BIBLIOGRAPHY DULAY, ALLAN B. APRIL 2009....
BIBLIOGRAPHY
DULAY, ALLAN B. APRIL 2009. Effect of Tillage and Animal Manure on the
Growth and Yield of Sweet Corn. Benguet State University, La Trinidad, Benguet.
Adviser: Leoncia L. Tandang, Ph.D.
ABSTRACT
Tillage enhanced the growth and yield of sweet corn. Sweet corn planted in tilled
plots was the earliest to reach tasseling, silking and harvesting stages. Digging plots twice
resulted in higher plants, longer and bigger corn ears, higher weight and number of
marketable corn ear yield and higher return on cash expense (ROCE).
Animal manure application improved the growth, the weight and number of
marketable ears, weight of total yield of sweet corn and ROCE. Sweet corn plants applied
with either chicken or hog manure produced heavier and numerous marketable ears per
plot than those planted in the untilled and unfertilized plots.
Tillage and animal manure application interacted significantly on weight and
number of marketable and total weight of corn ear yield that resulted in higher ROCE.
Highest ROCE was realized from sweet corn planted in plot dug twice and fertilized with
chicken dung.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
Bibliography………………………………………………………………….
i
Abstract ………………………………………………………………………
i
Table of Contents ………………………………………………………….. … ii
INTRODUCTION ……………………………………………………………
1
REVIEW OF LITERATURE ………………………………………………..
4
Effect of tillage on corn plant ……………………………………….
4
Effect of animal manure application in corn plant ………………….
5
MATERIALS AND METHOD ……………………………………………..
6
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION …………………………………………….
10
Soil Chemical Properties ……………………………………………
10
Days to Emergence …………………………………………………
11
Days from Sowing to Tasseling …………………………………….
11
Days from Sowing to Silking ………………………………………. 11
Days to Harvesting …………………………………………………..
12
Plant Height …………………………………………………………
13
Corn Ear Length …………………………………………………….
14
Corn Ear Diameter ………………………………………………….
15
Reaction to Corn Ear Worm ………………………………………..
15
Leaf Blight and Downy Mildew Incidence …………………………
15
Weight of Marketable Ears …………………………………………
16
Weight of Non-marketable Ears ……………………………………
18
ii
Total Corn Ear Yield per Plot……………………………………….
18
Number of Marketable Ears …………………………………………
20
Number of Non-marketable Ears ……………………………………
22
Total Number of Ears ……………………………………………….
22
Return on Cash Expense …………………………………………….
23
SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS ………….
25
Summary ……………………………………………………………
25
Conclusion
…………………………………………………………. 27
Recommendation
…………………………………………………… 27
LITERATURE CITED………………………………………………………
28
APPENDICES ………………………………………………………………
30
iii
INTRODUCTION
Sweet corn has some specific environmental and cultural needs that must be meet
for the plant to produce high-marketable yields. Corn is a warm-season crop that requires
high temperatures for optimum germination and rapid growth. If the soil temperature is
too low, the seed will not germinate. If at the same time, the soil is too wet, the seed may
rot before the soil temperature is adequate for germination. In general, sweet corn does
not tolerate cold weather and frost will injure sweet corn at any stage of growth. Other
stressful climatic conditions, such as drought or flooding, can reduce yields and cause
small, deformed ears (Davis, 2005).
The use of organic fertilizers can lessen the successive use of commercial
fertilizers. Organic fertilizers are not very expensive and can ensure vigorous growth of
plants. It influences nutrient absorption due to its role in granulation and improvement of
physical and chemical properties of the soil (Mamuri, 2003).
Organic fertilizer application helps to control soil borne diseases, improve soil
properties and help maintain stable soil moisture content. Because they contain a wide
variety of microelements, they also help adjust and improve the nutrient balance in the
soil. Improvement of soil tilth and texture, increase in soil fertility and reduce fertilizer
cost are the most important benefits in organic fertilizers (Pakias, 2008). In addition,
organic fertilizers are cheaper than the inorganic fertilizers and have a long lasting effect
in restoring the fertility of the soil (Lacay, 2008).
One of the problems encountered by the farmers is the high cost of chemical
fertilizers. This situation greatly increases the farmers investment in production. Organic
Effect of Tillage and Animal Manure on the Growth
and Yield of Sweet Corn / Allan B. Dulay. 2009
2
fertilizer like animal manure appears to be very logical alternative in minimizing the use
of chemical fertilizers.
Proper tillage is important to increase yields. It’s purpose is to eliminate weeds,
conserve moisture, prevent erosion or surface run-off and improve the physical condition
of the soil. Pulverizing the soil aerates it and enhances the activity of microorganism and
bacteria causing rapid oxidation and decaying of crop residues (Batangas, 2003).
The no-till method improves on traditional tillage systems in several ways. For
example, the mulch helps prevent erosion and helps keep moisture in the soil. By
eliminating plowing and harrowing, the method serves both time and tractor fuel
(Anonymous, 2004).
Continuous tillage is a common practice of the farmers. This practice needs more
labor and capital to produce crops. Soil cultivation and different plants grown in a
particular type of soil should be studied to determine the correct tillage method to be
applied in order to obtain maximum return.
There are several factors contributing to low productivity of corn. One is the
utilization of inappropriate fertilizers such as the continuous and indiscriminate use of
chemical fertilizers, which may alter soil properties making them not suitable for plant
growth coupled with high cost of inputs. There is a need therefore to study the effect of
animal manure on corn and to identify alternative fertilizer sources to partially if not
totally replace the costly chemical fertilizers that are being used by the farmers.
The study was conducted to determine the effect of tillage, and animal
manures application and their interaction effect on the growth and yield of sweet corn;
and determine the profitability in producing corn using different tillage practices and
Effect of Tillage and Animal Manure on the Growth
and Yield of Sweet Corn / Allan B. Dulay. 2009
3
animal manures.
The study was conducted at the Organic Farm of the Benguet State University in
La Trinidad, Benguet from October 2007 to March 2008.
Effect of Tillage and Animal Manure on the Growth
and Yield of Sweet Corn / Allan B. Dulay. 2009
REVIEW OF LITERATURE
Effect of tillage on corn plant
In 2003, Batangas mentioned that different tillage practices had no significant
effect on the performance of corn plants in terms of the number of days to emergence,
plant height, weight of the marketable and non-marketable corn ears.
Tosay (2008) reported that different tillage practices on the return on cash
expenses of potato, digging once obtained the highest ROCE followed by re-digging once
while zero tillage had the lowest ROCE.
Coraza (2004) mentioned that tillage practiced employed had no significant effect
on the initial height of potato. However, a slight difference was observed. The undug
plots produced taller plants. However, a week later, potato plants planted on plot dug
twice had faster growth.
According to Phillips and Young (1973) as cited by Caanawan (2006), no tillage
farming consist of the planting crops on land that was not previously prepared for
planting. The seeds are simply grown in a narrow land just wide enough to provide a bed
for seed. They added that the other accepted and recognized practices such as variety and
a seed selection, proper use and the right kind of fertilizers, and control weeds, pest and
diseases are very important components of no tillage farming.
Based on the results and findings of Lacay (2008), application of 5 tons/ha
chicken dung produced the highest plant height and recorded the heaviest weight and
number of marketable tubers of potato.
Effect of Tillage and Animal Manure on the Growth
and Yield of Sweet Corn / Allan B. Dulay. 2009
5
Effect of animal manure application in corn plant
Tamiray (1997) stated that in terms of chicken dung application, there was no
significant effect on the parameters measured except on the diameter of ears. It showed
that chicken dung increased the diameter of corn ears.
Pakias (2008) found that application of 10 tons/ha chicken manure increased the
yield of lettuce. On the other hand, organic fertilizer application will improve some
physical and chemical properties of the soil.
Based on the study of Galagal (2002) at Sablan on sweet potatoes, application of
hog manure and chicken manure had significant effect on root yield on the different
varieties of sweet potato.
In addition, result of study conducted by Javar (2005) showed that the most
economical animal manure as fertilizer for green corn production, are carabao manure,
cow manure, and goat manure. Their application resulted in long and big ear which are
acceptable to the consumers.
Marcelino (1995), as cited by Edwin (2003), reported that organic fertilizer
supplies some amount of the nutrient requirements of the crop and promotes favorable
soil properties such as granulation, efficient aeration, easy root penetration and more
improved water-holding capacity of the soil.
Effect of Tillage and Animal Manure on the Growth
and Yield of Sweet Corn / Allan B. Dulay. 2009
MATERIALS AND METHOD
An area of 140 square meters was prepared and divided into three blocks,
representing three replications. Each block was divided into nine plots measuring 1 m x 5
m. Planting of sweet corn was done in single row at a seeding rate of two seeds per hill at
a distance of 30 cm between hills. Three weeks after emergence, the corn seedlings were
thinned out leaving only one healthy plant per hill. The experiment was laid out
following the 3 x 3 factor factorial arrangement in randomized complete block design
(RCBD) with three replications.
The treatment combinations used are the following:
Factor A: Tillage (T)
T1= no digging (Plots were cleaned without digging)
T2= one digging (Plots were dug once after cleaning)
T3 = two times digging (Plots were dug after cleaning and redug one
week
after)
Factor B: Animal Manure (AM)
AM1= no manure
AM2= chicken manure
AM3= hog manure
The animal manures were incorporated to the soil 15 days before planting. Crop
protection such as hand weeding and insect pests and disease control were employed to
ensure normal growth and yield of the plants.
Effect of Tillage and Animal Manure on the Growth
and Yield of Sweet Corn / Allan B. Dulay. 2009
7
Soils samples were gathered from the experimental area before and after the study
for soil analysis to determine the initial and final pH, organic matter, nitrogen, potassium,
and phosphorus contents at Baguio Soils Laboratory in Pacdal, Baguio City and Regional
Soils and Feeds Laboratory in San Fernando City, La Union.
Data gathered:
1. Days from sowing to emergence. The number of days from planting to
emergence was recorded when 80% of the seed planted per plot emerged.
2. Days from sowing to silking/ tasseling. This was recorded when at least 50% of
the plant per plot had extended tassel and silk.
3. Days from sowing to harvesting. This was the number of days from sowing
until the corn ears were fully developed.
4. Plant height (cm). This was taken two weeks before harvesting by measuring
the height of the ten sample plants per treatment. This was taken from the based of the
plant to the tassel tip using meter stick.
5. Number and weight of marketable ears per plot. This was taken by counting
and weighing the corn ears with fully developed kernels that are free from any damage or
disease infection during the time of harvest.
6. Number and weight of the non-marketable ears per plot. These were the
number and weight of corn ears that were damaged and malformed per plot.
7. Total number and weight of ears harvested per plot. These were taken by
getting the total number and weight of marketable and non-marketable ears harvested per
plot.
Effect of Tillage and Animal Manure on the Growth
and Yield of Sweet Corn / Allan B. Dulay. 2009
8
8. Length of corn ear (cm). This was done by measuring the length in cm. of ten
corn samples per plot selected at random from the base to the tip of the ear using foot
ruler.
9. Ear diameter (cm). The ear diameter in cm was taken from the widest part of
ten sample ears per plot selected at random using vernier caliper.
10. Reaction to corn ear worm. The damage of corn ear worm per treatment was
evaluated using the following rating scale (Remoquillo, 2003).
Scale
Description
Remarks
1 less
than
1%
damage
Highly
resistant
2 1-5
%
damage
Moderately
resistant
3 6-10
%
damage Resistant
4 11-20
%
damage
Susceptible
5 21-30
%
damage
Very
susceptible
11. Incidence of disease. Diseases like leaf blight and downy mildew were
monitored and rated using the following scale used by (Remoquillo, 2003).
Scale
%
infection
Description
1 not
infected
or
less
than
Resistant
2
10 % of the plant infected
Moderately resistant
3
11-50 % of the plant infected
Susceptible
4
51% or nearly all the plants are infected Highly susceptible
Effect of Tillage and Animal Manure on the Growth
and Yield of Sweet Corn / Allan B. Dulay. 2009
9
12. Return on total cash expenses (ROCE). This was computed by subtracting the
total expenses from the gross sales divided by total production cost multiplied by 100 as
follows.
Gross
sales
–
Total
expenses
ROCE (%) =
x 100
Total
production
cost
All the quantitative data measured in this study were statistically analyzed using
3 x 3 factor-factorial in randomized complete block design (RCBD). The significance of
differences among treatment means was tested using Duncan’s Multiple Range Test
(DMRT) at 5 % level of significance.
Effect of Tillage and Animal Manure on the Growth
and Yield of Sweet Corn / Allan B. Dulay. 2009
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Soil Chemical Properties
The initial and final properties of the soil samples taken in the experimental area
are shown in Table 1.
Initially, the soil was moderately acidic and after harvest the pH of the soil
applied with different animal manures increased but was still moderately acidic. There
was an increase in organic matter due to the application of manures.
The nitrogen content of the area was reduced after the experiment. This could be
due to the high nitrogen uptake of the corn because corn needs high amount of nitrogen
for its growth and development.
In terms of phosphorus content, soils that were not applied with animal manure
had slightly reduced phosphorus content while the soil applied with animal manures had
higher P content than the initial content.
Soils fertilized with different animal manures had increased potassium content
after the experiment.
Table 1. Soil pH, organic matter, nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium content of the soil
before and after planting
TREATMENT pH (%)
OM
(%) N
(%) P
(ppm) K
Before planting
5.86
2.5
1.00
>100
418
After planting
No manure
6.0
3.5
0.84
98
511
Chicken manure
6.0
3.0
0.96
126
517
Hog manure
6.0
3.5
0.65
108
559
Effect of Tillage and Animal Manure on the Growth
and Yield of Sweet Corn / Allan B. Dulay. 2009
11
Days to Emergence
Effect of tillage. Tillage practices did not show significant effect on the number of
days from planting to emergence, corn seeds emerged within 6 days after sowing
regardless of tillage practices and animal manure application.
Effect of animal manure. There were also no significant differences in the
emergence of sweet corn seeds applied with different animal manures.
Interaction effect. There was no interaction effect between tillage and animal
manures on the number of days to emergence. All the seeds emerged in six days after
sowing.
Days from Sowing to Tasseling
Effect of tillage. Sweet corn plants in plot tilled once and twice produced tassel
earlier, that was eight days ahead than those sown in uncultivated plots (Table 2).
Effect of animal manure. Plants applied with chicken and hog manures produced
tassel one and two days earlier than the unfertilized plants. This observation conformed
with the result observed by Dumapis (2006), that corn plants applied with chicken dung
were the earliest to produced tassel and silk.
