dry matter production of pole snap bean seedlings. No
significant differences were noted on the eight treatments indicating that cow and goat
urine and salt water had no effect on biomass production.
Table 3. Length of hypocotyl and epicotyl and seedling height two weeks after sowing
TREATMEANTS LENGTH
(cm)
OF
SEEDLING
HYPOCOTYL
EPICOTYL
HEIGHT (cm)
Control
21.74 34.79 42.22
Water soaked only
22.31
33.52
41.31
1:10 CU + W
19.80
32.41
41.67
1:5 CU + W
20.48
36.77
43.47
1:10 GU + W
22.67
31.67
40.83
1:5 GU + W
18.11
34.88
43.31
100% salt water
19.01
34.52
40.48
50 % salt water
18.88
34.58
42.55
CV (%)
12.33
9.44
6.29
Influence of Animal Urine and Salt Water Seed Treatment on the Growth and Yield of
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Table 4. Percent dry matter production two weeks after sowing
TREATMENTS DRY
MATTER PRODUCTION (%)
Control 9.46
Water soaked only
8.55
1:10 CU + W
9.12
1:5 CU + W
8.80
1:10 GU + W
8.69
1:5 GU + W
10.09
100% salt water
9.14
50 % salt water
8.16
CV (%)
8.37
According to Bristow and Whitehead et al. (2006), total N in cow urine ranges
from 6.8 to 21.6 g N litre-1 while goat urine ranged from 3.0 to 13.7 g litre-1. It contains
S, Cu, Fe, PO4, Na, K, Mn, Ca, and other minerals (Kedia et al, 2008) but it is not
sufficient to enhance the dry matter production of pole snap bean.
B. Effect of Animal Urine and Salt Water on the Growth and Seed Yield of Pole Snap
Bean
Days From Sowing to Emergence
and Flowering
Table 5 shows the number of days from sowing to emergence and flowering.
Significant differences were observed in the two parameters.
Influence of Animal Urine and Salt Water Seed Treatment on the Growth and Yield of
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Table 5. Days from sowing to emergence and flowering
TREATMENTS
DAYS FROM SOWING TO
EMERGENCE FLOWERING
Control 10a 44a
Water soaked only
8b 43b
1:10 CU + W
9a 44a
1:5 CU + W
9a 44a
1:10 GU + W
9a 44a
1:5 GU + W
9a 44a
100% salt water
9a 44a
50 % salt water
9a 44a
CV (%)
4.49
0.99
*Means with common letter are not significant different at 5% level of DMRT
The seeds soaked in water only started to emerge eight days after sowing while
unsoaked seeds emerged ten days after sowing. Results show that cow and goat urine and
salt water donnot enhance the emergence of bean seed.
Longer days of emergence of the seeds might be attributed to soil clods in each
plot that may have delayed seed emergence.
Seeds soaked in water only were the first to produce flowers at 43 days after
sowing while all the rest flowered one day later. Since water soaked seeds were the first
to emerge, it grew and developed earlier and also produced flowers earlier than the other
treatments. This result implies that cow and goat urine and even salt water are not
efficient in enhancing emergence and flowering of pole snap bean.
Percent Germination
Results showed no significant differences on percent germination (Table 6). The
recorded percent germination ranged from 80.78 to 88.43 percent. This trend was almost
similar to that of the laboratory experiment. Interestingly, compared to similar treatment
Influence of Animal Urine and Salt Water Seed Treatment on the Growth and Yield of
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Table 6. Percent germination and plant height at harvest
TREATMENTS
% GERMINATION
PLANT HEIGHT (cm)
Control 83.33
331.69
Water soaked only
81.63
332.22
1:10 CU + W
80.78
331.10
1:5 CU + W
84.18
333.04
1:10 GU + W
88.43
329.65
1:5 GU + W
83.50
330.92
100% salt water
86.05
331.87
50 % salt water
82.31
333.24
CV (%)
4.15
0.46
in the laboratory experiment unsoaked (control) and water soaked seeds had
higher germination percentage.
Although no significant differences were observed, the highest percentage
germination was attained by seeds soaked in 1:10 goat urine and water with a mean of
88.43% followed by seeds soaked in 100% salt water with 86.05 percent germination.
The lowest percent germination was obtained by seeds soaked in 1:10 cow urine and
water (80.78%).
Plant Height at Last Harvest
No significant differences were noted on the plant height at last harvest. This
trend was similar to that of the laboratory experiment. The recorded height of the plants
ranged from 329.65 cm to 333.24 cm.
Number of Flowers Per Cluster, Pods
Per Cluster and Percent Pod Set
The number of flowers per cluster, pods per cluster and percent pod set are shown
in Table 7. No significant differences were observed among the parameters. The number
Influence of Animal Urine and Salt Water Seed Treatment on the Growth and Yield of
Organically Grown Pole Snap Bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) / El Cid C. Catnas 2010
19
of flowers per cluster was five to six while the number of pods per cluster was three to
four.
