BIBLIOGRAPHY TELIAO, GREGSON S. APRIL ...
BIBLIOGRAPHY
TELIAO, GREGSON S. APRIL 2011. Growth and Yield of Five Corn Entries
Intercropped with Bush Bean under Organic Production in La Trinidad, Benguet. Benguet State
University, La Trinidad, Benguet.
Adviser: Danilo P. Padua, PhD.
ABSTRACT
This study was conducted to identify the highest yielding and most resistant entry/ies of
corn intercropped with bush bean; compare the two cropping system used in terms of growth and
yield of corn; determine the interaction between corn entries and bush beans; and to determine
the economic benefit of intercropping corn varieties with bush beans.
Based on the results, the highest yielder and with highest return on cash expense
(ROCE) among the five entries evaluated was KY Bright Jean. All entries were resistant to corn
borer. There was no difference between the corn as monocrop and corn intercropped with bush
beans. Also, no significant interaction between cropping system and corn entries was observed.
The treatments had positive ROCE thus, could also be profitably grown in La Trinidad, Benguet.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
Bibliography…………………………………………………………………………
i
Abstract ……………………………………………………………………………..
i
Table of Contents…………………………………………………………………...
ii
INTRODUCTION………………………………………………………………….
1
REVIEW OF LITERATURE……………………………………………………….
3
MATERIALS AND METHODS……………………………………………….......
9
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION…………………………………………………….
14
Meteorological Data………………………………………………………...
14
Plant Vigor…………………………………………………………………..
15
Number of Days From Sowing to
Emergence…………………………………………………………………..
16
Number of Days From Sowing to
Tassselling………………………………………………………………......
16
Number of Days From Sowing to
Silking……………………………………………………………………….
16
Number of Days From Sowing to
Maturity……………………………………………………………………..
17
Plant Height at Maturity…………………………………………………...
18
Length of Corn Ear……………………………………………………….....
19
Ear Diameter………………………………………………………………...
20
Total Weight of Ears Harvested
per Plot……………………………………………………………………....
21
Total Weight of Marketable Ears
per Plot………………………………………………………………….......
22
Total Weight of Non- Marketable Ears
per Plot………………………………………………………………………
23
Weight of 1000 Kernels…………………………………………………......
24
Yield per Hectare……………………………………………………………
24
Reaction to Corn Borer……………………………………………………...
25
Return on Cash Expense…………………………………………………..
26
SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS………………….
28
Summary……………………………………………………………………
28
Conclusions………………………………………………………………..
28
Recommendations…………………………………………………………
29
LITERATURE CITED…………………………………………………………….
30
APPENDICES…………………………………………………………………….. 32
1
INTRODUCTION
Corn is considered as one of the major crops in the Philippines. It is mainly used
for human consumption, feed for animals, and seeds in the industry. As a staple food,
about 20% of the population consumes corn (PCCARD, 1997). Corn also constitutes the
main ingredient of the animal feed industry as a byproduct of the dry milling process
(PCCARD, 1981).
According to the Department of Agriculture (2010), the total corn production for
calendar year 2010 is forecast at 6.35 million MT, 9.7% lower than the 2009 output of
7.03 million MT. This is due to the adverse effects of El Nino phenomenon that resulted
in contraction of harvest area by 6.7%, 2.68 million hectares in 2009 to 2.50 million in
2010. Yield per hectare declined by 3.5%.
Since cultivated areas limit corn yield, then most of the increase in food
production must come from intensive use of cultivated land. The practices used for
improving cropping intensities are intercropping, sequential cropping and the like
(Ballesil, 1990).
Therefore, to increase corn production in order to meet demand,
intercropping may be considered. Intercropping has been regarded as one of the
necessary means by which crop production per unit area time can be generally increased
and cushion the effect of unfavorable conditions (e.g El Niño) among other things
(Ballesil, 1990).
Furthermore, of mixing crops together can reduce the risk of failure. Its main
reason is that if several crops are grown at the same time, at least one will survive to
harvest. Food crops are usually mixed with cash crops to help ensure both sustenance and
Growth and Yield of Five Corn Entries Intercropped with Bush Bean under Organic
Production in La Trinidad, Benguet. TELIAO, GREGSON S. APRIL 2011
2
disposable income. Cereals and legumes are often mixed due nitrogen-fixing powers of
legumes (ICRISAT, 1981).
At the moment, there is no study on the growth and yield of corn intercropped
with bush bean. It is likely that further study on this topic may bring about successful
results especially under La Trinidad, Benguet condition.
The objectives of the study are to:
1. identify the highest yielding and most resistant entry/ies of corn intercropped
with bush beans under organic production;
2. compare the two cropping systems used in terms of growth and yield;
3. determine the interaction between corn entries and bush beans under organic
production; and
4. determine the economic benefit of intercropping corn varieties with bush beans
under organic production.
The study was conducted at BSU experimental farm in Balili, La Trinidad,
Benguet from November 2010 to March 2011.
Growth and Yield of Five Corn Entries Intercropped with Bush Bean under Organic
Production in La Trinidad, Benguet. TELIAO, GREGSON S. APRIL 2011
3
REVIEW OF LITERATURE
The Plant
In the Philippines, more than eight million people or 20% of the country’s
population consume 79% of the corn produced. As a cereal grain, corn is second to rice
as a source of carbohydrates in the Filipino diet. It is largely consumed in the form of
corn grits’ and grain corn. Corns produced for food are processed into corn flakes,
popcorn, crackers, cakes and bread. From 1970 to 1973, rice and rice products accounted
for an average of 104 kilos per capita per year, while corn and corn products accounted to
an average of 21 kilos or 14.3 % of the total cereal production (Collado, 1981).
Climatic Requirement
Corn requires an abundance of readily available plant nutrients and a soil reaction
between pH 5.5 and 8.0 for the best production (Baluyot, 1984).
The corn plant thrives on a wide variety of upland soils that are well-drained. It
can be planted on lowland fields following the rice crop provided that the field moisture
is kept below saturation and that the water table is sufficiently below soil surface (DA,
1999).
The daily water consumption of corn is approximately equal to field evaporation
(4 to 5 mm/days). However, during the silking and soft dough stages, water use can be as
high as 6 to 8 mm/days. If water supply becomes critically inadequate during this period,
the potential yield may reduced by 20 to 50% (PCARRD, 1981).
Daily temperature 21- 30°C is the required for adequate growth and development.
Growth and Yield of Five Corn Entries Intercropped with Bush Bean under Organic
Production in La Trinidad, Benguet. TELIAO, GREGSON S. APRIL 2011
4
Corn requires at least 8 hours of direct sunlight daily in order to grow its best (Pan
Germany, 2006).
Intercropping System
Intercropping is an age-old practice of the traditional system of Agriculture in the
underdeveloped parts of the world. Proper management of the intercropping systems
could play a determinant role in making access of these systems (Rajat and Singh, 1981).
Lantican (2001) stated that intercropping is the growing of two to three crop
species in mixed cultures on the same piece of land by putting the crops in alternative
strip of row. Normally a short or tall growing crop or quickly and maturing are used as
intercrops. To measure the yield advantage, yield of the crop in mixed cultures is
compared with that grown in pure stand. Intercropping is used to utilize vacant or unseen
spaces between rows of certain crops during the course of their growth.
Intercropping is a system that aims to utilize all the environmental resources. In
the intercropping of two or more crops, the following can be expected: better interception
of the sunlight energy, risk reduction; and higher exploration of the growing factors
related to the environment (Mafra et al., 1981).
Intercropping gives farmer a compromise crop in case the other crop fails to grow
or if the market price is below the economic threshold level. Legumes on the other hand,
is usually intercropped with other crops due to the legumes ability of harboring nitrogen
fixing bacteria (when the specific bacteria are present in the soil and/or the seeds are
inoculated) and thereby partly replenishing the lost nitrogen in the soil which the
succeeding crop/s could avail of, and both crops could be of market demand at profitable
levels (Geren et al., 2008).
Growth and Yield of Five Corn Entries Intercropped with Bush Bean under Organic
Production in La Trinidad, Benguet. TELIAO, GREGSON S. APRIL 2011
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Organic Farming and Intercropping
Organic farming is a steadily increasing production form in European agriculture.
It is environmental friendly, due to low input of nutrients and no use of pesticides, and it
contributes to the production of food without pesticides and antibiotic residues. A further
expansion of organic farming is needed to meet consumers worldwide having an
increasing demand for products, which are healthy, safe, and of high quality and
produced with consideration for animal welfare and the environment. European organic
farming and research within this area are in the forefront internationally and offers the
opportunity of a food production, which could strengthen the competitiveness of EU
agriculture. Intercropping is of special relevance and importance in future organic
farming systems, because it offers a number of significant enhancements of both the net
productivity of organic farming and the ecosystems in farming regions as a result of the
increased diversity of the cropping system (Inter Crop, 2009).
Intercropping is a method for simultaneous crop production and soil fertility
building and it may also contribute to the prevention of nitrogen leaching risks sometimes
observed from sole crops such as grain legumes due to changes in incorporated residue
chemical quality involving nutrient turnover. It is also an ecological method to manage
pests, diseases and weeds via natural competitive principles that allow for more efficient
resource utilization. These same competitive principles also contribute to an improved
quality of intercrop products. The inclusion of N2 fixing crops in an intercrop leads to the
utilization of the renewable resource of atmospheric nitrogen which increases the
sustainability of the agro ecosystem. Intercropping can also be regarded as a practice to
Growth and Yield of Five Corn Entries Intercropped with Bush Bean under Organic
Production in La Trinidad, Benguet. TELIAO, GREGSON S. APRIL 2011
6
increase the production of less stable crops such as grain legumes and hereby contribute
to lowering the protein deficit in EU at lower risk for the farmer (Inter Crop, 2009).
Effects of Intercropping
According to Ballesil (1990), the characters of compatible crops for multiple
cropping are any of the crops should not be a host of any pest and diseases that will attack
the other crops or succeeding crops, the nutrient preference of the crops to be
intercropped or rotated should differ and no voracious nutrient uptake of any kind should
occur, one of the crops should not encroach heavily for light of the other crops, the
growth of one crop should be fast or early in maturity compared to other crops and the
crops should not be allelopathic to each other in terms of root exudates, biochemical
residues or otherwise.
According to Reloj (1964) as cited by Ballesil (1990), planting legumes in
between corn plants will increase its production, planting corn one meter apart does not
allow full utilization of the land. Plant food nutrients are wasted and the soil is more
prone to soil erosion. It is therefore advisable to intercrop corn with other crops such as
mungo, peanut and other legumes.
Effects of Intercropping Cereals with Legumes
Intercropping cereals with legumes enhances the net protein utilization value of
the system for subsistence level farmers of developing countries. Legumes have long
been very important component of many intercropping situations and in view of high cost
nitrogen fertilizers they are likely to remain.
Growth and Yield of Five Corn Entries Intercropped with Bush Bean under Organic
Production in La Trinidad, Benguet. TELIAO, GREGSON S. APRIL 2011
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Tropical legumes are capable of fixing large quantities of nitrogen under
improved condition. Calopo, cowpea, and green gram fixed equivalents of 450, 354, and
324 kg/ha respectively when not inoculated and grown in unfertilized soils. Soybean,
bush sitao, cowpea and mungbean can fix 18 to 28, 14, 8 and 2 kg N per ha crop
respectively according to IIRI (1979) as cited by Ballesil.
Fast growing legumes could supply significant portion of the fertilizer needs of
corn. One species, Crotolaria juncea, intercrop with corn and plowed under one month
after cowing could supply as much as 25 to 30 percent of the total nitrogen requirement
of corn.
Effects of Intercropping on Pests and Diseases
The incidence of pests and diseases was sometimes reduced in mixed cropping
according to Beets (1975). In multiple cropping, a great diversity of insect types exists
which tends to result in greater biological stability. Some insects serve as predators of
other insects and therefore help control other insect pests.
Incidence of powdery mildew on green gram was significantly lower in intercrop
system than in monoculture and yield losses due to infection were reduced .One of the
effective strategy in tropical management is diversification of monocultural systems with
other crops especially he non host plants. Corn and mungbean intercrop suppressed more
weeds than in monocropping situation. Ballesil (1990) cited that corn intercropped with
either cowpea or soybean did not significantly affect the length of ears and the weight of
seeds. Longer ears were observed from corn monoculture. This could have been due to
the fact that soil moisture, nutrients and light competition among plants was not a
problem as cited by Ballesil.
Growth and Yield of Five Corn Entries Intercropped with Bush Bean under Organic
Production in La Trinidad, Benguet. TELIAO, GREGSON S. APRIL 2011
8
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Field Lay-out and Treatment
An area of 225m2 was thoroughly prepared and divided into three blocks
representing three replications. Each block consists of 10 plots measuring 0.75 m x 10 m
(Figure 1).
The treatments were laid- out using spit plot design as follows:
Main plot: Cropping System (CS)
CS1 - corn alone
CS2 -corn intercropped with bush bean (Bokod variety)
Subplot: Corn Entries (E)
E1- Bighani
E2- Kaneco
E3- Glutinous (native)
E4- KY Bright Jean
E5- IPBHy576
Planting Distance and Seedling Rate
Two to three seeds per hill were planted at a distance of 50cm between hills and
70cm between rows. Bush beans seeds were planted between hills of corn at a distance of
50cm as shown in the diagram:
Legend:
C- Corn
X- Bush beans
C
50cm
C
C
C
70cm
C
X
C
X
C
X
C
50cm
Growth and Yield of Five Corn Entries Intercropped with Bush Bean under Organic
Production in La Trinidad, Benguet. TELIAO, GREGSON S. APRIL 2011
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Figure 1. Overview of the experimental area and land preparation
Growth and Yield of Five Corn Entries Intercropped with Bush Bean under Organic
Production in La Trinidad, Benguet. TELIAO, GREGSON S. APRIL 2011
10
Cultural Management
Fertilizer application, irrigation, cultivation, and weeding were done uniformly
and as necessary in all furrows.
The data gathered were:
1. Meteorological data. Daily temperature (ºC), relative humidity (%), rainfall
(mm), and sunshine duration (hr, min) were taken at the Philippine Atmospheric
Geological Service Administration (PAG-ASA) station based at Benguet State
University.
2. Plant Vigor. This was taken by visual rating at 30 days after planting (DAT)
using the following scale:
Rating Scale Description
Remarks
1
Plants are weak with few stems
Very poor growth
2
Plants are weak with few less stems Poor growth
(semicolon) pale
3
Better than poor vigor
Moderately vigorous
4
Plants are moderately strong with robust stems Vigorous growth
and leaves that are light green in color
5
Strong with robust stems and leaves, leaves Highly vigorous
are light to dark green in color
3. Days from sowing to emergence. The number of days from planting to
emergence was recorded when 80 % of the seeds planted per plot emerged.
4. Days to maturity. This was taken by counting the number of days from
sowing up to harvesting when 80 % of the husk turned yellow.
Growth and Yield of Five Corn Entries Intercropped with Bush Bean under Organic
Production in La Trinidad, Benguet. TELIAO, GREGSON S. APRIL 2011
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5. Plant height at maturity. This was taken by measuring the height of ten sample
plants two weeks before harvesting from the ground level to the tassel tip using meter
stick.
6. Days from sowing to silking and tasselling. This was taken by counting the
number of days from sowing to silking and tasselling when at least 50% of the plant in a
plot starts to show their silk and tassel.
7. Total weight of marketable ears per plot. This was taken by weighing the corn
ears with fully developed kernels that are free from any damage or disease during the
time of harvest.
8. Total weight of non-marketable ears per plot. This was the total weight of
corn ears that were damaged and malformed per plot.
9. Total weight of corn ears harvested per plot. This was taken by weighing all
the ears harvested per plot.
10. Length of corn ear (cm). This was done by measuring ten (10) corn ear
samples per plot selected at random and measured from the base to the tip using foot rule.
11. Ear diameter (cm). The ear diameter was taken from the widest part of the ten
(10) sample ears per plot selected at random using vernier caliper.
