BIBLIOGRAPHY PALADA, KELVIN L. APRIL 2011. Growth...

BIBLIOGRAPHY
PALADA, KELVIN L. APRIL 2011. Growth and Yield of Traditional Rice Varieties
Under Kapangan, Benguet Condition. Benguet State University, La Trinidad, Benguet.
Adviser: Esther Josephine D. Sagalla, MSc.
ABSTRACT

Ten different varieties of traditional rice were evaluated to identify the varieties with the
highest yield and resistance to pest and determine the economic benefit of growing traditional
rice varieties.

Based on the results, Bayag, Balisanga, Burik, Pulot, Raminad and Talabtab are the
highest yielders while all the varieties were resistant to blast and stem borer. Bayag also was the
most profitable among the ten varieties evaluated.

TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
Bibliography..…………………………………………………………………. i
Abstract………………………………………...………………………………. i
Table of Contents………………………………………………….…………… ii

INTRODUCTION……………………...……………………………………… 1
REVIEW OF LITERATURE……...…………………………………………... 2
MATERIALS AND METHODS……………………………………….……… 6
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION…………………………………………..…... 12

Soil Chemical Properties…………………………………….…………. 12

Number of Days from Transplanting to Tillering…….………………… 12

Number of Days from Transplanting to Booting.……………………… 13

Number of Days from Heading to Ripening…………………………… 14

Number of Tillers Produced…………………………………………… 14

Number of Productive Tillers per Hill…………………………………. 15

Panicle Exertion………………………………………………………... 15

Height at Maturity……………………………………………………… 16
Number of Filled and Unfilled Grains per Panicle……………………. 17

Stem Borer Damage Evaluation……………………………….…….. 18

Blast Resistance………………………………………….……………. 18

Yield per Plot………………………………………………………….. 19

1000-Grain Weight……………………………………………………. 19

Computed Yield per Hectare………………………………………….. 19

Return on Cash Expense….…………………………………………… 21
SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION

Summary………………………………………………………………. 22

Conclusion…………………………………………………………….. 22

Recommendation………………………………………...……………. 22
LITERATURE CITED……………………………….………………………. 23
APPENDICES………………………………………………………………... 24

INTRODUCTION
Traditional rice are varieties that have not undergone improvement in formal breeding
and research institutions (CECAP and PhilRice). These varieties are grown in the highland areas
for 6-7 months, leaving one cropping a year. Low tillering, awned grains, and tall stalks
characterize these rice varieties.
There are constraints to the production of rice in Benguet. Some of those constraints are
low temperature in the high altitude areas, small average landholdings ranging from 0.15 to 0.25
hectares, and pest infestation (e.g., rodents and birds). There is also a high cost of and
inaccessibility to farm inputs due to access condition of the area (CECAP, 2000).
Inspite of these constraints and introduction of hybrid rice, farmers still prefer traditional
rice and desire to preserve it.
In the Cordillera region, several traditional rice varieties are grown in addition to the
commercial rice supplied by the lowland producers (Olat, 2003).
Kapangan, a municipality in Benguet, produce traditional rice due to its aroma, good
eating quality, minimum inputs and management, adaptability to the locality, and stable yield. In
addition, there is a great advantage of eating traditional rice over imported ones since native rice
are highly nutritious and usually grown organically (Quinio, 2004).

Thus, because of the potential benefits of these varieties, characterization and evaluation
should be done. It is also necessary to identify varieties adaptable to Kapangan with its
mountainous terrain and cool temperature.

Growth and Yield of Traditional Rice Varieties Under Kapangan,
Benguet Condition / Kelvin L. Palada 2011

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The study aims to:
1. determine the growth and yield of ten traditional rice varieties;
2. identify the variety with the highest yield and resistance to pest; and
3. determine the economic benefit of growing traditional rice varieties.
The study was conducted at Beling Bilis, Kapangan, Benguet from August 2009 to February
2010.

Growth and Yield of Traditional Rice Varieties Under Kapangan,
Benguet Condition/ Kelvin L. Palada 2011

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REVIEW OF LITERATURE
Characteristics of Traditional Rice Varieties
CECAP and PhilRice (2000) as cited by Gamsawen (2006), enumerated some
characteristics of traditional rice varieties grown in Cordillera as those with low fertility, awned
grains, tall stalks and late maturing.

PhilRice (2001) stated that traditional rice varieties are mostly 160-200cm in height with
droopy leaves, photoperiodic meaning their growth duration varies depending on the month they
are planted, low yielding, late maturing, and less responsive to nitrogen fertilizer. They are good
sources of resistance and quality traits. These varieties also endure environments such as
submerged region and in areas with low soil fertility.

Varietal Evaluation

Salcedo (2002) found that among the ten rice cultivars evaluated, the result showed that
the Imbannig, In-Lammahan and Imbuucan as to the number of days from transplanting to
tillerring were the longest to produce tiller with a mean of 21.62. 21.33 and 21.00 respectively;
however, Matinkan was the earliest to produce among the cultivars with a mean of 17.33.

From the evaluation of five different varieties of Kintoman (aromatic) rice, it shows that
all varieties of kintoman performed well and were adopted at La, Trinidad, Benguet however,
kintoman is highly recommended as shown by early maturity, and at the same time it gives the
highest yield per hectare at a mean of 1,895.83 kg (Atin, 2002).