Low percent pod set among the eight treatments could be attributed to strong rain
during the flowering stage of the crop that increased the abortion of flowers and early
development of pods.
Pod length, Pod Width, and Seed Length
Table 8 shows the pod length and width and seed length of the pole snap bean. No
significant differences were observed among the eight treatments in these three
parameters. The pod length and width ranged from 14.88 -15.06 cm and 1.16 -1.19 cm
respectively.
The seed length in the different treatments ranged from 12.23 mm- 12.50 mm.
Table 7. Number of flowers and pods per cluster, and percent pod set
TREATMENTS
NUMBER OF
PERCENT POD
FLOWER PER
PODS PER
SET
CLUSTER
CLUSTER
Control 6
4
57.05
Water soaked only
5
3
55.11
1:10 CU + W
6
3
59.50
1:5 CU + W
5
4
53.41
1:10 GU + W
6
4
60.16
1:5 GU + W
6
4
66.18
100% salt water
6
3
55.44
50 % salt water
6
3
58.09
CV (%)
8.59
14.77
10.10
Influence of Animal Urine and Salt Water Seed Treatment on the Growth and Yield of
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Table 8. Pod length and width, and seed length
TREATMENTS POD SEED
LENGTH (cm)
WIDTH (cm)
LENGTH (mm)
Control
14.91 1.17 12.30
Water soaked only
14.96
1.16
12.23
1:10 CU + W
15.06
1.18
12.40
1:5 CU + W
14.82
1.18
12.33
1:10 GU + W
14.83
1.19
12.50
1:5 GU + W
14.88
1.18
12.43
100% salt water
15.03
1.16
12.30
50 % salt water
14.93
1.17
12.23
CV
(%)
0.91 1.15 1.41
Weight of 100 Seeds and Seed
Yield per Plot
Results show no significant differences among the different treatments on weight
of 100 seeds and total seed yield per plot (Table 9). This indicates that the cow and goat
urine and salt water treatments used did not affect the yield of pole snap beans. It was
noted that the weight of 100 seeds ranged from 29.40- 29.90 g while seed weight per plot
ranged from 2.54kg-2.71 kg.
Table 9. Weight of 100 seeds (g) and total seed yield per plot (kg)
TREATMENTS
100- SEED
TOTAL SEED YEILD
WEIGHT (g)
PER 10 m2
Control 29.60
2.60
Water soaked only
29.73
2.65
1:10 CU + W
29.93
2.56
1:5 CU + W
29.90
2.57
1:10 GU + W
29.40
2.54
1:5 GU + W
29.67
2.57
100% salt water
29.90
2.71
50 % salt water
29.90
2.58
CV (%)
1.33
6.50
Influence of Animal Urine and Salt Water Seed Treatment on the Growth and Yield of
Organically Grown Pole Snap Bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) / El Cid C. Catnas 2010
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Number of Seeds Per Pod
The number of seeds per pod in all the treatments was eight. This result indicates that
cow and goat urine and salt water had no effect on increasing the number of seeds per
pod of pole snap bean.
Leaf Color, Flower Color and Pod Color (Color Chart)
It was observed that seeds soaked in water only showed darker green leaf color
from two to three weeks after sowing. At five weeks, all the treatments had the same dark
green leaves. No differences in flower and pod color were observed among the eight
treatments.
Reaction to Bean Rust and Pod Borer
Based on the results, B-21 showed mild resistance to bean rust and pod borer. The
occurrence of bean rust and pod borer was observed at 75 DAP and 90 DAP respectively
when 1-25% of the plants were affected.
Influence of Animal Urine and Salt Water Seed Treatment on the Growth and Yield of
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SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
Summary
This study was conducted both in laboratory and field conditions to evaluate the
growth and seed yield of organically grown pole snap bean treated with animal urine and
salt water, possibly enhance seed germination and vigor of pole snap bean through animal
urine and salt water treatment, and determine the effect of animal urine and salt water
treatment on the control of seed born diseases of pole snap bean. The laboratory
experiment was conducted at the College of Agriculture building while the field
experiment was done at the BSU Organic Demo Farm at Balili, La Trinidad, Benguet
from November 2008 to April 2009.
Cow and goat urine and salt water were collected and used as seed treatment
agents in B-21, a potential variety of pole snap bean. The same treatments were applied
in the laboratory and field experiments.
In the laboratory experiment, seeds were sown in trays and were observed within a
two-week duration. Results showed that only the number of normal seedlings was
significantly different while the other parameters considered in this study were
statistically comparable among treatments. Pole snap bean seeds treated with 1:10 cow
urine and water, 1:5 cow urine and water, and 1:5 goat urine and water significantly had
more normal seedlings than unsoaked seeds (control) and those soaked in water only.