12. Reaction to corn ear borer. The damage of corn borer was observed during
harvest using the following rating scale:
Rating Scale Description
Remarks
1
Less than 1% damage
Highly resistant
2
1-5% damage
Moderate resistant
3
6-10% damage
Resistant
Growth and Yield of Five Corn Entries Intercropped with Bush Bean under Organic
Production in La Trinidad, Benguet. TELIAO, GREGSON S. APRIL 2011
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4
11-20% damage
Susceptible
5
21-30%damage
Very susceptible
13. Weight of 1000 kernels. This was done by weighing 1000 kernels per
treatment after harvesting.
15. Yield per hectare (t/h). This was obtained based using the following formula:
Yield/(t/ha) = Yield/plot x 2
Where 2 is a factor to be used to convert yield/plot in
kg/5m2 to yield/ha in t/ha.
14. Return on cash expense (ROCE). This was computed using the formula:
Net Profit
ROCE =
x 100
Total Cost of Production
Beans
1. Total weight of marketable green pods (kg). The marketable green pods were
weighed right after harvest. Pods were considered marketable if they were straight,
tender, and free from any insect damage and diseases.
2. Total weight of non-marketable pods (kg). Includes those that were abnormal
in shape, over matured and affected by pests and diseases.
Data Analysis
All quantitative data were analyzed using the analysis of variance (ANOVA) for
Split-plot design with four replications. The significance of difference among the
Growth and Yield of Five Corn Entries Intercropped with Bush Bean under Organic
Production in La Trinidad, Benguet. TELIAO, GREGSON S. APRIL 2011
13
treatment means were tested using the Duncan’s Multiple Range Test (DMRT) at 5%
level of significance.
Growth and Yield of Five Corn Entries Intercropped with Bush Bean under Organic
Production in La Trinidad, Benguet. TELIAO, GREGSON S. APRIL 2011
14
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Meteorological Data
Shown in Table 1 is the meteorological data which include the temperature,
relative humidity, rainfall and sunshine duration during the conduct of the study. It was
observed that the temperature was high during the month of November and low during
the month of December. Relative humidity was high during the month of December and
low during the month of January. Rainfall was high during the month of November and
low during the month of January while sunshine duration was high during the month of
January and low during the month of November.
According to PAN Germany (2006), daily temperature of 21- 30°C is required for
adequate growth and development of corn. Corn also requires at least 8 hours of direct
sunlight daily in order to grow its best while its daily water consumption is approximately
equal to field evaporation (4 to 5 mm/days). However, during the silking and soft dough
stages, water use can be as high as 6 to 8 mm/day.
Table 1. Temperature, relative humidity, rainfall, and sunshine duration during the
conduct of the study
TEMPERATURE (OC)
RELATIVE
SUNSHINE
MONTH
MIN. MAX.
HUMIDITY RAINFALL DURATION
(%)
(mm)
(min)
NOVEMBER
15.15
23.83
84.50
7.34
262.40
DECEMBER
14.10
24.78
86.75
2.76
303
JANUARY
18.23
24.28
77.50
1.64
318.94
Source: PAGASA office, BSU, La Trinidad, Benguet.
Growth and Yield of Five Corn Entries Intercropped with Bush Bean under Organic
Production in La Trinidad, Benguet. TELIAO, GREGSON S. APRIL 2011
15
If water supply becomes critically inadequate during this period, the potential
yield may be reduced by 20 to 50% (PCARRD, 1981).
Plant Vigor
No significant differences were observed among the cropping systems, corn
entries and interaction effect of the different corn entries intercropped with bush bean on
plant vigor (Figure 2). All the corn entries either monocropped or intercropped were rated
vigorous at 30 days after planting (DAP).
Figure 2. Overview of the plants at 30 DAP
Growth and Yield of Five Corn Entries Intercropped with Bush Bean under Organic
Production in La Trinidad, Benguet. TELIAO, GREGSON S. APRIL 2011
16
Number of Days from Sowing to Emergence
No significant differences were observed on the number of days from sowing to
emergence on cropping system, corn entries and interaction effect of the different entries
of corn intercropped with bush bean. All the entries of monocropped and intercropped
corn emerged at nine days after planting.
Number of Days from Sowing to Tasselling
Cropping system. No significant differences were observed on the days from
sowing to tasselling of monocropped and intercropped corn but monocropped corn
tasseled a day later than corn intercropped with bush bean.
Corn entry. Highly significant differences were observed on the number of days
from sowing to tasselling of the different corn entries (Table 2). Glutinous was the
earliest to produce tassel which indicates its possible earlier maturity.
Interaction effect. No significant interaction between cropping system and corn
entries was observed on the number of days from sowing to tasselling.
Number of Days from Sowing to Silking
Cropping system. No significant differences were observed on the days from
sowing to tasselling of monocropped and intercropped corn.
Corn entries. Highly significant differences were observed among the entries from
sowing to silking (Table 2). Entry Glutinous produced silk two days after tasselling while
all the other entries produced silk 6-10 days after tasselling.
Interaction effect. No significant differences between cropping system and corn
entries were noted.
Growth and Yield of Five Corn Entries Intercropped with Bush Bean under Organic
Production in La Trinidad, Benguet. TELIAO, GREGSON S. APRIL 2011
17
Number of Days from Sowing to Maturity
Cropping system. No significant differences were observed on the days from
sowing to maturity of monocropped and intercropped corn.
Table 2. Number of days from sowing to tasselling, silking and maturity of different corn
entries intercropped with bush bean
DAYS FROM SOWING TO
TREATMENT
TASSELLING
SILKING
MATURITY
Cropping System (CS)
Corn only
77
83
112
Corn + bush bean
76
82
112
Corn Entries (E)
Bighani
78b
86b
115
Kaneco
84a
91a
118
Glutinous
66d
68d
92
KY Bright Jean
76c
85c
115
IPBHy576
79b
86b
120
CS x E
ns
ns
ns
CV (%)
5.57
2.01
0.00
CV (%)
4.10
2.66
0.00
Means of different letter are significantly different from each other using 5% level of
significance by DMRT
Growth and Yield of Five Corn Entries Intercropped with Bush Bean under Organic
Production in La Trinidad, Benguet. TELIAO, GREGSON S. APRIL 2011
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Corn entry. The number of days from sowing to maturity ranged from 92-120
days (Table 2) with Glutinous maturing at least 23 days earlier than the rest. This should
make Glutinous highly considered in a crop rotation system.
Interaction effect. No significant interaction between cropping system and corn
entries was observed on the number of days from sowing to maturity.
Plant Height at Maturity
Cropping system. It was noted that there were no significant differences on the
height of monocropped and intercropped corn at maturity.
Corn entry. Highly significant differences were noted on the height of the
different corn entries (Table 3). IPBHy576 was the tallest entry which may signify higher
number of ears per plant while Glutinous and Bighani were the shortest (Figure 3).
Interaction effect. It was revealed that there was no significant interaction
between cropping system and corn entries on the height of plant at maturity.
Figure 3. Plants at two weeks before harvesting
Growth and Yield of Five Corn Entries Intercropped with Bush Bean under Organic
Production in La Trinidad, Benguet. TELIAO, GREGSON S. APRIL 2011
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Table 3. Plant height at maturity of different corn entries intercropped with bush bean
PLANT HEIGHT
TREATMENT
(cm)
Cropping System (CS)
Corn only
153.67
Corn + bush bean
161.03
Corn Entries (E)
Bighani
144.25d
Kaneco
157.90c
Glutinous
140.92d
KY Bright Jean
162.52b
IPBHy576
181.17a
CS x E
ns
CV (%)
3.71
CV (%)
7.69
Means of different letter are significantly different from each other using 5% level of
significance by DMRT
Length of Corn Ear
Cropping system. No significant differences on the length of corn ear of
monocropped and corn intercropped with bush bean were noted.
Corn entry. Highly significant differences were observed on the length of corn
ears of the different entries of corn (Table 4). Longest ears were observed on entry
IPBHy576 while entry Glutinous had the shortest. Although having the shortest ears
measured, Glutinous had the heaviest weight of 1000 kernels.
Growth and Yield of Five Corn Entries Intercropped with Bush Bean under Organic
Production in La Trinidad, Benguet. TELIAO, GREGSON S. APRIL 2011
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Table 4. Length of corn ear and ear diameter of different corn entries intercropped with
bush bean
LENGTH OF CORN EAR
EAR DIAMETER
TREATMENT
(cm)
(cm)
Cropping System (CS)
Corn only
15.59
4.36
Corn + bush bean
15.15
4.38
Corn Entries (E)
Bighani
16.58b
4.52a
Kaneco
14.31c
4.43b
Glutinous
12.04d
4.51a
KY Bright Jean
16.67b
4.27c
IPBHy576
17.01a
4.14d
CS x E
ns
ns
CV (%)
3.24
3.47
CV (%)
5.25
3.71
Means of different letter are significantly different from each other using 5% level of
significance by DMRT
Interaction effect. There was no significant interaction between cropping system
and corn entries on the length of corn ears.
Ear Diameter
Cropping system. No significant differences on the ear diameter of monocropped
and corn intercropped with bush bean were observed. Figure 4 shows the harvested corn
ears under monocropped and intercropped systems.
Growth and Yield of Five Corn Entries Intercropped with Bush Bean under Organic
Production in La Trinidad, Benguet. TELIAO, GREGSON S. APRIL 2011
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KY BRIGHTJEAN
GLUTINOUS
Figure 4. Length of corn ear and ear diameter
Corn entry. Highly significant differences were observed on the diameter of corn
ear of the different corn entries (Table 4). Entries Bighani and Glutinous have the widest
ears whereas, entry IPBHy576 had the narrowest ear (4.52 cm, 4.41 cm and 4.14 cm,
respectively).
Interaction effect. No significant interaction between cropping system and corn
entries on the diameter of ear was observed.
Total Weight of Ears Harvested per Plot
Cropping system. No significant differences on the weight of ears harvested per
plot of monocropped and corn intercropped with bush bean were observed.
Corn entry. Highly significant differences were noted on the total weight of ears
harvested plot of the different corn entries. Entry KY Bright Jean had the heaviest weight
of ears harvested per plot (3.60 kg) which denotes higher yield potential while entry
Kaneco only had 2.21 kg (Table 5).
Interaction Effect. There were no significant interaction between cropping system
and the different entries on the total weight of ears harvested per plot.
Growth and Yield of Five Corn Entries Intercropped with Bush Bean under Organic
Production in La Trinidad, Benguet. TELIAO, GREGSON S. APRIL 2011
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Table 5. Weight of marketable ears/plot, non- marketable ears/plot and weight of ears
harvested/plot of different corn entries intercropped with bush bean
WEIGHT
TREATMENT
NON-
MARKETABLE EARS MARKETABLE
TOTAL
(kg/7m2)
EARS (kg/7m2)
(kg/7m2)
Cropping System (CS)
Corn only
2.43
0.52
2.97
Corn + bush bean
2.28
0.52
2.97
Corn Entries (E)
Bighani
2.28b
0.37
2.65c
Kaneco
1.51d
0.70
2.21d
Glutinous
1.97c
0.96
2.93b
KY Bright Jean
3.47a
0.10
3.60a
IPBHy576
2.55b
0.62
3.17b
CS x E
ns
ns
ns
CV (%)
29.84
109.54
19.51
CV (%)
23.91
88.54
13.94
Means of different letter are significantly different from each other using 5% level of
significance by DMRT
Total Weight of Marketable ears
Harvested per Plot
Cropping system. No significant differences on the total weight of marketable
ears per plot of monocropped and corn intercropped with bush beans were noted.
Corn entry. Highly significant differences were noted on the total weight of
marketable ears per plot. Entry KY Bright Jean had the heaviest marketable ear harvested
Growth and Yield of Five Corn Entries Intercropped with Bush Bean under Organic
Production in La Trinidad, Benguet. TELIAO, GREGSON S. APRIL 2011
23
per plot of 3.47kg while entry Kaneco had a weight of only 1.51kg (Table 5). This result
further affirms the high yield potential of the former. Figure 5 shows marketable and non
marketable corn ears harvested.
Interaction effect. There was no significant interaction between cropping system
and corn entries on the total weight of marketable ears per plot.
Total Weight of Non- Marketable ears
Harvested per Plot
Cropping system. No significant differences were observed on the weight of non-
marketable ears/plot of monocropped and corn intercropped with bush beans.
Corn entry. The different corn entries did not significantly vary on the total
weight of non- marketable ears/plot (Table 5) although Glutinous (Native) seem to have
the highest weight of non- marketable ears/plot and KY Bright Jean, the least weight of
non- marketable ears/plot.
Interaction effect. There was no significant interaction between cropping system
and corn entries on the total yield of non- marketable ears/plot.
Figure 5. Marketable and non- marketable corn ears
Growth and Yield of Five Corn Entries Intercropped with Bush Bean under Organic
Production in La Trinidad, Benguet. TELIAO, GREGSON S. APRIL 2011
24
Weight of 1000 Kernels
Cropping system. Table 6 shows that the weight of 1000 kernels for monocropped
and intercropped corn did not vary from each other.
Corn entries. Highly significant differences were distinguished on the weight of
1000 kernels of the different entries (Table 6 and Figure 6). Entry Glutinous produced the
significantly highest weight of 1000 kernels (301.83 g) followed by Kaneco (265.50 g).
The lightest kernels were registered by KY Bright Jean. The heavy kernels of Glutinous
compensates for its shorter ear length.
Interaction effect. No significant differences were observed between cropping
system and the different entries on the weight of 1000 kernels.
Yield per hectare
Cropping system. It was shown in Table 6 that there were no significant
differences on the weight of ears harvested per hectare of monocropped and intercropped.
Corn entries. Highly significant differences were found on the total weight of ears
harvested per hectare of the different entries. Entry KY Bright Jean had heaviest ears
harvested per hectare of 3.60 tons followed by IPBHy576, Glutinous, and Bighani (3.17
tons, 2.92 tons, and 2.65 tons, respectively). The high yield of entry KY Bright Jean may
be attributed to its high plant vigor, weight of marketable ears per plot and resistance to
corn borer.
Interaction Effect. There were no significant interaction between cropping system
and the different entries on the total weight of ears harvested per hectare.
Growth and Yield of Five Corn Entries Intercropped with Bush Bean under Organic
Production in La Trinidad, Benguet. TELIAO, GREGSON S. APRIL 2011
25
Table 6. Weight of 1000 kernels and yield/hectare of different corn entries intercropped
with bush bean
WEIGHT OF 1000
COMPUTED YIELD
TREATMENT
KERNELS (g)
(t/ha)
Cropping System (CS)
Corn only
263.20
3.00
Corn + bush bean
256.47
2.85
Corn Entries (E)
Bighani
247.00c
2.65c
Kaneco
265.50b
2.21d
Glutinous
301.83a
2.92c
KY Bright Jean
239.00d
3.60a
IPBHy576
245.83c
3.17b
CS x E
ns
ns
CV (%)
7.00
19.51
CV (%)
4.68
13.94
Means of different letter are significantly different from each other using 5% level of
significance by DMRT
Reaction to Corn Borer
All the different corn entries were highly resistant to corn borer.
Growth and Yield of Five Corn Entries Intercropped with Bush Bean under Organic
Production in La Trinidad, Benguet. TELIAO, GREGSON S. APRIL 2011
26
BIGHANI
KANECO
KANECO
GLU
L T
U IN
I O
N US
U
KY BRIGHT JEAN
IPBHy576
Figure 6. Kernels of the different corn entries
Return on Cash Expense (ROCE)
Table 7 shows the return on cash expense (ROCE) of the different corn entries
intercropped with bush bean. KY Bright Jean had the highest ROCE as compared with the
other entries although they appear to be all profitable. This result shows that all the entries can
be produced in La Trinidad, Benguet. The best variety to be intercropped with beans is KY
Bright Jean which resulted to higher profit.