Growth and Yield of Traditional Rice Varieties Under Kapangan,
Benguet Condition/ Kelvin L. Palada 2011

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Effect of Pest and Diseases

CECAP and Phil Rice (2000) stated that rat problems have always existed along with rice
production in the Philippines. In the Cordillera, farmers consider rats to be the number one
problem, together with rice birds, golden snail (kuhol) and rice bugs.

Harvesting, threshing, and drying

PCARRD (2001) as cited by Gamsawen (2006) stated that harvesting and its related
handling operation are significant points in pest production sequence where losses can be
incurred.
Threshing is the process of detaching or separating rice grains from the panicle. Its
timing, availability, and efficiency greatly affects the quality of the grains produced (PCARRD,
2001). Threshing is usually done at least one day after harvest to allow the panicle to be readily
threshed. Another important post harvest of rice before storage is drying up to 14% moisture
content. This is done purposely to lower the moisture content of a newly threshed palay with the
aim of reducing its susceptibility to mold infestation, prevent sprouting, prolong its shelf life and
at the same time preserve its quality.

Functional Properties and Nutritional
Composition of Traditional Rice

Some landraces in the Philippines have protein content up to 14%, the average protein
content of HYVs is 6-11%. Commercial varieties of rice usually contain about 2 mg/kg of iron,
certain colored traditional rice in Philippines have 63.5 mg/kg iron. Some highly-colored rice
landrces in the Philippines and Malaysia can contribute most, but not all, of a person’s daily
requirement of vitamin A precursors (Uphoff, 2008).

Growth and Yield of Traditional Rice Varieties Under Kapangan,
Benguet Condition/ Kelvin L. Palada 2011

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Brown or rough rice reduces blood cholesterol and decreases urinary calcium for people
prone to kidney disorder (Javier, 2001). It contains vitamin B and dietary fibers that helps
prevents cancer and an effective laxative.

Growth and Yield of Traditional Rice Varieties Under Kapangan,
Benguet Condition/ Kelvin L. Palada 2011

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MATERIALS AND METHODS
Seedbed and Land Preparation

An area of 150 square meters was cleaned and prepared (Figure 1). Each plot had a
measurement of 1x5meters. Each variety was sown separately on each seedbed to avoid
mixtures. Necessary labels were placed on each seedbed for easy identification.

Lay-outing and Transplanting

Following the Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD), rice seedlings were
transplanted on the designated plot and replicated three times. Two to three seedlings per hill for
each ten varieties was planted on straight lines using 20cmx20cm spacing at both ways.
The ten varieties tested were as follows:

Variety

Place of Collection
Balisanga
Palina,
Kibungan
Suyaaw Gadang,
kapangan
Bayag Ballay,
Sablan
Pulot

Poblacion,Bakun
Botalga Poblacion,
kibungan
Burik Duacan
Makaneneng
Palina,
Kibungan
Raminad

Naguey, atok
Talabtab

Poblacion, kibungan
Tawataw

Bedbed, mankayan

Growth and Yield of Traditional Rice Varieties Under Kapangan,
Benguet Condition/ Kelvin L. Palada 2011

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Figure 1. Overview of the experimental area

Data Gathered

A. Soil Chemical Properties. Soil samples were taken from the experimental area before
and right after harvest to determine the pH, organic matter, nitrogen, phosphorous, and
potassium content of the soil.

B. Agronomic Characters

1. Plant vigor. This was taken before transplanting using the following scale:

Scale
Description

Remarks

1

Majority of the seedlings have 5

Very vigorous
or more leaves with 2-3 tillers

2

Majority of the seedlings have 1-5
Vigorous
leaves with 1-2 tillers

Growth and Yield of Traditional Rice Varieties Under Kapangan,
Benguet Condition/ Kelvin L. Palada 2011

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Scale
Description

Remarks

3

Most of the seedlings have 4 leaves
Normal
without tillers

4

Most of the seedlings have 3-4 leaves
Weak
without tillers

5

Most of the seedlings turned

Very weak

yellow
and
thin

2. Seedling height (cm). This was measured from the base of the shoot to the tip of the
tallest leaf blade.

Scale
Remarks

1

Short (<30 cm)

2

Intermediate (~45 cm)

3

Tall (>60 cm)

3. Number of days from planting to tillering. This was taken when 50% of the plants
produced heads as observed.

4. Number of tillers produced. The number of tillers were counted just before booting
using ten hills per treatment.

5. Number of productive tillers per hill. The number of productive tillers were counted
using 10 hills per treatment selected randomly. Only the plants which produced panicles will be
considered productive.

6. Number of days from transplanting to booting. This was taken when 50% of the total
plants in a plot booted as shown by the swelling of the upper flag leaf sheath.

7. Number of days from heading to heading to ripening. This was taken when at least
80% of the plants had their panicle turn in yellow.