In the field experiment, significant differences were noted among the eight
treatments on the number of days to emergence and flowering. Seeds soaked in water
only emerged and flowered earlier than the other treatments at 8 days and 43 days after
sowing respectively.
Influence of Animal Urine and Salt Water Seed Treatment on the Growth and Yield of
Organically Grown Pole Snap Bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) / El Cid C. Catnas 2010
23
It was noted that seeds soaked in water only exhibited darker green leaf color from
two to five weeks after sowing. The following week, all the treatments had the same dark
green leaves. No differences were observed in flower, pod and seed color.
B-21 showed mild resistance to bean rust at 75 DAP and to pod borer at 90 DAP.
No significant differences in other parameters including seed yield were observed.
Conclusion
The cow and goat urine and salt water treatments did not affect the growth and
seed yield of pole snap bean. The treatments did not also enhance seed germination and
vigor of pole snap bean. Similarly, resistance of pole snap bean to bean rust and pod
borer were not enhanced by the animal urines and salt water treatments used. However,
the resistance shown by B-21 makes it suitable for organic production.
Recommendation
Although no appreciable effect was found on the growth and seed yield of pole
snap bean, treatment of seeds with cow and goat urine and salt water could still be
recommended for uniform emergence. However, varying the treatments such as the ratio
of dilution or duration of soaking could produce more meaningful result. B-21 could be
recommended for organic production.
Influence of Animal Urine and Salt Water Seed Treatment on the Growth and Yield of
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Production Guide. Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon. Accessed at
http://hort-devel-nwrec.hort.oregonstate.edu/snapbean.html.
Influence of Animal Urine and Salt Water Seed Treatment on the Growth and Yield of
Organically Grown Pole Snap Bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) / El Cid C. Catnas 2010
25
RICHARDSON, M. J. 1986. An assessment of the need for routine use of organ
mercurial cereal seed treatment. Field Crop Res. 13:3-24.
SHRIDHAR, S. 2000. Organic vegetable gardening. Center for Indian Knowledge
Systems. Chennai. P 40.
SUTHERLAND, K. G., WALE, S. J., and OXLEY, S. J. P. 1994. Evaluation of broad
spectrum seed treatments for the control of cereal foliar diseases in Scotland.
Pages 53-62 in seed treatment: Progress and Prospects Mono. 57, BCPC,
Thornton Health, UK.
WALL, M. T., MCGEE, D. C. and BURRIS, J. S. 1983. Emergence and yield of
fungicide treated soybeans differing in quality. Agron. J. 75:969-973.
YARHAM D. J. and JONES, D. R. 1992. The forgotten diseases: why should we
remember them? Proc. Brighton Crop Prot. Pest Dis. 3: 1117-1126.
Influence of Animal Urine and Salt Water Seed Treatment on the Growth and Yield of
Organically Grown Pole Snap Bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) / El Cid C. Catnas 2010
26
APPENDICES
Experiment A. Laboratory Condition (CRD)
Appendix Table 1. Days to germination
TREATMEANTS REPLICATION TOTAL
MEAN
I
II
III
T1 4
3
4
11
4
T2
2 3 3 8
3
T3
3 3 3 9
3
T4 3
4
3
10
3
T5 3
3
4
10
3
T6 3
3
4
10
3
T7 3
4
4
11
4
T8 3
4
3
10
3
TOTAL
24 27 28 79
26
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCE DEGREE
SUM
MEAN
COMPUTED
TABULAR F
OF
OF
OF
OF
F
O.05 0.01
VARIANCE FREEDOM SQUARES SQUARES