Growth and Yield of Five Corn Entries Intercropped with Bush Bean under Organic
Production in La Trinidad, Benguet. TELIAO, GREGSON S. APRIL 2011
27
Table 7. Return on cash expense of the different corn entries intercropped with bush bean
TREATMENT
YIELD
COST OF
GROSS
NET
ROCE
(kg/ 7.5m2) PRODUCTION
INCOME PROFIT
(%)
(PhP)
(PhP)
(PhP)
Monocrop
Bighani
7.55
61
226.50
165.50
271.31
Kaneco
4.05
61
121.50
60.50
99.18
Glutinous
6.20
61
186.00
125.00
204.92
KY Bright Jean
10.05
61
301.50
240.50
394.26
Ipbhy576
10.10
61
303.00
242.00
396.72
Intercrop
Bighani
6.15
75
242.25
167.25
223.00
Kaneco
5.00
75
182.25
107.25
143.00
Glutinous
5.60
75
222.00
147.00
196.00
Ky Bright Jean
10.50
75
396.00
321.00
428.00
Ipbhy576
6.95
75
272.25
197.25
263.00
Note: Selling price of corn ears was based on PhP 30/kg (organic corn)
Beans were sold at PhP 15/kg
Growth and Yield of Five Corn Entries Intercropped with Bush Bean under Organic
Production in La Trinidad, Benguet. TELIAO, GREGSON S. APRIL 2011
28
SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
Summary
The study was conducted to identify the highest yielding and most resistant
entry/ies of corn intercropped with bush beans under organic production; compare the
two cropping systems used in terms of growth, yield and ROCE of corn; determine the
interaction between corn entries and bush beans under organic production; and determine
the economic benefit of intercropping corn varieties with bush beans under organic
production.
Results show that cropping system did not influence the growth and yield of corn.
On the corn entries, highly significant differences were observed on the number
of days from sowing to tasselling and silking, total weight of ears harvested per plot and
marketable ears per plot, plant height at maturity, length of corn ear and ear diameter,
weight of 1000 kernels and yield per hectare.
In terms of growth, entry Glutinous was the earliest to mature which is desirable
in a crop rotation system, entry IPBHy576 was the tallest at maturity, had the longest ear
but had the lowest weight of 1000 kernel. KY Bright Jean was the top performing entry
because it had the highest yield per plot, marketable ears and had the highest ROCE.
No significant interaction effect between corn entries and cropping system
observed on all parameters.
Conclusions
Based on the results, the highest yielder and with the highest ROCE among the
five entries evaluated was KY Bright Jean. All entries were resistant to corn borer. There
was no difference between the corn monocrop and corn intercropped with bush beans.
Growth and Yield of Five Corn Entries Intercropped with Bush Bean under Organic
Production in La Trinidad, Benguet. TELIAO, GREGSON S. APRIL 2011
29
Also, no significant interaction between cropping system and corn entries was observed.
The other entries had positive ROCE thus; they could also be profitably grown in La
Trinidad, Benguet.
Recommendations
Based on the findings, KY Bright Jean is recommended for corn growers of La
Trinidad. However, further study with the use of other corn entries is recommended.
Growth and Yield of Five Corn Entries Intercropped with Bush Bean under Organic
Production in La Trinidad, Benguet. TELIAO, GREGSON S. APRIL 2011
30
LITERATURE CITED
BALLESIL, B.R. 1990. Influence of spatial arrangement on the productivity of corn-
legume intercrops. MS Thesis. Benguet State University, La Trinidad, Benguet,
Philippines. P 119.
BALUYOT, A.S. 1984. Principles of Food Production. 1st Edition. United Circular
Incorporated. Malabon, Rizal. P. 192.
BEETS, W.C. 1975. Multiple Cropping Practices in Asia and Far East Agricultural
Environment. Chibero College of Agriculture, Norton Rhodesia. Pp. 219-228.
COLLADO, G.M. 1981. Agribusiness corn systems Philippines and Thailand. Southeast
Asian Regional Center for Graduate Study and Research in Agriculture
(SEARCA) College, Laguna, Philippines. P .673.
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 2010. Bureau of Agricultural Statistics: Monthly
Rice and Corn stocks Inventory. Retrieved Febuary 2011 from
http://www.bas.gov.ph.
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 1999. Young corn production guide. Interview
with Mr. Benny Cadiz. Retrieved on October 2009 from
http://www.da.gov.ph/tips/young_corn.html.
GEREN HAKAN, AVCIOGLU RIZA, SOYA HIKMET and BEHCET KIR. 2008.
Intercropping of corn with cowpea and bean: Biomass yield and silage quality.
Ege University, Agriculture Faculty, Department of Field Crops, 35100. Izmir,
Turkey.
Retrieved
from
http://www.academicjournals.org/AJB/PDF/Geren%20al.pdf.
INTER CROP. 2009. Intercropping of cereals and grain legumes for increased
production, weed control, improved product quality and prevention of N-losses in
European organic farming system. Retrieved on June 2010 from
http://www.intercrop.dk/General.htm.
LANTICAN, R. 2001. The Science and Practice of Crop Production.UPLB, College, Los
Baños, Laguna. Pp. 206-261.
MAFRA, R. C., LIRA de A., ARCOVERDE, A. S. S., G. ROBERIO and M. A. FARIS.
1981. International Workshop on Intercropping: Studies on the Intercropping of
Sorghum and Corn with Phaseolus Beans and Cowpea. ICRISAT Patancheru
P.O., Andhra Pradesh 502.34, India. Pp. 46-51.
Growth and Yield of Five Corn Entries Intercropped with Bush Bean under Organic
Production in La Trinidad, Benguet. TELIAO, GREGSON S. APRIL 2011
31
PHILIPPINE COUNCIL for AGRICULTURE, FORESTRY and NATURAL
RESOURCES RESEARCH and DEVELOPMENT (PCARRD). 1981. The
Philippine Recommends for Corn. 24-K Printing Co, Inc., 33 Acebo Street,
Marulas Valenzuela, Metro Manila. P. 23.
PHILIPPINE COUNCIL for AGRICULTURE, FORESTRY and NATURAL
RESOURCES RESEARCH and DEVELOPMENT (PCARRD). 1997. The
Philippine Recommends for Corn Post Production Operations. P. 1.
PAN GERMANY. 2006. Field guide to non-chemical pest management in corn
production.
Retrieved
March
2010
from
http://www.oisat.org/downloads/field_guide_corn.pdf.
RAJAT DE and S. D. SINGH. 1981. International Workshop on Intercropping:
Management Practices for Intercropping Systems. ICRISAT Patancheru P.O.,
Andhra Pradesh 502.34, India. Pp. 17-19 .
Growth and Yield of Five Corn Entries Intercropped with Bush Bean under Organic
Production in La Trinidad, Benguet. TELIAO, GREGSON S. APRIL 2011
32
APPENDICES
Appendix Table 1. Number of days from sowing to maturity
TREATMENT
REPLICATION
TOTAL
MEAN
I
II
III
Monocrop
Bighani
115
115
115
345
115
Kaneco
118
118
118
354
118
Glutinous
92
92
92
376
92
KY Bright Jean
115
115
115
345
115
Ipbhy576
115
115
115
345
115
Sub Total
555
555
555
1665
555
Intercrop
Bighani
115
115
115
345
115
Kaneco
118
118
118
354
118
Glutinous
92
92
92
376
92
KY Bright Jean
115
115
115
345
115
IPBHy576
115
115
115
345
115
Sub Total
555
555
555
1665
555
TOTAL
1110
1110
1110
3330
1110
TWO - WAY TABLE
TREATMENT
MONOCROP
INTERCROP
TOTAL
MEAN
Bighani
115
115
230
115
Kaneco
118
118
236
118
Glutinous
92
92
184
92
KY Bright Jean
115
115
230
115
IPBHy576
115
115
230
115
TOTAL
555
555
1110
MEAN
185
185
185
Growth and Yield of Five Corn Entries Intercropped with Bush Bean under Organic
Production in La Trinidad, Benguet. TELIAO, GREGSON S. APRIL 2011
33
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCE OF DEGREES
TABULATED
VARIATION
OF
SUM OF MEAN OF COMPUTED
F
FREEDOM SQUARES SQUARES
F
0.05 0.01
Replication
2
0.00
0.00
0.00ns
19.99
99.00
Main plot (A)
1
0.00
0.00
0.00ns
18.51
98.44
Error (a)
2
0.00
0.00
Sub-plot (B)
4
3108
777
0.00ns
3.01
4.77
AxB
4
0.00
0.00
0.00ns
3.01
4.77
Error (b)
16
0.00
0.00
TOTAL
29
0.00
ns= Not significant
CV (a) = 0.00
CV (b) = 0.00
Growth and Yield of Five Corn Entries Intercropped with Bush Bean under Organic
Production in La Trinidad, Benguet. TELIAO, GREGSON S. APRIL 2011
34
Appendix Table 2. Number of days from sowing to tasselling
TREATMENT
REPLICATION
TOTAL
MEAN
I
II
III
Monocrop
Bighani
78
78
78
234
78
Kaneco
89
90
81
260
86.67
Glutinous
66
66
66
198
66
KY Bright Jean
78
78
78
234
78
Ipbhy576
80
80
70
230
76.67
Sub Total
391
392
373
1156
386.34
Intercrop
Bighani
82
80
74
236
78.67
Kaneco
82
78
81
241
80.33
Glutinous
66
66
66
198
66
KY Bright Jean
74
74
74
222
74
IPBHy576
83
76
87
246
82
Sub Total
387
374
382
1143
381
TOTAL
778
766
755
2299
766.34
TWO - WAY TABLE
TREATMENT MONOCROP INTERCROP
TOTAL
MEAN
Bighani
78
78.67
156.67
78
Kaneco
86.67
80.33
167
84
Glutinous
66
66
132
66
KY Bright Jean
78
74
152
76
IPBHy576
76.67
82
158.67
79
TOTAL
385.34
381
766.34
MEAN
77
76
77
Growth and Yield of Five Corn Entries Intercropped with Bush Bean under Organic
Production in La Trinidad, Benguet. TELIAO, GREGSON S. APRIL 2011
35
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCE OF DEGREES
TABULATED
VARIATION
OF
SUM OF MEAN OF COMPUTED
F
FREEDOM SQUARES SQUARES
F
0.05 0.01
Replication
2
26.467
13.233
0.73ns
19.99 99.00
Main plot (A)
1
5.633
5.633
0.31ns
18.51 98.44
Error (a)
2
36.467
18.233
Sub-plot (B)
4
1024.800
256.200
25.99**
3.01
4.77
AxB
4
121.867
30.467
3.09*
3.01
4.77
Error (b)
16
157.733
9.858
TOTAL
29
1372.967
ns= Not significant
CV (a) = 5.57
*= Significant
CV (b) = 4.10
**= Highly significant
Growth and Yield of Five Corn Entries Intercropped with Bush Bean under Organic
Production in La Trinidad, Benguet. TELIAO, GREGSON S. APRIL 2011
36
Appendix Table 3. Number of days from sowing to silking
TREATMENT
REPLICATION
TOTAL
MEAN
I
II
III
Monocrop
Bighani
86
95
86
257
85.67
Kaneco
95
95
89
285
95
Glutinous
68
68
68
204
68
KY Bright Jean
86
85
86
257
85.67
Ipbhy576
89
85
78
252
84
Sub Total
424
418
407
1249
416.33
Intercrop
Bighani
87
89
82
258
86
Kaneco
89
89
89
267
89
Glutinous
68
68
68
204
68
KY Bright Jean
85
85
81
251
83.67
IPBHy576
89
89
87
265
88.33
Sub Total
418
420
407
1245
415
TOTAL
842
838
814
2494
831.33
TWO - WAY TABLE
TREATMENT
MONOCROP
INTERCROP
TOTAL
MEAN
Bighani
85.67
86
171.67
86
Kaneco
95
89
184
92
Glutinous
68
68
136
68
KY Bright Jean
85.67
83.67
169.34
85
IPBHy576
84
88.33
172.33
86
TOTAL
416.33
431.33
847.66
MEAN
83
86
83
Growth and Yield of Five Corn Entries Intercropped with Bush Bean under Organic
Production in La Trinidad, Benguet. TELIAO, GREGSON S. APRIL 2011
37
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCE OF DEGREES SUM OF MEAN OF COMPUTED TABULATED
VARIATION
OF
SQUARES SQUARES
F
F
FREEDOM
0.05 0.01
Replication
2
41.867
20.933
7.48ns
19.99 99.00
Main plot (A)
1
1.200
1.200
0.43ns
18.51 98.44
Error (a)
2
5.600
2.800
Sub-plot (B)
4
1848.200
462.050
94.94**
3.01
4.77
AxB
4
57.133
14.283
2.93ns
3.01
4.77
Error (b)
16
77.867
4.867
TOTAL
29
2031.867
ns= Not significant
CV (a) = 2.01
**= Highly significant
CV (b) = 2.66
Growth and Yield of Five Corn Entries Intercropped with Bush Bean under Organic
Production in La Trinidad, Benguet. TELIAO, GREGSON S. APRIL 2011
38
Appendix Table 4. Plant height at maturity
TREATMENT
REPLICATION
TOTAL
MEAN
I
II
III
Monocrop
Bighani
147.7
140.7
138.9
425.3
141.77
Kaneco
141.20
146.6
168.6
456.4
152.13
Glutinous
125.6
142
133.5
401.1
133.7
KY Bright Jean
154.5
151
195.2
500.7
166.9
Ipbhy576
180.6
186.9
154
521.5
173.83
Sub Total
747.6
757.2
790.2
2295
765
Intercrop
Bighani
141.8
146.2
152.2
440.2
146.73
Kaneco
163.3
160
167.7
491
163.67
Glutinous
147.3
147.8
149.3
441.1
148.03
KY Bright Jean
157.6
156.1
160.7
474.4
158.13
IPBHy576
195.6
181
188.9
565.5
188.5
Sub Total
805.6
791.1
818.8
2415.5
805.17
TOTAL
1553.2
1548.3
1609
4720.5
1570.17
TWO - WAY TABLE
TREATMENT
MONOCROP
INTERCROP
TOTAL
MEAN
Bighani
141.77
146.73
305.5
153
Kaneco
152.13
163.67
315.8
158
Glutinous
133.7
148.03
281.73
141
KY Bright Jean
166.9
158.13
325.03
163
IPBHy576
173.83
188.5
362.33
181
TOTAL
765
805.17
1570.17
MEAN
153
161
159
Growth and Yield of Five Corn Entries Intercropped with Bush Bean under Organic
Production in La Trinidad, Benguet. TELIAO, GREGSON S. APRIL 2011
39
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCE OF DEGREES
TABULATED
VARIATION
OF
SUM OF MEAN OF COMPUTED
F
FREEDOM SQUARES SQUARES
F
0.05 0.01
Replication
2
190.338
95.169
2.79ns
19.99 99.00
Main plot (A)
1
407.008
407.008
11.92ns
18.51 98.44
Error (a)
2
68.309
34.154
Sub-plot (B)
4
6215.370
1553.842
10.61**
3.01
4.77
AxB
4
579.950
144.988
0.99ns
3.01
4.77
Error (b)
16
2343.720
146.482
TOTAL
29
9804.695
ns= Not significant