Interaction
effect. Animal manures used and the tillage practices done had no
significant interaction effect on the number of days to tasseling (Table 2).
Days from Sowing to Silking
Effect of tillage. Sweet corn planted in plot tilled once or twice produced silk nine
to ten days earlier than those planted with zero tillage (Table 2).
Effect of Tillage and Animal Manure on the Growth
and Yield of Sweet Corn / Allan B. Dulay. 2009
12
Effect of animal manure. Plants applied with animal manures produced silk one
to two days earlier than those of the unfertilized plants.
Interaction
effect. There was no significant interaction of tillage and animal
manures used on the days from sowing to silking.
Days to Harvesting
Effect of tillage. Sweet corn plants sown in plot tilled once and twice were
harvested four days earlier than those plants sown in plots without tillage.
Effect of animal manure. Sweet corn plants applied with animal manures were
harvested one day ahead than the unfertilized plants.
Interaction
effect. No significant interaction effect of tillage and animal manure
application was observed on the days to harvesting of sweet corn (Table 2).
Table 2. Days from sowing to emergence, tasseling, silking, and harvesting of sweet corn
planted in plots applied with different tillage practices and animal manures
NUMBER OF DAYS FROM SOWING TO:
TREATMENT
TASSELING
SILKING
HARVESTING
Tillage (T)
No tillage 94a 102a 124a
Plot dug once
86b 92b 120b
Plot dug twice 86b
91b 120b
Animal Manure (AM)
No manure
90a 96a 122a
Chicken manure 88b 94b 121b
Hog manure
89ab 95b 121b
T x AM
ns ns ns
CV (%) 8.87 1.50 1.08
Means with the same letter/s are not significantly different at 5% level by DMRT.
Effect of Tillage and Animal Manure on the Growth
and Yield of Sweet Corn / Allan B. Dulay. 2009
13
Plant Height
Effect of tillage. Taller plants were produced in plot dug twice than plants grown
in tilled once and untilled plots (Table 3). This result indicates that tillage increased the
plant height of sweet corn.
Effect of animal manure. The height of sweet corn applied with animal manures
was higher than the unfertilized plots. This is apparently due to lack of sufficient major
elements like N-P-K in unfertilized plots which are needed for better growth and
development of sweet corn plant.
Interaction
effect. The tillage practiced and the different animal manures used did
not show interaction significantly on the plant height of corn.
Table 3. Plant height of sweet corn planted in plots with different tillage practices and
animal manures
TREATMENT PLANT
HEIGHT
(cm)
Tillage (T)
No tillage
97.25c
Plot dug once
122.94b
Plot dug twice
133.56a
Animal manure (AM)
No manure
105.73b
Chicken manure
124.72a
Hog manure
123.30a
T x AM
ns
CV (%)
8.60
Means with the same letter/s are not significantly different at 5% level by DMRT.
Effect of Tillage and Animal Manure on the Growth
and Yield of Sweet Corn / Allan B. Dulay. 2009
14
Corn Ear Length
Effect of tillage. Sweet corn sown in plot dug twice produced the longest corn ear
among the tillage practices employed. Plants grown in plot dug once gave longer ears
than those produced in the untilled plots. It was observed that the corn plants in plot with
zero tillage had short ear length (Table 4).
Effect of animal manure. The length of corn ears harvested in plots applied with
chicken and hog manures was longer than those corn ear harvested from unfertilized plots
(Table 4). The plants applied with chicken and hog manures had a greater nutrient
content consumed that the plants without fertilizer which resulted in shorter ear.
Interaction
effect. No significant interaction effect between the tillage practiced
and the different animal manures used was noted on corn ear length.
Table 4. Ear length and diameter of sweet corn planted in plots with different tillage
practices and animal manures
TREATMENT
LENGTH
DIAMETER
(cm)
(cm)
Tillage (T)
No manure
10.58c
3.41c
Plot dug once
18.56b
4.51b
Plot dug twice
19.93a
5.04a
Animal manure (AM)
No manure
15.17b
3.86b
Chicken manure 17.19a
4.66a
Hog manure
16.71a
4.45a
T x AM
ns ns
CV (%)
7.35
8.32
Means with the same letter/s are not significantly different at 5% level by DMRT.
Effect of Tillage and Animal Manure on the Growth
and Yield of Sweet Corn / Allan B. Dulay. 2009
15
Corn Ear Diameter
Effect of tillage. Biggest corn ear diameter was measured in plants grown in plot
dug twice. Plants sown in plot tilled once produced bigger corn ear diameter than those
harvested from plants grown in plot with zero tillage (Table 4).
Effect of animal manure. Application of chicken and hog manures in corn plots
registered bigger corn ear diameter than the ear diameter produced by the plants in
unfertilized plots.
Interaction effect. It was observed that there was no significant interaction effect
of tillage and animal manure on the ear diameter of corn (Table 4).
Reaction to Corn Ear Worm
The reaction of sweet corn to corn ear worm was not affected by tillage practices
employed in this study. All sweet corn plants were moderately resistant to corn ear worm.
The plants applied with different animal manures similarly exhibited moderately resistant
reaction to corn ear worm.
Leaf Blight and Downy Mildew Incidence
All plants grown in plot with different tillage practices had 10% infection leaf
blight and downy mildew. Indicating that they were resistant to the diseases. Also, the
plants applied with different animal manures exhibited moderate resistance to leaf blight
and downy mildew.
Effect of Tillage and Animal Manure on the Growth
and Yield of Sweet Corn / Allan B. Dulay. 2009
16
Weight of Marketable Ears
Effect of tillage. Sweet corn planted in plots dug twice produced heavier
marketable corn ear, followed by the marketable corn yield from plants planted in plot
dug once. However, no marketable corn ear was harvested in plots without tillage (Table
5). This confirms with the study of Tosay (2008) that potato planted in undug plots
resulted in very low yield. It is advantageous to dig once than no digging at all.
Effect of animal manure. Sweet corn plants fertilized with chicken and hog
manures produced heavier marketable ear than the plants grown in untilled plot. This
confirms with the study of Dumapis (2006) that corn with no fertilizer resulted in very
low yield.
Table 5. Weight of marketable, non-marketable and total ear yield per plot of sweet corn
planted in plots with and without tillage and fertilized with different animal
manures
TREATMENT
EAR YIELD PER PLOT ( kg/5m2)
MARKETABLE NON MARKETABLE TOTAL
Tillage (T)
No tillage
0.00c
0.16b
0.16b
Plot dug once
1.73b
0.69a
2.42a
Plot dug twice
2.10a
0.91a
3.00a
Animal manure (AM)
No manure
0.47b 0.29b
0.76b
Chicken manure
1.80a
0.78a
2.58a
Hog manure
1.56a
0.69a
2.25a
T x AM
**
ns
**
CV (%)
19.58
44.61
19.93
Means with the same letter/s are not significantly different at 5% level by DMRT.
Effect of Tillage and Animal Manure on the Growth
and Yield of Sweet Corn / Allan B. Dulay. 2009
17
Interaction effect. Sweet corn plants in plot dug twice produced highest weight
when applied with chicken manure. It was followed by plot dug once applied with hog
manure. Zero tillage with no manure produced the lowest weight (Fig. 1).
3.5
3
2.5
2
T1
T2
1.5
T3
1
0.5
0
AM1
AM2
AM3
Animal manure
Legend: Tillage (T)
Animal Manure (AM)
T1- no tillage
AM1- no manure
T2- plot dug once
AM2- chicken manure
T3- plot dug twice
AM3- hog manure
Figure 1. Interaction effect of tillage practice and animal manure application on the
weight of marketable corn ear
Effect of Tillage and Animal Manure on the Growth
and Yield of Sweet Corn / Allan B. Dulay. 2009
18
Weight of Non-marketable Ears
Effect of tillage. Heavier non-marketable corn ear produced in plot tilled once and
twice than in plants grown in untilled plants (Table 5).
Effect of animal manure. Sweet corn plants applied with chicken manure and hog
manure produced heavier non-marketable corn ear than the plants grown in unfertilized
plants.
Interaction
effect. The tillage practiced and the different animal manures used did
not interact significantly on the weight of non-marketable corn ears per plot.
Total Corn Ear Yield per Plot
Effect of tillage. Table 5 also shows the total corn ear per plot in kg/5m2. It was
observed that plants grown in plot dug twice produced higher total corn ear than the
plants in plot without tillage.
Effect of animal manure. Plants fertilized with chicken and hog manure produced
heavier total weight of corn ear per 5m2 plot than those plants in unfertilized plots (Table
5). The plants that were grown with no manure had the lightest total weight of corn ears.
Interaction
effect. Highly significant interaction effect existed between tillage
practiced and animal manure in the total weight of ears harvested (Fig. 2). Plants applied
with chicken manure in plot dug twice had the highest total weight of corn ear among the
treatment combinations evaluated. It was followed by the plants fertilized with hog
manure in plots tilled two times. Furthermore, the plants grown in plots with zero tillage
and animal manure application resulted in lowest total corn ear yield.
Effect of Tillage and Animal Manure on the Growth
and Yield of Sweet Corn / Allan B. Dulay. 2009
19
1.4
1.2
1
0.8
T1
T2
0.6
T3
0.4
0.2
0
AM1
AM2
AM3
Animal manure
Legend: Tillage (T)
Animal Manure (AM)
T1- no tillage
AM1- no manure
T2- plot dug once
AM2- chicken manure
T3- plot dug twice
AM3- hog manure
Figure 2. Interaction effect of tillage practice and animal manure application on the total
weight of ears
Effect of Tillage and Animal Manure on the Growth
and Yield of Sweet Corn / Allan B. Dulay. 2009
20
Number of Marketable Ears
Effect of tillage. Sweet corn plants in plot dug twice produced higher number of
marketable corn ear which was comparable with the number of ears harvested in plot dug
once (Table 6). No marketable corn ear was harvested from plants grown in no tillage
plots. No yield because ears are undersize with underdeveloped kernels, and some were
infested by corn ear worm.
Effect of animal manure. Table 6 also shows that plants fertilized with chicken
and hog manure gave higher number of marketable corn ear per 5m2 plot. It was observed
that plants that were not applied with animal manure produced lower number of
marketable corn ear.
Table 6. Number of marketable, non-marketable, and total ears per 5m2 plot of sweet
corn plants in plot dug once or twice fertilized with different animal
manures
TREATMENT
NUMBER OF CORN EAR PER 5m2/PLOT
MARKETABLE
NON-MARKETABLE TOTAL
Tillage (T)
No tillage
0c
7a
7c
Plot dug once
10b
4b
14b
Plot dug twice
12a
5b
17a
Animal manure (AM)
No manure
4b
5a
9a
Chicken manure 10a
6a
16a
Hog manure
8a
6a
14a
T x AM
**
ns
ns
CV(%)
23.61
25.43
17.66
Means with the same letter/s are not significantly different at 5% level by DMRT.
Effect of Tillage and Animal Manure on the Growth
and Yield of Sweet Corn / Allan B. Dulay. 2009
21
Interaction
effect. Highly significant interaction effect between tillage practiced
and different animal manures used was noted on the number of marketable ears in this
study (Table 6 and Fig. 3). Plants grown in plot dug twice produced higher number of
marketable corn ear when applied with chicken manure. It was followed by plants in plot
dug once fertilized with hog manure. Plants in untilled and unfertilized produced the
lowest number of marketable corn ear.
18
16
14
12
T1
10
T2
8
T3
6
4
2
0
AM1
AM2
AM3
Animal manure
Legend: Tillage (T)
Animal Manure (AM)
T1- no tillage
AM1- no manure
T2- plot dug once
AM2- chicken manure
T3- plot dug twice
AM3- hog manure
Figure 3. Interaction effect of tillage practice and animal manure application on the
number of marketable ears
Effect of Tillage and Animal Manure on the Growth
and Yield of Sweet Corn / Allan B. Dulay. 2009
22
Number of Non-marketable Ears
Effect of tillage. It was observed that plants in no tillage produced higher number
of non-marketable ears per 5m2 plot (Table 6). It was caused by incomplete and not fully
developed kernels and damaged by corn ear worms at harvest. It was also observed that
plot dug once had the lowest non-marketable ears per 5m2 plot.
Effect of animal manure. Animal manure application did not show any significant
effect in number of non-marketable corn ear per plot.
Interaction
effect. Statistically no significant interaction effect was observed
between the tillage practiced and the different animal manure used on non-marketable.
Total Number of Ears
Effect of tillage. Sweet corn planted in plot dug twice (17) produced higher total
number of corn ear per 5 m2 plot followed by plot dug once which produced 14 ears
(Table 6). It was also observed that plants grown in untilled plots produced the lowest
total number of ears per plot.
Effect of animal manure. Table 6 also shows the total number of ears was not
significantly affected by the application of different animal manures. Numerically, plants
applied with chicken manure recorded higher number of ears followed by those plants
applied with hog manure. Plants with no manure had the lowest number of ears.
Interaction
effect. Statistically no significant interaction effect was observed
between the tillage practiced and the different animal manures used on total number of
corn ear per 5 m2 plot (Table 6).
Effect of Tillage and Animal Manure on the Growth
and Yield of Sweet Corn / Allan B. Dulay. 2009
23
Return on Cash Expenses
Effect of tillage. The effect of different tillage practices on the return on cash
expenses in growing sweet corn is shown on Table 7. Plants grown in plot dug twice
obtained the highest ROCE of 52.51% followed by plot dug once with the ROCE of
31.37% while no tillage had the lowest ROCE of -100%.
Effect of animal manure. The return on cash expenses in growing sweet corn
applied with chicken manure had the highest ROCE of 70.94%, followed by those plants
applied with hog manure at 46.52% ROCE and without manure that had 17.29% ROCE.
Interaction
effect. Table 9 shows the result of cost and return analysis of the
different tillage practiced applied with different animal manure. It shows that plot dug
twice applied with chicken manure registered the highest ROCE of 85.83%. The lowest
ROCE was obtained from no tillage applied with different animal manures.
Table 7. ROCE in producing sweet corn in plots with and without tillage
TILLAGE NUMBER OF GROSS SALES TOTAL NET INCOME ROCE
MARKETABLE (PhP) EXPENSES (PhP) (%)
(ears/plot) (PhP)
No tillage 0 0.00 34.34 -34.34
-100
Plot dug once 10
50
38.06
11.94
31.37
Plot dug twice 12
60
39.34
20.66
52.51
• Total expenses include: land preparation, seeds, cost of animal manure, care and
management including weeding and watering.