Growth and Yield of Traditional Rice Varieties Under Kapangan,
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8. Panicle exertion. This was observed as the extent to which the panicle is exerted above
the flag leaf sheath at near maturity.
Scale
Description

1

Enclosed (panicle is partly or entirely enclosed within
the leaf sheath of the flag leaf blade)

2

Partly exerted (panicle base is slightly beneath
the collar of the flag leaf blade)

3

Just exerted (panicles base coincides with the collar

of the flag leaf blade)

4

Moderately well exerted (panicle base is above the

collar of the flag leaf blade)

5

Well exerted (panicle base appears as well above the

collar of the flag leaf blade)

9. Number of filled and unfilled grains per panicle. This was recorded by counting the
numbers of filled and unfilled grains at heading.

10. Height at maturity (cm). This was measured from the base of the plant to the tip at
harvesting using ten samples per plot selected randomly.

D. Pest and Disease Incidence

1. Stem borer damage evaluation. Field rating was based on actual number of panicles
affected. Ten sample hills were selected at random where white heads will be counted ten days
before harvest. The following standard scale was used:

Scale Description
Rating

1

1- 5 white heads

Resistant

2

6 – 10 white heads

Moderately resistant

Growth and Yield of Traditional Rice Varieties Under Kapangan,
Benguet Condition/ Kelvin L. Palada 2011

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Scale Description
Rating

3

11- 15 white heads

Intermediate

4

16 – 25 white heads
Moderately susceptible

5

26 – above white heads
Susceptible

2. Blast resistance (neck rot). Evaluation of the severity of rice blast was taken from the
plant at the center rows. Ten sample hills were sampled randomly. Computation on percent
infection was done using the formula (Phil Rice, 1996):
No. of Panicle Infected
% infection = x 100

Total Number of Panicle
Scale
Description
Rating

1
0-5%
Resistant

2
6-25%
Intermediate
3

26-% above
Susceptible

D. Yield and Yield Components
1. Yield per plot (kg). Grain yield per plot was taken after threshing and drying at 14%
moisture content (MC) then weighed.

2. 1000 – grain weight (g). Random samples of 1000 well-developed, whole grains, dried
to 13% moisture content were weighed on a sensitive balance.

3. Computed yield per hectare. This was taken by converting grain yield per treatment
into yield per hectare using the following ratio and proportion:

Yield per plot (kg)

x
Yield/ha =

X
Plot size 1 Hectare (10,000 sq. m)

Growth and Yield of Traditional Rice Varieties Under Kapangan,
Benguet Condition/ Kelvin L. Palada 2011

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E. Cost and Return Analysis

1.
ROCE. This was the actual expenses during the conduct of the study and computed
using the formula:

Net Income

Return on cash expense (ROCE) = x 100
Total cost production
Data Analysis

All results were analyzed using Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) for Randomized
Complete Block Design (RCBD). The significance of difference among treatment means will be
treated using Duncan’s Multiple Range Test (DMRT) at 5% level of significance.

Growth and Yield of Traditional Rice Varieties Under Kapangan,
Benguet Condition/ Kelvin L. Palada 2011

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RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Soil Chemical Properties
Soil pH. A slight change in the soil pH is observed before planting and after harvesting
(Table 1).The soil pH before planting and after harvesting which was 6.02 and 6.01 respectively,
favors the growth of rice since the pH range for rice is 4.5-7.5 (Martin and Leonard, 1970).
Organic matter and nitrogen. Table 1 shows that the percent soil organic matter before
planting was 1.50 %. It was observed that the amount of organic matter and nitrogen in the soil
before planting and after harvesting remained the same because of the presence of azolla. Alam
(2004) stated that azolla can be a potential source of nitrogen due to its N-fixing capacity. Thus,
instead of utilizing the residual nutrients, the rice plants might have used the Nitrogen released
by the azolla plant.
Phosphorus. The phosphorus content of the soil deceased from 29 to 15 ppm. The
decrease in phosphorus could be attributed to none application of fertilizer and utilization of
residual P in the soil by the plants.
Table 1. The soil pH, organic matter, nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium before planting
and after harvest

pH
OM
N
P
K
(%)
(%)
(ppm)
(ppm)
Before planting
6.02
1.50
0.175
29
118
After harvest
6.01
1.50
0.175
15
98
Source: Department of Agriculture, Soils Laboratory, Pacdal, Baguio City

Growth and Yield of Traditional Rice Varieties Under Kapangan,
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Potassium. As shown in Table 1, there was decrease in the soil potassium content from
118 to 98 ppm. The soil potassium may have been utilized by the plants during grain
development.

Number of Days from Transplanting to
Tillering
The number of days from transplanting to tillering is shown in Table 2. Results show
that there is no significant difference on the number of days from transplanting to tillering of the
ten traditional rice varieties. Suyaaw was the earliest to produce tillers followed by Balisanga
and Bayag. Makaneneng was the latest to produce tillers in 77 days.