CV (a) = 3.71
**= Highly significant
CV (b) = 7.69
Growth and Yield of Five Corn Entries Intercropped with Bush Bean under Organic
Production in La Trinidad, Benguet. TELIAO, GREGSON S. APRIL 2011
40
Appendix Table 5. Length of corn ear
TREATMENT
REPLICATION
TOTAL
MEAN
I
II
III
Monocrop
Bighani
17.29
17.88
15.55
50.72
16.91
Kaneco
15.23
14.84
14.97
45.05
15.01
Glutinous
11.50
11.77
12.00
35.27
11.76
KY Bright Jean
17.20
15.24
16.80
49.24
16.41
Ipbhy576
16.95
17.01
18.12
52.08
17.36
Sub Total
78.17
76.74
77.44
232.36
77.45
Intercrop
Bighani
17.07
15.36
16.32
48.75
16.25
Kaneco
12.48
13.86
14.48
40.82
13.61
Glutinous
11.8
12.58
12.57
39.95
12.32
KY Bright Jean
16.64
17.41
16.7
50.75
16.92
IPBHy576
16.83
15.98
17.15
49.96
16.65
Sub Total
74.82
75.19
78.22
228.23
76.08
TOTAL
152.99
151.93
156.66
460.58
153.53
TWO - WAY TABLE
TREATMENT
MONOCROP
INTERCROP
TOTAL
MEAN
Bighani
16.91
16.25
33.16
17
Kaneco
15.01
13.61
28.62
14
Glutinous
11.76
12.32
24.08
12
KY Bright Jean
16.41
16.92
33.33
17
IPBHy576
17.36
16.65
34.01
17
TOTAL
77.45
78.08
153.53
MEAN
15
16
15
Growth and Yield of Five Corn Entries Intercropped with Bush Bean under Organic
Production in La Trinidad, Benguet. TELIAO, GREGSON S. APRIL 2011
41
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCE OF DEGREES
TABULATED
VARIATION
OF
SUM OF MEAN OF COMPUTED
F
FREEDOM SQUARES SQUARES
F
0.05 0.01
Replication
2
0.379
0.379
0.77ns
19.99 99.00
Main plot (A)
1
0.874
0.847
3.54ns
18.51 98.44
Error (a)
2
0.494
0.247
Sub-plot (B)
4
108.226
27.056
41.85**
3.01
4.77
AxB
4
4.341
1.085
1.68ns
3.01
4.77
Error (b)
16
10.344
0.647
TOTAL
29
124.657
ns= Not significant
CV (a) = 3.24
**= Highly significant
CV (b) = 5.25
Growth and Yield of Five Corn Entries Intercropped with Bush Bean under Organic
Production in La Trinidad, Benguet. TELIAO, GREGSON S. APRIL 2011
42
Appendix Table 6. Ear diameter
TREATMENT
REPLICATION
TOTAL
MEAN
I
II
III
Monocrop
Bighani
4.59
4.73
4.48
13.8
4.6
Kaneco
4.45
4.59
4.26
13.3
4.43
Glutinous
4.50
4.46
4.50
13.46
4.49
KY Bright Jean
4.40
3.86
4.38
12.64
4.21
Ipbhy576
4.19
3.94
4.06
12.19
4.06
Sub Total
22.13
21.58
21.68
65.39
21.80
Intercrop
Bighani
4.46
4.24
4.61
13.31
4.44
Kaneco
4.29
4.44
4.52
13.25
4.42
Glutinous
4.71
4.44
4.43
13.58
4.53
KY Bright Jean
4.29
4.15
4.55
12.99
4.33
IPBHy576
4.20
4.19
4.25
12.64
4.21
Sub Total
21.95
21.46
22.36
65.77
21.92
TOTAL
44.08
43.04
44.04
131.16
43.92
TWO - WAY TABLE
TREATMENT
MONOCROP
INTERCROP
TOTAL
MEAN
Bighani
4.6
4.44
9.04
5
Kaneco
4.43
4.42
8.58
4
Glutinous
4.49
4.53
9.02
5
KY Bright Jean
4.21
4.33
8.54
4
IPBHy576
4.06
4.21
8.27
4
TOTAL
21.8
21.92
43.72
MEAN
4
4
4
Growth and Yield of Five Corn Entries Intercropped with Bush Bean under Organic
Production in La Trinidad, Benguet. TELIAO, GREGSON S. APRIL 2011
43
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCE OF DEGREES SUM OF MEAN OF COMPUTED TABULATED
VARIATION
OF
SQUARES SQUARES
F
F
FREEDOM
0.05 0.01
Replication
2
0.069
0.035
1.51ns
19.99 99.00
Main plot (A)
1
0.005
0.005
0.21ns
18.51 98.44
Error (a)
2
0.046
0.023
Sub-plot (B)
4
0.642
0.161
6.09**
3.01
4.77
AxB
4
0.092
0.023
0.87ns
3.01
4.77
Error (b)
16
0.422
0.026
TOTAL
29
1.277
ns= Not significant
CV (a) = 3.47
**= Highly significant
CV (b) = 3.71
Growth and Yield of Five Corn Entries Intercropped with Bush Bean under Organic
Production in La Trinidad, Benguet. TELIAO, GREGSON S. APRIL 2011
44
Appendix Table 7. Total weight of ears harvested/plot
TREATMENT
REPLICATION
TOTAL
MEAN
I
II
III
Monocrop
Bighani
3.65
2.8
2.45
8.9
2.97
Kaneco
2.20
1.75
2.5
6.45
2.15
Glutinous
3.05
2.5
3
8.55
2.85
KY Bright Jean
3.65
3.2
4.05
10.9
3.63
Ipbhy576
2.6
3.6
3.5
9.7
3.23
Sub Total
15.15
13.85
19.5
44.5
14.83
Intercrop
Bighani
2.5
2.3
2.2
7
2.33
Kaneco
2.5
2.2
2.1
6.8
2.27
Glutinous
3.5
2.5
3
9
3
KY Bright Jean
4
3.5
3.2
10.7
3.56
IPBHy576
3.45
3.45
2.4
9.3
3.1
Sub Total
15.95
13.95
12.9
42.8
14.27
TOTAL
31.1
33.8
32.4
87.3
29.1
TWO - WAY TABLE
TREATMENT
MONOCROP
INTERCROP
TOTAL
MEAN
Bighani
2.97
2.33
5.53
3
Kaneco
2.15
2.27
4.42
2
Glutinous
2.85
3
5.85
3
KY Bright Jean
3.63
3.56
7.19
4
IPBHy576
3.23
3.1
6.33
3
TOTAL
14.83
14.26
29.1
MEAN
3
3
3
Growth and Yield of Five Corn Entries Intercropped with Bush Bean under Organic
Production in La Trinidad, Benguet. TELIAO, GREGSON S. APRIL 2011
45
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCE OF DEGREES
TABULATED
VARIATION
OF
SUM OF MEAN OF COMPUTED
F
FREEDOM SQUARES SQUARES
F
0.05 0.01
Replication
2
0.618
0.309
0.96ns
19.99 99.00
Main plot (A)
1
0.096
0.096
0.30ns
18.51 98.44
Error (a)
2
0.645
0.322
Sub-plot (B)
4
6.613
1.653
10.05**
3.01
4.77
AxB
4
0.593
0.148
0.90ns
3.01
4.77
Error (b)
16
2.632
0.165
TOTAL
29
11.197
ns= Not significant
CV (a) = 19.51
**= Highly significant
CV (b) = 13.94
Growth and Yield of Five Corn Entries Intercropped with Bush Bean under Organic
Production in La Trinidad, Benguet. TELIAO, GREGSON S. APRIL 2011
46
Appendix Table 8. Total weight of marketable ears harvested per plot
TREATMENT
REPLICATION
TOTAL
MEAN
I
II
III
Monocrop
Bighani
3.20
1.9
2.45
7.55
2.52
Kaneco
1.75
1
1.3
4.05
1.35
Glutinous
2.35
2
1.85
6.2
2.07
KY Bright Jean
3.20
2.8
4.05
10.05
3.35
Ipbhy576
3.65
2.95
3.5
10.1
3.37
Sub Total
14.15
10.65
13.15
37.95
12.65
Intercrop
Bighani
2.5
2
1.65
6.15
2.05
Kaneco
2
1.3
1.70
5
1.67
Glutinous
1.3
2.2
2.1
5.6
1.87
KY Bright Jean
3.8
3.5
3.2
10.5
3.5
IPBHy576
1.75
3.2
2
6.95
2.32
Sub Total
11.35
12.2
10.65
34.2
11.4
TOTAL
25.5
22.85
23.80
72.45
24.05
TWO - WAY TABLE
TREATMENT
MONOCROP
INTERCROP
TOTAL
MEAN
Bighani
2.52
2.05
4.57
2
Kaneco
1.35
1.67
3.02
2
Glutinous
2.07
1.87
3.94
2
KY Bright Jean
3.35
3.5
6.85
3
IPBHy576
3.37
2.32
5.69
3
TOTAL
12.65
11.4
24.05
MEAN
3
2
2
Growth and Yield of Five Corn Entries Intercropped with Bush Bean under Organic
Production in La Trinidad, Benguet. TELIAO, GREGSON S. APRIL 2011
47
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCE OF DEGREES SUM OF MEAN OF COMPUTED TABULATED
VARIATION
OF
SQUARES SQUARES
F
F
FREEDOM
0.05 0.01
Replication
2
0.129
0.065
0.13ns
19.99 99.00
Main plot (A)
1
0.169
0.169
0.34ns
18.51 98.44
Error (a)
2
0.988
0.494
Sub-plot (B)
4
12.880
3.220
10.15**
3.01
4.77
AxB
4
0.702
0.175
0.55ns
3.01
4.77
Error (b)
16
5.075
0.317
TOTAL
29
19.942
ns= Not significant
CV (a) = 29.84
**= Highly significant
CV (b) = 23.91
Growth and Yield of Five Corn Entries Intercropped with Bush Bean under Organic
Production in La Trinidad, Benguet. TELIAO, GREGSON S. APRIL 2011
48
Appendix Table 9. Total weight of non- marketable ears harvested per plot
TREATMENT
REPLICATION
TOTAL
MEAN
I
II
III
Monocrop
Bighani
0.45
0.9
0
1.3
0.45
Kaneco
0.45
0.75
1.2
2.4
0.8
Glutinous
0.7
0.5
1.15
2.35
0.78
KY Bright Jean
0
0.4
0
0.4
0.13
Ipbhy576
0.7
0.65
0
1.35
0.45
Sub Total
2.3
3.2
2.35
7.85
2.62
Intercrop
Bighani
0
0.3
0.55
0.85
0.28
Kaneco
0.5
0.9
0.4
1.8
0.6
Glutinous
2.2
0.3
0.9
3.4
0.13
KY Bright Jean
0.2
0
0
0.2
0.07
IPBHy576
1.7
0.4
0.4
2.35
0.78
Sub Total
4.6
2.25
8.6
2.87
TOTAL
6.9
5.55
4.60
16.45
5.48
TWO - WAY TABLE
TREATMENT
MONOCROP
INTERCROP
TOTAL
MEAN
Bighani
0.45
0.28
0.73
0
Kaneco
0.80
0.60
1.40
1
Glutinous
0.78
0.13
0.91
1
KY Bright Jean
0.13
0.07
0.20
0
IPBHy576
0.45
0.78
1.23
1
TOTAL
2.62
2.78
4.47
MEAN
1
1
1
Growth and Yield of Five Corn Entries Intercropped with Bush Bean under Organic
Production in La Trinidad, Benguet. TELIAO, GREGSON S. APRIL 2011
49
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCE OF DEGREES
TABULATED
VARIATION
OF
SUM OF MEAN OF COMPUTED
F
FREEDOM SQUARES SQUARES
F
0.05 0.01
Replication
2
0.307
0.154
0.43ns
19.99 99.00
Main plot (A)
1
0.019
0.019
0.05ns
18.51 98.44
Error (a)
2
0.722
0.361
Sub-plot (B)
4
2.579
0.645
2.74ns
3.01
4.77
AxB
4
0.440
0.110
0.47ns
3.01
4.77
Error (b)
16
3.771
0.236
TOTAL
29
7.837
ns= Not significant
CV (a) = 109.54
CV (b) = 88.54
Growth and Yield of Five Corn Entries Intercropped with Bush Bean under Organic
Production in La Trinidad, Benguet. TELIAO, GREGSON S. APRIL 2011
50
Appendix Table 10. Weight of 1000 kernels (g)
TREATMENT
REPLICATION
TOTAL
MEAN
I
II
III
Monocrop
Bighani
250
259
268
777
259
Kaneco
248
257
278
783
261
Glutinous
327
303
298
928
309.33
KY Bright Jean
235
238
248
721
240.33
Ipbhy576
247
238
256
741
247
Sub Total
1307
1259
1348
3950
1316.67
Intercrop
Bighani
226
238
241
705
235
Kaneco
259
266
285
810
270
Glutinous
299
306
278
883
289.33
KY Bright Jean
239
250
226
715
238.33
IPBHy576
250
257
227
734
244.67
Sub Total
1273
1417
1257
3984
1315.67
TOTAL
2580
2712
2605
7897
2632.33
TWO - WAY TABLE
TREATMENT
MONOCROP
INTERCROP
TOTAL
MEAN
Bighani
259
235
494
247
Kaneco
261
270
531
267
Glutinous
309.33
289.33
603.66
302
KY Bright Jean
240.33
238.33
478.66
239
IPBHy576
247
244.67
491.67
246
TOTAL
1316.67
1315.67
2632.33
MEAN
263
263
260
Growth and Yield of Five Corn Entries Intercropped with Bush Bean under Organic
Production in La Trinidad, Benguet. TELIAO, GREGSON S. APRIL 2011
51
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCE OF DEGREES
TABULATED
VARIATION
OF
SUM OF MEAN OF COMPUTED
F
FREEDOM SQUARES SQUARES
F
0.05 0.01
Replication
2
51.667
25.883
0.08ns
19.99 99.00
Main plot (A)
1
340.033
340.033
1.03ns
18.51 98.44
Error (a)
2
661.267
330.663
Sub-plot (B)
4
15545.00
3886.250
26.30**
3.01
4.77
AxB
4
993.800
248.450
1.68**
3.01
4.77
Error (b)
16
2364.400
147.775
TOTAL
29
19956.167
ns= Not significant
CV (a) = 7.00
**= Highly significant
CV (b) = 4.68
Growth and Yield of Five Corn Entries Intercropped with Bush Bean under Organic
Production in La Trinidad, Benguet. TELIAO, GREGSON S. APRIL 2011
52
Appendix Table 11. Computed yield per hectare (tons)
TREATMENT
REPLICATION
TOTAL
MEAN
I
II
III
Monocrop
Bighani
3.65
2.80
2.45
8.90
3.00
Kaneco
2.20
1.75
2.50
6.45
2.15
Glutinous
3.05
2.50
3.00
8.55
2.85
KY Bright Jean
3.65
3.20
4.05
10.90
3.63
Ipbhy576
2.60
3.60
3.50
9.70
3.23
Sub Total
15.15
13.85
15.50
44.50
14.83
Intercrop
Bighani
2.50
2.30
2.20
7.00
2.33
Kaneco
2.50
2.20
2.10
6.80
2.67
Glutinous
3.50
2.50
3.00
9.00
3.00
KY Bright Jean
4.00
3.50
3.20
10.70
3.57
IPBHy576
3.45
3.45
2.40
9.30
3.10
Sub Total
15.95
13.95
12.90
42.80
14.27
TOTAL
31.10
27.55
28.40
87.30
29.10
TWO - WAY TABLE
TREATMENT
MONOCROP
INTERCROP
TOTAL
MEAN
Bighani
3.00
2.33
5.33
3
Kaneco
2.15
2.67
4.82
2
Glutinous
2.85
3.00
6.85
3
KY Bright Jean
3.63
3.57
7.20
4
IPBHy576
3.23
3.10
6.33
3
TOTAL
14.83
14.27
30.53
MEAN
3
3
3
Growth and Yield of Five Corn Entries Intercropped with Bush Bean under Organic
Production in La Trinidad, Benguet. TELIAO, GREGSON S. APRIL 2011
53
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCE OF DEGREES
TABULATED
VARIATION
OF
SUM OF MEAN OF COMPUTED
F
FREEDOM SQUARES SQUARES
F
0.05 0.01
Replication
2
618
309
0.96ns
19.99 99.00
Main plot (A)
1
96.33
96.33
0.30ns
18.51 98.44
Error (a)
2
644.67
322.33
Sub-plot (B)
4
6612.83
1653.21
10.05**
3.01
4.77
AxB
4
592.83
148.21
0.90ns
3.01
4.77
Error (b)
16
2632.33
164.52
TOTAL
29
11197
ns= Not significant
CV (a) = 19.51
**= Highly significant
CV (b) = 13.94
Growth and Yield of Five Corn Entries Intercropped with Bush Bean under Organic
Production in La Trinidad, Benguet. TELIAO, GREGSON S. APRIL 2011
54
Appendix Table 12. Total weight of marketable and non- marketable pods of bush bean
(kg)
TREATMENT
REPLICATION
TOTAL
MEAN
I
II
III
Intercrop
Marketable
5.90
5.60
7.75
19.25
6.42
Non- marketable
5.20
2.60
4.60
12.40
4.13
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE (Marketable Pods)
SOURCE OF DEGREE
TABULATED
VARIATION
OF
SUM OF MEAN OF COMPUTED
F
FREEDOM SQUARES SQUARES
F
0.05
0.01
Treatment
4
1.4025
0.350
1.445ns
3.48
5.99
Error
10
2.4211
0.242
TOTAL
14
3.8236
ns- Not significant
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE (Non- marketable Pods)
SOURCES
DEGREE
SUM OF MEAN OF COMPUTED TABULATED
OF
OF
SQUARES SQUARES
F
F
VARIATION FREEDOM
0.05 0.01
Treatment
4
0.38
0.095
0.28ns
3.48
5.99
Error
10
3.43
0.343
TOTAL
14
3.81
ns- Not significant
Growth and Yield of Five Corn Entries Intercropped with Bush Bean under Organic
Production in La Trinidad, Benguet. TELIAO, GREGSON S. APRIL 2011
TELIAO, GREGSON S. APRIL 2011. Growth and Yield of Five Corn Entries
Intercropped with Bush Bean under Organic Production in La Trinidad, Benguet. Benguet State
University, La Trinidad, Benguet.