• Sold at PhP 5.00/ear in the month of April 2008.
Effect of Tillage and Animal Manure on the Growth
and Yield of Sweet Corn / Allan B. Dulay. 2009
24
Table 8. ROCE in producing sweet corn in plots fertilized with animal manures
ANIMAL NUMBER OF GROSS SALES TOTAL NET INCOME ROCE
MANURE MARKETABLE (PhP) EXPENSES (PhP)
(%)
(ears/plot) (PhP)
No manure 6
35
29.84
5.16
17.29
Chicken manure 14
70
40.95
29.05
70.94
Hog manure 12
60
40.95
19.05
46.52
• Total expenses include: land preparation, seeds, cost of animal manure, care and
management including weeding and watering.
• Sold at PhP 5.00/ear in the month of April 2008.
Table 9. ROCE in producing sweet corn in plots with and without tillage fertilized with
animal manures
TREATMENT NUMBER OF GROSS SALES TOTAL NET INCOME ROCE
MARKETABLE (PhP) EXPENSES (PhP) (%)
(ears/plot) (PhP)
T1AM1 0
0
26.94
-26.94
-100
AM2
0
0
38.05
-38.05
-100
AM3
0
0
38.05
-38.05
-100
T2AM1 6
30
30.66
-.66
-2.15
AM2
13
65
41.77
23.23
55.61
AM3
11
55
41.77
13.23
31.67
T3AM1 7
35
31.94 3.06 9.58
AM2 16
80
43.05
36.95
85.83
AM3 13
65
43.05 21.95
50.95
• Total expenses include: land preparation, seeds, cost of animal manure, care and
management including weeding and watering.
• Sold at PhP 5.00/ear in the month of April 2008.
Legend:
T1- no tillage
AM1- no manure
T2- plot dug once
AM2- chicken manure
T3- plot dug twice
AM3- hog manure
Effect of Tillage and Animal Manure on the Growth
and Yield of Sweet Corn / Allan B. Dulay. 2009
SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
Summary
The study was conducted at BSU Experimental Station, Balili, La Trinidad,
Benguet: to determine the effect of tillage and animal manures application and their
interaction effect on the growth and yield of corn; and determine the profitability in
producing corn using different tillage practices and animal manures.
Based on the result of the study, sweet corn seeds emerged within six days after
planting regardless of tillage practices employed. Plants in plot dug once and twice were
the earliest to produce tassel and silk and earliest to harvest than those plants grown in
plots without tillage. Taller plants were produced in plot dug twice than plants grown in
tilled once and untilled plots. Sweet corn plants in plot dug twice had the longest ears and
biggest ear diameter than those harvested from plants grown in plot tilled once and
without tillage. All plants grown in plot with different tillage practices were all resistant
to corn ear worm and to leaf blight and downy mildew. The weight and number of
marketable ears per 5m2 plot grown in plot dug twice produced heavier and higher
marketable corn ear followed by the marketable corn yield from plants planted in plot
dug once and in plots without tillage. The weight and number of non-marketable corn ear
in plot tilled once and twice were heavier and higher than those plants grown in untilled
plots. Sweet corn planted in dug plots produced heavier and higher total number of corn
ear per 5m2 plot than the plants in untilled plot. Plants grown in plot dug twice obtained
the highest ROCE of 52.51%, followed by plants grown in plot dug once with the ROCE
of 31.37% while growing sweet corn in untilled plot had the lowest ROCE of -100%.
Effect of Tillage and Animal Manure on the Growth
and Yield of Sweet Corn / Allan B. Dulay. 2009
26
No significant differences among the different animal manures were observed on
the days from emergence. Significant differences were observed among the different
animal manures applied in terms of days from emergence to silking, tasseling and
harvesting. Animal manure application enhanced maturity of sweet corn. The height of
sweet corn applied with animal manures was higher than the unfertilized plots.
Application of chicken and hog manures in corn plots registered longer and bigger corn
ear than those corn ear harvested from unfertilized plots. The plants exhibited resistant
reaction to corn ear worm, leaf blight and downy mildew regardless of animal manures
applied. Plants fertilized with chicken and hog manure produced heavier marketable,
non-marketable and total weight of corn ear per 5m2 plot than the corn ear yield of plants
grown in unfertilized plots. Number of non marketable and total number of ear per plot
did not differ significantly among the plants applied with different animal manure. The
ROCE in growing sweet corn applied with chicken manure was the highest at 70.94%,
followed by those plants applied with hog manure at 46.52% ROCE and without manure
that had 17.29% ROCE.
No significant interaction effect of tillage and animal manure in all the parameters
measured were observed, except on the weight of marketable, total weight of ears and
number of marketable ears. Sweet corn plants in plot dug twice produced the significantly
heaviest weight of marketable ear. Plants in untilled plots produced the lowest number of
marketable ears when there was no manure applied.
Effect of Tillage and Animal Manure on the Growth
and Yield of Sweet Corn / Allan B. Dulay. 2009
27
Conclusion
Results obtained in this study, revealed that tillage enhanced the growth and yield
of sweet corn. Digging plots two times resulted in higher plant height, longer and bigger
corn ears, higher weight and number of marketable corn ear yield and higher ROCE.
Animal manure application improved the growth, the weight and number of
marketable yield and total weight of sweet corn and ROCE.
Tillage and animal manure application did not significantly interact in maturity
and growth of sweet corn. However, they interacted significantly on weight and number
of marketable and total weight of corn ear yield that resulted in higher ROCE.
Recommendation
Based on the results of this study, farmers could dig the plot once or twice for
successful sweet corn production. However, digging the plot two times is the best for
sweet corn to get heaviest marketable yield and highest return on total cash expenses.
Farmers may apply any of the animal manures as fertilizer to sweet corn but
chicken manure is better than using hog manure to produce highest number and heaviest
marketable ear per plot and to get highest ROCE.
In addition, farmers could till plots once or two times and apply chicken manure
to realize higher ROCE.
Effect of Tillage and Animal Manure on the Growth
and Yield of Sweet Corn / Allan B. Dulay. 2009
LITERATURE CITED
ANONYMOUS. 2004. The world Book Encyclopedia. World Book, Inc. 233 North
Michigan Avenue, Chicago, IL 60601.P.35.
BATANGAS, H.A. 2003. Effects of different tillage practices on corn intercropped
with sweetpotato. BS Thesis. Benguet State University, La Trinidad,
Benguet.P.11.
CORAZA, A.P. 2004. Effect of zero tillage on the growth and yield of potato and snap
bean as intercropped. BS Thesis. Benguet State University, La Trinidad,
Benguet. P.16.
CAANAWAN, D.O. 2006. Effect of tillage on the growth and yield of green corn
intercropped with bush sitao. BS Thesis. Benguet State University, La Trinidad,
Benguet.
DAVIS, J.M. 2005. Oraganic Sweet Corn Production. Accessed at http: ww.ces.ncsu.edu.
DUMAPIS, D.C. 2006. Growth and yield of young corn as affected by different
commercial organic-based fertilizers. BS Thesis. BSU, La Trinidad, Benguet.
Pp.14-18.
EDWIN, A.B. 2003. Response of rice varieties to organic fertilizers under rainfed low
elevation condition in Abra. BS Thesis. Benguet State University, La Trinidad,
Benguet. P.75.
GALAGAL, M.M. 2002. Varietal response of sweet potato to organic fertilizer under La
Trinidad, Benguet condition. BS Thesis. BSU, La Trinidad, Benguet.P. 17.
JAVAR, J.U. 2005. Growth and yield of five green corn varieties fertilized with different
animal manures. BS Thesis. Benguet State University, La Trinidad, Benguet.
Pp.7-8.
LACAY, N.B. 2008. Organic fertilizer application on seed tuber production of potato. BS
Thesis. BSU. La Trinidad, Benguet.
LOMADEO, A.O. 2005. Yield and other characteristics of glutinous corn Under La
Trinidad, Benguet condition. BS Thesis. Benguet State University, La Trinidad,
Benguet.
MAMURI, M.G. 2003. Performances of five corn varieties using five organic fertilizers
under Bacnotan, La Trinidad, Benguet.
PAKIAS, J.L. 2008. Effect of different organic fertilizers on the yield performance of
lettuce. BS Thesis. Benguet State University, La Trinidad, Benguet.
Effect of Tillage and Animal Manure on the Growth
and Yield of Sweet Corn / Allan B. Dulay. 2009
29
REMOQUILLO, J.E. 2003. Morphological diversity and yield performance of corn
accession collected from different sources. BS Thesis. Benguet State University,
La Trinidad, Benguet. P.10.
TAMIRAY, S.C. 1997. Agronomic Evaluation of Sweet Corn Hybrids and the Effect of
Chicken Manure Application. BS Thesis. Benguet State University, La Trinidad,
Benguet. P.10.
TOSAY, M.P. 2008. Growth and Yield of Potato as Affected by Tillage and Compost
Fertilizer under Organic Production. BS Thesis. Benguet State University, La
Trinidad, Benguet. Pp.20-23.
Effect of Tillage and Animal Manure on the Growth
and Yield of Sweet Corn / Allan B. Dulay. 2009
APPENDICES
Appendix Table 1. Days from planting to emergence of sweet corn
REPLICATION
TREAMENT
I II
III
TOTAL MEAN
T1AM1
7
6
6
19
6
T1AM2
6
6
7
19
6
T1AM3
7
6
6
19
6
T2AM1
6
6
6
18
6
T2AM2
6
7
6
19
6
T2AM3
6
6
6
18
6
T3AM1
5
6
6
17
6
T3AM2
6
6
5
17
6
T3AM3
5
6
6
17
6
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCE OF DEGREE OF SUM OF MEAN OF COMPUTED Pr > F
VARIANCE FREEDOM SQUARE SQUARE
F
Replication
2
0.0740
0.0370 0.13 0.8799
Treatment
10
2.3703 0.2370 0.83 0.6111
Factor A
2
2.0740 1.0370 3.61ns 0.0507
Factor B 2 0.0740 0.0370 0.13ns 0.8799
T x AM
4
0.1481
0. 0370
0.13n 0.9696
Error
16
4.5925
0.2870
Total
36
6.9629
C.V=
8.87%
ns- not significant
Effect of Tillage and Animal Manure on the Growth
and Yield of Sweet Corn / Allan B. Dulay. 2009
31
Appendix Table 2. Days from sowing to tasseling of sweet corn
REPLICATION
TREAMENT
I II
III
TOTAL MEAN
T1AM1
95
96
96
287
96
T1AM2
93
94
93
280
93
T1AM3
94
95
94
283
94
T2AM1
88
89
84
261
87
T2AM2
84
86
85
255
85
T2AM3
86
87
84
257
86
T3AM1
86
87
86
259
86
T3AM2
84
85
86
255
85
T3AM3
88
84
85
257
86
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCE OF DEGREE OF SUM OF MEAN OF COMPUTED Pr > F
VARIANCE FREEDOM SQUARE SQUARE
F
Replication 2 5.5555 2.7777 1.56 0.2400
Treatment
10 473.5555
47.3555
26.64
0.0001
Factor A
2 450.8888
225.4444
126.81** 0.0001
Factor B 2 16.2222
8.1111
4.56*
0.0270
T x AM 4 0.8888 0.222 0.13ns
0.9713
Error 16 28.4444
1.7777
Total
36 502.0000
C.V= 1.50%
ns- not significant
*- significant
**- highly significant
Effect of Tillage and Animal Manure on the Growth
and Yield of Sweet Corn / Allan B. Dulay. 2009
32
Appendix Table 3. Days from sowing to silking of sweet corn
REPLICATION
TREAMENT
I II
III
TOTAL MEAN
T1AM1
103
103
100
306
102
T1AM2
101
100
99
300
100
T1AM3
101
103
100
304 101
T2AM1
93
93
94
280
93
T2AM2
92
92
90
274
91
T2AM3
90
93
92
275
92
T3AM1
92
93
92
277
92
T3AM2
91
90
90
271
90
T3AM3
92
91
90
273 91
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCE OF DEGREE OF SUM OF MEAN OF COMPUTED Pr > F
VARIANCE FREEDOM SQUARE SQUARE
F
Replication
2 7.1851 3.5925 3.42
0.0581
Treatment
10 565.2592 56.5259 53.79
0.0001
Factor A
2 538.7407 269.3703
265.32**
0.0001
Factor B 2 18.2962 9.1481
8.70**
0.0028
T x AM
4 1.0370 0.2592
0.25ns
0.9075
Error
16 16.8148 1.0509