Number of Days from Transplanting to
Booting

No significant differences were observed on the number of days from transplanting to
booting of the different traditional rice varieties (Table 2). Botalga was the earliest to boot at 84
days followed by Tawataw at 85 days.
Early booting could mean earlier maturity which may be attributed to the genetic make-
up and adaptability of the variety to the area.
Number of Days from Heading to
Ripening

Table 2 shows that there were no significant differences on the number of days from
heading to ripening of the traditional rice varieties. Bayag and Tawataw were the earliest to ripen
in 25 and 27 days, respictively. Pulot and Raminad were the latest to ripen.
Table 2. Number of days from transplanting to tillering and booting and heading to ripening

NUMBER OF DAYS FROM
VARIETY
TRANSPLANTING TRANSPLANTING HEADING
TO

Growth and Yield of Traditional Rice Varieties Under Kapangan,
Benguet Condition/ Kelvin L. Palada 2011

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TO TILLERING
TO BOOTING
RIPENING
Bayag
71
86
25
Balisanga
71
89
29
Botalga
76
84
28
Burik
72
89
28
Makaneneng
77
88
28
Pulot
74
89
33
Raminad
72
88
31
Talabtab
72
88
28
Tawataw
72
85
27
Suyaaw
69
85
29

CV(%)
4.62 2.91 8.16

Number of Total and Productive Tillers

Table 3 shows that there were no significant differences on the number of total and
productive tillers produced by the ten traditional rice varieties. Bayag had the highest number of
total tillers produced while Talabtab had the highest number of productive tillers produced. More
produvtive tillers may mean higher yield.
Vergara (1992) mentioned that plants produced more tillers during wet season than
during the dry season. Rice plants also grow faster at warmer temperatures.

Table 3. Number of total and productive tillers of the traditional rice verieties
NUMBER

Growth and Yield of Traditional Rice Varieties Under Kapangan,
Benguet Condition/ Kelvin L. Palada 2011

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VARIETY TOTAL
TILLERS
PRODUCTIVE
TILLERS
Bayag
18
11
Balisanga
11
8
Botalga
11
7
Burik
11
7
Makaneneng
11
6
Pulot
15
9
Raminad
15
9
Talabtab
15
12
Tawataw
15
7
Suyaaw
12
8

CV (%)
24.13
26.48
.
Panicle Exertion
All the rice varieties had well exerted panicles which implies that the plants have longer
panicles.
Height at Maturity

No significant differences were observed on the height at maturity of the traditional rice
varieties (Table 4). Raminad was the tallest with a height of 95.67 cm followed by Makaneneng
and Botalga. The shortest variety was Tawataw with a height of 85.33 cm.
Table 4. Height at maturity of traditional rice varieties

HEIGHT AT MATURITY
VARIETY
(cm)

Growth and Yield of Traditional Rice Varieties Under Kapangan,
Benguet Condition/ Kelvin L. Palada 2011

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Bayag
89.00
Balisanga
91.67
Botalga
92.00
Burik
89.67
Makaneneng
92.67
Pulot
82.33
Raminad
95.67
Talabtab
90.67
Tawataw
85.33
Suyaaw
88.33
CV (%)
6.09

PhilRice (2001) stated that traditional rice are mostly tall with droopy leaves and are late
maturing. Furthermore, Vergara (1992) stated that reduced plant height is the most important
factor to increase the grain yield potential of rice. Shorter plants can take up more nitrogen
fertilizer without lodging, resulting in higher grain yields.

Number of Filled and Unfilled Grains
per Panicle

No significant differences were observed on the number of filled and unfilled grains per
panicle of the traditional rice varieties (Table 5). Among the ten varieties, it
Table 5. The number of filled and unfilled grains of traditional rice varieties

NUMBER OF GRAINS PER PANICLE
VARIETY
FILLED UNFILLED

Growth and Yield of Traditional Rice Varieties Under Kapangan,
Benguet Condition/ Kelvin L. Palada 2011

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Bayag
87
10
Balisanga
101
22
Botalga
101
21
Burik
82
22
Makaneneng
97
23
Pulot
91
17
Raminad
93
25
Talabtab
96
22
Tawataw
132
12
Suyaaw
89
14

CV (%)
22.28
37.37

was observed that Tawataw had the highest number of filled grains per panicle (133) while the
other varieties had filled grains ranging from 83 to 102. It was also noted that Bayag had the
lowest number of unfilled grains per panicle (10) followed by Tawataw (12).
Vergara (1992) stated that a low percentage of filled spikelets can result if temperature at
flowering is too low (less than 20) or too high (above 30).

Reaction to Stem Borer and Blast (neck rot)
All the entries were found resistant to stem borer and blast.
Weight of 1000 Filled Grains

Growth and Yield of Traditional Rice Varieties Under Kapangan,
Benguet Condition/ Kelvin L. Palada 2011

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Statistically, no significant varietal differences on the weight of 1000 filled grains were
observed (Table 6). The mean weight of 1000 filled grains of the different varieties ranged from
18.68-23.74 grams (Figure 2). Burik obtained the highest weight of 1000 filled grains while
Raminad had the lowest.
Table 6. Weight of 1000 filled grains, total yield per plot and computed yield per hectare of the
traditional rice varieties
VARIETY 1000-GRAIN
TOTAL YIELD
COMPUTED
WEIGHT(g)
(g/5m2)
YIELD (tons/ha)
Bayag
20.37 161.33a
0.32a
Balisanga
21.83 149.00a
0.30ab
Botalga
22.85 131.33ab
0.26abcd
Burik
23.74 157.67a
0.32a
Makaneneng
22.67 141.67ab
0.28abcd
Pulot
21.43 157.67a
0.21bcd
Raminad
18.68 151.33a
0.30a
Talabtab
21.44 145.33a
0.29abc
Tawataw
22.73 102.00b
0.20cd
Suyaaw
22.90 99.33b
0.20d
CV
(%)
11.52 16.69 17.39

Yield per Plot
Table 6 reveals that there are significant differences on the total yield per plot of the
traditional rice varieties. Bayag had the highest yield per plot (161.33 g/5m2) but not

Growth and Yield of Traditional Rice Varieties Under Kapangan,
Benguet Condition/ Kelvin L. Palada 2011

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significantly different with Burik, Pulot, Balisanga, Raminad and Talabtab. Suyaaw obtained the
lowest yield with a mean of 99.33 g/5m2. The high yield of the varieties mentioned maybe
attributed to the high weight of 1000 grains and considerably the number of productive tillers.