Treatment 7 2.292 0.327 1.1.12ns 2.66
4.03
Error 16
4.667
0.292
Total 23
6.958
ns- Not Significance Coefficient of Variation= 16.41%
Influence of Animal Urine and Salt Water Seed Treatment on the Growth and Yield of
Organically Grown Pole Snap Bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) / El Cid C. Catnas 2010
27
Appendix Table 2. Percent germination
TREATMEANTS REPLICATION TOTAL
MEAN
I
II
III
T1 89
79
38
206
68.667
T2 64
79
62
205
68.333
T3 91
88
91
270
90.000
T4 92
84
89
265
88.333
T5 82
83
87
252
84.000
T6 93
92
93
278
92.667
T7 89
88
73
250
83.333
T8 88
75
84
247
82.333
TOTAL 688 668 617
1973
657.666
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCE DEGREE
SUM
MEAN
COMPUTED
TABULAR F
OF
OF
OF
OF
F
O.05 0.01
VARIANCE FREEDOM SQUARES SQUARES
Treatment 7 1763.958
251.994 2.08ns 2.66
4.03
Error 16
19636.000
121.000
Total 23
3699.958
ns- Not Significance Coefficient of Variation= 13.38%
Influence of Animal Urine and Salt Water Seed Treatment on the Growth and Yield of
Organically Grown Pole Snap Bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) / El Cid C. Catnas 2010
28
Appendix Table 3. Vigor index
TREATMEANTS REPLICATION TOTAL
MEAN
I
II
III
T1 47.42
40.70
18.14
106.26
35.420
T2 31.80
38.96
30.57
101.33
33.777
T3 42.22
47.85
45.34
135.41
45.137
T4 47.75
41.47
46.39
135.88
45.293
T5 41.81
44.33
44.04
130.18
43.393
T6 49.43
49.87
49.91
149.21
49.737
T7 47.28
39.37
37.19
123.84
41.280
T8 46.56
38.90
43.03
128.49
42.830
TOTAL 354.27
341.45
315.11
1010.60
333.867
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCE DEGREE
SUM
MEAN
COMPUTED
TABULAR F
OF
OF
OF
OF
F
O.05 0.01
VARIANCE FREEDOM SQUARES SQUARES
Treatment 7 583.545
83.364 2.09ns 2.66
4.03
Error 16
637.026
39.814
Total 23
1220.572
ns- Not Significance Coefficient of Variation= 14.98%
Influence of Animal Urine and Salt Water Seed Treatment on the Growth and Yield of
Organically Grown Pole Snap Bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) / El Cid C. Catnas 2010
29
Appendix Table 4. Number of ungerminated seeds
TREATMEANTS REPLICATION TOTAL
MEAN
I
II
III
T1
11 21 62 94 31
T2
36 21 38 95 32
T3
9 12 9 30 10
T4
8 16 11 35 12
T5
18 17 13 48 16
T6 7
8
7
22
7
T7
11 12 27 50 17
T8
12 25 16 53 18
TOTAL 112 132 183 427 143
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCE DEGREE
SUM
MEAN
COMPUTED
TABULAR F
OF
OF
OF
OF
F
O.05 0.01
VARIANCE FREEDOM SQUARES SQUARES
Treatment 7 1763.958
251.994
2.08ns 2.66
4.03
Error 16
1936.000
121.000
Total 23
3699.958
ns- Not Significance Coefficient of Variation= 25.81%
Influence of Animal Urine and Salt Water Seed Treatment on the Growth and Yield of
Organically Grown Pole Snap Bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) / El Cid C. Catnas 2010
30
Appendix Table 5. Number of normal seedlings
TREATMEANTS REPLICATION TOTAL
MEAN
I
II
III
T1 86
76
37
199
66
T2 60
77
61
198
66
T3 91
87
91
269
90
T4 92
83
89
264
88
T5 81
81
87
249
83
T6 92
92
93
277
92
T7 85
87
73
245
82
T8 86
75
83
244
81
TOTAL 673 658 614
1945
648
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCE DEGREE
SUM
MEAN
COMPUTED
TABULAR F
OF
OF
OF
OF
F
O.05 0.01
VARIANCE FREEDOM SQUARES SQUARES
Treatment 7 2091.625
298.804
2.69*
2.66
4.04
Error 16
1779.333
111.208
Total 23
3870.958
*- Highly Significance Coefficient of Variation= 13.01%
Influence of Animal Urine and Salt Water Seed Treatment on the Growth and Yield of
Organically Grown Pole Snap Bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) / El Cid C. Catnas 2010
31
Appendix Table 6. Number of abnormal seedlings.
