BIBLIOGRAPHY

SAB-IT, JOSHUA D. APRIL 2012. Growth and Yield of Potato Entries Applied
with Organic Fertilizers in La Trinidad, Benguet.Benguet State University, La Trinidad,
Benguet.
Adviser: Danilo P. Padua,Ph D.
ABSTRACT
The study was conducted to determine the best performing potato entry applied
with organic fertilizer based on yield and resistance to pest and diseases; determine the
kind of organic fertilizer that will produce plants with high yield under La Trinidad,
Benguet condition; determine the best combination of organic fertilizer and potato entry
that will give the best performance in terms of yield and resistance to pest and diseases;
and determine the return on cash expenses (ROCE) on potato production.
Among the four potato entries, Tawid was the most vigorous. Entries Omega,
Tawid, and 2.21.6.2 were the most resistant to late blight at 60 DAP. Entries Tawid and
2.21.6.2 were highly resistant to leaf miner. The application of organic fertilizer may have
contributed to the resistance of the plants.
Based on marketable yield, entry Tawid produced the highest.Plants applied with
Murasaka produced the highest marketable and total yield. Entry Tawid applied with
Murasaka registered the highest return on cash expenses.
Based on the results, entry Tawid could be recommended for organic potato
production under La Trinidad, Benguet condition. Application of organic fertilizer is
possible for potato production under La Trinidad, Benguet condition.
Growth and Yield of Potato Entries Applied with Organic Fertilizers in La Trinidad,
Benguet | SAB-IT, JOSHUA D. APRIL 2012

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INTRODUCTION
Potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) is commonly grown in Benguet. Farmers prefer
growing potato not only because of its adaptability to various types of soil but it is also
easier to manage than other vegetable crops. It is considered as the world’s leading
vegetable crop and the most promising substitute for rice (McCollum, 1975).
The problem faced by potato farmers at present is a gradual reduction in yield due
to continuous use of the same variety in the same location every year. There is a lack of
high yielding and pest resistant varieties. Problems on soil fertility and occurrence of plant
diseases that lead to low production are also experienced by most farmers. Thus,
application of pure inorganic fertilizer is often practiced to attain maximum yield of potato.
However, the continuous application of inorganic fertilizer will destroy the soil structure
and pollute the water source (Balaoing, 2012). The application of organic fertilizer may
therefore be a good alternative since it will not only reduce inputs of farmers but also
improve soil tilth, soil structure, and water holding capacity (Galagal, 2006).
Moreover applying the right organic fertilizer not only contributes to growth
performance of the crop and tuber quality but also may help farmers reduce their fertilizer
inputs. Organic fertilizers hold nutrients at a higher capacity than chemical fertilizers do,
when used properly. It will also bring back the productive capacity of the soil, soundness
of the environment and safer food for human consumption. This study could therefore be
of great importance to potato farmers. Proper selection of planting materials should also be
done for a successful potato production and for increasing productivity and sustainability.

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Growth and Yield of Potato Entries Applied with Organic Fertilizers in La Trinidad,
Benguet | SAB-IT, JOSHUA D. APRIL 2012

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The objective of the study was to:
1. determine the best performing potato entry applied with organic fertilizer
based on yield and resistance to pest and diseases;
2. determine the kind of organic fertilizer that will produce plants with high
yield under La Trinidad, Benguet condition;
3. determine the best combination of organic fertilizer and potato entry that
will give the best performance in terms of yield and resistance to pest and diseases;
and
4. determine the return on cash expenses (ROCE) on potato production.
The study was conducted in Lamtang, La Trinidad, Benguet from November 2011 to
February 2012.


Growth and Yield of Potato Entries Applied with Organic Fertilizers in La Trinidad,
Benguet | SAB-IT, JOSHUA D. APRIL 2012

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REVIEW OF LITERATURE
Varietal Evaluation on Organic Production

Varietal evaluation or crop selection is important for managing crops under organic
production. There is need to evaluate the variety under organic production, to know what
variety is good for organic production. According to Wang, et. al. (2001), the desirable
method in organic production is the cultivation of resistant varieties.
HARRDEC (1996) stated that achieving maximum production requires the best variety to
be selected in the locality. Series of varietal evaluation must be conducted in order to
determine the adapted variety and the performance of newly introduced varieties.
Effects of Organic Fertilizers on
the Growth and Yield Potato

In potato production, application of chicken manure as source of organic matter enhances
the tallest average height at harvest. And weakly growth increment of potato plants was
significantly affected by fertilizing with chicken manure. Application also at organic
fertilizer control bacterial wilt (Bilanggo, 1996).
Poincelot (1980) found out that plants fertilized with different organic manure increases
weight of marketable tubers. In 1980, Pandosen reported that as the level of organic
fertilizer is raised, the tuber formation and the yield also increased. This is because more
absorption of nutrients by the plants led to the development of heavier tubers considering
that the other factors were favorable.
Fertilizer serves an important role on the growth and yield of potato plants. The application
of 200 kilograms of nitrogen per hectare doubled the yield while the application to
Growth and Yield of Potato Entries Applied with Organic Fertilizers in La Trinidad,
Benguet | SAB-IT, JOSHUA D. APRIL 2012