Computed Yield per Hectare
Significant differences were observed on the computed yield per hectare of the traditional
rice varieties. Bayag obtained the highest yield per hectare of .32 tons followed by Burik (0.32
tons). The significant differences could be attributed to the yielding ability of the different
varieties. Yield is normally a function of genetic make-up and environmental conditions
(Modesto, 2010).
Furthermore, the low yield of all the varieties evaluated may be due to the damage caused
by birds feeding on the grains. Damage worsened when the rice planted on the surrounding farms
were harvested earlier. The lack of fertilizer applied on the field may have also contributed to the
low yield.

Return on Cash Expense (ROCE)

The return on cash expense of the ten traditional rice varieties is shown in Table 7. Bayag
had the highest ROCE compared to the other varieties evaluated. This result implies that Bayag
is profitable to be produced at Beling, Bilis, Kapangan.

Growth and Yield of Traditional Rice Varieties Under Kapangan,
Benguet Condition/ Kelvin L. Palada 2011

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BOTALGA
SUYAAW
BURIK
RAMINAD
BAYAG
BALISANGA
TAWATAW
PULOT
MAKANENENG
TALABTAB
Figure 2. Grains of ten traditional rice varieties

Growth and Yield of Traditional Rice Varieties Under Kapangan,
Benguet Condition/ Kelvin L. Palada 2011

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The negative ROCE of some varieties is due to low yield.
Table 7. Return on cash expense (ROCE) of producing traditional varieties

YIELD
GROSS
COST OF
NET
ROCE
VARIETY
PER 5m2
INCOME
PRODUCTION
INCOME
(%)
(g)
(Php)
(Php)
(Php)
Bayag
161.33 12.10
10
2.10 21.00
Balisanga
149.00 11.18
10
1.18 11.80
Botalga
131.33 9.85
10
-0.15 -1.50
Burik
157.67 11.83
10
1.83 18.30
Makaneneng
141.67 10.63
10
0.63 6.30
Pulot
157.67 11.83
10
1.83 18.30
Raminad
151.33 11.35
10
1.35 13.50
Talabtab
145.33 10.90
10
0.90 9.00
Tawataw
102.00 7.65
10
-2.35 -23.50
Suyaaw
99.33 7.45
10
-2.55 -25.50

SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
Summary

Ten traditional rice landraces were evaluated to identify the best variety with the highest
yield and resistance to pest and diseases and to determine the profitability of producing
traditional rice under Beling, Bilis, Kapangan, Benguet condition.

Suyaaw produced tillers early but Botalga and Tawataw booted earlier. Bayag ripened
within the shortest time.

Growth and Yield of Traditional Rice Varieties Under Kapangan,
Benguet Condition/ Kelvin L. Palada 2011

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All of the varieties were found to be resistant to stem borer and neck rot.

Among the ten varieties evaluated, Tawataw and Balisanga had the highest number of
filled grains. Significant differences were also observed on the total yield per plot and computed
yield per hectare of the ten varieties. Bayag had the highest total and computed yield and ROCE
followed by Burik and Pulot.

Conclusion

Based on the results, Bayag, Balisanga, Burik, Pulot, Raminad and Talabtab are the
highest yielders while all the varieties were resistant to blast and stem borer. Bayag also was the
most profitable among the ten varieties evaluated.

Recommendation

Based on the results of the study, Bayag, Balisanga, Burik, Pulot, Raminad and Talabtab
are recommended for traditional rice growers at Beling, Bilis, Kapangan, Benguet due to high
yield and positive ROCE.

Growth and Yield of Traditional Rice Varieties Under Kapangan,
Benguet Condition/ Kelvin L. Palada 2011

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PHILIPPINE COUNCIL OF AGRICULTURE IN FORESTRY RESOURCE RESEARCH AND
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Ecija: Phil Rice. Pp. 37-40.
PHILIPPINE RICE RESEARCH INSTITUTE. 2001. Varieties and seeds. Philippines:
Department of Agriculture and Philippines Rice Research Institute. 1 (2): 5-7.
QUINIO, P. S. 2004. Milling characteristics of native rice varieties in Bokod, Benguet Province.
BS Thesis. Benguet State University. La Trinidad, Benguet. Pp. 1.