TREATMEANTS REPLICATION TOTAL
MEAN
I
II
III
T1 3 3 1 7 2
T2 4 2 1 7 2
T3 0 1 0 1 1
T4 0 1 0 1 1
T5 1 2 0 3 1
T6 1 0 0 1 1
T7 4 1 0 5 2
T8 2 0 1 3 1
TOTAL 15 10 3 28 11
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCE DEGREE
SUM
MEAN
COMPUTED
TABULAR F
OF
OF
OF
OF
F
O.05 0.01
VARIANCE FREEDOM SQUARES SQUARES
Treatment 7 15.333
2.190 1.59ns 2.66
4.03
Error 16
22.000
1.375
Total 23
37.333
ns- Not Significance Coefficient of Variation= 35.97%
Influence of Animal Urine and Salt Water Seed Treatment on the Growth and Yield of
Organically Grown Pole Snap Bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) / El Cid C. Catnas 2010
32
Appendix Table 7. Length of hypocotyl (cm)
TREATMEANTS REPLICATION TOTAL
MEAN
I
II
III
T1
21.88 20.94 22.40 65.22 21.740
T2
19.50 23.16 24.26 66.92 22.307
T3
18.18 21.04 20.18 59.40 19.800
T4
18.60 23.00 19.84 61.44 20.480
T5
22.92 20.30 24.80 68.02 22.673
T6
15.30 19.56 22.48 54.34 18.113
T7
17.76 18.30 20.96 57.02 19.007
T8
19.88 18.00 18.78 56.64 18.880
TOTAL 154.02 164.30 173.7 489.00 163
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCE DEGREE
SUM
MEAN
COMPUTED
TABULAR F
OF
OF
OF
OF
F
O.05 0.01
VARIANCE FREEDOM SQUARES SQUARES
Treatment 7 61.323
8.760 1.39ns 2.66
4.03
Error 16
100.947
6.309
Total 23
162.270
ns- Not Significance Coefficient of Variation= 12.33%
Influence of Animal Urine and Salt Water Seed Treatment on the Growth and Yield of
Organically Grown Pole Snap Bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) / El Cid C. Catnas 2010
33
Appendix Table 8. Length of epicotyl (cm)
TREATMEANTS REPLICATION TOTAL
MEAN
I
II
III
T1 29.28
35.64
39.44
104.64
34.787
T2 34.62
30.46
35.48
100.56
33.520
T3
32.28 30.02 34.92 97.22 32.407
T4 35.70
37.72
36.90
110.32
36.773
T5
29.10 33.14 32.78 95.02 31.673
T6 30.80
35.38
38.46
104.64
34.880
T7 35.04
34.00
34.52
103.56
34.520
T8 32.75
39.96
31.04
103.75
34.583
TOTAL 259.57 276.32 283.54 819.43 273.143
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCE DEGREE
SUM
MEAN
COMPUTED
TABULAR F
OF
OF
OF
OF
F
O.05 0.01
VARIANCE FREEDOM SQUARES SQUARES
Treatment 7 53.143
7.592 0.73ns 2.66
4.03
Error 16
166.290
10.393
Total 23
219.433
ns- Not Significance Coefficient of Variation= 9.44%
Influence of Animal Urine and Salt Water Seed Treatment on the Growth and Yield of
Organically Grown Pole Snap Bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) / El Cid C. Catnas 2010
34
Appendix Table 9. Seedling height (cm)
TREATMEANTS REPLICATION TOTAL
MEAN
I
II
III
T1 39.66
42.24
44.76
126.66
42.220
T2 41.18
37.10
45.64
123.92
41.307
T3 41.84
38.88
44.28
125.00
41.667
T4 43.34
42.42
44.68
130.40
43.467
T5 39.64
39.92
42.92
122.48
40.827
T6 41.74
39.68
48.52
129.94
43.313
T7 40.10
41.10
41.32
122.52
40.840
T8 41.48
45.96
40.20
127.64
42.547
TOTAL 328.98
327.30
352.32
1008.56
336.188
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCE DEGREE
SUM
MEAN
COMPUTED
TABULAR F
OF
OF
OF
OF
F
O.05 0.01
VARIANCE FREEDOM SQUARES SQUARES
Treatment 7 22.599
3.228 0.38ns 2.66
4.03
Error 16
135.148
8.447
Total 23
157.747
ns- Not Significance Coefficient of Variation= 6.92%
Influence of Animal Urine and Salt Water Seed Treatment on the Growth and Yield of
Organically Grown Pole Snap Bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) / El Cid C. Catnas 2010
35
Appendix Table 10. Biomass production (%)
TREATMEANTS REPLICATION TOTAL
MEAN
I
II
III
T1 9.763
8.339
10.274
28.376
9.459
T2 8.059
8.163
9.443
25.665
8.555
T3 8.278
9.046
9.990
27.314
9.105
T4 9.793
7.696
8.912
26.401
8.800
T5 8.066
9.309
8.706
26.081
8.694
T6 10.134
9.767
10.363
30.264
10.088
T7 9.312
8.883
9.212
27.407
9.136
T8 9.397
8.912
8.176
24.485
8.162
TOTAL 72.802
70.115
75.076
215.993
71.999