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farmyard manure alone and more than double yield of potato receiving no potash at all.
Kinoshita (1996) pointed out that the lack of nitrogen severely affected tuber yields.
Organic vs. Inorganic Fertilizer
Commercial fertilizers are petroleum-based so they make the soil acidic and hard.
As a result, beneficial microbes and the natural fertility of the soil is lost. On the other
hand, organic fertilizers improve drainage and aeration of heavy soil. It promotes plant
resistance to virus and pest (Landacan, 1993).
Applying large amount of inorganic fertilizer to the soil can result in temporary
nitrogen depletion from the soil and the surrounding plants (Garden Line, 2000). Heavy
application of inorganic fertilizer can result to an excessive and toxic accumulation of salts
which can damage plants.
Organic fertilizers allow you more of a choice in the content and amount of nutrient
to meet the needs of your plants where as the nutrients in inorganic fertilizers vary
depending on the type of fertilizer ( Pataras, 1984).
Benefits of Using Organic Fertilizers
The benefit of organic farming is mostly health related since production has little
or no pesticide residue. Some practitioners of organic farming believe that organic food is
more nutritious than produced by conventional farming (Hynes, 2006). It improves
nutritive value, nitrate content, taste keeping quality and resistance (PCARRD, 2006).

Organic fertilizer maintains, improves soil organic matter. It can also control of
weeds combined with soil cultivation. Organic agriculture also contributes to food security
by increasing on the yield in low input areas, conserving biodiversity and nature resources
on the farm and in the surrounding area (IFOAM, 2005).
Growth and Yield of Potato Entries Applied with Organic Fertilizers in La Trinidad,
Benguet | SAB-IT, JOSHUA D. APRIL 2012

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Crop fertilized with organic matter were reported by Abadilla (1982) to have
greater resistance to pest and diseases. (Donahue, 1977) reported that the fertilizer should
be applied as close as possible to the roots without hindrance to germination on growth. It
should be supplied when the nutrients are most needed usually at early vegetative stage
and at flowering.
Soil for vegetative production should be rich in organic matter (Pataras, 1984). He
mentioned that the best way to achieve this condition is through sustained application of
compost whereby weeds, manure and other farm wastes are converted to useful soil
amendment which when use in farm can improve soil structure making it ideal for
vegetable production.
Marcelino (1995) also found that organic fertilizer supplies some amount of the
nutrient requirements of the crop and promote favorable soil properties such as granulation,
efficient aeration, easy root penetration and more improved water holding capacity of the
soil. Organic fertilizers and without fertilization did not significantly affect the period of
seedling recovery, days from transplanting to booting, days from transplanting to heading,
to ripen, length of panicles and harvest index. Soil may become hard and unproductive not
because of the large application of chemical fertilizers but because of small addition of
humus (Watts, 1972).
Importance of Organic Fertilizer
Organic fertilizers generally provide many advantages to organic growers, to soil
properties and to crop yields. An organic fertilizer provides some essential elements for
proper plant growth. It assures farmers of lower stable fertilizer cost and reliable local raw
Growth and Yield of Potato Entries Applied with Organic Fertilizers in La Trinidad,
Benguet | SAB-IT, JOSHUA D. APRIL 2012

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materials. Organic growers realized to look for alternative low-cost of fertilizers that are
not harmful and beneficial to the plants.
Kinoshita (1996) reported that application of organic fertilizer in sufficient
amount improves soil structure; serve to improve organic fertilizer increase not only the
quantity of nutrients elements for plant growth and development but also decreases bulk
density of the soil. Organic matters can increase water absorption and lessen water run-
off, leaching and erosion.


Growth and Yield of Potato Entries Applied with Organic Fertilizers in La Trinidad,
Benguet | SAB-IT, JOSHUA D. APRIL 2012

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MATERIALS AND METHODS
An area of 240 m2 was thoroughly prepared and divided into three blocks containing
16 plots measuring 1m x 5m each to accommodate the 3 replications (Figure 1). This was
laid out following split-plot design arranged in Randomized Complete Block Design
(RCBD).
Organic fertilizers were assigned to the main plot and potato entries were assigned
to the sub-plot.
The double row method of planting was followed with a distance of 30cm between
hills and rows (Figure 2). All organic fertilizers were applied and thoroughly mixed with
the soil one week before planting. One seed tuber was planted per hill.
Cultural practices like irrigation, hilling-up (Figure 3), and weeding were done as
necessary throughout the duration of the study.
The following treatments were:
Main Plot – Fertilizer
Sub – plot Potato
Source

Entries/Varieties
F1 = No organic fertilizer
E1 = Raniag (check)
NPRCRTC
(control)

F2 = Bio 3-n-1
E2 = Omega
NPRCRTC
F3 = Murasaka
E3 = “Tawid”
NPRCRTC
F4 = Green World
E4 = 2.21.6.2
NPRCRTC




Growth and Yield of Potato Entries Applied with Organic Fertilizers in La Trinidad,
Benguet | SAB-IT, JOSHUA D. APRIL 2012

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Figure 1. Overview of the production site after land preparation

Figure 2. Planting of potato tubers Figure 3. Hilling up at 30 DAP




Growth and Yield of Potato Entries Applied with Organic Fertilizers in La Trinidad,
Benguet | SAB-IT, JOSHUA D. APRIL 2012

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Nutritional Analysis of Organic Fertilizers Used
Murasaka An organic fertilizer that provide microorganism to the soil. It can improve the
ability of plants to use available nutrients resulting to higher yields.