Adviser: Danilo P. Padua, PhD.
ABSTRACT
This study was conducted to identify the highest yielding and most resistant entry/ies of
corn intercropped with bush bean; compare the two cropping system used in terms of growth and
yield of corn; determine the interaction between corn entries and bush beans; and to determine
the economic benefit of intercropping corn varieties with bush beans.
Based on the results, the highest yielder and with highest return on cash expense
(ROCE) among the five entries evaluated was KY Bright Jean. All entries were resistant to corn
borer. There was no difference between the corn as monocrop and corn intercropped with bush
beans. Also, no significant interaction between cropping system and corn entries was observed.
The treatments had positive ROCE thus, could also be profitably grown in La Trinidad, Benguet.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
Bibliography…………………………………………………………………………
i
Abstract ……………………………………………………………………………..
i
Table of Contents…………………………………………………………………...
ii
INTRODUCTION………………………………………………………………….
1
REVIEW OF LITERATURE……………………………………………………….
3
MATERIALS AND METHODS……………………………………………….......
9
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION…………………………………………………….
14
Meteorological Data………………………………………………………...
14
Plant Vigor…………………………………………………………………..
15
Number of Days From Sowing to
Emergence…………………………………………………………………..
16
Number of Days From Sowing to
Tassselling………………………………………………………………......
16
Number of Days From Sowing to
Silking……………………………………………………………………….
16
Number of Days From Sowing to
Maturity……………………………………………………………………..
17
Plant Height at Maturity…………………………………………………...
18
Length of Corn Ear……………………………………………………….....
19
Ear Diameter………………………………………………………………...
20
Total Weight of Ears Harvested
per Plot……………………………………………………………………....
21
Total Weight of Marketable Ears
per Plot………………………………………………………………….......
22
Total Weight of Non- Marketable Ears
per Plot………………………………………………………………………
23
Weight of 1000 Kernels…………………………………………………......
24
Yield per Hectare……………………………………………………………
24
Reaction to Corn Borer……………………………………………………...
25
Return on Cash Expense…………………………………………………..
26
SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS………………….
28
Summary……………………………………………………………………
28
Conclusions………………………………………………………………..
28
Recommendations…………………………………………………………
29
LITERATURE CITED…………………………………………………………….
30
APPENDICES…………………………………………………………………….. 32
1
INTRODUCTION
Corn is considered as one of the major crops in the Philippines. It is mainly used
for human consumption, feed for animals, and seeds in the industry. As a staple food,
about 20% of the population consumes corn (PCCARD, 1997). Corn also constitutes the
main ingredient of the animal feed industry as a byproduct of the dry milling process
(PCCARD, 1981).
According to the Department of Agriculture (2010), the total corn production for
calendar year 2010 is forecast at 6.35 million MT, 9.7% lower than the 2009 output of
7.03 million MT. This is due to the adverse effects of El Nino phenomenon that resulted
in contraction of harvest area by 6.7%, 2.68 million hectares in 2009 to 2.50 million in
2010. Yield per hectare declined by 3.5%.
Since cultivated areas limit corn yield, then most of the increase in food
production must come from intensive use of cultivated land. The practices used for
improving cropping intensities are intercropping, sequential cropping and the like
(Ballesil, 1990).
Therefore, to increase corn production in order to meet demand,
intercropping may be considered. Intercropping has been regarded as one of the
necessary means by which crop production per unit area time can be generally increased
and cushion the effect of unfavorable conditions (e.g El Niño) among other things
(Ballesil, 1990).
Furthermore, of mixing crops together can reduce the risk of failure. Its main
reason is that if several crops are grown at the same time, at least one will survive to
harvest. Food crops are usually mixed with cash crops to help ensure both sustenance and
Growth and Yield of Five Corn Entries Intercropped with Bush Bean under Organic
Production in La Trinidad, Benguet. TELIAO, GREGSON S. APRIL 2011
2
disposable income. Cereals and legumes are often mixed due nitrogen-fixing powers of
legumes (ICRISAT, 1981).
At the moment, there is no study on the growth and yield of corn intercropped
with bush bean. It is likely that further study on this topic may bring about successful
results especially under La Trinidad, Benguet condition.
The objectives of the study are to:
1. identify the highest yielding and most resistant entry/ies of corn intercropped
with bush beans under organic production;
2. compare the two cropping systems used in terms of growth and yield;
3. determine the interaction between corn entries and bush beans under organic
production; and
4. determine the economic benefit of intercropping corn varieties with bush beans
under organic production.
The study was conducted at BSU experimental farm in Balili, La Trinidad,
Benguet from November 2010 to March 2011.
Growth and Yield of Five Corn Entries Intercropped with Bush Bean under Organic
Production in La Trinidad, Benguet. TELIAO, GREGSON S. APRIL 2011
3
REVIEW OF LITERATURE
The Plant
In the Philippines, more than eight million people or 20% of the country’s
population consume 79% of the corn produced. As a cereal grain, corn is second to rice
as a source of carbohydrates in the Filipino diet. It is largely consumed in the form of
corn grits’ and grain corn. Corns produced for food are processed into corn flakes,
popcorn, crackers, cakes and bread. From 1970 to 1973, rice and rice products accounted
for an average of 104 kilos per capita per year, while corn and corn products accounted to
an average of 21 kilos or 14.3 % of the total cereal production (Collado, 1981).
Climatic Requirement
Corn requires an abundance of readily available plant nutrients and a soil reaction
between pH 5.5 and 8.0 for the best production (Baluyot, 1984).
The corn plant thrives on a wide variety of upland soils that are well-drained. It
can be planted on lowland fields following the rice crop provided that the field moisture
is kept below saturation and that the water table is sufficiently below soil surface (DA,
1999).
The daily water consumption of corn is approximately equal to field evaporation
(4 to 5 mm/days). However, during the silking and soft dough stages, water use can be as
high as 6 to 8 mm/days. If water supply becomes critically inadequate during this period,
the potential yield may reduced by 20 to 50% (PCARRD, 1981).
Daily temperature 21- 30°C is the required for adequate growth and development.
Growth and Yield of Five Corn Entries Intercropped with Bush Bean under Organic
Production in La Trinidad, Benguet. TELIAO, GREGSON S. APRIL 2011
4
Corn requires at least 8 hours of direct sunlight daily in order to grow its best (Pan
Germany, 2006).
Intercropping System
Intercropping is an age-old practice of the traditional system of Agriculture in the
underdeveloped parts of the world. Proper management of the intercropping systems
could play a determinant role in making access of these systems (Rajat and Singh, 1981).
Lantican (2001) stated that intercropping is the growing of two to three crop
species in mixed cultures on the same piece of land by putting the crops in alternative
strip of row. Normally a short or tall growing crop or quickly and maturing are used as
intercrops. To measure the yield advantage, yield of the crop in mixed cultures is
compared with that grown in pure stand. Intercropping is used to utilize vacant or unseen
spaces between rows of certain crops during the course of their growth.
Intercropping is a system that aims to utilize all the environmental resources. In
the intercropping of two or more crops, the following can be expected: better interception
of the sunlight energy, risk reduction; and higher exploration of the growing factors
related to the environment (Mafra et al., 1981).
Intercropping gives farmer a compromise crop in case the other crop fails to grow
or if the market price is below the economic threshold level. Legumes on the other hand,
is usually intercropped with other crops due to the legumes ability of harboring nitrogen
fixing bacteria (when the specific bacteria are present in the soil and/or the seeds are
inoculated) and thereby partly replenishing the lost nitrogen in the soil which the
succeeding crop/s could avail of, and both crops could be of market demand at profitable
levels (Geren et al., 2008).
Growth and Yield of Five Corn Entries Intercropped with Bush Bean under Organic
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5
Organic Farming and Intercropping
Organic farming is a steadily increasing production form in European agriculture.
It is environmental friendly, due to low input of nutrients and no use of pesticides, and it
contributes to the production of food without pesticides and antibiotic residues. A further
expansion of organic farming is needed to meet consumers worldwide having an
increasing demand for products, which are healthy, safe, and of high quality and
produced with consideration for animal welfare and the environment. European organic
farming and research within this area are in the forefront internationally and offers the
opportunity of a food production, which could strengthen the competitiveness of EU
agriculture. Intercropping is of special relevance and importance in future organic
farming systems, because it offers a number of significant enhancements of both the net
productivity of organic farming and the ecosystems in farming regions as a result of the
increased diversity of the cropping system (Inter Crop, 2009).
Intercropping is a method for simultaneous crop production and soil fertility
building and it may also contribute to the prevention of nitrogen leaching risks sometimes
observed from sole crops such as grain legumes due to changes in incorporated residue
chemical quality involving nutrient turnover. It is also an ecological method to manage
pests, diseases and weeds via natural competitive principles that allow for more efficient
resource utilization. These same competitive principles also contribute to an improved
quality of intercrop products. The inclusion of N2 fixing crops in an intercrop leads to the
utilization of the renewable resource of atmospheric nitrogen which increases the
sustainability of the agro ecosystem. Intercropping can also be regarded as a practice to
Growth and Yield of Five Corn Entries Intercropped with Bush Bean under Organic
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6
increase the production of less stable crops such as grain legumes and hereby contribute
to lowering the protein deficit in EU at lower risk for the farmer (Inter Crop, 2009).
Effects of Intercropping
According to Ballesil (1990), the characters of compatible crops for multiple
cropping are any of the crops should not be a host of any pest and diseases that will attack
the other crops or succeeding crops, the nutrient preference of the crops to be
intercropped or rotated should differ and no voracious nutrient uptake of any kind should
occur, one of the crops should not encroach heavily for light of the other crops, the
growth of one crop should be fast or early in maturity compared to other crops and the
crops should not be allelopathic to each other in terms of root exudates, biochemical
residues or otherwise.
According to Reloj (1964) as cited by Ballesil (1990), planting legumes in
between corn plants will increase its production, planting corn one meter apart does not
allow full utilization of the land. Plant food nutrients are wasted and the soil is more
prone to soil erosion. It is therefore advisable to intercrop corn with other crops such as
mungo, peanut and other legumes.
Effects of Intercropping Cereals with Legumes
Intercropping cereals with legumes enhances the net protein utilization value of
the system for subsistence level farmers of developing countries. Legumes have long
been very important component of many intercropping situations and in view of high cost
nitrogen fertilizers they are likely to remain.
Growth and Yield of Five Corn Entries Intercropped with Bush Bean under Organic
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Tropical legumes are capable of fixing large quantities of nitrogen under
improved condition. Calopo, cowpea, and green gram fixed equivalents of 450, 354, and
324 kg/ha respectively when not inoculated and grown in unfertilized soils. Soybean,
bush sitao, cowpea and mungbean can fix 18 to 28, 14, 8 and 2 kg N per ha crop
respectively according to IIRI (1979) as cited by Ballesil.
Fast growing legumes could supply significant portion of the fertilizer needs of
corn. One species, Crotolaria juncea, intercrop with corn and plowed under one month
after cowing could supply as much as 25 to 30 percent of the total nitrogen requirement
of corn.
Effects of Intercropping on Pests and Diseases
The incidence of pests and diseases was sometimes reduced in mixed cropping
according to Beets (1975). In multiple cropping, a great diversity of insect types exists
which tends to result in greater biological stability. Some insects serve as predators of
other insects and therefore help control other insect pests.
Incidence of powdery mildew on green gram was significantly lower in intercrop
system than in monoculture and yield losses due to infection were reduced .One of the
effective strategy in tropical management is diversification of monocultural systems with
other crops especially he non host plants. Corn and mungbean intercrop suppressed more
weeds than in monocropping situation. Ballesil (1990) cited that corn intercropped with
either cowpea or soybean did not significantly affect the length of ears and the weight of
seeds. Longer ears were observed from corn monoculture. This could have been due to
the fact that soil moisture, nutrients and light competition among plants was not a
problem as cited by Ballesil.
Growth and Yield of Five Corn Entries Intercropped with Bush Bean under Organic
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MATERIALS AND METHODS
Field Lay-out and Treatment
An area of 225m2 was thoroughly prepared and divided into three blocks
representing three replications. Each block consists of 10 plots measuring 0.75 m x 10 m
(Figure 1).
The treatments were laid- out using spit plot design as follows:
Main plot: Cropping System (CS)
CS1 - corn alone
CS2 -corn intercropped with bush bean (Bokod variety)
Subplot: Corn Entries (E)
E1- Bighani
E2- Kaneco
E3- Glutinous (native)
E4- KY Bright Jean
E5- IPBHy576
Planting Distance and Seedling Rate
Two to three seeds per hill were planted at a distance of 50cm between hills and
70cm between rows. Bush beans seeds were planted between hills of corn at a distance of
50cm as shown in the diagram:
Legend:
C- Corn
X- Bush beans
C
50cm
C
C
C
70cm
C
X
C
X
C
X
C
50cm
Growth and Yield of Five Corn Entries Intercropped with Bush Bean under Organic
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Figure 1. Overview of the experimental area and land preparation
Growth and Yield of Five Corn Entries Intercropped with Bush Bean under Organic
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10
Cultural Management
Fertilizer application, irrigation, cultivation, and weeding were done uniformly
and as necessary in all furrows.
The data gathered were:
1. Meteorological data. Daily temperature (ºC), relative humidity (%), rainfall
(mm), and sunshine duration (hr, min) were taken at the Philippine Atmospheric
Geological Service Administration (PAG-ASA) station based at Benguet State
University.
2. Plant Vigor. This was taken by visual rating at 30 days after planting (DAT)
using the following scale:
Rating Scale Description
Remarks
1
Plants are weak with few stems
Very poor growth
2
Plants are weak with few less stems Poor growth
(semicolon) pale
3
Better than poor vigor
Moderately vigorous
4
Plants are moderately strong with robust stems Vigorous growth
and leaves that are light green in color
5
Strong with robust stems and leaves, leaves Highly vigorous
are light to dark green in color
3. Days from sowing to emergence. The number of days from planting to
emergence was recorded when 80 % of the seeds planted per plot emerged.
4. Days to maturity. This was taken by counting the number of days from
sowing up to harvesting when 80 % of the husk turned yellow.
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5. Plant height at maturity. This was taken by measuring the height of ten sample
plants two weeks before harvesting from the ground level to the tassel tip using meter
stick.
6. Days from sowing to silking and tasselling. This was taken by counting the
number of days from sowing to silking and tasselling when at least 50% of the plant in a
plot starts to show their silk and tassel.
7. Total weight of marketable ears per plot. This was taken by weighing the corn
ears with fully developed kernels that are free from any damage or disease during the
time of harvest.
8. Total weight of non-marketable ears per plot. This was the total weight of
corn ears that were damaged and malformed per plot.
9. Total weight of corn ears harvested per plot. This was taken by weighing all
the ears harvested per plot.
10. Length of corn ear (cm). This was done by measuring ten (10) corn ear
samples per plot selected at random and measured from the base to the tip using foot rule.
11. Ear diameter (cm). The ear diameter was taken from the widest part of the ten
(10) sample ears per plot selected at random using vernier caliper.
12. Reaction to corn ear borer. The damage of corn borer was observed during
harvest using the following rating scale:
Rating Scale Description
Remarks
1
Less than 1% damage
Highly resistant
2
1-5% damage
Moderate resistant
3
6-10% damage
Resistant
Growth and Yield of Five Corn Entries Intercropped with Bush Bean under Organic
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4
11-20% damage
Susceptible
5
21-30%damage
Very susceptible
13. Weight of 1000 kernels. This was done by weighing 1000 kernels per
treatment after harvesting.