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCE DEGREE
SUM
MEAN
COMPUTED
TABULAR F
OF
OF
OF
OF
F
O.05 0.01
VARIANCE FREEDOM SQUARES SQUARES
Treatment 7 7.374 1.053 1.85ns 2.66
4.03
Error 16
9.090
0.568
Total 23
16.464
ns- Not Significance Coefficient of Variation= 8.37%
Influence of Animal Urine and Salt Water Seed Treatment on the Growth and Yield of
Organically Grown Pole Snap Bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) / El Cid C. Catnas 2010
36
Experiment B. Field Condition (RCBD)
Appendix Table 11. Days to emergence
TREATMEANTS REPLICATION TOTAL
MEAN
I
II
III
T1 10 10 9 29 10
T2 8
8
8
24
8
T3
9 10 9 28 9
T4 9
9
10
28
9
T5 9
9
9
27
9
T6
9 10 9 28 9
T7 9
9
9
27
9
T8 9
9
9
27
9
TOTAL 72 74 72 218 72
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCE DEGREE
SUM
MEAN
COMPUTED
TABULAR F
OF
OF
OF
OF
F
O.05 0.01
VARIANCE FREEDOM SQUARES SQUARES
Replication 2 0.333 0.167 4.43**
2.77
4.28
Treatment 7 5.167 0.738
Error 14
2.333
0.167
Total 23
7.833
**- Highly Significant Coefficient of Variation=4.49%
Influence of Animal Urine and Salt Water Seed Treatment on the Growth and Yield of
Organically Grown Pole Snap Bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) / El Cid C. Catnas 2010
37
Appendix Table 12. Days from planting to flowering
TREATMEANTS REPLICATION TOTAL
MEAN
I
II
III
T1 45
44
44
133
44
T2 43
43
43
129
43
T3 44
43
44
131
44
T4 44
44
44
132
44
T5 44
44
44
132
44
T6 43
44
44
131
44
T7 44
45
44
133
44
T8 44
44
44
132
44
TOTAL 351 351 351
1053
351
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCE DEGREE
SUM
MEAN
COMPUTED
TABULAR F
OF
OF
OF
OF
F
O.05 0.01
VARIANCE FREEDOM SQUARES SQUARES
Replication 2 0.000 0.000 2.97**
2.77
4.28
Treatment 7 3.958 0.565
Error 14
2.667
0.190
Total 23
6.625
**- Highly Significant Coefficient of Variation=0.99%
Influence of Animal Urine and Salt Water Seed Treatment on the Growth and Yield of
Organically Grown Pole Snap Bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) / El Cid C. Catnas 2010
38
Appendix Table 13. Percent germination
TREATMEANTS REPLICATION TOTAL
MEAN
I
II
III
T1 78.57
83.67
87.76
250.00
83.333
T2 80.61
84.18
80.10
244.89
81.630
T3 83.16
78.06
81.12
242.34
80.780
T4 86.73
77.04
88.76
252.53
84.177
T5 87.24
86.22
91.84
265.30
88.433
T6 86.22
78.06
86.22
250.50
83.500
T7 89.80
82.14
86.22
258.16
86.053
T8 85.20
80.61
81.12
246.93
82.310
TOTAL 677.53
649.98
683.14
2010.65
670.216
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCE DEGREE
SUM
MEAN
COMPUTED
TABULAR F
OF
OF
OF
OF
F
O.05 0.01
VARIANCE FREEDOM SQUARES SQUARES
Replication 2 78.753
39.376 1.52ns 2.77
4.28
Treatment 7 129.120
18.446
Error 14
169.523
12.109
Total 23
377.396
ns- Not Significant Coefficient of Variation=4.15%
Influence of Animal Urine and Salt Water Seed Treatment on the Growth and Yield of
Organically Grown Pole Snap Bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) / El Cid C. Catnas 2010
39
Appendix Table 14. Plant height at maturity (cm)
TREATMEANTS REPLICATION TOTAL
MEAN
I
II
III
T1
334.92 330.90 329.24 995.06 331.687
T2
333.41 332.24 331.02 996.67 332.223
T3
331.23 330.43 331.63 993.29 331.097
T4
332.47 332.43 334.21 999.11 333.097
T5
330.24 330.15 328.55 988.94 329.647
T6
332.65 329.26 330.86 992.77 330.923
T7
333.26 329.77 332.57 995.6 331.867
T8
334.54 334.64 330.56 999.72 333.240
TOTAL
2662.72 2649.82 2648.64 7961.16 2653.72
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCE DEGREE
SUM
MEAN
COMPUTED
TABULAR F
OF
OF
OF
OF
F
O.05 0.01
VARIANCE FREEDOM SQUARES SQUARES
Replication 2 15.207 7.604 1.77ns 2.77
4.28
Treatment 7 28.925
4.132
Error 14
32.695
2.335
Total 23
76.695
ns- Not Significant Coefficient of Variation=0.46%
Influence of Animal Urine and Salt Water Seed Treatment on the Growth and Yield of