Guaranteed Analysis:

Macronutrients:

Nitrogen (N)


2.5%

Phosphorus (P2O3)


6.3%

Potassium (K2O)


3.5%
Bio 3-n-1 Organic fertilizer that is a decent source of nitrogen (2-4%) organic. It
also has small amounts of phosphorus and potassium. It is used to increase green leaf
growth, adds organic matter that increases humus and can be used as a compost
decomposition activator.
Guaranted Analysis:
Nitrogen (N)


2.5%
Phosphorus (P2O3)


3.9%
Potassium (K2O)


3.0%
Green World is a balanced, stable and complete natural and organic fertilizer, with
carefully selected nutrients, minerals and vitamins in the forms that are readily available
for plants. It increases activities and population of soil beneficial microorganisms.

Guaranted Analysis:

Nitrogen (N)


3.41%

Phosphorus (P2O3)


2.83%

Potassium (K2O)


1.75%

Growth and Yield of Potato Entries Applied with Organic Fertilizers in La Trinidad,
Benguet | SAB-IT, JOSHUA D. APRIL 2012

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Data Gathered
A. Meteorological data. The temperature, rainfall, sunshine duration, and
relative humidity during the conduct of the study were taken from the Philippines
Atmospheric Geophysical and Astronomical Services (PAG-ASA) weather station
at Benguet State University.
B. Initial and final soil analysis. Soil samples were taken from the
experimental area before and right after harvest. The nitrogen, phosphorus,
potassium, soil pH, and organic matter content of the soil were analyzed at the
Department of Agriculture, Soils Laboratory, Pacdal, Baguio City.
C. Vegetative Characters
1. Initial plant height (cm). Initial plant height was measured
from ten sample plants ten days after emergence from the base to the tip of
the longest shoots.
2. Final height (cm). Ten sample plants per plot were
measured from the base to the tip of the plant one week before harvest.
3. Plant vigor. This was taken one month after planting using
the CIP scale.
Scale
Description
Remarks

5
Plants are strong with robust stems and leaves, leaves
Highly vigorous
are light to dark in color

4
Plants are moderately strong with robust stem and
Moderately vigorous
leaves are light green color

3
Better then less vigorous
Vigorous

2
Plants are weak with few thin stems and leaves pale
Less vigorous

1
Plants are weak with few stems and leaves: very pale
Poorly vigorous


Growth and Yield of Potato Entries Applied with Organic Fertilizers in La Trinidad,
Benguet | SAB-IT, JOSHUA D. APRIL 2012

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4. Canopy cover. This was gathered at 30, 45 and 60 days after planting (DAP)
using a wooden frame measuring 120cm x 60cm having equally sized 12cm
x 6cm grids. Holding the grid over the foliage of four representative
previously marked plants, grids covered with effective leaves were counted.
5. Plant survival. The number of plants that survived was
counted at 30 days after planting (DAP) and computed using the formula:



Number of plant survived
% Plant Survival= ______________________________ x 100



Total number of tubers planted

D. Reaction to Leafminer and Late Blight. This was noted through visual
observation.
1. Leaf miner. The reaction was recorded at 30 and 45 DAP
using the following rating scale (CIP, 2001):
Scale
Description
Remarks

1
Least infected (1-20%)
Highly resistant

2
Infected (21-40%)
Moderately resistant

3
Moderately infected (41-60%)
Susceptible

4
Severely infected (61-80%)
Moderately susceptible

5
Most serious (81-100%)
Very susceptible

2. Late blight. This was gathered at 30, 45 and 60 DAP,
using the CIP scale (Henfling, 1987). Percent late blight infection was based
on ten sample plants.


Growth and Yield of Potato Entries Applied with Organic Fertilizers in La Trinidad,
Benguet | SAB-IT, JOSHUA D. APRIL 2012

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Blight (%)
CIP scale
Description
0
1
No late blight to be observable

Trace <5
2
Late blight present. Maximum 10 lesions per plant
5-<15
3
Plant look healthy but lesions are easily seen at
closer distance. Maximum foliage area affected by
lesions or destroyed corresponds to more than 20 leaf
lets.

15-<35
4
Late blight easily seen on most plant. About 25% of
foliage is covered with lesions or destroyed.

35-<65
5
Plants look green: however all plants are affected.
Lower leaves are dead. About half the foliage area is
destroyed.

65-<85
6
Plants look green with brown flecks. About 75% of
each plant is affected. Leaves of the lower half of the
plant are destroyed.