15. Yield per hectare (t/h). This was obtained based using the following formula:
Yield/(t/ha) = Yield/plot x 2
Where 2 is a factor to be used to convert yield/plot in
kg/5m2 to yield/ha in t/ha.
14. Return on cash expense (ROCE). This was computed using the formula:
Net Profit
ROCE =
x 100
Total Cost of Production
Beans
1. Total weight of marketable green pods (kg). The marketable green pods were
weighed right after harvest. Pods were considered marketable if they were straight,
tender, and free from any insect damage and diseases.
2. Total weight of non-marketable pods (kg). Includes those that were abnormal
in shape, over matured and affected by pests and diseases.
Data Analysis
All quantitative data were analyzed using the analysis of variance (ANOVA) for
Split-plot design with four replications. The significance of difference among the
Growth and Yield of Five Corn Entries Intercropped with Bush Bean under Organic
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treatment means were tested using the Duncan’s Multiple Range Test (DMRT) at 5%
level of significance.
Growth and Yield of Five Corn Entries Intercropped with Bush Bean under Organic
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RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Meteorological Data
Shown in Table 1 is the meteorological data which include the temperature,
relative humidity, rainfall and sunshine duration during the conduct of the study. It was
observed that the temperature was high during the month of November and low during
the month of December. Relative humidity was high during the month of December and
low during the month of January. Rainfall was high during the month of November and
low during the month of January while sunshine duration was high during the month of
January and low during the month of November.
According to PAN Germany (2006), daily temperature of 21- 30°C is required for
adequate growth and development of corn. Corn also requires at least 8 hours of direct
sunlight daily in order to grow its best while its daily water consumption is approximately
equal to field evaporation (4 to 5 mm/days). However, during the silking and soft dough
stages, water use can be as high as 6 to 8 mm/day.
Table 1. Temperature, relative humidity, rainfall, and sunshine duration during the
conduct of the study
TEMPERATURE (OC)
RELATIVE
SUNSHINE
MONTH
MIN. MAX.
HUMIDITY RAINFALL DURATION
(%)
(mm)
(min)
NOVEMBER
15.15
23.83
84.50
7.34
262.40
DECEMBER
14.10
24.78
86.75
2.76
303
JANUARY
18.23
24.28
77.50
1.64
318.94
Source: PAGASA office, BSU, La Trinidad, Benguet.
Growth and Yield of Five Corn Entries Intercropped with Bush Bean under Organic
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If water supply becomes critically inadequate during this period, the potential
yield may be reduced by 20 to 50% (PCARRD, 1981).
Plant Vigor
No significant differences were observed among the cropping systems, corn
entries and interaction effect of the different corn entries intercropped with bush bean on
plant vigor (Figure 2). All the corn entries either monocropped or intercropped were rated
vigorous at 30 days after planting (DAP).
Figure 2. Overview of the plants at 30 DAP
Growth and Yield of Five Corn Entries Intercropped with Bush Bean under Organic
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Number of Days from Sowing to Emergence
No significant differences were observed on the number of days from sowing to
emergence on cropping system, corn entries and interaction effect of the different entries
of corn intercropped with bush bean. All the entries of monocropped and intercropped
corn emerged at nine days after planting.
Number of Days from Sowing to Tasselling
Cropping system. No significant differences were observed on the days from
sowing to tasselling of monocropped and intercropped corn but monocropped corn
tasseled a day later than corn intercropped with bush bean.
Corn entry. Highly significant differences were observed on the number of days
from sowing to tasselling of the different corn entries (Table 2). Glutinous was the
earliest to produce tassel which indicates its possible earlier maturity.
Interaction effect. No significant interaction between cropping system and corn
entries was observed on the number of days from sowing to tasselling.
Number of Days from Sowing to Silking
Cropping system. No significant differences were observed on the days from
sowing to tasselling of monocropped and intercropped corn.
Corn entries. Highly significant differences were observed among the entries from
sowing to silking (Table 2). Entry Glutinous produced silk two days after tasselling while
all the other entries produced silk 6-10 days after tasselling.
Interaction effect. No significant differences between cropping system and corn
entries were noted.
Growth and Yield of Five Corn Entries Intercropped with Bush Bean under Organic
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Number of Days from Sowing to Maturity
Cropping system. No significant differences were observed on the days from
sowing to maturity of monocropped and intercropped corn.
Table 2. Number of days from sowing to tasselling, silking and maturity of different corn
entries intercropped with bush bean
DAYS FROM SOWING TO
TREATMENT
TASSELLING
SILKING
MATURITY
Cropping System (CS)
Corn only
77
83
112
Corn + bush bean
76
82
112
Corn Entries (E)
Bighani
78b
86b
115
Kaneco
84a
91a
118
Glutinous
66d
68d
92
KY Bright Jean
76c
85c
115
IPBHy576
79b
86b
120
CS x E
ns
ns
ns
CV (%)
5.57
2.01
0.00
CV (%)
4.10
2.66
0.00
Means of different letter are significantly different from each other using 5% level of
significance by DMRT
Growth and Yield of Five Corn Entries Intercropped with Bush Bean under Organic
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Corn entry. The number of days from sowing to maturity ranged from 92-120
days (Table 2) with Glutinous maturing at least 23 days earlier than the rest. This should
make Glutinous highly considered in a crop rotation system.
Interaction effect. No significant interaction between cropping system and corn
entries was observed on the number of days from sowing to maturity.
Plant Height at Maturity
Cropping system. It was noted that there were no significant differences on the
height of monocropped and intercropped corn at maturity.
Corn entry. Highly significant differences were noted on the height of the
different corn entries (Table 3). IPBHy576 was the tallest entry which may signify higher
number of ears per plant while Glutinous and Bighani were the shortest (Figure 3).
Interaction effect. It was revealed that there was no significant interaction
between cropping system and corn entries on the height of plant at maturity.
Figure 3. Plants at two weeks before harvesting
Growth and Yield of Five Corn Entries Intercropped with Bush Bean under Organic
Production in La Trinidad, Benguet. TELIAO, GREGSON S. APRIL 2011
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Table 3. Plant height at maturity of different corn entries intercropped with bush bean
PLANT HEIGHT
TREATMENT
(cm)
Cropping System (CS)
Corn only
153.67
Corn + bush bean
161.03
Corn Entries (E)
Bighani
144.25d
Kaneco
157.90c
Glutinous
140.92d
KY Bright Jean
162.52b
IPBHy576
181.17a
CS x E
ns
CV (%)
3.71
CV (%)
7.69
Means of different letter are significantly different from each other using 5% level of
significance by DMRT
Length of Corn Ear
Cropping system. No significant differences on the length of corn ear of
monocropped and corn intercropped with bush bean were noted.
Corn entry. Highly significant differences were observed on the length of corn
ears of the different entries of corn (Table 4). Longest ears were observed on entry
IPBHy576 while entry Glutinous had the shortest. Although having the shortest ears
measured, Glutinous had the heaviest weight of 1000 kernels.
Growth and Yield of Five Corn Entries Intercropped with Bush Bean under Organic
Production in La Trinidad, Benguet. TELIAO, GREGSON S. APRIL 2011
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Table 4. Length of corn ear and ear diameter of different corn entries intercropped with
bush bean
LENGTH OF CORN EAR
EAR DIAMETER
TREATMENT
(cm)
(cm)
Cropping System (CS)
Corn only
15.59
4.36
Corn + bush bean
15.15
4.38
Corn Entries (E)
Bighani
16.58b
4.52a
Kaneco
14.31c
4.43b
Glutinous
12.04d
4.51a
KY Bright Jean
16.67b
4.27c
IPBHy576
17.01a
4.14d
CS x E
ns
ns
CV (%)
3.24
3.47
CV (%)
5.25
3.71
Means of different letter are significantly different from each other using 5% level of
significance by DMRT
Interaction effect. There was no significant interaction between cropping system
and corn entries on the length of corn ears.
Ear Diameter
Cropping system. No significant differences on the ear diameter of monocropped
and corn intercropped with bush bean were observed. Figure 4 shows the harvested corn
ears under monocropped and intercropped systems.
Growth and Yield of Five Corn Entries Intercropped with Bush Bean under Organic
Production in La Trinidad, Benguet. TELIAO, GREGSON S. APRIL 2011
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KY BRIGHTJEAN
GLUTINOUS
Figure 4. Length of corn ear and ear diameter
Corn entry. Highly significant differences were observed on the diameter of corn
ear of the different corn entries (Table 4). Entries Bighani and Glutinous have the widest
ears whereas, entry IPBHy576 had the narrowest ear (4.52 cm, 4.41 cm and 4.14 cm,
respectively).
Interaction effect. No significant interaction between cropping system and corn
entries on the diameter of ear was observed.
Total Weight of Ears Harvested per Plot
Cropping system. No significant differences on the weight of ears harvested per
plot of monocropped and corn intercropped with bush bean were observed.
Corn entry. Highly significant differences were noted on the total weight of ears
harvested plot of the different corn entries. Entry KY Bright Jean had the heaviest weight
of ears harvested per plot (3.60 kg) which denotes higher yield potential while entry
Kaneco only had 2.21 kg (Table 5).
Interaction Effect. There were no significant interaction between cropping system
and the different entries on the total weight of ears harvested per plot.
Growth and Yield of Five Corn Entries Intercropped with Bush Bean under Organic
Production in La Trinidad, Benguet. TELIAO, GREGSON S. APRIL 2011
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Table 5. Weight of marketable ears/plot, non- marketable ears/plot and weight of ears
harvested/plot of different corn entries intercropped with bush bean
WEIGHT
TREATMENT
NON-
MARKETABLE EARS MARKETABLE
TOTAL
(kg/7m2)
EARS (kg/7m2)
(kg/7m2)
Cropping System (CS)
Corn only
2.43
0.52
2.97
Corn + bush bean
2.28
0.52
2.97
Corn Entries (E)
Bighani
2.28b
0.37
2.65c
Kaneco
1.51d
0.70
2.21d
Glutinous
1.97c
0.96
2.93b
KY Bright Jean
3.47a
0.10
3.60a
IPBHy576
2.55b
0.62
3.17b
CS x E
ns
ns
ns
CV (%)
29.84
109.54
19.51
CV (%)
23.91
88.54
13.94
Means of different letter are significantly different from each other using 5% level of
significance by DMRT
Total Weight of Marketable ears
Harvested per Plot
Cropping system. No significant differences on the total weight of marketable
ears per plot of monocropped and corn intercropped with bush beans were noted.
Corn entry. Highly significant differences were noted on the total weight of
marketable ears per plot. Entry KY Bright Jean had the heaviest marketable ear harvested
Growth and Yield of Five Corn Entries Intercropped with Bush Bean under Organic
Production in La Trinidad, Benguet. TELIAO, GREGSON S. APRIL 2011
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per plot of 3.47kg while entry Kaneco had a weight of only 1.51kg (Table 5). This result
further affirms the high yield potential of the former. Figure 5 shows marketable and non
marketable corn ears harvested.
Interaction effect. There was no significant interaction between cropping system
and corn entries on the total weight of marketable ears per plot.
Total Weight of Non- Marketable ears
Harvested per Plot
Cropping system. No significant differences were observed on the weight of non-
marketable ears/plot of monocropped and corn intercropped with bush beans.
Corn entry. The different corn entries did not significantly vary on the total
weight of non- marketable ears/plot (Table 5) although Glutinous (Native) seem to have
the highest weight of non- marketable ears/plot and KY Bright Jean, the least weight of
non- marketable ears/plot.
Interaction effect. There was no significant interaction between cropping system
and corn entries on the total yield of non- marketable ears/plot.
Figure 5. Marketable and non- marketable corn ears
Growth and Yield of Five Corn Entries Intercropped with Bush Bean under Organic
Production in La Trinidad, Benguet. TELIAO, GREGSON S. APRIL 2011
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Weight of 1000 Kernels
Cropping system. Table 6 shows that the weight of 1000 kernels for monocropped
and intercropped corn did not vary from each other.
Corn entries. Highly significant differences were distinguished on the weight of
1000 kernels of the different entries (Table 6 and Figure 6). Entry Glutinous produced the
significantly highest weight of 1000 kernels (301.83 g) followed by Kaneco (265.50 g).
The lightest kernels were registered by KY Bright Jean. The heavy kernels of Glutinous
compensates for its shorter ear length.
Interaction effect. No significant differences were observed between cropping
system and the different entries on the weight of 1000 kernels.
Yield per hectare
Cropping system. It was shown in Table 6 that there were no significant
differences on the weight of ears harvested per hectare of monocropped and intercropped.
Corn entries. Highly significant differences were found on the total weight of ears
harvested per hectare of the different entries. Entry KY Bright Jean had heaviest ears
harvested per hectare of 3.60 tons followed by IPBHy576, Glutinous, and Bighani (3.17
tons, 2.92 tons, and 2.65 tons, respectively). The high yield of entry KY Bright Jean may
be attributed to its high plant vigor, weight of marketable ears per plot and resistance to
corn borer.
Interaction Effect. There were no significant interaction between cropping system
and the different entries on the total weight of ears harvested per hectare.
Growth and Yield of Five Corn Entries Intercropped with Bush Bean under Organic
Production in La Trinidad, Benguet. TELIAO, GREGSON S. APRIL 2011
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Table 6. Weight of 1000 kernels and yield/hectare of different corn entries intercropped
with bush bean
WEIGHT OF 1000
COMPUTED YIELD
TREATMENT
KERNELS (g)
(t/ha)
Cropping System (CS)
Corn only
263.20
3.00
Corn + bush bean
256.47
2.85
Corn Entries (E)
Bighani
247.00c
2.65c
Kaneco
265.50b
2.21d
Glutinous
301.83a
2.92c
KY Bright Jean
239.00d
3.60a
IPBHy576
245.83c
3.17b
CS x E
ns
ns
CV (%)
7.00
19.51
CV (%)
4.68
13.94
Means of different letter are significantly different from each other using 5% level of
significance by DMRT
Reaction to Corn Borer
All the different corn entries were highly resistant to corn borer.
Growth and Yield of Five Corn Entries Intercropped with Bush Bean under Organic
Production in La Trinidad, Benguet. TELIAO, GREGSON S. APRIL 2011
26
BIGHANI
KANECO
KANECO
GLU
L T
U IN
I O
N US
U
KY BRIGHT JEAN
IPBHy576
Figure 6. Kernels of the different corn entries
Return on Cash Expense (ROCE)
Table 7 shows the return on cash expense (ROCE) of the different corn entries
intercropped with bush bean. KY Bright Jean had the highest ROCE as compared with the
other entries although they appear to be all profitable. This result shows that all the entries can
be produced in La Trinidad, Benguet. The best variety to be intercropped with beans is KY
Bright Jean which resulted to higher profit.
Growth and Yield of Five Corn Entries Intercropped with Bush Bean under Organic
Production in La Trinidad, Benguet. TELIAO, GREGSON S. APRIL 2011
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Table 7. Return on cash expense of the different corn entries intercropped with bush bean
TREATMENT
YIELD
COST OF
GROSS
NET
ROCE
(kg/ 7.5m2) PRODUCTION
INCOME PROFIT
(%)
(PhP)
(PhP)
(PhP)
Monocrop
Bighani
7.55
61
226.50
165.50
271.31
Kaneco
4.05
61
121.50
60.50
99.18
Glutinous
6.20
61
186.00
125.00
204.92
KY Bright Jean
10.05
61
301.50
240.50
394.26
Ipbhy576
10.10
61
303.00
242.00
396.72
Intercrop
Bighani
6.15
75
242.25
167.25
223.00
Kaneco
5.00
75
182.25
107.25
143.00
Glutinous
5.60
75
222.00
147.00
196.00
Ky Bright Jean
10.50
75
396.00
321.00
428.00
Ipbhy576
6.95
75
272.25
197.25
263.00
Note: Selling price of corn ears was based on PhP 30/kg (organic corn)
Beans were sold at PhP 15/kg
Growth and Yield of Five Corn Entries Intercropped with Bush Bean under Organic
Production in La Trinidad, Benguet. TELIAO, GREGSON S. APRIL 2011
28
SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
Summary
The study was conducted to identify the highest yielding and most resistant
entry/ies of corn intercropped with bush beans under organic production; compare the
two cropping systems used in terms of growth, yield and ROCE of corn; determine the
interaction between corn entries and bush beans under organic production; and determine
the economic benefit of intercropping corn varieties with bush beans under organic
production.