Organically Grown Pole Snap Bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) / El Cid C. Catnas 2010
40
Appendix Table 15. Number of flowers per cluster
TREATMEANTS REPLICATION TOTAL
MEAN
I
II
III
T1 7
6
5
18
6
T2 6
5
5
16
5
T3 6
6
5
17
6
T4 6
5
5
16
5
T5 7
6
5
18
6
T6 6
6
6
18
6
T7 6
6
5
17
6
T8 7
5
6
18
6
TOTAL 51 45 42 138 46
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCE DEGREE
SUM
MEAN
COMPUTED
TABULAR F
OF
OF
OF
OF
F
O.05 0.01
VARIANCE FREEDOM SQUARES SQUARES
Replication 2 5.250 2.625 1.07ns 2.77
4.28
Treatment 7 1.833 0.262
Error 14
3.417
0.244
Total 23
10.500
ns- Not Significant Coefficient of Variation=8.59%
Influence of Animal Urine and Salt Water Seed Treatment on the Growth and Yield of
Organically Grown Pole Snap Bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) / El Cid C. Catnas 2010
41
Appendix Table 16. Number of pods per cluster
TREATMEANTS REPLICATION TOTAL
MEAN
I
II
III
T1 4
3
4
11
4
T2 3 3 3 9 3
T3 3
4
3
10
3
T4 3
3
4
10
3
T5 3
4
4
11
4
T6 4
3
4
11
4
T7 3 3 3 9 3
T8 3 3 3 9 3
TOTAL 26 26 28 80 27
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCE DEGREE
SUM
MEAN
COMPUTED
TABULAR F
OF
OF
OF
OF
F
O.05 0.01
VARIANCE FREEDOM SQUARES SQUARES
Influence of Animal Urine and Salt Water Seed Treatment on the Growth and Yield of
Organically Grown Pole Snap Bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) / El Cid C. Catnas 2010
42
Replication 2 0.376 0.188 1.29ns 2.77
4.28
Treatment 7 2.227 0.318
Error 14
3.442
0.246
Total 23
6.046
ns- Not Significant Coefficient of Variation=14.77%
Appendix Table 17. Percent pod set (%)
TREATMEANTS REPLICATION TOTAL
MEAN
I
II
III
T1 54.258
48.048
68.81
171.143
57.048
T2 55.573
58.000
51.762
165.335
55.112
T3 51.048
64.258
63.167
178.500
59.500
T4 52.000
52.143
56.100
160.243
53.414
T5 48.571
61.429
70.476
180.476
60.159
T6 64.166
66.048
68.33
198.544
66.181
T7 49.036
57.285
60.001
166.322
55.441
T8 50.536
66.453
57.287
174.276
58.092
TOTAL
425.188 473.664 495.933 1394.84 464.947
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCE DEGREE
SUM
MEAN
COMPUTED TABULAR F
OF
OF
OF
OF
F
O.05 0.01
Influence of Animal Urine and Salt Water Seed Treatment on the Growth and Yield of
Organically Grown Pole Snap Bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) / El Cid C. Catnas 2010
43
VARIANCE FREEDOM SQUARES SQUARES
Replication 2 326.903
163.451 1.37ns 2.77
4.28
Treatment 7 331.706
47.387
Error 14
482.357
34.454
Total 23
1140.965
ns- Not Significant Coefficient of Variation=10.10%
Appendix Table 18. Pod length (cm)
TREATMEANTS REPLICATION TOTAL
MEAN
I
II
III
T1
15.13 14.75 15.06 44.94 14.980
T2
15.12 14.90 14.85 44.87 14.957
T3
15.09 15.23 14.86 45.18 15.060
T4
15.01 14.70 14.74 44.45 14.817
T5
14.84 14.79 14.87 44.48 14.827
T6
14.84 14.86 14.94 44.64 14.880
T7
15.14 14.85 15.11 45.10 15.033
T8
14.91 14.81 15.07 44.79 14.930
TOTAL 120.08 118.89 119.5 358.45 119.484
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCE DEGREE
SUM
MEAN
COMPUTED
TABULAR F
OF
OF
OF
OF
F
O.05 0.01
Influence of Animal Urine and Salt Water Seed Treatment on the Growth and Yield of
Organically Grown Pole Snap Bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) / El Cid C. Catnas 2010
44
VARIANCE FREEDOM SQUARES SQUARES
Replication 2 0.086 0.043 1.31ns 2.77
4.28
Treatment 7 0.170 0.170
Error 14
0.258
0.258
Total 23
0.514
0.514
ns- Not Significant Coefficient of Variation=0.91%
Appendix Table 19. Pod width (cm)
TREATMEANTS REPLICATION TOTAL
MEAN
I
II
III
T1
1.17 1.18 1.16 3.51 1.170
T2
1.16 1.17 1.16 3.49 1.163
T3
1.19 1.17 1.18 3.54 1.180
T4
1.21 1.16 1.17 3.54 1.180
T5
1.19 1.19 1.19 3.57 1.190
T6
1.21 1.17 1.17 3.55 1.183
T7
1.17 1.16 1.15 3.48 1.160
T8
1.16 1.17 1.18 3.51 1.170