85-<95
7
Plants neither predominantly green nor brown. Only
top leaves are green. Many stems have large lesions.

95-<100
8
Plants are black colored. A few top leaves still have
green area. Most stems have lesions or are dead.

100
9
All leaves and stems are dead.
Description: 1- Highly resistant: 2-3 Resistant: 4-5 Moderately resistant: 6-7 Moderately
susceptible: 8-9 susceptible.
E. Yield and yield components
1. Number and weight of marketable tubers per plot (kg). All tubers
that have marketable size, not malformed, free from cuts, cracks and without more
than 10% greening of the total surface were counted and weighed at harvest.
2. Number and weight of non-marketable tubers per plot (kg).This
was obtained by counting and weighing all tubers that were malformed, attacked
by pest, diseases, cuts and those with more than 10% greening.
Growth and Yield of Potato Entries Applied with Organic Fertilizers in La Trinidad,
Benguet | SAB-IT, JOSHUA D. APRIL 2012

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3. Total yield per plot (kg). This is the sum of the weight of
marketable and non-marketable tubers.
4. Computed yield/ha. This was computed using the formula:




Total yield
Computed Yield (ton/ha) = ──────────── x10, 000




10m2

5. Return on cash expenses (ROCE). This was computed by
dividing the net profit over the total cost of production multiplied by 100.

Net Profit
ROCE= ─────────────── x 100

Total Cost of Production


Data Analysis


All quantitative data were analyzed using the Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) for
split plot design with 3 replications. The significant differences among treatments were
tested using Duncan’s Multiple Range Test (DMRT).


Growth and Yield of Potato Entries Applied with Organic Fertilizers in La Trinidad,
Benguet | SAB-IT, JOSHUA D. APRIL 2012

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RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Soil Chemical Properties
The final analysis of the soil taken from the experimental area is shown in Table 1.
The initial pH of the soil was 5.37 with organic matter content of 2.0%, while the nitrogen,
phosphorus and potassium contents of the soil were 0.12%, 124 ppm, and 308 ppm,
respectively.
The soil applied with Murasaka, Bio 3-n-1, and Green World had an increased pH,
while that of the control remained. The organic matter content of the soil applied with
organic fertilizer had increased which is apparently a direct effect of the applied organic
materials. The phosphorus and potassium content of plots applied with organic fertilizer
had increased, while the soil not applied with fertilizer decreased in phosphorus and
potassium.
Table 1. Soil analysis before and after planting


ORGANIC
pH
NITROGEN PHOSPHORUS POTASSIUM
MATTER


(%)
(%)
(ppm)
(ppm)
Before planting
5.37
2.0
0.10
124
308

After planting






No organic
5.37
2.0
0.10
118
300
fertilizer

Bio 3-n-1
5.80
2.5
0.13
126
373
Murasaka
5.96
2.5
0.13
135
375
Green World
5.84
2.5
0.13
130
375

Meteorological Data During the Study Period
Growth and Yield of Potato Entries Applied with Organic Fertilizers in La Trinidad,
Benguet | SAB-IT, JOSHUA D. APRIL 2012

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Table 2 shows the temperature, relative humidity, sunlight duration, and rainfall.
Temperature ranged from 22-24˚C, which could be considered within the temperature
range of 17-22oC (HARRDEC, 1996) in which potato grows best. Relative humidity was
85 to 87 % which was favorable for potato plant growth. Potato grows best in areas with
an average relative humidity of 86% (HARRDEC, 1996). Sunlight duration ranged from
1169 to 10554 minutes, and rainfall ranged from 2.20 to 6.40mm daily, both of which also
favor the growth of potato.
Table 2. Agro climatic data during the study period (November 2011 to February 2012)
AVERAGE
RELATIVE
SUNLIGHT
RAINFALL
MONTH TEMPERATURE HUMIDITY
DURATION
AMOUNT
(ºC)
(%)
(min)
(mm)
November
24
87
1169
2.20
December
23
87
7578
6.40
January
22
85
10554
3.20
February
22
86
8492
3.40
MEAN
23
86
6948
4.00
Source: PAG-ASA Weather Station at BSU


Growth and Yield of Potato Entries Applied with Organic Fertilizers in La Trinidad,
Benguet | SAB-IT, JOSHUA D. APRIL 2012

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Plant Height
Effect of fertilizer. Table 3 shows the plant height of potato entries at 30 and 60
DAP as affected by organic fertilizer. In both instance, potato applied with Murasaka had
the tallest plants indicating that Murasaka is suitable as an organic fertilizer for potato.
Effect of potato entry. Entry Tawid produced the tallest plants among the entries at
30 and 60 DAP (Table 3) while Omega was the shortest at 30 and 60 DAP. The differences
in height among the entries could be due mainly to their genotypic variation.
Table 3. Plant height of four potato entries as affected by organic fertilizers.