Total
36 582.0740
C.V= 1.08%
ns- not significant
**- highly significant
Effect of Tillage and Animal Manure on the Growth
and Yield of Sweet Corn / Allan B. Dulay. 2009
33
Appendix Table 4. Days from sowing to harvesting of sweet corn
REPLICATION
TREAMENT
I II
III
TOTAL MEAN
T1AM1
124
125
124
373
124
T1AM2
123
123
124
370 123
T1AM3
124
124
124 372 124
T2AM1
120
120
121
361 120
T2AM2
119
120
120
359
120
T2AM3
120
121
119
360 120
T3AM1
120
121
120
361 120
T3AM2
119
120
120 359 120
T3AM3
120
119
120
359 120
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCE OF DEGREE OF SUM OF MEAN OF COMPUTED Pr > F
VARIANCE FREEDOM SQUARE SQUARE
F
Replication
2 0.9629 0.4814 1.35 0.2871
Treatment
10 97.4814 9.7481 27.35 0.0001
Factor A
2 93.4077 46.7037 131.01** 0.0001
Factor B 2 2.7407 1.3703 3.84* 0.0433
T x AM
4 0.3703 0.0925 0.26ns 0.8994
Error
16 16.8148 1.0509
Total
36 103.1851
C.V=0.49%
ns- not significant
*- significant
**- highly significant
Effect of Tillage and Animal Manure on the Growth
and Yield of Sweet Corn / Allan B. Dulay. 2009
34
Appendix Table 5. Plant height (cm) of sweet corn planted in tilled and untilled plots
fertilized with different animal manures
REPLICATION
TREAMENT
I II
III
TOTAL MEAN
T1AM1
84.12
80.76 84.17
249.05
83.01
T1AM2
98.42
104.88 101.89
305.19 101.73
T1AM3
117.04 104.58 99.45 321.07 107.02
T2AM1
100.59 134.84 102.04
337.47 112.49
T2AM2
135.82 114.14 142.25
392.21
130.73
T2AM3
127.92
129.19 119.67 376.78 125.59
T3AM1
132.10 118.82 114.13 365.05 121.68
T3AM2
139.77 143.02 142.35 425.15 141.71
T3AM3
131.13 145.39 135.35 411.87 137.29
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCE OF DEGREE OF SUM OF MEAN OF COMPUTED Pr > F
VARIANCE FREEDOM SQUARE SQUARE
F
Replication
2 70.7258 35.3629 0.34 0.7142
Treatment
10 8492.3567 849.2356 8.25
0.0001
Factor A
2 6271.6757 3135.8378 30.48** 0.0001
Factor B 2 2015.0561 1007.5280 9.79** 0.0017
T x AM
4 134.8990 33.7247 0.33ns 0.8552
Error
16 1646.0609 102.8788
Total
36 10138.4176
C.V=8.60%
ns- not significant
**- highly significant
Effect of Tillage and Animal Manure on the Growth
and Yield of Sweet Corn / Allan B. Dulay. 2009
35
Appendix Table 6. Ear length (cm) of sweet corn planted in tilled and untilled plots
fertilized with different animal manure
REPLICATION
TREAMENT
I II
III
TOTAL MEAN
T1AM1
10.16
10.24 10.12
30.52
10.17
T1AM2
11.30
10.92 10.15
32.37 10.79
T1AM3
10.65
10.40 11.26 32.31 10.77
T2AM1
17.68
16.90 17.50
52.08 17.36
T2AM2
20.15
16.53 21.56
58.24
19.41
T2AM3
19.94
18.80 17.95 56.69 18.89
T3AM1
18.10
19.0
16.81
53.91 17.79
T3AM2
20.25
21.83 21.99 64.07 21.35
T3AM3
19.63
19.80 21.97
61.40 20.46
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCE OF DEGREE OF SUM OF MEAN OF COMPUTED Pr > F
VARIANCE FREEDOM SQUARE SQUARE
F
Replication
2 1.4017 0.7008 0.48 0.6248
Treatment
10 486.5877 48.6587 33.63 0.0001
Factor A
2 459.1098 229.5549 158.63** 0.0001
Factor B 2 20.0518 10.0259 6.93** 0.0468
T x AM
4 6.0242 1.5060 1.04ns 0.4169
Error
16 23.1535 1.4470
Total
36 509.7412
C.V=7.35%
ns- not significant
**- highly significant
Effect of Tillage and Animal Manure on the Growth
and Yield of Sweet Corn / Allan B. Dulay. 2009
36
Appendix Table 7. Ear diameter (cm) of sweet corn planted in tilled and untilled plots
fertilized with different animal manure
REPLICATION
TREAMENT
I II
III
TOTAL MEAN
T1AM1
3.21
3.15
3.18
9.54
3.18
T1AM2
3.53
3.96
3.77
11.26 3.75
T1AM3
3.19
3.40
3.30 9.89 3.29
T2AM1
4.41
3.86
3.74
12.01 4.00
T2AM2
5.16
4.05
5.13
14.34
4.78
T2AM3
5.39
4.58
4.28
14.25 4.75
T3AM1
4.46
4.52
4.17
13.15 4.38
T3AM2
5.12
5.53
5.67 16.32 5.44
T3AM3
5.16
5.17
5.58
15.91 5.30
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCE OF DEGREE OF SUM OF MEAN OF COMPUTED Pr > F
VARIANCE FREEDOM SQUARE
SQUARE
F
Replication
2 0.1112 0.0556 0.43 0.6576
Treatment
10 16.2814 1.6281 12.60 0.0001
Factor A
2 12.4760 6.2380 48.26** 0.0001
Factor B 2 3.1202 1.5601 12.07** 0.0006
T x AM
4 0.5738 0.1434 1.11ns 0.3860
Error
16 2.0682 0.1292
Total
36 18.3496
C.V=8.32%
ns- not significant
**- highly significant
Effect of Tillage and Animal Manure on the Growth
and Yield of Sweet Corn / Allan B. Dulay. 2009
37
Appendix Table 8. Reaction to corn ear worm
REPLICATION
TREAMENT
I II
III
TOTAL MEAN
T1AM1
1
1
1
3
1
T1AM2
1
1
1
1
1
T1AM3
1
1
1
3
1
T2AM1
1
1
1
3
1
T2AM2
1
3
2
6
2
T2AM3
3
1
2
6
2
T3AM1
1
1
1
3
1
T3AM2
2
1
3
6
2
T3AM3
3
2
1
6
2
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCE OF DEGREE OF SUM OF MEAN OF COMPUTED Pr > F
VARIANCE FREEDOM SQUARE SQUARE
F
Replication
2
0.2222
0.1111 0.23
0.7982
Treatment
10
6.8888 0.6888 1.42 0.2577
Factor A
2
2.6666 1.3333 2.74ns 0.0946
Factor B 2 2.6666 1.3333 2.74ns 0.0946
T x AM
4
1.3333
0.3333 0.69n 0.6122
Error
16
7.7777
0.4861
Total
36
14.6666
C.V=
48.26%
ns- not significant
Effect of Tillage and Animal Manure on the Growth
and Yield of Sweet Corn / Allan B. Dulay. 2009
38
Appendix Table 9. Incidence to leaf blight and downy mildew
REPLICATION
TREAMENT
I II
III
TOTAL MEAN
T1AM1
3
2
3
8
3
T1AM2
3
3
1
7
2
T1AM2
2
2
3
7
2
T2AM1
2
2
2
6
2
T2AM2
2
2
1
5
2
T2AM3
2
2
2
6
2
T3AM1
2
2
3
7
2
T3AM2
2
2
1
5
2
T3AM3
3
2
1
6
2
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCE OF DEGREE OF SUM OF MEAN OF COMPUTED Pr > F
VARIANCE FREEDOM SQUARE SQUARE
F
Replication
2
0.8888
0.4444 1.00 0.3897
Treatment
10
3.5555 0.3555 0.80 0.6315
Factor A
2
1.5555 0.7777 1.75ns 0.2054
Factor B 2 0.8888 0.4444 1.00ns 0.3897
T x AM
4
0.2222
0.0555 0.12n 0.9713
Error
16
7.1111
0.4444
Total
36
10.6666
C.V=
31.57%
ns- not significant
Effect of Tillage and Animal Manure on the Growth
and Yield of Sweet Corn / Allan B. Dulay. 2009
39
Appendix Table 10. Weight of marketable ears per 5m2 plot of sweet corn planted in
tilled and untilled plots fertilized with different animal manures
REPLICATION
TREAMENT
I II
III
TOTAL MEAN
T1AM1
0
0
0
0
0
T1AM2
0
0
0
0
0
T1AM3
0
0
0
0
0
T2AM1
0.85
0.50
0.60
1.95
0.65
T2AM2
2.45
2.25
2.23
7.05
2.35
T2AM3
2.35
2.05
2.25
6.65
2.21
T3AM1
1.00
0.85
0.40
2.25
0.75
T3AM2
2.55
3.10
3.65
9.30 3.10
T3AM3
2.65
2.50
2.25
7.40 2.46
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCE OF DEGREE OF SUM OF MEAN OF COMPUTED Pr > F
VARIANCE FREEDOM SQUARE
SQUARE
F
Replication
2
0.2214
0.0110 0.1 0.8394
Treatment
10
36.7773 3.6777 58.80 0.0001
Factor A
2
22.6659 11.3329 181.18** 0.0001
Factor B 2 9.1294 4.5647 72.98** 0.0001
T x AM
4
4.9598 1.2399 19.82**
0.0001
Error
16
1.0007
0.0625
Total
36
37.7781
C.V=
19.58%
**- highly significant
Effect of Tillage and Animal Manure on the Growth
and Yield of Sweet Corn / Allan B. Dulay. 2009
40
Appendix Table 11. Weight of non-marketable ears per 5m2 plot of sweet corn planted in
tilled and untilled plots fertilized with different animal manures
REPLICATION
TREAMENT
I II
III
TOTAL MEAN
T1AM1
0.12
0.10
0.14
0.36
0.12
T1AM2
0.23
0.26
0.20
0.69
0.23
T1AM3
0.11
0.15
0.10
0.36
0.12
T2AM1
0.50
0.50
0.10
1.10
0.36
T2AM2
1.15
0.90
0.65
2.70
0.90
T2AM3
1.10
0.50
0.80
2.40
0.80
T3AM1
0.50
0.35
0.30
1.15
0.38
T3AM2
1.20
1.15
1.30
3.65 1.21
T3AM3
1.10
0.55
1.80
3.45 1.15
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCE OF DEGREES OF SUM OF MEANS OF COMPUTED Pr>F
VARIANCE FREEDOM SQUARES SQUARES F
Replication
2
0.1352
0.0676 0.98 0.3951
Treatment
10
4.6665 0.4666 6.80 0.0004
Factor A
2
2.7382 1.3691 19.94** 0.0001
Factor B 2 1.2323 0.6161 8.97** 0.0024
T x AM
4
0.5607 0.1401 2.04ns 0.1368
Error
16
1.0987
0.0686
Total
36
5.7653
C.V=
44.61%
ns- not significant
**- highly significant
Effect of Tillage and Animal Manure on the Growth
and Yield of Sweet Corn / Allan B. Dulay. 2009
41
Appendix Table 12. Total weight of ears per 5m2 plot of sweet corn planted in tilled and
untilled plots fertilized with different animal manures
REPLICATION
TREAMENT
I II
III
TOTAL MEAN
T1AM1
0.12
0.10
0.14
0.36
0.12
T1AM2
0.23
0.26
0.20
0.69
0.23
T1AM3
0.11
0.15
0.10
0.36
0.12
T2AM1
1.35
1.00
0.70
3.05
1.01
T2AM2
3.60 3.15
2.88
9.63 3.21
T2AM3
3.45
2.55
3.05
9.05
3.01
T3AM1
1.50
1.20
0.70
3.40
1.13
T3AM2
3.75
4.25
4.95
12.95 4.31
T3AM3
3.75
3.05
4.05
10.85 3.16
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCE OF DEGREE OF SUM OF MEAN OF COMPUTED Pr > F
VARIANCE FREEDOM SQUARE SQUARE
F
Replication
2
0.2568
0.1284 0.93 0.4150
Treatment
10
66.9547 6.6954 48.47 0.0001
Factor A
2
41.0350 20.5175 148.54** 0.0001
Factor B 2 17.0701 8.5350 61.79** 0.0001
T x AM
4
8.5926
2.1481 15.55**
0.0001
Error
16
2.2101
0.1381
Total
36
69.1648
C.V=
19.93%
**- highly significant
Effect of Tillage and Animal Manure on the Growth
and Yield of Sweet Corn / Allan B. Dulay. 2009
42
Appendix Table 13. Number of marketable ears per 5m2 plot of sweet corn plants in tilled
and untilled plots fertilized with different animal manures
REPLICATION
TREAMENT
I II
III
TOTAL MEAN
T1AM1
0
0
0
0
0
T1AM2
0
0
0
0
0
T1AM3
0
0
0
0
0
T2AM1
6
5
6
17
6
T2AM2
16
11
12
39
13
T2AM3
10
10
13
33
11
T3AM1
10
8
4
22
7
T3AM2
14
15
18
47 16
T3AM3
15
13
12
40 13
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCE OF DEGREE OF SUM OF MEAN OF COMPUTED Pr > F
VARIANCE FREEDOM SQUARE SQUARE
F
Replication
2
4.6666
2.3333 0.78 0.4760
Treatment
10
950.0000 95.0000 31.67 0.0001
Factor A
2
748.2222 374.1111 124.70** 0.0001
Factor B 2 130.8888 65.4444 21.81** 0.0001
T x AM
4
66.2222
16.5555 5.52** 0.0055
Error
16
48.0000
3.0000
Total
36
998.0000
C.V=
23.61%
ns- not significant
**- highly significant
Effect of Tillage and Animal Manure on the Growth
and Yield of Sweet Corn / Allan B. Dulay. 2009
43
Appendix Table 14. Number of non-marketable ears per 5m2 plot of sweet corn plants in
tilled and untilled plots fertilized with different animal manures
REPLICATION
TREAMENT
I II
III
TOTAL MEAN
T1AM1
7
5
7
19
6
T1AM2
10
7
9
26
9
T1AM2
9
6
7
22
7
T2AM1
5
3
4
12
4
T2AM2
4
3
5
12
4
T2AM3
4
5
4
13
4
T3AM1
6
5
2
13
4
T3AM2
6
6
5
17 6
T3AM3
6
3
9
18 6
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCE OF DEGREE OF SUM OF MEAN OF COMPUTED Pr > F
VARIANCE FREEDOM SQUARE SQUARE
F
Replication
2
11.1851
5.5925 2.73 0.0957
Treatment
10
75.4814 7.5481 3.68 0.0101
Factor A
2
51.1851 25.5925 12.48** 0.0005
Factor B 2 7.6296 3.8148 1.86ns 0.1878
T x AM
4
5.4814
1.3703 0.67ns 0.6234
Error
16
32.8148
2.0509
Total
36
108.2962
C.V=
25.43%
ns- not significant
**- highly significant
Effect of Tillage and Animal Manure on the Growth
and Yield of Sweet Corn / Allan B. Dulay. 2009
44
Appendix Table 15. Total number of ears per 5m2 plot of sweet corn plants in tilled and
untilled plots fertilized with different animal manures
REPLICATION
TREAMENT
I II
III
TOTAL MEAN
T1AM1
7
5
7
19
6
T1AM2
10
7
9
26
9
T1AM3
9
6
7
22
7
T2AM1
11
8
10
29
10
T2AM2
20
14
17
51
17
T2AM3
14
15
17
46
15
T3AM1
16
13
6
35
12
T3AM2
20
21
23
64 21
T3AM3
21
16
21
58 19
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCE OF DEGREE OF SUM OF MEAN OF COMPUTED Pr > F
VARIANCE FREEDOM SQUARE
SQUARE
F
Replication
2
29.4074
14.7037 2.80
0.0904
Treatment
10
747.0370 74.7037 12.24 0.0001
Factor A
2
464.5185 232.2592 44.28** 0.0001
Factor B 2 201.4074 100.7037 19.20ns 0.0001
A x B
4
51.7037
12.9259 2.46ns 0.0870
Error
16
83.9259
5.2453
Total
36
830.9629
C.V=
17.66%
ns- not significant
**- highly significant
Effect of Tillage and Animal Manure on the Growth
and Yield of Sweet Corn / Allan B. Dulay. 2009
DULAY, ALLAN B. APRIL 2009. Effect of Tillage and Animal Manure on the
Growth and Yield of Sweet Corn. Benguet State University, La Trinidad, Benguet.