Results show that cropping system did not influence the growth and yield of corn.
On the corn entries, highly significant differences were observed on the number
of days from sowing to tasselling and silking, total weight of ears harvested per plot and
marketable ears per plot, plant height at maturity, length of corn ear and ear diameter,
weight of 1000 kernels and yield per hectare.
In terms of growth, entry Glutinous was the earliest to mature which is desirable
in a crop rotation system, entry IPBHy576 was the tallest at maturity, had the longest ear
but had the lowest weight of 1000 kernel. KY Bright Jean was the top performing entry
because it had the highest yield per plot, marketable ears and had the highest ROCE.
No significant interaction effect between corn entries and cropping system
observed on all parameters.
Conclusions
Based on the results, the highest yielder and with the highest ROCE among the
five entries evaluated was KY Bright Jean. All entries were resistant to corn borer. There
was no difference between the corn monocrop and corn intercropped with bush beans.
Growth and Yield of Five Corn Entries Intercropped with Bush Bean under Organic
Production in La Trinidad, Benguet. TELIAO, GREGSON S. APRIL 2011
29
Also, no significant interaction between cropping system and corn entries was observed.
The other entries had positive ROCE thus; they could also be profitably grown in La
Trinidad, Benguet.
Recommendations
Based on the findings, KY Bright Jean is recommended for corn growers of La
Trinidad. However, further study with the use of other corn entries is recommended.
Growth and Yield of Five Corn Entries Intercropped with Bush Bean under Organic
Production in La Trinidad, Benguet. TELIAO, GREGSON S. APRIL 2011
30
LITERATURE CITED
BALLESIL, B.R. 1990. Influence of spatial arrangement on the productivity of corn-
legume intercrops. MS Thesis. Benguet State University, La Trinidad, Benguet,
Philippines. P 119.
BALUYOT, A.S. 1984. Principles of Food Production. 1st Edition. United Circular
Incorporated. Malabon, Rizal. P. 192.
BEETS, W.C. 1975. Multiple Cropping Practices in Asia and Far East Agricultural
Environment. Chibero College of Agriculture, Norton Rhodesia. Pp. 219-228.
COLLADO, G.M. 1981. Agribusiness corn systems Philippines and Thailand. Southeast
Asian Regional Center for Graduate Study and Research in Agriculture
(SEARCA) College, Laguna, Philippines. P .673.
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 2010. Bureau of Agricultural Statistics: Monthly
Rice and Corn stocks Inventory. Retrieved Febuary 2011 from
http://www.bas.gov.ph.
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 1999. Young corn production guide. Interview
with Mr. Benny Cadiz. Retrieved on October 2009 from
http://www.da.gov.ph/tips/young_corn.html.
GEREN HAKAN, AVCIOGLU RIZA, SOYA HIKMET and BEHCET KIR. 2008.
Intercropping of corn with cowpea and bean: Biomass yield and silage quality.
Ege University, Agriculture Faculty, Department of Field Crops, 35100. Izmir,
Turkey.
Retrieved
from
http://www.academicjournals.org/AJB/PDF/Geren%20al.pdf.
INTER CROP. 2009. Intercropping of cereals and grain legumes for increased
production, weed control, improved product quality and prevention of N-losses in
European organic farming system. Retrieved on June 2010 from
http://www.intercrop.dk/General.htm.
LANTICAN, R. 2001. The Science and Practice of Crop Production.UPLB, College, Los
Baños, Laguna. Pp. 206-261.
MAFRA, R. C., LIRA de A., ARCOVERDE, A. S. S., G. ROBERIO and M. A. FARIS.
1981. International Workshop on Intercropping: Studies on the Intercropping of
Sorghum and Corn with Phaseolus Beans and Cowpea. ICRISAT Patancheru
P.O., Andhra Pradesh 502.34, India. Pp. 46-51.
Growth and Yield of Five Corn Entries Intercropped with Bush Bean under Organic
Production in La Trinidad, Benguet. TELIAO, GREGSON S. APRIL 2011
31
PHILIPPINE COUNCIL for AGRICULTURE, FORESTRY and NATURAL
RESOURCES RESEARCH and DEVELOPMENT (PCARRD). 1981. The
Philippine Recommends for Corn. 24-K Printing Co, Inc., 33 Acebo Street,
Marulas Valenzuela, Metro Manila. P. 23.
PHILIPPINE COUNCIL for AGRICULTURE, FORESTRY and NATURAL
RESOURCES RESEARCH and DEVELOPMENT (PCARRD). 1997. The
Philippine Recommends for Corn Post Production Operations. P. 1.
PAN GERMANY. 2006. Field guide to non-chemical pest management in corn
production.
Retrieved
March
2010
from
http://www.oisat.org/downloads/field_guide_corn.pdf.
RAJAT DE and S. D. SINGH. 1981. International Workshop on Intercropping:
Management Practices for Intercropping Systems. ICRISAT Patancheru P.O.,
Andhra Pradesh 502.34, India. Pp. 17-19 .
Growth and Yield of Five Corn Entries Intercropped with Bush Bean under Organic
Production in La Trinidad, Benguet. TELIAO, GREGSON S. APRIL 2011
32
APPENDICES
Appendix Table 1. Number of days from sowing to maturity
TREATMENT
REPLICATION
TOTAL
MEAN
I
II
III
Monocrop
Bighani
115
115
115
345
115
Kaneco
118
118
118
354
118
Glutinous
92
92
92
376
92
KY Bright Jean
115
115
115
345
115
Ipbhy576
115
115
115
345
115
Sub Total
555
555
555
1665
555
Intercrop
Bighani
115
115
115
345
115
Kaneco
118
118
118
354
118
Glutinous
92
92
92
376
92
KY Bright Jean
115
115
115
345
115
IPBHy576
115
115
115
345
115
Sub Total
555
555
555
1665
555
TOTAL
1110
1110
1110
3330
1110
TWO - WAY TABLE
TREATMENT
MONOCROP
INTERCROP
TOTAL
MEAN
Bighani
115
115
230
115
Kaneco
118
118
236
118
Glutinous
92
92
184
92
KY Bright Jean
115
115
230
115
IPBHy576
115
115
230
115
TOTAL
555
555
1110
MEAN
185
185
185
Growth and Yield of Five Corn Entries Intercropped with Bush Bean under Organic
Production in La Trinidad, Benguet. TELIAO, GREGSON S. APRIL 2011
33
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCE OF DEGREES
TABULATED
VARIATION
OF
SUM OF MEAN OF COMPUTED
F
FREEDOM SQUARES SQUARES
F
0.05 0.01
Replication
2
0.00
0.00
0.00ns
19.99
99.00
Main plot (A)
1
0.00
0.00
0.00ns
18.51
98.44
Error (a)
2
0.00
0.00
Sub-plot (B)
4
3108
777
0.00ns
3.01
4.77
AxB
4
0.00
0.00
0.00ns
3.01
4.77
Error (b)
16
0.00
0.00
TOTAL
29
0.00
ns= Not significant
CV (a) = 0.00
CV (b) = 0.00
Growth and Yield of Five Corn Entries Intercropped with Bush Bean under Organic
Production in La Trinidad, Benguet. TELIAO, GREGSON S. APRIL 2011
34
Appendix Table 2. Number of days from sowing to tasselling
TREATMENT
REPLICATION
TOTAL
MEAN
I
II
III
Monocrop
Bighani
78
78
78
234
78
Kaneco
89
90
81
260
86.67
Glutinous
66
66
66
198
66
KY Bright Jean
78
78
78
234
78
Ipbhy576
80
80
70
230
76.67
Sub Total
391
392
373
1156
386.34
Intercrop
Bighani
82
80
74
236
78.67
Kaneco
82
78
81
241
80.33
Glutinous
66
66
66
198
66
KY Bright Jean
74
74
74
222
74
IPBHy576
83
76
87
246
82
Sub Total
387
374
382
1143
381
TOTAL
778
766
755
2299
766.34
TWO - WAY TABLE
TREATMENT MONOCROP INTERCROP
TOTAL
MEAN
Bighani
78
78.67
156.67
78
Kaneco
86.67
80.33
167
84
Glutinous
66
66
132
66
KY Bright Jean
78
74
152
76
IPBHy576
76.67
82
158.67
79
TOTAL
385.34
381
766.34
MEAN
77
76
77
Growth and Yield of Five Corn Entries Intercropped with Bush Bean under Organic
Production in La Trinidad, Benguet. TELIAO, GREGSON S. APRIL 2011
35
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCE OF DEGREES
TABULATED
VARIATION
OF
SUM OF MEAN OF COMPUTED
F
FREEDOM SQUARES SQUARES
F
0.05 0.01
Replication
2
26.467
13.233
0.73ns
19.99 99.00
Main plot (A)
1
5.633
5.633
0.31ns
18.51 98.44
Error (a)
2
36.467
18.233
Sub-plot (B)
4
1024.800
256.200
25.99**
3.01
4.77
AxB
4
121.867
30.467
3.09*
3.01
4.77
Error (b)
16
157.733
9.858
TOTAL
29
1372.967
ns= Not significant
CV (a) = 5.57
*= Significant
CV (b) = 4.10
**= Highly significant
Growth and Yield of Five Corn Entries Intercropped with Bush Bean under Organic
Production in La Trinidad, Benguet. TELIAO, GREGSON S. APRIL 2011
36
Appendix Table 3. Number of days from sowing to silking
TREATMENT
REPLICATION
TOTAL
MEAN
I
II
III
Monocrop
Bighani
86
95
86
257
85.67
Kaneco
95
95
89
285
95
Glutinous
68
68
68
204
68
KY Bright Jean
86
85
86
257
85.67
Ipbhy576
89
85
78
252
84
Sub Total
424
418
407
1249
416.33
Intercrop
Bighani
87
89
82
258
86
Kaneco
89
89
89
267
89
Glutinous
68
68
68
204
68
KY Bright Jean
85
85
81
251
83.67
IPBHy576
89
89
87
265
88.33
Sub Total
418
420
407
1245
415
TOTAL
842
838
814
2494
831.33
TWO - WAY TABLE
TREATMENT
MONOCROP
INTERCROP
TOTAL
MEAN
Bighani
85.67
86
171.67
86
Kaneco
95
89
184
92
Glutinous
68
68
136
68
KY Bright Jean
85.67
83.67
169.34
85
IPBHy576
84
88.33
172.33
86
TOTAL
416.33
431.33
847.66
MEAN
83
86
83
Growth and Yield of Five Corn Entries Intercropped with Bush Bean under Organic
Production in La Trinidad, Benguet. TELIAO, GREGSON S. APRIL 2011
37
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCE OF DEGREES SUM OF MEAN OF COMPUTED TABULATED
VARIATION
OF
SQUARES SQUARES
F
F
FREEDOM
0.05 0.01
Replication
2
41.867
20.933
7.48ns
19.99 99.00
Main plot (A)
1
1.200
1.200
0.43ns
18.51 98.44
Error (a)
2
5.600
2.800
Sub-plot (B)
4
1848.200
462.050
94.94**
3.01
4.77
AxB
4
57.133
14.283
2.93ns
3.01
4.77
Error (b)
16
77.867
4.867
TOTAL
29
2031.867
ns= Not significant
CV (a) = 2.01
**= Highly significant
CV (b) = 2.66
Growth and Yield of Five Corn Entries Intercropped with Bush Bean under Organic
Production in La Trinidad, Benguet. TELIAO, GREGSON S. APRIL 2011
38
Appendix Table 4. Plant height at maturity
TREATMENT
REPLICATION
TOTAL
MEAN
I
II
III
Monocrop
Bighani
147.7
140.7
138.9
425.3
141.77
Kaneco
141.20
146.6
168.6
456.4
152.13
Glutinous
125.6
142
133.5
401.1
133.7
KY Bright Jean
154.5
151
195.2
500.7
166.9
Ipbhy576
180.6
186.9
154
521.5
173.83
Sub Total
747.6
757.2
790.2
2295
765
Intercrop
Bighani
141.8
146.2
152.2
440.2
146.73
Kaneco
163.3
160
167.7
491
163.67
Glutinous
147.3
147.8
149.3
441.1
148.03
KY Bright Jean
157.6
156.1
160.7
474.4
158.13
IPBHy576
195.6
181
188.9
565.5
188.5
Sub Total
805.6
791.1
818.8
2415.5
805.17
TOTAL
1553.2
1548.3
1609
4720.5
1570.17
TWO - WAY TABLE
TREATMENT
MONOCROP
INTERCROP
TOTAL
MEAN
Bighani
141.77
146.73
305.5
153
Kaneco
152.13
163.67
315.8
158
Glutinous
133.7
148.03
281.73
141
KY Bright Jean
166.9
158.13
325.03
163
IPBHy576
173.83
188.5
362.33
181
TOTAL
765
805.17
1570.17
MEAN
153
161
159
Growth and Yield of Five Corn Entries Intercropped with Bush Bean under Organic
Production in La Trinidad, Benguet. TELIAO, GREGSON S. APRIL 2011
39
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCE OF DEGREES
TABULATED
VARIATION
OF
SUM OF MEAN OF COMPUTED
F
FREEDOM SQUARES SQUARES
F
0.05 0.01
Replication
2
190.338
95.169
2.79ns
19.99 99.00
Main plot (A)
1
407.008
407.008
11.92ns
18.51 98.44
Error (a)
2
68.309
34.154
Sub-plot (B)
4
6215.370
1553.842
10.61**
3.01
4.77
AxB
4
579.950
144.988
0.99ns
3.01
4.77
Error (b)
16
2343.720
146.482
TOTAL
29
9804.695
ns= Not significant
CV (a) = 3.71
**= Highly significant
CV (b) = 7.69
Growth and Yield of Five Corn Entries Intercropped with Bush Bean under Organic
Production in La Trinidad, Benguet. TELIAO, GREGSON S. APRIL 2011
40
Appendix Table 5. Length of corn ear
TREATMENT
REPLICATION
TOTAL
MEAN
I
II
III
Monocrop
Bighani
17.29
17.88
15.55
50.72
16.91
Kaneco
15.23
14.84
14.97
45.05
15.01
Glutinous
11.50
11.77
12.00
35.27
11.76
KY Bright Jean
17.20
15.24
16.80
49.24
16.41
Ipbhy576
16.95
17.01
18.12
52.08
17.36
Sub Total
78.17
76.74
77.44
232.36
77.45
Intercrop
Bighani
17.07
15.36
16.32
48.75
16.25
Kaneco
12.48
13.86
14.48
40.82
13.61
Glutinous
11.8
12.58
12.57
39.95
12.32
KY Bright Jean
16.64
17.41
16.7
50.75
16.92
IPBHy576
16.83
15.98
17.15
49.96
16.65
Sub Total
74.82
75.19
78.22
228.23
76.08
TOTAL
152.99
151.93
156.66
460.58
153.53