PLANT HEIGHT (cm)
TREATMENT
30 DAP
60 DAP
Fertilizer (F)


No organic fertilizer
17.29 c
27.35 c
Bio 3-n-1
21.27 ab
30.10 ab
Murasaka
21.54 a
30.47 a
Green World
20.81 b
29.68 b
Variety (V)


Raniag
20.34 b
29.32 b
Omega
19.67 d
28.53 c
“Tawid”
20.90 a
30.40 a
2.21.6.2
20.00 c
29.35 b
F x V
*
ns

CV A %
2.7
1.05

CV B %
0.81
1.09
Means followed by common letters are not significantly different at 5% by DMRT.

Growth and Yield of Potato Entries Applied with Organic Fertilizers in La Trinidad,
Benguet | SAB-IT, JOSHUA D. APRIL 2012

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Interaction effect. Significant interaction was observed between the organic
fertilizer and entries on the initial plant height. Entry Tawid applied with Murasaka and
Bio3-n-1 were the tallest (Figure 4). The interaction between the fertilizer and potato
entries did not significantly affect through the final height of the plant. This result indicates
that the effect of the organic fertilizers used are remarkable during the earlier growth stage
of potato thus, they should be applied also early.
Figure 4. Initial height of four potato entries as affected by different organic fertilizer

25
20
m)
(c
Entry
ht 15
ig
Raniag
Omega
plant he 10
ial
Tawid
nit
I
2.21.6.2
5
0
No organic fetilizer
Bio 3-n-1
Murasaka
Green World
Organic Fertilizer
Growth and Yield of Potato Entries Applied with Organic Fertilizers in La Trinidad,
Benguet | SAB-IT, JOSHUA D. APRIL 2012

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Plant Vigor
Effect of fertilizer. It was observed that at 30 and 45 DAP potatoes applied with
Bio 3-n-1, Murasaka, and Green World were highly vigorous (Table 4). Potato without
fertilizer was moderately vigorous until 45 DAP. The high vigor exhibited by the potato
plants are clearly due to the release of nutrients from the organic fertilizers. This effect may
not be sustained in the long run due to the relatively low proportion of nutrients held by
such fertilizers.
Table 4. Plant vigor at 30 DAP and 45 DAP of four potato entries as affected by organic
fertilizer

PLANT VIGOR
TREATMENT
30 DAP
45 DAP
Fertilizer (F)


No Organic Fertilizer
Moderately vigorous
Moderately vigorous
Bio 3-n-1
Highly vigorous
Highly vigorous
Murasaka
Highly vigorous
Highly vigorous
Green World
Highly vigorous
Highly vigorous
Variety (V)


Raniag
Highly vigorous
Moderately vigorous
Omega
Moderately vigorous
Highly vigorous
“Tawid”
Highly vigorous
Highly vigorous
2.21.6.2
Moderately vigorous
Highly vigorous



Growth and Yield of Potato Entries Applied with Organic Fertilizers in La Trinidad,
Benguet | SAB-IT, JOSHUA D. APRIL 2012

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Effect of potato entries. Entries Raniag and Tawid were found to be highly
vigorous, while Omega and 2.21.6.2 were moderately vigorous at 30 DAP. At 45 DAP
entries Omega, Tawid, and 2.21.6.2 were highly vigorous while Raniag was moderately
vigorous. This may be explained by the absence of late blight infection at that stage.
Plant Survival
All potato entries had 100% survival percentage showing that the planting materials
used were of good quality.
Canopy Cover at 30, 45, and 60 DAP
Effect of fertilizer. As shown in Table 5, the differences in canopy cover at 30, 45,
and 60 days after planting were significant. Plants applied with organic fertilizer have
wider canopy cover which could be attributed to the observed high vigor of plants. The
nutrient content of the organic fertilizers seem to enhance better vegetative growth
condition in the potato plants.
Effect of potato entries. Significant differences were also observed on the canopy
cover of different potato entries. Canopy cover of the potato entries consistently increased
until 60 DAP. Entry Tawid obtained the highest canopy cover at 60 DAP indicating its
better resistance to late blight compared to other. Omega obtained the lowest canopy cover
at 30 DAP but it gradually exhibited better cover until 60 DAP.
Interaction effect. There was no significant interaction between fertilizer and potato
entries on canopy cover at 30, 45, and 60 DAP.


Growth and Yield of Potato Entries Applied with Organic Fertilizers in La Trinidad,
Benguet | SAB-IT, JOSHUA D. APRIL 2012

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Table 5. Canopy cover at 30, 45, and 60 DAP of four potato entries as affected by organic
fertilizers

CANOPY COVER
TREATMENT
30 DAP
45 DAP
60 DAP
Fertilizer (F)



No Organic Fertilizer
28.52 b
38.24 c
43.80 b
Bio 3-n-1
39.12 a
46.88 a
50.40 a
Murasaka
40.08 a
47.92 a
51.48 a
Green World
38.32 a
45.60 b
49.88 a
Variety (V)



Raniag
36.72 b
45.12 b
47.64 b
Omega
33.56 c
42.28 d
46.52 b
“Tawid”
40.60 a
47.40 a
52.28 a
2.21.6.2
35.12 b
43.88 c
49.08 b
F x V
ns
ns
ns