Adviser: Leoncia L. Tandang, Ph.D.
ABSTRACT
Tillage enhanced the growth and yield of sweet corn. Sweet corn planted in tilled
plots was the earliest to reach tasseling, silking and harvesting stages. Digging plots twice
resulted in higher plants, longer and bigger corn ears, higher weight and number of
marketable corn ear yield and higher return on cash expense (ROCE).
Animal manure application improved the growth, the weight and number of
marketable ears, weight of total yield of sweet corn and ROCE. Sweet corn plants applied
with either chicken or hog manure produced heavier and numerous marketable ears per
plot than those planted in the untilled and unfertilized plots.
Tillage and animal manure application interacted significantly on weight and
number of marketable and total weight of corn ear yield that resulted in higher ROCE.
Highest ROCE was realized from sweet corn planted in plot dug twice and fertilized with
chicken dung.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
Bibliography………………………………………………………………….
i
Abstract ………………………………………………………………………
i
Table of Contents ………………………………………………………….. … ii
INTRODUCTION ……………………………………………………………
1
REVIEW OF LITERATURE ………………………………………………..
4
Effect of tillage on corn plant ……………………………………….
4
Effect of animal manure application in corn plant ………………….
5
MATERIALS AND METHOD ……………………………………………..
6
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION …………………………………………….
10
Soil Chemical Properties ……………………………………………
10
Days to Emergence …………………………………………………
11
Days from Sowing to Tasseling …………………………………….
11
Days from Sowing to Silking ………………………………………. 11
Days to Harvesting …………………………………………………..
12
Plant Height …………………………………………………………
13
Corn Ear Length …………………………………………………….
14
Corn Ear Diameter ………………………………………………….
15
Reaction to Corn Ear Worm ………………………………………..
15
Leaf Blight and Downy Mildew Incidence …………………………
15
Weight of Marketable Ears …………………………………………
16
Weight of Non-marketable Ears ……………………………………
18
ii
Total Corn Ear Yield per Plot……………………………………….
18
Number of Marketable Ears …………………………………………
20
Number of Non-marketable Ears ……………………………………
22
Total Number of Ears ……………………………………………….
22
Return on Cash Expense …………………………………………….
23
SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS ………….
25
Summary ……………………………………………………………
25
Conclusion
…………………………………………………………. 27
Recommendation
…………………………………………………… 27
LITERATURE CITED………………………………………………………
28
APPENDICES ………………………………………………………………
30
iii
INTRODUCTION
Sweet corn has some specific environmental and cultural needs that must be meet
for the plant to produce high-marketable yields. Corn is a warm-season crop that requires
high temperatures for optimum germination and rapid growth. If the soil temperature is
too low, the seed will not germinate. If at the same time, the soil is too wet, the seed may
rot before the soil temperature is adequate for germination. In general, sweet corn does
not tolerate cold weather and frost will injure sweet corn at any stage of growth. Other
stressful climatic conditions, such as drought or flooding, can reduce yields and cause
small, deformed ears (Davis, 2005).
The use of organic fertilizers can lessen the successive use of commercial
fertilizers. Organic fertilizers are not very expensive and can ensure vigorous growth of
plants. It influences nutrient absorption due to its role in granulation and improvement of
physical and chemical properties of the soil (Mamuri, 2003).
Organic fertilizer application helps to control soil borne diseases, improve soil
properties and help maintain stable soil moisture content. Because they contain a wide
variety of microelements, they also help adjust and improve the nutrient balance in the
soil. Improvement of soil tilth and texture, increase in soil fertility and reduce fertilizer
cost are the most important benefits in organic fertilizers (Pakias, 2008). In addition,
organic fertilizers are cheaper than the inorganic fertilizers and have a long lasting effect
in restoring the fertility of the soil (Lacay, 2008).
One of the problems encountered by the farmers is the high cost of chemical
fertilizers. This situation greatly increases the farmers investment in production. Organic
Effect of Tillage and Animal Manure on the Growth
and Yield of Sweet Corn / Allan B. Dulay. 2009
2
fertilizer like animal manure appears to be very logical alternative in minimizing the use
of chemical fertilizers.
Proper tillage is important to increase yields. It’s purpose is to eliminate weeds,
conserve moisture, prevent erosion or surface run-off and improve the physical condition
of the soil. Pulverizing the soil aerates it and enhances the activity of microorganism and
bacteria causing rapid oxidation and decaying of crop residues (Batangas, 2003).
The no-till method improves on traditional tillage systems in several ways. For
example, the mulch helps prevent erosion and helps keep moisture in the soil. By
eliminating plowing and harrowing, the method serves both time and tractor fuel
(Anonymous, 2004).
Continuous tillage is a common practice of the farmers. This practice needs more
labor and capital to produce crops. Soil cultivation and different plants grown in a
particular type of soil should be studied to determine the correct tillage method to be
applied in order to obtain maximum return.
There are several factors contributing to low productivity of corn. One is the
utilization of inappropriate fertilizers such as the continuous and indiscriminate use of
chemical fertilizers, which may alter soil properties making them not suitable for plant
growth coupled with high cost of inputs. There is a need therefore to study the effect of
animal manure on corn and to identify alternative fertilizer sources to partially if not
totally replace the costly chemical fertilizers that are being used by the farmers.
The study was conducted to determine the effect of tillage, and animal
manures application and their interaction effect on the growth and yield of sweet corn;
and determine the profitability in producing corn using different tillage practices and
Effect of Tillage and Animal Manure on the Growth
and Yield of Sweet Corn / Allan B. Dulay. 2009
3
animal manures.
The study was conducted at the Organic Farm of the Benguet State University in
La Trinidad, Benguet from October 2007 to March 2008.
Effect of Tillage and Animal Manure on the Growth
and Yield of Sweet Corn / Allan B. Dulay. 2009
REVIEW OF LITERATURE
Effect of tillage on corn plant
In 2003, Batangas mentioned that different tillage practices had no significant
effect on the performance of corn plants in terms of the number of days to emergence,
plant height, weight of the marketable and non-marketable corn ears.
Tosay (2008) reported that different tillage practices on the return on cash
expenses of potato, digging once obtained the highest ROCE followed by re-digging once
while zero tillage had the lowest ROCE.
Coraza (2004) mentioned that tillage practiced employed had no significant effect
on the initial height of potato. However, a slight difference was observed. The undug
plots produced taller plants. However, a week later, potato plants planted on plot dug
twice had faster growth.
According to Phillips and Young (1973) as cited by Caanawan (2006), no tillage
farming consist of the planting crops on land that was not previously prepared for
planting. The seeds are simply grown in a narrow land just wide enough to provide a bed
for seed. They added that the other accepted and recognized practices such as variety and
a seed selection, proper use and the right kind of fertilizers, and control weeds, pest and
diseases are very important components of no tillage farming.
Based on the results and findings of Lacay (2008), application of 5 tons/ha
chicken dung produced the highest plant height and recorded the heaviest weight and
number of marketable tubers of potato.
Effect of Tillage and Animal Manure on the Growth
and Yield of Sweet Corn / Allan B. Dulay. 2009
5
Effect of animal manure application in corn plant
Tamiray (1997) stated that in terms of chicken dung application, there was no
significant effect on the parameters measured except on the diameter of ears. It showed
that chicken dung increased the diameter of corn ears.
Pakias (2008) found that application of 10 tons/ha chicken manure increased the
yield of lettuce. On the other hand, organic fertilizer application will improve some
physical and chemical properties of the soil.
Based on the study of Galagal (2002) at Sablan on sweet potatoes, application of
hog manure and chicken manure had significant effect on root yield on the different
varieties of sweet potato.
In addition, result of study conducted by Javar (2005) showed that the most
economical animal manure as fertilizer for green corn production, are carabao manure,
cow manure, and goat manure. Their application resulted in long and big ear which are
acceptable to the consumers.
Marcelino (1995), as cited by Edwin (2003), reported that organic fertilizer
supplies some amount of the nutrient requirements of the crop and promotes favorable
soil properties such as granulation, efficient aeration, easy root penetration and more
improved water-holding capacity of the soil.
Effect of Tillage and Animal Manure on the Growth
and Yield of Sweet Corn / Allan B. Dulay. 2009
MATERIALS AND METHOD
An area of 140 square meters was prepared and divided into three blocks,
representing three replications. Each block was divided into nine plots measuring 1 m x 5
m. Planting of sweet corn was done in single row at a seeding rate of two seeds per hill at
a distance of 30 cm between hills. Three weeks after emergence, the corn seedlings were
thinned out leaving only one healthy plant per hill. The experiment was laid out
following the 3 x 3 factor factorial arrangement in randomized complete block design
(RCBD) with three replications.
The treatment combinations used are the following:
Factor A: Tillage (T)
T1= no digging (Plots were cleaned without digging)
T2= one digging (Plots were dug once after cleaning)
T3 = two times digging (Plots were dug after cleaning and redug one
week
after)
Factor B: Animal Manure (AM)
AM1= no manure
AM2= chicken manure
AM3= hog manure
The animal manures were incorporated to the soil 15 days before planting. Crop
protection such as hand weeding and insect pests and disease control were employed to
ensure normal growth and yield of the plants.
Effect of Tillage and Animal Manure on the Growth
and Yield of Sweet Corn / Allan B. Dulay. 2009
7
Soils samples were gathered from the experimental area before and after the study
for soil analysis to determine the initial and final pH, organic matter, nitrogen, potassium,
and phosphorus contents at Baguio Soils Laboratory in Pacdal, Baguio City and Regional
Soils and Feeds Laboratory in San Fernando City, La Union.
Data gathered:
1. Days from sowing to emergence. The number of days from planting to
emergence was recorded when 80% of the seed planted per plot emerged.
2. Days from sowing to silking/ tasseling. This was recorded when at least 50% of
the plant per plot had extended tassel and silk.
3. Days from sowing to harvesting. This was the number of days from sowing
until the corn ears were fully developed.
4. Plant height (cm). This was taken two weeks before harvesting by measuring
the height of the ten sample plants per treatment. This was taken from the based of the
plant to the tassel tip using meter stick.
5. Number and weight of marketable ears per plot. This was taken by counting
and weighing the corn ears with fully developed kernels that are free from any damage or
disease infection during the time of harvest.
6. Number and weight of the non-marketable ears per plot. These were the
number and weight of corn ears that were damaged and malformed per plot.
7. Total number and weight of ears harvested per plot. These were taken by
getting the total number and weight of marketable and non-marketable ears harvested per
plot.
Effect of Tillage and Animal Manure on the Growth
and Yield of Sweet Corn / Allan B. Dulay. 2009
8
8. Length of corn ear (cm). This was done by measuring the length in cm. of ten
corn samples per plot selected at random from the base to the tip of the ear using foot
ruler.
9. Ear diameter (cm). The ear diameter in cm was taken from the widest part of
ten sample ears per plot selected at random using vernier caliper.
10. Reaction to corn ear worm. The damage of corn ear worm per treatment was
evaluated using the following rating scale (Remoquillo, 2003).
Scale
Description
Remarks
1 less
than
1%
damage
Highly
resistant
2 1-5
%
damage
Moderately
resistant
3 6-10
%
damage Resistant
4 11-20
%
damage
Susceptible
5 21-30
%
damage
Very
susceptible
11. Incidence of disease. Diseases like leaf blight and downy mildew were
monitored and rated using the following scale used by (Remoquillo, 2003).
Scale
%
infection
Description
1 not
infected
or
less
than
Resistant
2
10 % of the plant infected
Moderately resistant
3
11-50 % of the plant infected
Susceptible
4
51% or nearly all the plants are infected Highly susceptible
Effect of Tillage and Animal Manure on the Growth
and Yield of Sweet Corn / Allan B. Dulay. 2009
9
12. Return on total cash expenses (ROCE). This was computed by subtracting the
total expenses from the gross sales divided by total production cost multiplied by 100 as
follows.
Gross
sales
–
Total
expenses
ROCE (%) =
x 100
Total
production
cost
All the quantitative data measured in this study were statistically analyzed using
3 x 3 factor-factorial in randomized complete block design (RCBD). The significance of
differences among treatment means was tested using Duncan’s Multiple Range Test
(DMRT) at 5 % level of significance.
Effect of Tillage and Animal Manure on the Growth
and Yield of Sweet Corn / Allan B. Dulay. 2009
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Soil Chemical Properties
The initial and final properties of the soil samples taken in the experimental area
are shown in Table 1.
Initially, the soil was moderately acidic and after harvest the pH of the soil
applied with different animal manures increased but was still moderately acidic. There
was an increase in organic matter due to the application of manures.
The nitrogen content of the area was reduced after the experiment. This could be
due to the high nitrogen uptake of the corn because corn needs high amount of nitrogen
for its growth and development.
In terms of phosphorus content, soils that were not applied with animal manure
had slightly reduced phosphorus content while the soil applied with animal manures had
higher P content than the initial content.
Soils fertilized with different animal manures had increased potassium content
after the experiment.
Table 1. Soil pH, organic matter, nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium content of the soil
before and after planting
TREATMENT pH (%)
OM
(%) N
(%) P
(ppm) K
Before planting
5.86
2.5
1.00
>100
418
After planting
No manure
6.0
3.5
0.84
98
511
Chicken manure
6.0
3.0
0.96
126
517
Hog manure
6.0
3.5
0.65
108
559
Effect of Tillage and Animal Manure on the Growth
and Yield of Sweet Corn / Allan B. Dulay. 2009
11
Days to Emergence
Effect of tillage. Tillage practices did not show significant effect on the number of
days from planting to emergence, corn seeds emerged within 6 days after sowing
regardless of tillage practices and animal manure application.
Effect of animal manure. There were also no significant differences in the
emergence of sweet corn seeds applied with different animal manures.
Interaction effect. There was no interaction effect between tillage and animal
manures on the number of days to emergence. All the seeds emerged in six days after
sowing.
Days from Sowing to Tasseling
Effect of tillage. Sweet corn plants in plot tilled once and twice produced tassel
earlier, that was eight days ahead than those sown in uncultivated plots (Table 2).
Effect of animal manure. Plants applied with chicken and hog manures produced
tassel one and two days earlier than the unfertilized plants. This observation conformed
with the result observed by Dumapis (2006), that corn plants applied with chicken dung
were the earliest to produced tassel and silk.
Interaction
effect. Animal manures used and the tillage practices done had no
significant interaction effect on the number of days to tasseling (Table 2).