TOTAL 9.46 9.37 9.36
28.19
9.396
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCE DEGREE
SUM
MEAN
COMPUTED
TABULAR F
Influence of Animal Urine and Salt Water Seed Treatment on the Growth and Yield of
Organically Grown Pole Snap Bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) / El Cid C. Catnas 2010
45
OF
OF
OF
OF
F O.05
0.01
VARIANCE FREEDOM SQUARES SQUARES
Replication 2 0.001 0.000 1.76ns 2.77
4.28
Treatment 7 0.002 0.000
Error 14
0.003
0.000
Total 23
0.006
ns- Not Significant Coefficient of Variation=1.15%
Appendix Table 20. Seed length (mm)
TREATMEANTS REPLICATION TOTAL
MEAN
I
II
III
T1
12.1 12.5 12.3 36.9 12.300
T2
12.3 12.1 12.3 36.7 12.233
T3
12.4 12.3 12.5 37.2 12.400
T4
12.4 12.2 12.4 37.0 12.333
T5
12.5 12.2 12.8 37.5 12.500
T6
12.4 12.4 12.5 37.3 12.433
T7
12.2 12.3 12.4 36.9 12.300
T8
12.1 12.3 12.3 36.7 12.233
TOTAL 98.4 98.3 99.5
296.2
98.732
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
Influence of Animal Urine and Salt Water Seed Treatment on the Growth and Yield of
Organically Grown Pole Snap Bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) / El Cid C. Catnas 2010
46
SOURCE DEGREE
SUM
MEAN
COMPUTED
TABULAR F
OF
OF
OF
OF
F
O.05 0.01
VARIANCE FREEDOM SQUARES SQUARES
Replication 2 0.111 0.055 1.39ns 2.77
4.28
Treatment 7 0.192 0.027
Error 14
0.276
0.020
Total 23
0.578
ns- Not Significant Coefficient of Variation=1.14%
Appendix Table 21. Weight of 100 seeds (g)
TREATMEANTS REPLICATION TOTAL
MEAN
I
II
III
T1
29.6 29.6 29.6 88.8 29.600
T2
29.1 29.9 30.2 89.2 29.733
T3
29.3 30.3 30.3 89.8 29.933
T4
30 29.4 30.3 89.7 29.900
T5
29.5 29.2 29.5 88.2 29.400
T6 29.2
29.9
29.9
89
29.677
T7
30.2 29.4 30.1 89.7 29.900
T8
29.8 30.3 29.6 89.7 29.900
TOTAL 236.7 238 239.5
714.1
238.043
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
Influence of Animal Urine and Salt Water Seed Treatment on the Growth and Yield of
Organically Grown Pole Snap Bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) / El Cid C. Catnas 2010
47
SOURCE DEGREE
SUM
MEAN
COMPUTED
TABULAR F
OF
OF
OF
OF
F
O.05 0.01
VARIANCE FREEDOM SQUARES SQUARES
Replication 2 0.493 0.247 0.69ns 2.77
4.28
Treatment 7 0.760 0.109
Error 14
2.207
0.158
Total 23
0.903
ns- Not Significant Coefficient of Variation=1.33%
Appendix Table 22. Total seed yield per plot (kg)
TREATMEANTS REPLICATION TOTAL
MEAN
I
II
III
T1
2.70 2.62 2.48 7.80 2.600
T2
2.40 2.98 2.57 7.95 2.650
T3
2.37 2.71 2.61 7.69 2.563
T4
2.49 2.53 2.69 7.71 2.570
T5
2.31 2.57 2.74 7.62 2.540
T6 2.36
2.8
2.56
7.72
2.573
T7
2.39 2.74 2.99 8.12 2.707
T8
2.25 2.73 2.81 7.79 2.597
TOTAL 19.27
21.68
21.45 62.4 20.8
Influence of Animal Urine and Salt Water Seed Treatment on the Growth and Yield of
Organically Grown Pole Snap Bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) / El Cid C. Catnas 2010
48
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCE DEGREE
SUM
MEAN
COMPUTED
TABULAR F
OF
OF
OF
OF
F
O.05 0.01
VARIANCE FREEDOM SQUARES SQUARES
Replication 2 0.442 0.221 0.31ns 2.77
4.28
Treatment 7 0.061 0.009
Error 14
0.400
0.029
Total 23
0.903
ns- Not Significant Coefficient of Variation=6.50%
Influence of Animal Urine and Salt Water Seed Treatment on the Growth and Yield of
Organically Grown Pole Snap Bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) / El Cid C. Catnas 2010
Document Outline
- Influence of Animal Urine and Salt Water SeedTreatment on the Growth and Yield of Organically Grown Pole Snap Bean (Phaseolus vulgaris).
- BIBLIOGRAPHY
- ABSTRACT
- TABLE OF CONTENTS
- INTRODUCTION
- REVIEW OF LITERATURE
- MATERIALS AND METHOD
- RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS
- SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
- LITERATURE CITED
- APPENDICES