CV A %
3.71
1.47
2.31




CV B %
1.43
1.24
1.57
Means followed by common letters are not significantly different at 5% by DMRT
Late Blight Incidence
Effect of fertilizer. Plants at 30 DAP were observed to have high resistance to late
blight (Table 6). Plants applied with Bio 3-n-1, Murasaka, and Green World were resistant
to late blight infection at 45 and 60 DAP while the unfertilized plants were observed to be
moderately resistant at 45 and 60 DAP.
Effect of entries. Table 6 shows the reaction of four potato entries applied with
organic fertilizers to late blight. The four potato entries were highly resistant to late blight
Growth and Yield of Potato Entries Applied with Organic Fertilizers in La Trinidad,
Benguet | SAB-IT, JOSHUA D. APRIL 2012

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at 30 DAP. Entries Omega, Tawid, and 2.21.6.2 were resistant to late blight infection at 45
and 60 DAP while Raniag was observed to be moderately resistant at 45 to 60 DAP. These
reactions are primarily due to desirable genetic attributes of the entries used.
Table 6. Reaction to late blight at 30, 45, and 60 DAP of four potato entries applied with
organic fertilizers
REACTION TO LATE BLIGHT
TREATMENT
30 DAP
45 DAP
60 DAP
Fertilizer (F)



No
Organic Highly resistant Moderately resistant Moderately resistant
Fertilizer
Bio 3-n-1
Highly resistant Resistant
Resistant
Murasaka
Highly resistant Resistant
Resistant
Green World
Highly resistant Resistant
Resistant
Variety (V)



Raniag
Highly resistant Moderately resistant Moderately susceptible
Omega
Highly resistant Resistant
Resistant
“Tawid”
Highly resistant Resistant
Resistant
2.21.6.2
Highly resistant Resistant
Resistant



Growth and Yield of Potato Entries Applied with Organic Fertilizers in La Trinidad,
Benguet | SAB-IT, JOSHUA D. APRIL 2012

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Leaf Miner Incidence
Effect of fertilizer. It was observed that plants applied with organic fertilizers,
together with the unfertilized plants were not attacked by leaf miner at 30 DAP. However,
at 45 to 60 DAP plants applied with Murasaka, Bio 3-n-1, and Green World were slightly
attacked by insect pest. The plants with no organic fertilizer became moderately resistant
because its resistance had weakened due to lack of nutrients.
Table 7. Leaf miner incidence at 30, 45, and 60 DAP of four potato entries as affected by
organic fertilizer

REACTION TO LEAF MINER
TREATMENT
30 DAP
45 DAP
60 DAP
Fertilizer (F)



No Organic
Fertilizer
Highly resistant Moderately resistant Moderately resistant

Bio 3-n-1
Highly resistant
Resistant
Resistant
Murasaka
Highly resistant
Resistant
Resistant
Green World
Highly resistant
Resistant
Resistant
Variety (V)



Raniag
Highly resistant
Resistant
Moderately resistant
Omega
Highly resistant
Moderately resistant Moderately resistant
Tawid
Highly resistant
Highly resistant
Highly resistant
2.21.6.2
Highly resistant
Highly resistant
Highly resistant
Growth and Yield of Potato Entries Applied with Organic Fertilizers in La Trinidad,
Benguet | SAB-IT, JOSHUA D. APRIL 2012

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Effect of entries. It was observed that most of the potato entries were highly
resistant to leaf miner at 30 DAP. Entries Tawid and 2.21.6.2 were consistently highly
resistant to leaf miner at 30, 45, and 60 DAP. On the other hand, Raniag become resistant
at 45 DAP then moderately resistant at 60 DAP, while Omega only moderately resistant at
45 to 60 DAP. Tawid and entry 2.21.6.2 are good materials for planting by farmers when
leafminer is a problem. Omega could be an alternative choice since it also showed moderate
resistance to the same insect pest.
Number of Marketable and
Non-marketable Tuber
Effect of fertilizer. The number of marketable and non-marketable tubers is
presented in Table 8. All the organic fertilizer treatments enhanced more number of
marketable tubers but at the same time they also produced greater number of non-
marketable tubers. All the organic fertilizers used have good potential for organic potato
production. The abundance of non-marketable tubers is probably a consequence of the
insufficient amount of the fertilizers applied.
Effect of entries. Table 8 shows that entry Tawid produced the highest marketable
and non-marketable tubers, while Raniag registered both the lowest number of marketable
and non-marketable tubers. Tawid is exhibiting a remarkable genetic characteristic that
could result to a satisfactory tuber yield in organic potato production.
Interaction effect. The interaction between the potato entry and organic fertilizer were not
significant on the number of marketable and non-marketable tubers.