Days from Sowing to Silking
Effect of tillage. Sweet corn planted in plot tilled once or twice produced silk nine
to ten days earlier than those planted with zero tillage (Table 2).
Effect of Tillage and Animal Manure on the Growth
and Yield of Sweet Corn / Allan B. Dulay. 2009
12
Effect of animal manure. Plants applied with animal manures produced silk one
to two days earlier than those of the unfertilized plants.
Interaction
effect. There was no significant interaction of tillage and animal
manures used on the days from sowing to silking.
Days to Harvesting
Effect of tillage. Sweet corn plants sown in plot tilled once and twice were
harvested four days earlier than those plants sown in plots without tillage.
Effect of animal manure. Sweet corn plants applied with animal manures were
harvested one day ahead than the unfertilized plants.
Interaction
effect. No significant interaction effect of tillage and animal manure
application was observed on the days to harvesting of sweet corn (Table 2).
Table 2. Days from sowing to emergence, tasseling, silking, and harvesting of sweet corn
planted in plots applied with different tillage practices and animal manures
NUMBER OF DAYS FROM SOWING TO:
TREATMENT
TASSELING
SILKING
HARVESTING
Tillage (T)
No tillage 94a 102a 124a
Plot dug once
86b 92b 120b
Plot dug twice 86b
91b 120b
Animal Manure (AM)
No manure
90a 96a 122a
Chicken manure 88b 94b 121b
Hog manure
89ab 95b 121b
T x AM
ns ns ns
CV (%) 8.87 1.50 1.08
Means with the same letter/s are not significantly different at 5% level by DMRT.
Effect of Tillage and Animal Manure on the Growth
and Yield of Sweet Corn / Allan B. Dulay. 2009
13
Plant Height
Effect of tillage. Taller plants were produced in plot dug twice than plants grown
in tilled once and untilled plots (Table 3). This result indicates that tillage increased the
plant height of sweet corn.
Effect of animal manure. The height of sweet corn applied with animal manures
was higher than the unfertilized plots. This is apparently due to lack of sufficient major
elements like N-P-K in unfertilized plots which are needed for better growth and
development of sweet corn plant.
Interaction
effect. The tillage practiced and the different animal manures used did
not show interaction significantly on the plant height of corn.
Table 3. Plant height of sweet corn planted in plots with different tillage practices and
animal manures
TREATMENT PLANT
HEIGHT
(cm)
Tillage (T)
No tillage
97.25c
Plot dug once
122.94b
Plot dug twice
133.56a
Animal manure (AM)
No manure
105.73b
Chicken manure
124.72a
Hog manure
123.30a
T x AM
ns
CV (%)
8.60
Means with the same letter/s are not significantly different at 5% level by DMRT.
Effect of Tillage and Animal Manure on the Growth
and Yield of Sweet Corn / Allan B. Dulay. 2009
14
Corn Ear Length
Effect of tillage. Sweet corn sown in plot dug twice produced the longest corn ear
among the tillage practices employed. Plants grown in plot dug once gave longer ears
than those produced in the untilled plots. It was observed that the corn plants in plot with
zero tillage had short ear length (Table 4).
Effect of animal manure. The length of corn ears harvested in plots applied with
chicken and hog manures was longer than those corn ear harvested from unfertilized plots
(Table 4). The plants applied with chicken and hog manures had a greater nutrient
content consumed that the plants without fertilizer which resulted in shorter ear.
Interaction
effect. No significant interaction effect between the tillage practiced
and the different animal manures used was noted on corn ear length.
Table 4. Ear length and diameter of sweet corn planted in plots with different tillage
practices and animal manures
TREATMENT
LENGTH
DIAMETER
(cm)
(cm)
Tillage (T)
No manure
10.58c
3.41c
Plot dug once
18.56b
4.51b
Plot dug twice
19.93a
5.04a
Animal manure (AM)
No manure
15.17b
3.86b
Chicken manure 17.19a
4.66a
Hog manure
16.71a
4.45a
T x AM
ns ns
CV (%)
7.35
8.32
Means with the same letter/s are not significantly different at 5% level by DMRT.
Effect of Tillage and Animal Manure on the Growth
and Yield of Sweet Corn / Allan B. Dulay. 2009
15
Corn Ear Diameter
Effect of tillage. Biggest corn ear diameter was measured in plants grown in plot
dug twice. Plants sown in plot tilled once produced bigger corn ear diameter than those
harvested from plants grown in plot with zero tillage (Table 4).
Effect of animal manure. Application of chicken and hog manures in corn plots
registered bigger corn ear diameter than the ear diameter produced by the plants in
unfertilized plots.
Interaction effect. It was observed that there was no significant interaction effect
of tillage and animal manure on the ear diameter of corn (Table 4).
Reaction to Corn Ear Worm
The reaction of sweet corn to corn ear worm was not affected by tillage practices
employed in this study. All sweet corn plants were moderately resistant to corn ear worm.
The plants applied with different animal manures similarly exhibited moderately resistant
reaction to corn ear worm.
Leaf Blight and Downy Mildew Incidence
All plants grown in plot with different tillage practices had 10% infection leaf
blight and downy mildew. Indicating that they were resistant to the diseases. Also, the
plants applied with different animal manures exhibited moderate resistance to leaf blight
and downy mildew.
Effect of Tillage and Animal Manure on the Growth
and Yield of Sweet Corn / Allan B. Dulay. 2009
16
Weight of Marketable Ears
Effect of tillage. Sweet corn planted in plots dug twice produced heavier
marketable corn ear, followed by the marketable corn yield from plants planted in plot
dug once. However, no marketable corn ear was harvested in plots without tillage (Table
5). This confirms with the study of Tosay (2008) that potato planted in undug plots
resulted in very low yield. It is advantageous to dig once than no digging at all.
Effect of animal manure. Sweet corn plants fertilized with chicken and hog
manures produced heavier marketable ear than the plants grown in untilled plot. This
confirms with the study of Dumapis (2006) that corn with no fertilizer resulted in very
low yield.
Table 5. Weight of marketable, non-marketable and total ear yield per plot of sweet corn
planted in plots with and without tillage and fertilized with different animal
manures
TREATMENT
EAR YIELD PER PLOT ( kg/5m2)
MARKETABLE NON MARKETABLE TOTAL
Tillage (T)
No tillage
0.00c
0.16b
0.16b
Plot dug once
1.73b
0.69a
2.42a
Plot dug twice
2.10a
0.91a
3.00a
Animal manure (AM)
No manure
0.47b 0.29b
0.76b
Chicken manure
1.80a
0.78a
2.58a
Hog manure
1.56a
0.69a
2.25a
T x AM
**
ns
**
CV (%)
19.58
44.61
19.93
Means with the same letter/s are not significantly different at 5% level by DMRT.
Effect of Tillage and Animal Manure on the Growth
and Yield of Sweet Corn / Allan B. Dulay. 2009
17
Interaction effect. Sweet corn plants in plot dug twice produced highest weight
when applied with chicken manure. It was followed by plot dug once applied with hog
manure. Zero tillage with no manure produced the lowest weight (Fig. 1).
3.5
3
2.5
2
T1
T2
1.5
T3
1
0.5
0
AM1
AM2
AM3
Animal manure
Legend: Tillage (T)
Animal Manure (AM)
T1- no tillage
AM1- no manure
T2- plot dug once
AM2- chicken manure
T3- plot dug twice
AM3- hog manure
Figure 1. Interaction effect of tillage practice and animal manure application on the
weight of marketable corn ear
Effect of Tillage and Animal Manure on the Growth
and Yield of Sweet Corn / Allan B. Dulay. 2009
18
Weight of Non-marketable Ears
Effect of tillage. Heavier non-marketable corn ear produced in plot tilled once and
twice than in plants grown in untilled plants (Table 5).
Effect of animal manure. Sweet corn plants applied with chicken manure and hog
manure produced heavier non-marketable corn ear than the plants grown in unfertilized
plants.
Interaction
effect. The tillage practiced and the different animal manures used did
not interact significantly on the weight of non-marketable corn ears per plot.
Total Corn Ear Yield per Plot
Effect of tillage. Table 5 also shows the total corn ear per plot in kg/5m2. It was
observed that plants grown in plot dug twice produced higher total corn ear than the
plants in plot without tillage.
Effect of animal manure. Plants fertilized with chicken and hog manure produced
heavier total weight of corn ear per 5m2 plot than those plants in unfertilized plots (Table
5). The plants that were grown with no manure had the lightest total weight of corn ears.
Interaction
effect. Highly significant interaction effect existed between tillage
practiced and animal manure in the total weight of ears harvested (Fig. 2). Plants applied
with chicken manure in plot dug twice had the highest total weight of corn ear among the
treatment combinations evaluated. It was followed by the plants fertilized with hog
manure in plots tilled two times. Furthermore, the plants grown in plots with zero tillage
and animal manure application resulted in lowest total corn ear yield.
Effect of Tillage and Animal Manure on the Growth
and Yield of Sweet Corn / Allan B. Dulay. 2009
19
1.4
1.2
1
0.8
T1
T2
0.6
T3
0.4
0.2
0
AM1
AM2
AM3
Animal manure
Legend: Tillage (T)
Animal Manure (AM)
T1- no tillage
AM1- no manure
T2- plot dug once
AM2- chicken manure
T3- plot dug twice
AM3- hog manure
Figure 2. Interaction effect of tillage practice and animal manure application on the total
weight of ears
Effect of Tillage and Animal Manure on the Growth
and Yield of Sweet Corn / Allan B. Dulay. 2009
20
Number of Marketable Ears
Effect of tillage. Sweet corn plants in plot dug twice produced higher number of
marketable corn ear which was comparable with the number of ears harvested in plot dug
once (Table 6). No marketable corn ear was harvested from plants grown in no tillage
plots. No yield because ears are undersize with underdeveloped kernels, and some were
infested by corn ear worm.
Effect of animal manure. Table 6 also shows that plants fertilized with chicken
and hog manure gave higher number of marketable corn ear per 5m2 plot. It was observed
that plants that were not applied with animal manure produced lower number of
marketable corn ear.
Table 6. Number of marketable, non-marketable, and total ears per 5m2 plot of sweet
corn plants in plot dug once or twice fertilized with different animal
manures
TREATMENT
NUMBER OF CORN EAR PER 5m2/PLOT
MARKETABLE
NON-MARKETABLE TOTAL
Tillage (T)
No tillage
0c
7a
7c
Plot dug once
10b
4b
14b
Plot dug twice
12a
5b
17a
Animal manure (AM)
No manure
4b
5a
9a
Chicken manure 10a
6a
16a
Hog manure
8a
6a
14a
T x AM
**
ns
ns
CV(%)
23.61
25.43
17.66
Means with the same letter/s are not significantly different at 5% level by DMRT.
Effect of Tillage and Animal Manure on the Growth
and Yield of Sweet Corn / Allan B. Dulay. 2009
21
Interaction
effect. Highly significant interaction effect between tillage practiced
and different animal manures used was noted on the number of marketable ears in this
study (Table 6 and Fig. 3). Plants grown in plot dug twice produced higher number of
marketable corn ear when applied with chicken manure. It was followed by plants in plot
dug once fertilized with hog manure. Plants in untilled and unfertilized produced the
lowest number of marketable corn ear.
18
16
14
12
T1
10
T2
8
T3
6
4
2
0
AM1
AM2
AM3
Animal manure
Legend: Tillage (T)
Animal Manure (AM)
T1- no tillage
AM1- no manure
T2- plot dug once
AM2- chicken manure
T3- plot dug twice
AM3- hog manure
Figure 3. Interaction effect of tillage practice and animal manure application on the
number of marketable ears
Effect of Tillage and Animal Manure on the Growth
and Yield of Sweet Corn / Allan B. Dulay. 2009
22
Number of Non-marketable Ears
Effect of tillage. It was observed that plants in no tillage produced higher number
of non-marketable ears per 5m2 plot (Table 6). It was caused by incomplete and not fully
developed kernels and damaged by corn ear worms at harvest. It was also observed that
plot dug once had the lowest non-marketable ears per 5m2 plot.
Effect of animal manure. Animal manure application did not show any significant
effect in number of non-marketable corn ear per plot.
Interaction
effect. Statistically no significant interaction effect was observed
between the tillage practiced and the different animal manure used on non-marketable.
Total Number of Ears
Effect of tillage. Sweet corn planted in plot dug twice (17) produced higher total
number of corn ear per 5 m2 plot followed by plot dug once which produced 14 ears
(Table 6). It was also observed that plants grown in untilled plots produced the lowest
total number of ears per plot.
Effect of animal manure. Table 6 also shows the total number of ears was not
significantly affected by the application of different animal manures. Numerically, plants
applied with chicken manure recorded higher number of ears followed by those plants
applied with hog manure. Plants with no manure had the lowest number of ears.
Interaction
effect. Statistically no significant interaction effect was observed
between the tillage practiced and the different animal manures used on total number of
corn ear per 5 m2 plot (Table 6).
Effect of Tillage and Animal Manure on the Growth
and Yield of Sweet Corn / Allan B. Dulay. 2009
23
Return on Cash Expenses
Effect of tillage. The effect of different tillage practices on the return on cash
expenses in growing sweet corn is shown on Table 7. Plants grown in plot dug twice
obtained the highest ROCE of 52.51% followed by plot dug once with the ROCE of
31.37% while no tillage had the lowest ROCE of -100%.
Effect of animal manure. The return on cash expenses in growing sweet corn
applied with chicken manure had the highest ROCE of 70.94%, followed by those plants
applied with hog manure at 46.52% ROCE and without manure that had 17.29% ROCE.
Interaction
effect. Table 9 shows the result of cost and return analysis of the
different tillage practiced applied with different animal manure. It shows that plot dug
twice applied with chicken manure registered the highest ROCE of 85.83%. The lowest
ROCE was obtained from no tillage applied with different animal manures.
Table 7. ROCE in producing sweet corn in plots with and without tillage
TILLAGE NUMBER OF GROSS SALES TOTAL NET INCOME ROCE
MARKETABLE (PhP) EXPENSES (PhP) (%)
(ears/plot) (PhP)
No tillage 0 0.00 34.34 -34.34
-100
Plot dug once 10
50
38.06
11.94
31.37
Plot dug twice 12
60
39.34
20.66
52.51
• Total expenses include: land preparation, seeds, cost of animal manure, care and
management including weeding and watering.
• Sold at PhP 5.00/ear in the month of April 2008.