Growth and Yield of Traditional Rice Varieties Under Kapangan,
Benguet Condition/ Kelvin L. Palada 2011

24

SALCEDO, G. T. 2002. Characterization, evaluation and correlation analysis in ten traditional
rice cultivars at vegetative stage. BS Thesis. Benguet State University, La Trinidad,
Benguet. Pp 34-35.
UPHOFF, G. 2008. Rice as a source of nutrition and health. Retrieved December 5, 2010 from
http://www.slideshare.net/SRI.CORNELL/0808-rice-as-a-source-of-nutrition-and-
health.
VERGARA, B. S. 1992. A farmer’s primer in growing rice. Los Banos, Laguna: International
Rice Reseaerch Institute. Pp. 3-15.

Growth and Yield of Traditional Rice Varieties Under Kapangan,
Benguet Condition/ Kelvin L. Palada 2011

25

APPENDICES

Appendix Table 1. Number of days from transplanting to tillering

LANDRACES
REPLICATION
TOTAL
MEAN
I
II
III

Bayag
78.00 65.00
70.00
213.00
71.00
Balisanga
73.00 70.00
69.00
212.00
70.67
Botalga
76.00 77.00
75.00
228.00
76.00
Burik
72.00 73.00
72.00
217.00
72.33
Makaneneng
80.00 77.00
73.00
230.00
76.67
Pulot
81.00 75.00
67.00
223.00
74.33
Raminad
75.00 72.00
70.00
217.00
72.33
Talabtab
72.00 68.00
75.00
215.00
71.67
Tawtaw
73.00 73.00
70.00
216.00
72.00
Suyaaw
68.00 68.00
72.00
208.00
69.33

ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE TABLE

DEGREE

TABULAR F
SOURCE OF
OF
SUM OF
MEAN OF COMPITED
VARIATION FREEDOM SQUARES SQUARES
F
0.05 0.01
Block 2
71.66
35.83

Treatment 9 148.30
16.47
1.46ns
2.46 3.60
Error 18
203.00
11.27

TOTAL 29
422.9667

ns-not significant

CV% 4.62

Growth and Yield of Traditional Rice Varieties Under Kapangan,
Benguet Condition/ Kelvin L. Palada 2011

26

Appendix Table 2. Number of days from transplanting to booting

LANDRACES
REPLICATION
TOTAL
MEAN
I
II
III

Bayag
88.00 85.00
86.00
259.00
86.33
Balisanga
90.00 85.00
92.00
267.00
89.00
Botalga
85.00 88.00
80.00
253.00
84.33
Burik
88.00 90.00
90.00
268.00
89.33
Makaneneng
92.00 85.00
86.00
263.00
87.67
Pulot
90.00 87.00
90.00
267.00
89.00
Raminad
89.00 90.00
85.00
264.00
88.00
Talabtab
87.00 88.00
89.00
264.00
88.00
Tawtaw
85.00 86.00
83.00
254.00
84.67
Suyaaw
86.00 83.00
86.00
255.00
85.00

ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE TABLE

TABULAR F
SOURCE OF
DEGREE
SUM OF
MEAN OF COMPITED
VARIATION
OF
SQUARES SQUARES
F
0.05 0.01
FREEDOM
Block 2
11.26
5.63

Treatment 9 98.13
10.90
1.69ns
2.46 3.60
Error 18
116.06
6.44

TOTAL 29
225.4667

ns-not significant

CV% 2.9
Appendix Table 3. Number of days from heading to ripening

Growth and Yield of Traditional Rice Varieties Under Kapangan,
Benguet Condition/ Kelvin L. Palada 2011

27

LANDRACES
REPLICATION
TOTAL
MEAN
I
II
III

Bayag
20.00 27.00
28.00
75.00
25.00
Balisanga
31.00 28.00
28.00
87.00
29.00
Botalga
28.00 25.00
30.00
83.00
27.67
Burik
25.00 28.00
32.00
85.00
28.33
Makaneneng
23.00 30.00
30.00
83.00
27.67
Pulot
32.00 33.00
33.00
98.00
32.67
Raminad
28.00 34.00
30.00
92.00
30.67
Talabtab
25.00 31.00
27.00
83.00
27.67
Tawtaw
27.00 28.00
26.00
81.00
27.00
Suyaaw
28.00 30.00
30.00
88.00
29.33

ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE TABLE

TABULAR F
SOURCE OF
DEGREE
SUM OF
MEAN OF COMPITED
VARIATION
OF
SQUARES SQUARES
F
0.05 0.01
FREEDOM
Block 2
48.60
24.30

Treatment 9 118.83
13.20
2.20ns
2.46 3.60
Error 18
108.06
6.00

TOTAL 29
275.5

ns-not significant

CV% 8.60
Appendix Table 4. Number of tillers produced

Growth and Yield of Traditional Rice Varieties Under Kapangan,
Benguet Condition/ Kelvin L. Palada 2011

28

LANDRACES
REPLICATION
TOTAL
MEAN
I
II
III

Bayag
27.00 16.00
12.00
55.00
18.33
Balisanga
14.00 11.00
8.00
33.00
11.00
Botalga
13.00 11.00
8.00
32.00
10.67
Burik
13.00 12.00
9.00
34.00
11.33
Makaneneng
11.00 11.00
12.00
34.00
11.33
Pulot
16.00 14.00
15.00
45.00
15.00
Raminad
13.00 14.00
18.00
45.00
15.00
Talabtab
16.00 18.00
10.00
44.00
14.67
Tawtaw
13.00 17.00
15.00
45.00
15.00
Suyaaw
16.00 14.00
7.00
37.00
12.33

ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE TABLE

TABULAR F
SOURCE OF
DEGREE
SUM OF
MEAN OF COMPITED
VARIATION
OF
SQUARES SQUARES
F
0.05 0.01
FREEDOM
Block 2
73.86
36.93

Treatment 9 169.46
18.82
1.78ns
2.46 3.60
Error 18
190.13
10.56

TOTAL 29
433.4667

ns-not significant

CV% 24.13
Appendix Table 5. Number of productive tillers produced

Growth and Yield of Traditional Rice Varieties Under Kapangan,
Benguet Condition/ Kelvin L. Palada 2011

29

LANDRACES
REPLICATION
TOTAL
MEAN
I
II
III

Bayag
11.00 13.00
8.00
32.00
10.67
Balisanga
8.00 9.00
7.00
24.00
8.00
Botalga
6.00 9.00
6.00
21.00
7.00
Burik
6.00 9.00
6.00
21.00
7.00
Makaneneng
4.00 7.00
8.00
19.00
6.33
Pulot
11.00 10.00
7.00
28.00 9.33
Raminad
8.00 9.00
10.00
27.00
9.00
Talabtab
13.00 17.00
7.00
37.00
12.33
Tawtaw
8.00 5.00
9.00
22.00
7.33
Suyaaw
6.00 12.00
7.00
25.00
8.33

ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE TABLE

TABULAR F
SOURCE OF
DEGREE
SUM OF
MEAN OF COMPITED
VARIATION
OF
SQUARES SQUARES
F
0.05 0.01
FREEDOM
Block 2
34.06
17.03

Treatment 9 93.46
10.38
2.03ns
2.46 3.60
Error 18
91.93
5.10

TOTAL 29
219.4667

ns-not significant

CV% 26.48
Appendix Table 6. Number of filled grains per panicle

Growth and Yield of Traditional Rice Varieties Under Kapangan,
Benguet Condition/ Kelvin L. Palada 2011

30

LANDRACES
REPLICATION
TOTAL
MEAN
I
II
III

Bayag
91.00 86.00
85.00
262.00
87.33
Balisanga
85.00 105.00
115.00
305.00
101.67
Botalga
85.00 120.00
98.00
303.00
101.00
Burik
68.00 93.00
87.00
248.00
82.67
Makaneneng
110.00 83.00
98.00
291.00
97.00
Pulot
89.00 100.00
85.00
274.00
91.33
Raminad
105.00 85.00
91.00
281.00
93.67
Talabtab
88.00 90.00
110.00
288.00
96.00
Tawtaw
195.00 88.00
115.00
398.00
132.67
Suyaaw
87.00 90.00
90.00
267.00
89.00

ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE TABLE

TABULAR F
SOURCE OF
DEGREE
SUM OF
MEAN OF COMPITED
VARIATION
OF
SQUARES SQUARES
F
0.05 0.01
FREEDOM
Block 2
198.86
99.43

Treatment 9
5149.36
572.15
1.22ns
2.46 3.60
Error 18
8447.13
469.28

TOTAL 29
13795.37

ns-not significant

CV% 22.28
Appendix Table 7. Number of unfilled grain per panicle

Growth and Yield of Traditional Rice Varieties Under Kapangan,
Benguet Condition/ Kelvin L. Palada 2011

31

LANDRACES
REPLICATION
TOTAL
MEAN
I
II
III

Bayag
13.00 9.00
8.00
30.00
10.00
Balisanga
21.00 18.00
28.00
67.00
22.33
Botalga
25.00 25.00
15.00
65.00
21.67
Burik
31.00 23.00
13.00
67.00
22.33
Makaneneng
22.00 20.00
28.00
70.00
23.33
Pulot
13.00 23.00
15.00
51.00
17.00
Raminad
15.00 26.00
35.00
76.00
25.33
Talabtab
16.00 16.00
36.00
68.00
22.67
Tawtaw
5.00 18.00
13.00
36.00
12.00
Suyaaw
15.00 10.00
18.00
43.00
14.33

ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE TABLE

TABULAR F
SOURCE OF
DEGREE
SUM OF
MEAN OF COMPITED
VARIATION
OF
SQUARES SQUARES
F
0.05 0.01
FREEDOM
Block 2
55.80
27.90

Treatment 9 772.03
85.78
1.68ns
2.46 3.60
Error 18
916.86
50.93

TOTAL 29
1744.7

ns-not significant

CV% 37.37
Appendix Table 8. Height at maturity

Growth and Yield of Traditional Rice Varieties Under Kapangan,
Benguet Condition/ Kelvin L. Palada 2011

32

LANDRACES
REPLICATION
TOTAL
MEAN
I
II
III

Bayag
85.00 89.00
93.00
267.00
89.00
Balisanga
88.00 91.00
96.00
275.00
91.67
Botalga
82.00 99.00
95.00
276.00
92.00
Burik
85.00 95.00
89.00
269.00
89.67
Makaneneng
90.00 94.00
94.00
278.00
92.67
Pulot
83.00 85.00
79.00
247.00
82.33
Raminad
101.00 98.00
88.00
287.00
95.67
Talabtab
88.00 87.00
97.00
272.00
90.67
Tawtaw
91.00 85.00
80.00
256.00
85.33
Suyaaw
88.00 83.00
94.00
265.00
88.33

ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE TABLE

TABULAR F
SOURCE OF
DEGREE
SUM OF
MEAN OF COMPITED
VARIATION
OF
SQUARES SQUARES
F
0.05 0.01
FREEDOM
Block 2
40.06
20.03

Treatment 9 390.53
43.39
1.45ns
2.46 3.60
Error 18
537.26
29.84

TOTAL 29
967.8667

ns-not significant

CV% 6.09
Appendix Table 9. Weight of 1000 filled grain

Growth and Yield of Traditional Rice Varieties Under Kapangan,
Benguet Condition/ Kelvin L. Palada 2011

33

LANDRACES
REPLICATION
TOTAL
MEAN
I
II
III

Bayag
19.12 22.00
20.00
61.12
20.37
Balisanga
21.50 23.00
21.00
65.50
21.83
Botalga
22.55 23.00
23.00
68.55
22.85
Burik
21.23 24.00
26.00
71.23
23.74
Makaneneng
24.00 23.00
21.00
68.00
22.67
Pulot
21.30 21.00
22.00
64.30
21.43
Raminad
18.03 19.00
19.00
56.03
18.68
Talabtab
22.32 23.00
19.00
64.32
21.44
Tawtaw
20.20 23.00
25.00
68.20
22.73
Suyaaw
25.70 16.00
27.00
68.70
22.90

ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE TABLE

TABULAR F
SOURCE OF
DEGREE
SUM OF
MEAN OF COMPITED
VARIATION
OF
SQUARES SQUARES
F
0.05 0.01
FREEDOM
Block 2
2.89
1.44

Treatment 9 59.17
6.57
1.04ns
2.46 3.60
Error 18
114.10
6.33

TOTAL 29
176.1763

ns-not significant

CV% 11.52
Appendix Table 10. Yield per plot

Growth and Yield of Traditional Rice Varieties Under Kapangan,
Benguet Condition/ Kelvin L. Palada 2011

34

LANDRACES
REPLICATION
TOTAL
MEAN
I
II
III

Bayag
170.00 112.00
202.00
484.00
161.33
Balisanga
140.00 150.00
157.00
447.00
149.00
Botalga
154.00 106.00
134.00
394.00
131.33
Burik
160.00 135.00
178.00
473.00
157.67
Makaneneng
140.00 151.00
134.00
425.00
141.67
Pulot
135.00 170.00
168.00
473.00
157.67
Raminad
170.00 114.00
170.00
454.00
151.33
Talabtab
145.00 153.00
138.00
436.00
145.33
Tawtaw
130.00 86.00
90.00
306.00
102.00
Suyaaw
122.00 102.00
74.00
298.00 99.33

ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE TABLE

TABULAR F
SOURCE OF
DEGREE
SUM OF
MEAN OF COMPITED
VARIATION
OF
SQUARES SQUARES
F
0.05 0.01
FREEDOM
Block 2
2098.87
1049.43

Treatment 9
13475.33
1497.26
2.76*
2.46 3.60
Error 18
9776.47
543.14

TOTAL 29
25350.67

ns-not significant

CV% 16.69
Appendix Table 11. Computed yield per hectare

Growth and Yield of Traditional Rice Varieties Under Kapangan,
Benguet Condition/ Kelvin L. Palada 2011

35

LANDRACES
REPLICATION
TOTAL
MEAN
I
II
III

Bayag
340.00 224.00
404.00
968.00
322.67
Balisanga
280.00 300.00
314.00
894.00
298.00
Botalga
308.00 212.00
268.00
788.00
262.67
Burik
320.00 270.00
356.00
946.00
315.33
Makaneneng
280.00 302.00
268.00
850.00
283.33
Pulot
270.00 214.00
148.00
632.00
210.67
Raminad
340.00 228.00
340.00
908.00
302.67
Talabtab
290.00 306.00
276.00
872.00
290.67
Tawtaw
260.00 172.00
180.00
612.00
204.00
Suyaaw
244.00 204.00
148.00
596.00
198.67

ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE TABLE

TABULAR F
SOURCE OF
DEGREE
SUM OF
MEAN OF COMPITED
VARIATION
OF
SQUARES SQUARES
F
0.05 0.01
FREEDOM
Block 2
12526.67
6263.33

Treatment 9
60872.13
6763.57
3.09*
2.46 3.60
Error 18
39342.67
2185.70

TOTAL 29
112741.5

ns-not significant

CV% 17.39

Growth and Yield of Traditional Rice Varieties Under Kapangan,
Benguet Condition/ Kelvin L. Palada 2011

36

Growth and Yield of Traditional Rice Varieties Under Kapangan,
Benguet Condition/ Kelvin L. Palada 2011

Document Outline

Growth and Yield of Traditional Rice VarietiesUnder Kapangan, Benguet Condition
- BIBLIOGRAPHY
- ABSTRACT
- TABLE OF CONTENTS
- INTRODUCTION
- REVIEW OF LITERATURE
- MATERIALS AND METHODS
- RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
- LITERATURE CITED
- APPENDICES