Growth and Yield of Potato Entries Applied with Organic Fertilizers in La Trinidad,
Benguet | SAB-IT, JOSHUA D. APRIL 2012

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Table 8. Number of marketable and non-marketable tuber of four potato entries as affected
by organic fertilizers


NUMBER OF TUBER (per 5m2)
TREATMENT
MARKETABLE
NON-MARKETABLE
Fertilizer (F)


No Organic Fertilizer
143.83b
5.42 a
Bio 3-n-1
223.42a
6.75 b
Murasaka
223.92a
7.00 b
Green World
222.50a
6.75 b
Variety (V)


Raniag
189.00d
5.67 a
Omega
201.00c
5.67 a
Tawid
216.58a
7.83 b
2.21.6.2
207.08b
6.75 ab
F x V
ns
ns
CV A %
0.58
4.98
CV B %
1.47
11.790
Means followed by common letters are not significantly different at 5% by DMRT


Weight of Marketable and
Non-marketable Tubers
Effect of Fertilizer. Plants applied with organic fertilizers produced almost twice as heavy
marketable and non-marketable tubers than the control, further showing their effectiveness
as organic fertilizers for potato production.
Effect of potato entries. Significant differences were obtained on marketable and non-
marketable tubers. Tawid produced the heaviest tubers, while Raniag obtained the lowest
Growth and Yield of Potato Entries Applied with Organic Fertilizers in La Trinidad,
Benguet | SAB-IT, JOSHUA D. APRIL 2012

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tuber yield. Tawid also had the heaviest marketable tubers but this could be considered as
a yield potential.
Interaction effect. There was no significant interaction between the potato entries and
organic fertilizers on marketable and non-marketable tubers of potato.
Table 9. Weight of marketable and non-marketable tubers of four potato entries as
affected by organic fertilizer

WEIGHT OT TUBER (kg/5m2)
TREATMENT
MARKETABLE
NON-MARKETABLE
Fertilizer (F)


No Organic Fertilizer
4.55b
0.44 a
Bio 3-n-1
848a
0.81 b
Murasaka
8.70a
0.82 b
Green World
8.37a
0.79 b
Variety (V)


Raniag
6.41d
0.60 a
Omega
7.21c
0.63 a
“Tawid”
8.59 a
0.88 b
2.21.6.2
7.89 b
0.74 ab
F x V
ns
ns



CV A %
4.56
34.54



CV B %
3.61
17.84
Means followed by common letters are not significantly different at 5% by DMRT


Growth and Yield of Potato Entries Applied with Organic Fertilizers in La Trinidad,
Benguet | SAB-IT, JOSHUA D. APRIL 2012

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Total and Computed Yield
Effect of fertilizer. Plants applied with Murasaka significantly produced the highest
total yield of 9.52 kg/5m2 and computed yield of 19.03 tons/ha. While plants without
fertilizer produced lower total and computed yield (Table 11). Tuberization appears to be
a trait that is positively influenced by the organic fertilizers used resulting from their
balanced nutrient composition for potato plant growth and productivity.
Table 11. Total yield and computed yield of four potato entries as affected by organic
fertilizer fertilizers

TREATMENT
TOTAL YIELD
COMPUTED YIELD
(kg/5m2)
(t/ha)
Fertilizer (F)


No Organic Fertilizer
4.99 b
9.98 b
Bio 3-n-1
9.29 a
18.58 a
Murasaka
9.52 a
19.03 a
Green World
9.16 a
18.32 a
Variety (V)


Raniag
7.01 d
14.02 d
Omega
7.84 c
15.68 c
Tawid
9.48 a
18.95 a
2.21.6.2
8.63 b
17.27 b
F x V

ns
ns
CV A %
4.57
4.5



CV B %
3.70
3.70
Means followed by common letters are not significantly different at 5% by DMRT

Growth and Yield of Potato Entries Applied with Organic Fertilizers in La Trinidad,
Benguet | SAB-IT, JOSHUA D. APRIL 2012

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Effect of potato entries. There were significant differences observed on the total
and computed yield of the four potato entries. Entry Tawid produced the highest total yield
of 9.48 kg/plot and computed yield of 18.95 t/ha while Raniag obtained the lowest total
yield of 7.01 kg/5m2 and computed yield of 14.02 t/ha. This is indicative of the good
potential of planting Tawid for high yield.
Interaction effect. There was no significant interaction between the potato entries and
organic fertilizers on total and computed yield.
Return on Cash Expenses (ROCE)
Effect of fertilizer. Table 12 shows the return on cash expenses of the potato entries
applied with different organic fertilizers. Plants applied with Murasaka obtained the highest
ROCE of 656.52%. While plants without organic fertilizer had the lowest ROCE of
378.95% due to low yield and weaker resistance to late blight and leaf miner attack.
Effect of potato entries. Results showed that entry Tawid obtained the highest ROCE of
684.03% followed by 2.21.6.2 with 620.15%. The high ROCE of all entries applied with
organic fertilizers reveal the high profitability of organic potato production.


Growth and Yield of Potato Entries Applied with Organic Fertilizers in La Trinidad,
Benguet | SAB-IT, JOSHUA D. APRIL 2012

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Table 12a. Return on Cash Expenses (ROCE) of four potato entries as affected by different
organic fertilizers.