Effect of Tillage and Animal Manure on the Growth
and Yield of Sweet Corn / Allan B. Dulay. 2009
24
Table 8. ROCE in producing sweet corn in plots fertilized with animal manures
ANIMAL NUMBER OF GROSS SALES TOTAL NET INCOME ROCE
MANURE MARKETABLE (PhP) EXPENSES (PhP)
(%)
(ears/plot) (PhP)
No manure 6
35
29.84
5.16
17.29
Chicken manure 14
70
40.95
29.05
70.94
Hog manure 12
60
40.95
19.05
46.52
• Total expenses include: land preparation, seeds, cost of animal manure, care and
management including weeding and watering.
• Sold at PhP 5.00/ear in the month of April 2008.
Table 9. ROCE in producing sweet corn in plots with and without tillage fertilized with
animal manures
TREATMENT NUMBER OF GROSS SALES TOTAL NET INCOME ROCE
MARKETABLE (PhP) EXPENSES (PhP) (%)
(ears/plot) (PhP)
T1AM1 0
0
26.94
-26.94
-100
AM2
0
0
38.05
-38.05
-100
AM3
0
0
38.05
-38.05
-100
T2AM1 6
30
30.66
-.66
-2.15
AM2
13
65
41.77
23.23
55.61
AM3
11
55
41.77
13.23
31.67
T3AM1 7
35
31.94 3.06 9.58
AM2 16
80
43.05
36.95
85.83
AM3 13
65
43.05 21.95
50.95
• Total expenses include: land preparation, seeds, cost of animal manure, care and
management including weeding and watering.
• Sold at PhP 5.00/ear in the month of April 2008.
Legend:
T1- no tillage
AM1- no manure
T2- plot dug once
AM2- chicken manure
T3- plot dug twice
AM3- hog manure
Effect of Tillage and Animal Manure on the Growth
and Yield of Sweet Corn / Allan B. Dulay. 2009
SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
Summary
The study was conducted at BSU Experimental Station, Balili, La Trinidad,
Benguet: to determine the effect of tillage and animal manures application and their
interaction effect on the growth and yield of corn; and determine the profitability in
producing corn using different tillage practices and animal manures.
Based on the result of the study, sweet corn seeds emerged within six days after
planting regardless of tillage practices employed. Plants in plot dug once and twice were
the earliest to produce tassel and silk and earliest to harvest than those plants grown in
plots without tillage. Taller plants were produced in plot dug twice than plants grown in
tilled once and untilled plots. Sweet corn plants in plot dug twice had the longest ears and
biggest ear diameter than those harvested from plants grown in plot tilled once and
without tillage. All plants grown in plot with different tillage practices were all resistant
to corn ear worm and to leaf blight and downy mildew. The weight and number of
marketable ears per 5m2 plot grown in plot dug twice produced heavier and higher
marketable corn ear followed by the marketable corn yield from plants planted in plot
dug once and in plots without tillage. The weight and number of non-marketable corn ear
in plot tilled once and twice were heavier and higher than those plants grown in untilled
plots. Sweet corn planted in dug plots produced heavier and higher total number of corn
ear per 5m2 plot than the plants in untilled plot. Plants grown in plot dug twice obtained
the highest ROCE of 52.51%, followed by plants grown in plot dug once with the ROCE
of 31.37% while growing sweet corn in untilled plot had the lowest ROCE of -100%.
Effect of Tillage and Animal Manure on the Growth
and Yield of Sweet Corn / Allan B. Dulay. 2009
26
No significant differences among the different animal manures were observed on
the days from emergence. Significant differences were observed among the different
animal manures applied in terms of days from emergence to silking, tasseling and
harvesting. Animal manure application enhanced maturity of sweet corn. The height of
sweet corn applied with animal manures was higher than the unfertilized plots.
Application of chicken and hog manures in corn plots registered longer and bigger corn
ear than those corn ear harvested from unfertilized plots. The plants exhibited resistant
reaction to corn ear worm, leaf blight and downy mildew regardless of animal manures
applied. Plants fertilized with chicken and hog manure produced heavier marketable,
non-marketable and total weight of corn ear per 5m2 plot than the corn ear yield of plants
grown in unfertilized plots. Number of non marketable and total number of ear per plot
did not differ significantly among the plants applied with different animal manure. The
ROCE in growing sweet corn applied with chicken manure was the highest at 70.94%,
followed by those plants applied with hog manure at 46.52% ROCE and without manure
that had 17.29% ROCE.
No significant interaction effect of tillage and animal manure in all the parameters
measured were observed, except on the weight of marketable, total weight of ears and
number of marketable ears. Sweet corn plants in plot dug twice produced the significantly
heaviest weight of marketable ear. Plants in untilled plots produced the lowest number of
marketable ears when there was no manure applied.
Effect of Tillage and Animal Manure on the Growth
and Yield of Sweet Corn / Allan B. Dulay. 2009
27
Conclusion
Results obtained in this study, revealed that tillage enhanced the growth and yield
of sweet corn. Digging plots two times resulted in higher plant height, longer and bigger
corn ears, higher weight and number of marketable corn ear yield and higher ROCE.
Animal manure application improved the growth, the weight and number of
marketable yield and total weight of sweet corn and ROCE.
Tillage and animal manure application did not significantly interact in maturity
and growth of sweet corn. However, they interacted significantly on weight and number
of marketable and total weight of corn ear yield that resulted in higher ROCE.
Recommendation
Based on the results of this study, farmers could dig the plot once or twice for
successful sweet corn production. However, digging the plot two times is the best for
sweet corn to get heaviest marketable yield and highest return on total cash expenses.
Farmers may apply any of the animal manures as fertilizer to sweet corn but
chicken manure is better than using hog manure to produce highest number and heaviest
marketable ear per plot and to get highest ROCE.
In addition, farmers could till plots once or two times and apply chicken manure
to realize higher ROCE.
Effect of Tillage and Animal Manure on the Growth
and Yield of Sweet Corn / Allan B. Dulay. 2009
LITERATURE CITED
ANONYMOUS. 2004. The world Book Encyclopedia. World Book, Inc. 233 North
Michigan Avenue, Chicago, IL 60601.P.35.
BATANGAS, H.A. 2003. Effects of different tillage practices on corn intercropped
with sweetpotato. BS Thesis. Benguet State University, La Trinidad,
Benguet.P.11.
CORAZA, A.P. 2004. Effect of zero tillage on the growth and yield of potato and snap
bean as intercropped. BS Thesis. Benguet State University, La Trinidad,
Benguet. P.16.
CAANAWAN, D.O. 2006. Effect of tillage on the growth and yield of green corn
intercropped with bush sitao. BS Thesis. Benguet State University, La Trinidad,
Benguet.
DAVIS, J.M. 2005. Oraganic Sweet Corn Production. Accessed at http: ww.ces.ncsu.edu.
DUMAPIS, D.C. 2006. Growth and yield of young corn as affected by different
commercial organic-based fertilizers. BS Thesis. BSU, La Trinidad, Benguet.
Pp.14-18.
EDWIN, A.B. 2003. Response of rice varieties to organic fertilizers under rainfed low
elevation condition in Abra. BS Thesis. Benguet State University, La Trinidad,
Benguet. P.75.
GALAGAL, M.M. 2002. Varietal response of sweet potato to organic fertilizer under La
Trinidad, Benguet condition. BS Thesis. BSU, La Trinidad, Benguet.P. 17.
JAVAR, J.U. 2005. Growth and yield of five green corn varieties fertilized with different
animal manures. BS Thesis. Benguet State University, La Trinidad, Benguet.
Pp.7-8.
LACAY, N.B. 2008. Organic fertilizer application on seed tuber production of potato. BS
Thesis. BSU. La Trinidad, Benguet.
LOMADEO, A.O. 2005. Yield and other characteristics of glutinous corn Under La
Trinidad, Benguet condition. BS Thesis. Benguet State University, La Trinidad,
Benguet.
MAMURI, M.G. 2003. Performances of five corn varieties using five organic fertilizers
under Bacnotan, La Trinidad, Benguet.
PAKIAS, J.L. 2008. Effect of different organic fertilizers on the yield performance of
lettuce. BS Thesis. Benguet State University, La Trinidad, Benguet.
Effect of Tillage and Animal Manure on the Growth
and Yield of Sweet Corn / Allan B. Dulay. 2009
29
REMOQUILLO, J.E. 2003. Morphological diversity and yield performance of corn
accession collected from different sources. BS Thesis. Benguet State University,
La Trinidad, Benguet. P.10.
TAMIRAY, S.C. 1997. Agronomic Evaluation of Sweet Corn Hybrids and the Effect of
Chicken Manure Application. BS Thesis. Benguet State University, La Trinidad,
Benguet. P.10.
TOSAY, M.P. 2008. Growth and Yield of Potato as Affected by Tillage and Compost
Fertilizer under Organic Production. BS Thesis. Benguet State University, La
Trinidad, Benguet. Pp.20-23.
Effect of Tillage and Animal Manure on the Growth
and Yield of Sweet Corn / Allan B. Dulay. 2009
APPENDICES
Appendix Table 1. Days from planting to emergence of sweet corn
REPLICATION
TREAMENT
I II
III
TOTAL MEAN
T1AM1
7
6
6
19
6
T1AM2
6
6
7
19
6
T1AM3
7
6
6
19
6
T2AM1
6
6
6
18
6
T2AM2
6
7
6
19
6
T2AM3
6
6
6
18
6
T3AM1
5
6
6
17
6
T3AM2
6
6
5
17
6
T3AM3
5
6
6
17
6
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCE OF DEGREE OF SUM OF MEAN OF COMPUTED Pr > F
VARIANCE FREEDOM SQUARE SQUARE
F
Replication
2
0.0740
0.0370 0.13 0.8799
Treatment
10
2.3703 0.2370 0.83 0.6111
Factor A
2
2.0740 1.0370 3.61ns 0.0507
Factor B 2 0.0740 0.0370 0.13ns 0.8799
T x AM
4
0.1481
0. 0370
0.13n 0.9696
Error
16
4.5925
0.2870
Total
36
6.9629
C.V=
8.87%
ns- not significant
Effect of Tillage and Animal Manure on the Growth
and Yield of Sweet Corn / Allan B. Dulay. 2009
31
Appendix Table 2. Days from sowing to tasseling of sweet corn
REPLICATION
TREAMENT
I II
III
TOTAL MEAN
T1AM1
95
96
96
287
96
T1AM2
93
94
93
280
93
T1AM3
94
95
94
283
94
T2AM1
88
89
84
261
87
T2AM2
84
86
85
255
85
T2AM3
86
87
84
257
86
T3AM1
86
87
86
259
86
T3AM2
84
85
86
255
85
T3AM3
88
84
85
257
86
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCE OF DEGREE OF SUM OF MEAN OF COMPUTED Pr > F
VARIANCE FREEDOM SQUARE SQUARE
F
Replication 2 5.5555 2.7777 1.56 0.2400
Treatment
10 473.5555
47.3555
26.64
0.0001
Factor A
2 450.8888
225.4444
126.81** 0.0001
Factor B 2 16.2222
8.1111
4.56*
0.0270
T x AM 4 0.8888 0.222 0.13ns
0.9713
Error 16 28.4444
1.7777
Total
36 502.0000
C.V= 1.50%
ns- not significant
*- significant
**- highly significant
Effect of Tillage and Animal Manure on the Growth
and Yield of Sweet Corn / Allan B. Dulay. 2009
32
Appendix Table 3. Days from sowing to silking of sweet corn
REPLICATION
TREAMENT
I II
III
TOTAL MEAN
T1AM1
103
103
100
306
102
T1AM2
101
100
99
300
100
T1AM3
101
103
100
304 101
T2AM1
93
93
94
280
93
T2AM2
92
92
90
274
91
T2AM3
90
93
92
275
92
T3AM1
92
93
92
277
92
T3AM2
91
90
90
271
90
T3AM3
92
91
90
273 91
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCE OF DEGREE OF SUM OF MEAN OF COMPUTED Pr > F
VARIANCE FREEDOM SQUARE SQUARE
F
Replication
2 7.1851 3.5925 3.42
0.0581
Treatment
10 565.2592 56.5259 53.79
0.0001
Factor A
2 538.7407 269.3703
265.32**
0.0001
Factor B 2 18.2962 9.1481
8.70**
0.0028
T x AM
4 1.0370 0.2592
0.25ns
0.9075
Error
16 16.8148 1.0509
Total
36 582.0740
C.V= 1.08%
ns- not significant
**- highly significant
Effect of Tillage and Animal Manure on the Growth