TWO - WAY TABLE
TREATMENT
MONOCROP
INTERCROP
TOTAL
MEAN
Bighani
16.91
16.25
33.16
17
Kaneco
15.01
13.61
28.62
14
Glutinous
11.76
12.32
24.08
12
KY Bright Jean
16.41
16.92
33.33
17
IPBHy576
17.36
16.65
34.01
17
TOTAL
77.45
78.08
153.53
MEAN
15
16
15
Growth and Yield of Five Corn Entries Intercropped with Bush Bean under Organic
Production in La Trinidad, Benguet. TELIAO, GREGSON S. APRIL 2011
41
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCE OF DEGREES
TABULATED
VARIATION
OF
SUM OF MEAN OF COMPUTED
F
FREEDOM SQUARES SQUARES
F
0.05 0.01
Replication
2
0.379
0.379
0.77ns
19.99 99.00
Main plot (A)
1
0.874
0.847
3.54ns
18.51 98.44
Error (a)
2
0.494
0.247
Sub-plot (B)
4
108.226
27.056
41.85**
3.01
4.77
AxB
4
4.341
1.085
1.68ns
3.01
4.77
Error (b)
16
10.344
0.647
TOTAL
29
124.657
ns= Not significant
CV (a) = 3.24
**= Highly significant
CV (b) = 5.25
Growth and Yield of Five Corn Entries Intercropped with Bush Bean under Organic
Production in La Trinidad, Benguet. TELIAO, GREGSON S. APRIL 2011
42
Appendix Table 6. Ear diameter
TREATMENT
REPLICATION
TOTAL
MEAN
I
II
III
Monocrop
Bighani
4.59
4.73
4.48
13.8
4.6
Kaneco
4.45
4.59
4.26
13.3
4.43
Glutinous
4.50
4.46
4.50
13.46
4.49
KY Bright Jean
4.40
3.86
4.38
12.64
4.21
Ipbhy576
4.19
3.94
4.06
12.19
4.06
Sub Total
22.13
21.58
21.68
65.39
21.80
Intercrop
Bighani
4.46
4.24
4.61
13.31
4.44
Kaneco
4.29
4.44
4.52
13.25
4.42
Glutinous
4.71
4.44
4.43
13.58
4.53
KY Bright Jean
4.29
4.15
4.55
12.99
4.33
IPBHy576
4.20
4.19
4.25
12.64
4.21
Sub Total
21.95
21.46
22.36
65.77
21.92
TOTAL
44.08
43.04
44.04
131.16
43.92
TWO - WAY TABLE
TREATMENT
MONOCROP
INTERCROP
TOTAL
MEAN
Bighani
4.6
4.44
9.04
5
Kaneco
4.43
4.42
8.58
4
Glutinous
4.49
4.53
9.02
5
KY Bright Jean
4.21
4.33
8.54
4
IPBHy576
4.06
4.21
8.27
4
TOTAL
21.8
21.92
43.72
MEAN
4
4
4
Growth and Yield of Five Corn Entries Intercropped with Bush Bean under Organic
Production in La Trinidad, Benguet. TELIAO, GREGSON S. APRIL 2011
43
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCE OF DEGREES SUM OF MEAN OF COMPUTED TABULATED
VARIATION
OF
SQUARES SQUARES
F
F
FREEDOM
0.05 0.01
Replication
2
0.069
0.035
1.51ns
19.99 99.00
Main plot (A)
1
0.005
0.005
0.21ns
18.51 98.44
Error (a)
2
0.046
0.023
Sub-plot (B)
4
0.642
0.161
6.09**
3.01
4.77
AxB
4
0.092
0.023
0.87ns
3.01
4.77
Error (b)
16
0.422
0.026
TOTAL
29
1.277
ns= Not significant
CV (a) = 3.47
**= Highly significant
CV (b) = 3.71
Growth and Yield of Five Corn Entries Intercropped with Bush Bean under Organic
Production in La Trinidad, Benguet. TELIAO, GREGSON S. APRIL 2011
44
Appendix Table 7. Total weight of ears harvested/plot
TREATMENT
REPLICATION
TOTAL
MEAN
I
II
III
Monocrop
Bighani
3.65
2.8
2.45
8.9
2.97
Kaneco
2.20
1.75
2.5
6.45
2.15
Glutinous
3.05
2.5
3
8.55
2.85
KY Bright Jean
3.65
3.2
4.05
10.9
3.63
Ipbhy576
2.6
3.6
3.5
9.7
3.23
Sub Total
15.15
13.85
19.5
44.5
14.83
Intercrop
Bighani
2.5
2.3
2.2
7
2.33
Kaneco
2.5
2.2
2.1
6.8
2.27
Glutinous
3.5
2.5
3
9
3
KY Bright Jean
4
3.5
3.2
10.7
3.56
IPBHy576
3.45
3.45
2.4
9.3
3.1
Sub Total
15.95
13.95
12.9
42.8
14.27
TOTAL
31.1
33.8
32.4
87.3
29.1
TWO - WAY TABLE
TREATMENT
MONOCROP
INTERCROP
TOTAL
MEAN
Bighani
2.97
2.33
5.53
3
Kaneco
2.15
2.27
4.42
2
Glutinous
2.85
3
5.85
3
KY Bright Jean
3.63
3.56
7.19
4
IPBHy576
3.23
3.1
6.33
3
TOTAL
14.83
14.26
29.1
MEAN
3
3
3
Growth and Yield of Five Corn Entries Intercropped with Bush Bean under Organic
Production in La Trinidad, Benguet. TELIAO, GREGSON S. APRIL 2011
45
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCE OF DEGREES
TABULATED
VARIATION
OF
SUM OF MEAN OF COMPUTED
F
FREEDOM SQUARES SQUARES
F
0.05 0.01
Replication
2
0.618
0.309
0.96ns
19.99 99.00
Main plot (A)
1
0.096
0.096
0.30ns
18.51 98.44
Error (a)
2
0.645
0.322
Sub-plot (B)
4
6.613
1.653
10.05**
3.01
4.77
AxB
4
0.593
0.148
0.90ns
3.01
4.77
Error (b)
16
2.632
0.165
TOTAL
29
11.197
ns= Not significant
CV (a) = 19.51
**= Highly significant
CV (b) = 13.94
Growth and Yield of Five Corn Entries Intercropped with Bush Bean under Organic
Production in La Trinidad, Benguet. TELIAO, GREGSON S. APRIL 2011
46
Appendix Table 8. Total weight of marketable ears harvested per plot
TREATMENT
REPLICATION
TOTAL
MEAN
I
II
III
Monocrop
Bighani
3.20
1.9
2.45
7.55
2.52
Kaneco
1.75
1
1.3
4.05
1.35
Glutinous
2.35
2
1.85
6.2
2.07
KY Bright Jean
3.20
2.8
4.05
10.05
3.35
Ipbhy576
3.65
2.95
3.5
10.1
3.37
Sub Total
14.15
10.65
13.15
37.95
12.65
Intercrop
Bighani
2.5
2
1.65
6.15
2.05
Kaneco
2
1.3
1.70
5
1.67
Glutinous
1.3
2.2
2.1
5.6
1.87
KY Bright Jean
3.8
3.5
3.2
10.5
3.5
IPBHy576
1.75
3.2
2
6.95
2.32
Sub Total
11.35
12.2
10.65
34.2
11.4
TOTAL
25.5
22.85
23.80
72.45
24.05
TWO - WAY TABLE
TREATMENT
MONOCROP
INTERCROP
TOTAL
MEAN
Bighani
2.52
2.05
4.57
2
Kaneco
1.35
1.67
3.02
2
Glutinous
2.07
1.87
3.94
2
KY Bright Jean
3.35
3.5
6.85
3
IPBHy576
3.37
2.32
5.69
3
TOTAL
12.65
11.4
24.05
MEAN
3
2
2
Growth and Yield of Five Corn Entries Intercropped with Bush Bean under Organic
Production in La Trinidad, Benguet. TELIAO, GREGSON S. APRIL 2011
47
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCE OF DEGREES SUM OF MEAN OF COMPUTED TABULATED
VARIATION
OF
SQUARES SQUARES
F
F
FREEDOM
0.05 0.01
Replication
2
0.129
0.065
0.13ns
19.99 99.00
Main plot (A)
1
0.169
0.169
0.34ns
18.51 98.44
Error (a)
2
0.988
0.494
Sub-plot (B)
4
12.880
3.220
10.15**
3.01
4.77
AxB
4
0.702
0.175
0.55ns
3.01
4.77
Error (b)
16
5.075
0.317
TOTAL
29
19.942
ns= Not significant
CV (a) = 29.84
**= Highly significant
CV (b) = 23.91
Growth and Yield of Five Corn Entries Intercropped with Bush Bean under Organic
Production in La Trinidad, Benguet. TELIAO, GREGSON S. APRIL 2011
48
Appendix Table 9. Total weight of non- marketable ears harvested per plot
TREATMENT
REPLICATION
TOTAL
MEAN
I
II
III
Monocrop
Bighani
0.45
0.9
0
1.3
0.45
Kaneco
0.45
0.75
1.2
2.4
0.8
Glutinous
0.7
0.5
1.15
2.35
0.78
KY Bright Jean
0
0.4
0
0.4
0.13
Ipbhy576
0.7
0.65
0
1.35
0.45
Sub Total
2.3
3.2
2.35
7.85
2.62
Intercrop
Bighani
0
0.3
0.55
0.85
0.28
Kaneco
0.5
0.9
0.4
1.8
0.6
Glutinous
2.2
0.3
0.9
3.4
0.13
KY Bright Jean
0.2
0
0
0.2
0.07
IPBHy576
1.7
0.4
0.4
2.35
0.78
Sub Total
4.6
2.25
8.6
2.87
TOTAL
6.9
5.55
4.60
16.45
5.48
TWO - WAY TABLE
TREATMENT
MONOCROP
INTERCROP
TOTAL
MEAN
Bighani
0.45
0.28
0.73
0
Kaneco
0.80
0.60
1.40
1
Glutinous
0.78
0.13
0.91
1
KY Bright Jean
0.13
0.07
0.20
0
IPBHy576
0.45
0.78
1.23
1
TOTAL
2.62
2.78
4.47
MEAN
1
1
1
Growth and Yield of Five Corn Entries Intercropped with Bush Bean under Organic
Production in La Trinidad, Benguet. TELIAO, GREGSON S. APRIL 2011
49
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCE OF DEGREES
TABULATED
VARIATION
OF
SUM OF MEAN OF COMPUTED
F
FREEDOM SQUARES SQUARES
F
0.05 0.01
Replication
2
0.307
0.154
0.43ns
19.99 99.00
Main plot (A)
1
0.019
0.019
0.05ns
18.51 98.44
Error (a)
2
0.722
0.361
Sub-plot (B)
4
2.579
0.645
2.74ns
3.01
4.77
AxB
4
0.440
0.110
0.47ns
3.01
4.77
Error (b)
16
3.771
0.236
TOTAL
29
7.837
ns= Not significant
CV (a) = 109.54
CV (b) = 88.54
Growth and Yield of Five Corn Entries Intercropped with Bush Bean under Organic
Production in La Trinidad, Benguet. TELIAO, GREGSON S. APRIL 2011
50
Appendix Table 10. Weight of 1000 kernels (g)
TREATMENT
REPLICATION
TOTAL
MEAN
I
II
III
Monocrop
Bighani
250
259
268
777
259
Kaneco
248
257
278
783
261
Glutinous
327
303
298
928
309.33
KY Bright Jean
235
238
248
721
240.33
Ipbhy576
247
238
256
741
247
Sub Total
1307
1259
1348
3950
1316.67
Intercrop
Bighani
226
238
241
705
235
Kaneco
259
266
285
810
270
Glutinous
299
306
278
883
289.33
KY Bright Jean
239
250
226
715
238.33
IPBHy576
250
257
227
734
244.67
Sub Total
1273
1417
1257
3984
1315.67
TOTAL
2580
2712
2605
7897
2632.33
TWO - WAY TABLE
TREATMENT
MONOCROP
INTERCROP
TOTAL
MEAN
Bighani
259
235
494
247
Kaneco
261
270
531
267
Glutinous
309.33
289.33
603.66
302
KY Bright Jean
240.33
238.33
478.66
239
IPBHy576
247
244.67
491.67
246
TOTAL
1316.67
1315.67
2632.33
MEAN
263
263
260
Growth and Yield of Five Corn Entries Intercropped with Bush Bean under Organic
Production in La Trinidad, Benguet. TELIAO, GREGSON S. APRIL 2011
51
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCE OF DEGREES
TABULATED
VARIATION
OF
SUM OF MEAN OF COMPUTED
F
FREEDOM SQUARES SQUARES
F
0.05 0.01
Replication
2
51.667
25.883
0.08ns
19.99 99.00
Main plot (A)
1
340.033
340.033
1.03ns
18.51 98.44
Error (a)
2
661.267
330.663
Sub-plot (B)
4
15545.00
3886.250
26.30**
3.01
4.77
AxB
4
993.800
248.450
1.68**
3.01
4.77
Error (b)
16
2364.400
147.775
TOTAL
29
19956.167
ns= Not significant
CV (a) = 7.00
**= Highly significant
CV (b) = 4.68
Growth and Yield of Five Corn Entries Intercropped with Bush Bean under Organic
Production in La Trinidad, Benguet. TELIAO, GREGSON S. APRIL 2011
52
Appendix Table 11. Computed yield per hectare (tons)
TREATMENT
REPLICATION
TOTAL
MEAN
I
II
III
Monocrop
Bighani
3.65
2.80
2.45
8.90
3.00
Kaneco
2.20
1.75
2.50
6.45
2.15
Glutinous
3.05
2.50
3.00
8.55
2.85
KY Bright Jean
3.65
3.20
4.05
10.90
3.63
Ipbhy576
2.60
3.60
3.50
9.70
3.23
Sub Total
15.15
13.85
15.50
44.50
14.83
Intercrop
Bighani
2.50
2.30
2.20
7.00
2.33
Kaneco
2.50
2.20
2.10
6.80
2.67
Glutinous
3.50
2.50
3.00
9.00
3.00
KY Bright Jean
4.00
3.50
3.20
10.70
3.57
IPBHy576
3.45
3.45
2.40
9.30
3.10
Sub Total
15.95
13.95
12.90
42.80
14.27
TOTAL
31.10
27.55
28.40
87.30
29.10
TWO - WAY TABLE
TREATMENT
MONOCROP
INTERCROP
TOTAL
MEAN
Bighani
3.00
2.33
5.33
3
Kaneco
2.15
2.67
4.82
2
Glutinous
2.85
3.00
6.85
3
KY Bright Jean
3.63
3.57
7.20
4
IPBHy576
3.23
3.10
6.33
3
TOTAL
14.83
14.27
30.53
MEAN
3
3
3
Growth and Yield of Five Corn Entries Intercropped with Bush Bean under Organic
Production in La Trinidad, Benguet. TELIAO, GREGSON S. APRIL 2011
53
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCE OF DEGREES
TABULATED
VARIATION
OF
SUM OF MEAN OF COMPUTED
F
FREEDOM SQUARES SQUARES
F
0.05 0.01
Replication
2
618
309
0.96ns
19.99 99.00
Main plot (A)
1
96.33
96.33
0.30ns
18.51 98.44
Error (a)
2
644.67
322.33
Sub-plot (B)
4
6612.83
1653.21
10.05**
3.01
4.77
AxB
4
592.83
148.21
0.90ns
3.01
4.77
Error (b)
16
2632.33
164.52
TOTAL
29
11197
ns= Not significant
CV (a) = 19.51
**= Highly significant
CV (b) = 13.94
Growth and Yield of Five Corn Entries Intercropped with Bush Bean under Organic
Production in La Trinidad, Benguet. TELIAO, GREGSON S. APRIL 2011
54
Appendix Table 12. Total weight of marketable and non- marketable pods of bush bean
(kg)
TREATMENT
REPLICATION
TOTAL
MEAN
I
II
III
Intercrop
Marketable
5.90
5.60
7.75
19.25
6.42
Non- marketable
5.20
2.60
4.60
12.40
4.13
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE (Marketable Pods)
SOURCE OF DEGREE
TABULATED
VARIATION
OF
SUM OF MEAN OF COMPUTED
F
FREEDOM SQUARES SQUARES
F
0.05
0.01
Treatment
4
1.4025
0.350
1.445ns
3.48
5.99
Error
10
2.4211
0.242
TOTAL
14
3.8236
ns- Not significant
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE (Non- marketable Pods)
SOURCES
DEGREE
SUM OF MEAN OF COMPUTED TABULATED
OF
OF
SQUARES SQUARES
F
F
VARIATION FREEDOM
0.05 0.01
Treatment
4
0.38
0.095
0.28ns
3.48
5.99
Error
10
3.43
0.343
TOTAL
14
3.81
ns- Not significant
Growth and Yield of Five Corn Entries Intercropped with Bush Bean under Organic
Production in La Trinidad, Benguet. TELIAO, GREGSON S. APRIL 2011
Document Outline
- Growth and Yield of Five Corn EntriesIntercropped with Bush Bean under Organic Production in La Trinidad, Benguet
- BIBLIOGRAPHY
- TABLE OF CONTENTS
- INTRODUCTION
- REVIEW OF LITERATURE
- MATERIALS AND METHODS
- RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
- SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
- LITERATURE CITED
- APPENDICES