MARETA-
TOTAL
NET
BLE
GROSS SALE
ROCE
TREATMENT
EXPENSES
INCOME
YIELD
(PhP)
(%)
(PhP)
(PhP)
(kg/15m2)
ORGANIC




FERTILIZER (A)


No organic
54.6
5460
1140
4320
378.95
fertilizer
Bio 3-n-1
101.8
10180
1380
8800
637.68
Murasaka
104.4
10440
1380
9060
656.52
Green World
100.4
10040
1360
8680
638.24
ENTRY (B)





Raniag
76.9
7690
1315
6375
484.79
Omega
86.5
8650
1315
7335
557.79
Tawid
103.1
10310
1315
8995
684.03
2.21.6.2
94.7
9470
1315
8155
620.15
Total cost of production includes cost of planting materials, fertilizer, labor cost for land
preparation, weeding and other activities.
*Potato tuber was sold at P100.00 per kg. (palaspasan) Based in organic price.


Growth and Yield of Potato Entries Applied with Organic Fertilizers in La Trinidad,
Benguet | SAB-IT, JOSHUA D. APRIL 2012

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Table 12b. Return on Cash Expenses (ROCE) of four potato entries as affected by different
organic fertilizers.

MARKETA-
TOTAL
NET
BLE
GROSS SALE
ROCE
TREATMENT
EXPENSES
INCOME
YIELD
(PhP)
(%)
(PhP)
(PhP)
(15m2)
No Organic




Fertilizer

Raniag
10.4
1040
285
755
264.91
Omega
12.6
1260
285
975
342.11
Tawid
16.8
1680
285
1395
489.47
2.21.6.2
14.8
1480
285
1195
419.30
MEAN




378.95
BIO 3-N-1





Raniag
22.1
2210
345
1865
540.58
Omega
24.7
2470
345
2125
615.94
Tawid
28.8
2880
345
2535
734.78
2.21.6.2
26.2
2620
345
2275
659.42
MEAN




637.68
MURASAKA





Raniag
23.2
2320
345
1975
572.46
Omega
24.8
2480
345
2135
618.84
Tawid
29.2
2920
345
2575
746.38
2.21.6.2
27.2
2720
345
2375
688.41
MEAN




656.52
GREEN




WORLD

Raniag
21.2
2120
340
1780
523.53
Omega
24.4
2440
340
2100
617.65
Tawid
28.3
2830
340
2490
732.35
2.21.6.2
26.5
2650
340
2310
679.41
MEAN




638.24
Total cost of production includes cost of planting materials, fertilizer, labor cost for land
preparation, weeding and other activities.
*Potato tuber was sold at P100.00 per kg. (palaspasan) Based in organic price.


Growth and Yield of Potato Entries Applied with Organic Fertilizers in La Trinidad,
Benguet | SAB-IT, JOSHUA D. APRIL 2012

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SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
Summary
Growth and yield of four potato entries applied with different organic fertilizer were
assessed at Lamtang, La Trinidad, Benguet from November 2011 to February 2012. The
objectives were to: determine the best performing potato entry applied with organic
fertilizer based on yield and resistance to pest and diseases; determine the kind of organic
fertilizer that will produced plants with high yield under La Trinidad, Benguet condition;
determine the best combination of organic fertilizer and potato entry that will give the best
performance in terms of yield and resistant to pest and diseases; and determine the return
on cash expenses (ROCE) on potato production.
Among the four potato entries, Tawid was the most vigorous. Entries Omega,
Tawid, and 2.21.6.2 were the most resistant to late blight at 60 DAP. While Entries Tawid
and 2.21.6.2 were highly resistant to leaf miner. Plants applied with different organic
fertilizers were highly vigorous and were resistant to leaf miner infestation and late blight
incidence.
There were no significant interaction effect between the four potato entries and
different organic fertilizers on all the parameters measured. However, numerically, the best
combination based on marketable and total yield is entry Tawid applied with Murasaka.
In terms of yield, entry Tawid produced the highest total yield and obtained the highest
ROCE. Plants applied with Murasaka registered the highest ROCE for tuber production.


Growth and Yield of Potato Entries Applied with Organic Fertilizers in La Trinidad,
Benguet | SAB-IT, JOSHUA D. APRIL 2012

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Conclusion
Entries Tawid and 2.21.6.2 were the best potato entries in terms of yield and
resistance to pest and diseases. Plants applied with Murasaka produced the highest yield in
potato under Lamtang, La Trinidad, Benguet condition. Entry Tawid applied with
Murasaka was the best combination in terms of resistance to late blight and leafminer, high
yield and high ROCE for tuber production. The use of organic fertilizer on different potato
entries was profitable when sold as tubers.
Recommendation
Based on the results of the study, entries Tawid and 2.21.6.2 are recommended for
planting materials due to their resistance to late blight and leaf miner and high yield.
Murasaka could be recommended for organic potato production. Entry Tawid applied with
Murasaka could be further explored for possible organic potato production under Lamtang,
La Trinidad, Benguet condition.


Growth and Yield of Potato Entries Applied with Organic Fertilizers in La Trinidad,
Benguet | SAB-IT, JOSHUA D. APRIL 2012

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Growth and Yield of Potato Entries Applied with Organic Fertilizers in La Trinidad,
Benguet | SAB-IT, JOSHUA D. APRIL 2012

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