and Yield of Sweet Corn / Allan B. Dulay. 2009
33
Appendix Table 4. Days from sowing to harvesting of sweet corn
REPLICATION
TREAMENT
I II
III
TOTAL MEAN
T1AM1
124
125
124
373
124
T1AM2
123
123
124
370 123
T1AM3
124
124
124 372 124
T2AM1
120
120
121
361 120
T2AM2
119
120
120
359
120
T2AM3
120
121
119
360 120
T3AM1
120
121
120
361 120
T3AM2
119
120
120 359 120
T3AM3
120
119
120
359 120
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCE OF DEGREE OF SUM OF MEAN OF COMPUTED Pr > F
VARIANCE FREEDOM SQUARE SQUARE
F
Replication
2 0.9629 0.4814 1.35 0.2871
Treatment
10 97.4814 9.7481 27.35 0.0001
Factor A
2 93.4077 46.7037 131.01** 0.0001
Factor B 2 2.7407 1.3703 3.84* 0.0433
T x AM
4 0.3703 0.0925 0.26ns 0.8994
Error
16 16.8148 1.0509
Total
36 103.1851
C.V=0.49%
ns- not significant
*- significant
**- highly significant
Effect of Tillage and Animal Manure on the Growth
and Yield of Sweet Corn / Allan B. Dulay. 2009
34
Appendix Table 5. Plant height (cm) of sweet corn planted in tilled and untilled plots
fertilized with different animal manures
REPLICATION
TREAMENT
I II
III
TOTAL MEAN
T1AM1
84.12
80.76 84.17
249.05
83.01
T1AM2
98.42
104.88 101.89
305.19 101.73
T1AM3
117.04 104.58 99.45 321.07 107.02
T2AM1
100.59 134.84 102.04
337.47 112.49
T2AM2
135.82 114.14 142.25
392.21
130.73
T2AM3
127.92
129.19 119.67 376.78 125.59
T3AM1
132.10 118.82 114.13 365.05 121.68
T3AM2
139.77 143.02 142.35 425.15 141.71
T3AM3
131.13 145.39 135.35 411.87 137.29
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCE OF DEGREE OF SUM OF MEAN OF COMPUTED Pr > F
VARIANCE FREEDOM SQUARE SQUARE
F
Replication
2 70.7258 35.3629 0.34 0.7142
Treatment
10 8492.3567 849.2356 8.25
0.0001
Factor A
2 6271.6757 3135.8378 30.48** 0.0001
Factor B 2 2015.0561 1007.5280 9.79** 0.0017
T x AM
4 134.8990 33.7247 0.33ns 0.8552
Error
16 1646.0609 102.8788
Total
36 10138.4176
C.V=8.60%
ns- not significant
**- highly significant
Effect of Tillage and Animal Manure on the Growth
and Yield of Sweet Corn / Allan B. Dulay. 2009
35
Appendix Table 6. Ear length (cm) of sweet corn planted in tilled and untilled plots
fertilized with different animal manure
REPLICATION
TREAMENT
I II
III
TOTAL MEAN
T1AM1
10.16
10.24 10.12
30.52
10.17
T1AM2
11.30
10.92 10.15
32.37 10.79
T1AM3
10.65
10.40 11.26 32.31 10.77
T2AM1
17.68
16.90 17.50
52.08 17.36
T2AM2
20.15
16.53 21.56
58.24
19.41
T2AM3
19.94
18.80 17.95 56.69 18.89
T3AM1
18.10
19.0
16.81
53.91 17.79
T3AM2
20.25
21.83 21.99 64.07 21.35
T3AM3
19.63
19.80 21.97
61.40 20.46
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCE OF DEGREE OF SUM OF MEAN OF COMPUTED Pr > F
VARIANCE FREEDOM SQUARE SQUARE
F
Replication
2 1.4017 0.7008 0.48 0.6248
Treatment
10 486.5877 48.6587 33.63 0.0001
Factor A
2 459.1098 229.5549 158.63** 0.0001
Factor B 2 20.0518 10.0259 6.93** 0.0468
T x AM
4 6.0242 1.5060 1.04ns 0.4169
Error
16 23.1535 1.4470
Total
36 509.7412
C.V=7.35%
ns- not significant
**- highly significant
Effect of Tillage and Animal Manure on the Growth
and Yield of Sweet Corn / Allan B. Dulay. 2009
36
Appendix Table 7. Ear diameter (cm) of sweet corn planted in tilled and untilled plots
fertilized with different animal manure
REPLICATION
TREAMENT
I II
III
TOTAL MEAN
T1AM1
3.21
3.15
3.18
9.54
3.18
T1AM2
3.53
3.96
3.77
11.26 3.75
T1AM3
3.19
3.40
3.30 9.89 3.29
T2AM1
4.41
3.86
3.74
12.01 4.00
T2AM2
5.16
4.05
5.13
14.34
4.78
T2AM3
5.39
4.58
4.28
14.25 4.75
T3AM1
4.46
4.52
4.17
13.15 4.38
T3AM2
5.12
5.53
5.67 16.32 5.44
T3AM3
5.16
5.17
5.58
15.91 5.30
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCE OF DEGREE OF SUM OF MEAN OF COMPUTED Pr > F
VARIANCE FREEDOM SQUARE
SQUARE
F
Replication
2 0.1112 0.0556 0.43 0.6576
Treatment
10 16.2814 1.6281 12.60 0.0001
Factor A
2 12.4760 6.2380 48.26** 0.0001
Factor B 2 3.1202 1.5601 12.07** 0.0006
T x AM
4 0.5738 0.1434 1.11ns 0.3860
Error
16 2.0682 0.1292
Total
36 18.3496
C.V=8.32%
ns- not significant
**- highly significant
Effect of Tillage and Animal Manure on the Growth
and Yield of Sweet Corn / Allan B. Dulay. 2009
37
Appendix Table 8. Reaction to corn ear worm
REPLICATION
TREAMENT
I II
III
TOTAL MEAN
T1AM1
1
1
1
3
1
T1AM2
1
1
1
1
1
T1AM3
1
1
1
3
1
T2AM1
1
1
1
3
1
T2AM2
1
3
2
6
2
T2AM3
3
1
2
6
2
T3AM1
1
1
1
3
1
T3AM2
2
1
3
6
2
T3AM3
3
2
1
6
2
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCE OF DEGREE OF SUM OF MEAN OF COMPUTED Pr > F
VARIANCE FREEDOM SQUARE SQUARE
F
Replication
2
0.2222
0.1111 0.23
0.7982
Treatment
10
6.8888 0.6888 1.42 0.2577
Factor A
2
2.6666 1.3333 2.74ns 0.0946
Factor B 2 2.6666 1.3333 2.74ns 0.0946
T x AM
4
1.3333
0.3333 0.69n 0.6122
Error
16
7.7777
0.4861
Total
36
14.6666
C.V=
48.26%
ns- not significant
Effect of Tillage and Animal Manure on the Growth
and Yield of Sweet Corn / Allan B. Dulay. 2009
38
Appendix Table 9. Incidence to leaf blight and downy mildew
REPLICATION
TREAMENT
I II
III
TOTAL MEAN
T1AM1
3
2
3
8
3
T1AM2
3
3
1
7
2
T1AM2
2
2
3
7
2
T2AM1
2
2
2
6
2
T2AM2
2
2
1
5
2
T2AM3
2
2
2
6
2
T3AM1
2
2
3
7
2
T3AM2
2
2
1
5
2
T3AM3
3
2
1
6
2
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCE OF DEGREE OF SUM OF MEAN OF COMPUTED Pr > F
VARIANCE FREEDOM SQUARE SQUARE
F
Replication
2
0.8888
0.4444 1.00 0.3897
Treatment
10
3.5555 0.3555 0.80 0.6315
Factor A
2
1.5555 0.7777 1.75ns 0.2054
Factor B 2 0.8888 0.4444 1.00ns 0.3897
T x AM
4
0.2222
0.0555 0.12n 0.9713
Error
16
7.1111
0.4444
Total
36
10.6666
C.V=
31.57%
ns- not significant
Effect of Tillage and Animal Manure on the Growth
and Yield of Sweet Corn / Allan B. Dulay. 2009
39
Appendix Table 10. Weight of marketable ears per 5m2 plot of sweet corn planted in
tilled and untilled plots fertilized with different animal manures
REPLICATION
TREAMENT
I II
III
TOTAL MEAN
T1AM1
0
0
0
0
0
T1AM2
0
0
0
0
0
T1AM3
0
0
0
0
0
T2AM1
0.85
0.50
0.60
1.95
0.65
T2AM2
2.45
2.25
2.23
7.05
2.35
T2AM3
2.35
2.05
2.25
6.65
2.21
T3AM1
1.00
0.85
0.40
2.25
0.75
T3AM2
2.55
3.10
3.65
9.30 3.10
T3AM3
2.65
2.50
2.25
7.40 2.46
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCE OF DEGREE OF SUM OF MEAN OF COMPUTED Pr > F
VARIANCE FREEDOM SQUARE
SQUARE
F
Replication
2
0.2214
0.0110 0.1 0.8394
Treatment
10
36.7773 3.6777 58.80 0.0001
Factor A
2
22.6659 11.3329 181.18** 0.0001
Factor B 2 9.1294 4.5647 72.98** 0.0001
T x AM
4
4.9598 1.2399 19.82**
0.0001
Error
16
1.0007
0.0625
Total
36
37.7781
C.V=
19.58%
**- highly significant
Effect of Tillage and Animal Manure on the Growth
and Yield of Sweet Corn / Allan B. Dulay. 2009
40
Appendix Table 11. Weight of non-marketable ears per 5m2 plot of sweet corn planted in
tilled and untilled plots fertilized with different animal manures
REPLICATION
TREAMENT
I II
III
TOTAL MEAN
T1AM1
0.12
0.10
0.14
0.36
0.12
T1AM2
0.23
0.26
0.20
0.69
0.23
T1AM3
0.11
0.15
0.10
0.36
0.12
T2AM1
0.50
0.50
0.10
1.10
0.36
T2AM2
1.15
0.90
0.65
2.70
0.90
T2AM3
1.10
0.50
0.80
2.40
0.80
T3AM1
0.50
0.35
0.30
1.15
0.38
T3AM2
1.20
1.15
1.30
3.65 1.21
T3AM3
1.10
0.55
1.80
3.45 1.15
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCE OF DEGREES OF SUM OF MEANS OF COMPUTED Pr>F
VARIANCE FREEDOM SQUARES SQUARES F
Replication
2
0.1352
0.0676 0.98 0.3951
Treatment
10
4.6665 0.4666 6.80 0.0004
Factor A
2
2.7382 1.3691 19.94** 0.0001
Factor B 2 1.2323 0.6161 8.97** 0.0024
T x AM
4
0.5607 0.1401 2.04ns 0.1368
Error
16
1.0987
0.0686
Total
36
5.7653
C.V=
44.61%
ns- not significant
**- highly significant
Effect of Tillage and Animal Manure on the Growth
and Yield of Sweet Corn / Allan B. Dulay. 2009
41
Appendix Table 12. Total weight of ears per 5m2 plot of sweet corn planted in tilled and
untilled plots fertilized with different animal manures
REPLICATION
TREAMENT
I II
III
TOTAL MEAN
T1AM1
0.12
0.10
0.14
0.36
0.12
T1AM2
0.23
0.26
0.20
0.69
0.23
T1AM3
0.11
0.15
0.10
0.36
0.12
T2AM1
1.35
1.00
0.70
3.05
1.01
T2AM2
3.60 3.15
2.88
9.63 3.21
T2AM3
3.45
2.55
3.05
9.05
3.01
T3AM1
1.50
1.20
0.70
3.40
1.13
T3AM2
3.75
4.25
4.95
12.95 4.31
T3AM3
3.75
3.05
4.05
10.85 3.16
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCE OF DEGREE OF SUM OF MEAN OF COMPUTED Pr > F
VARIANCE FREEDOM SQUARE SQUARE
F
Replication
2
0.2568
0.1284 0.93 0.4150
Treatment
10
66.9547 6.6954 48.47 0.0001
Factor A
2
41.0350 20.5175 148.54** 0.0001
Factor B 2 17.0701 8.5350 61.79** 0.0001
T x AM
4
8.5926
2.1481 15.55**
0.0001
Error
16
2.2101
0.1381
Total
36
69.1648
C.V=
19.93%
**- highly significant
Effect of Tillage and Animal Manure on the Growth
and Yield of Sweet Corn / Allan B. Dulay. 2009
42
Appendix Table 13. Number of marketable ears per 5m2 plot of sweet corn plants in tilled
and untilled plots fertilized with different animal manures
REPLICATION
TREAMENT
I II
III
TOTAL MEAN
T1AM1
0
0
0
0
0
T1AM2
0
0
0
0
0
T1AM3
0
0
0
0
0
T2AM1
6
5
6
17
6
T2AM2
16
11
12
39
13
T2AM3
10
10
13
33
11
T3AM1
10
8
4
22
7
T3AM2
14
15
18
47 16
T3AM3
15
13
12
40 13
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCE OF DEGREE OF SUM OF MEAN OF COMPUTED Pr > F
VARIANCE FREEDOM SQUARE SQUARE
F
Replication
2
4.6666
2.3333 0.78 0.4760
Treatment
10
950.0000 95.0000 31.67 0.0001
Factor A
2
748.2222 374.1111 124.70** 0.0001
Factor B 2 130.8888 65.4444 21.81** 0.0001
T x AM
4
66.2222
16.5555 5.52** 0.0055
Error
16
48.0000
3.0000
Total
36
998.0000
C.V=
23.61%
ns- not significant
**- highly significant
Effect of Tillage and Animal Manure on the Growth
and Yield of Sweet Corn / Allan B. Dulay. 2009
43
Appendix Table 14. Number of non-marketable ears per 5m2 plot of sweet corn plants in
tilled and untilled plots fertilized with different animal manures
REPLICATION
TREAMENT
I II
III
TOTAL MEAN
T1AM1
7
5
7
19
6
T1AM2
10
7
9
26
9
T1AM2
9
6
7
22
7
T2AM1
5
3
4
12
4
T2AM2
4
3
5
12
4
T2AM3
4
5
4
13
4
T3AM1
6
5
2
13
4
T3AM2
6
6
5
17 6
T3AM3
6
3
9
18 6
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCE OF DEGREE OF SUM OF MEAN OF COMPUTED Pr > F
VARIANCE FREEDOM SQUARE SQUARE
F
Replication
2
11.1851
5.5925 2.73 0.0957
Treatment
10
75.4814 7.5481 3.68 0.0101
Factor A
2
51.1851 25.5925 12.48** 0.0005
Factor B 2 7.6296 3.8148 1.86ns 0.1878
T x AM
4
5.4814
1.3703 0.67ns 0.6234
Error
16
32.8148
2.0509
Total
36
108.2962
C.V=
25.43%
ns- not significant
**- highly significant
Effect of Tillage and Animal Manure on the Growth
and Yield of Sweet Corn / Allan B. Dulay. 2009
44
Appendix Table 15. Total number of ears per 5m2 plot of sweet corn plants in tilled and
untilled plots fertilized with different animal manures
REPLICATION
TREAMENT
I II
III
TOTAL MEAN
T1AM1
7
5
7
19
6
T1AM2
10
7
9
26
9
T1AM3
9
6
7
22
7
T2AM1
11
8
10
29
10
T2AM2
20
14
17
51
17
T2AM3
14
15
17
46
15
T3AM1
16
13
6
35
12
T3AM2
20
21
23
64 21
T3AM3
21
16
21
58 19
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCE OF DEGREE OF SUM OF MEAN OF COMPUTED Pr > F
VARIANCE FREEDOM SQUARE
SQUARE
F
Replication
2
29.4074
14.7037 2.80
0.0904
Treatment
10
747.0370 74.7037 12.24 0.0001
Factor A
2
464.5185 232.2592 44.28** 0.0001
Factor B 2 201.4074 100.7037 19.20ns 0.0001
A x B
4
51.7037
12.9259 2.46ns 0.0870
Error
16
83.9259
5.2453
Total
36
830.9629
C.V=
17.66%
ns- not significant
**- highly significant
Effect of Tillage and Animal Manure on the Growth
and Yield of Sweet Corn / Allan B. Dulay. 2009
Document Outline
- Effect of Tillage and Animal Manure on the
Growth and Yield of Sweet Corn
- BIBLIOGRAPHY
- ABSTRACT
- TABLE OF CONTENTS
- INTRODUCTION
- REVIEW OF LITERATURE
- MATERIALS AND METHOD
- RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
- SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
- LITERATURE CITED
- APPENDICES