BIBLIOGRAPHY ROSENDO, ARACELI APRIL ...
BIBLIOGRAPHY
ROSENDO, ARACELI APRIL 2013, Growth and Yield of Bush Bean (
var.
Sablan) as Affected by Natural Seed Conditioning Treatments in La Trinidad, Benguet.
Benguet State University, La Trinidad, Benguet.
Adviser: Esther Josephine D. Sagalla, Msc.
ABSTRACT
The study was conducted at La Trinidad, Benguet to determine the growth and fresh
pod of bush bean applied with natural seed conditioning treatments; determine the effect
of time of soaking on growth and fresh yield pod of bush bean; determine the interaction
of the natural seed conditioning treatment and on the growth and yield of bush bean; and
determine the profitability of bush bean production using natural seed conditioning in La
Trinidad, Benguet.
Results showed that non-application and application natural seed conditioners
significantly affected plant height, number of flower clusters and pod clusters per plant,
and percentage survival. The time of seed soaking also significantly affected the percent
survival and height of bush bean plants.
The interaction effect between natural seed conditioners and time of soaking was
significant on the number of pod clusters per plant.
Based on the results, plants grown from untreated seeds gave the highest return on
cash expense.
Growth and Yield of Bush Bean (var. Sablan) as Affected by Natural Seed Conditioning
Treatments in La Trinidad, Benguet
ROSENDO, ARACELI APRIL 2013
INTRODUCTION
Bush bean (
Phaseolus vulgaris) is commonly grown in Benguet as mature dry seeds
and green mature pods. It is rich in protein (22%), fat (2%), carbohydrates (6%) and
includes 5% fiber (Hardman, 1990). However from 2004 to 2009, area planted to bush
beans decreased from 1,798.23 ha to 817.94 ha (IBP-HCRS, 2009). The volume of
production also decreased from 13,098.70 to 6,589.58 metric tons per hectare of fresh pods
with an average recoded yield of 7.59 to 9.09 metric tons per hectare. The decrease in yield
is due to lack of improved varieties, susceptibility to bean rust, and poor quality (Tandang
et
al., 2010).
One way to improve yield and protect seeds from pest is by seed conditioning.Seed
conditioning is done to disinfect the seeds to protect them against pest that may pose hazard during
germination and subsequent stages of plant growth, and stimulate seeds to germinate quickly (ISTF,
2007). It can also increase seedling tolerance to stress and initiate metabolic activities, resulting in
improved plant population and thus high productivity (Harris, 2001). In addition, the seeds have
rapid germination, uniform establishment of seedling, and mild resistance to bean rust and pod
borer (Mode and Abebe, 2009).
Thus, evaluating bush beans subjected to seed conditioning is important to help
improve yield of bush bean resulting to high profit for farmers.
Growth and Yield of Bush Bean (var. Sablan) as Affected by Natural Seed Conditioning
Treatments in La Trinidad, Benguet
ROSENDO, ARACELI APRIL 2013
The objectives of the study were to:
1. determine the growth and fresh pod yield of bush bean (var.
Sablan) applied with
natural seed conditioners;
2. determine the effect of time of soaking on the growth and fresh pod yield of bush
beans;
3. determine the interaction of the natural seed conditioners and time of soaking on
the growth and yield of bush bean; and
4. determine the profitability of bush bean production as affected natural seed
conditioning treatments in La Trinidad, Benguet.
The study was conducted at Benguet State University Experimental Station, La
Trinidad, Benguet from October to January 2013.
Growth and Yield of Bush Bean (var. Sablan) as Affected by Natural Seed Conditioning
Treatments in La Trinidad, Benguet
ROSENDO, ARACELI APRIL 2013
REVIEW OF LITERTURE
Bush Bean Production
Bush bean is best grown in medium to high elevation areas with a temperature of
18-29o C. It is grown in low elevation areas during the cool, dry months, but the yields tend
to be lower and the pods more fibrous. This crop is usually planted during October to
November to achieve higher percentage pod set. It is also reported that beans is best in
well-drained, clay loam soil, rich in organic matter with pH ranging from 5.5-7.5. It
requires adequate moisture for rapid growth, pod sets and early maturity (PCARRD, 2006).
However, Lumicquio (2007) who evaluated ten varieties of stated BBL 274 and
Contender showed higher ROCE for dry seed yield. On the other hand, Orlang (2008) who
evaluated five varieties of bush bean stated that, HAB 323 was the best performing bush
bean variety because it is early maturing, earliest to produce dry pod registered the tallest
plants, numerically produced the heaviest marketable pods and was highly resistant to bean
rust and pod borer.
Seed Conditioning
Seed conditioning is the use and application of biological, physical and chemical
agents and techniques used with seed that provide seed and plant protection and improve
the establishment of healthy crops. Seed treatments help protect the seeds and growing
crops from devastating diseases and insects (ISTF, 1999).
Mode and Abebe (2009) defined seed conditioning as a process of hydrating and
dehydrating the seeds of various protocols which result in improvement of seed vigour,
increased germination rate and more uniform emergence under a wider range of field
environments.
Growth and Yield of Bush Bean (var. Sablan) as Affected by Natural Seed Conditioning
Treatments in La Trinidad, Benguet
ROSENDO, ARACELI APRIL 2013
Seed conditioning prior to planting enhances germination and seedling growth by
controlling the imbibition and reducing vagaries of adverse weather and soil condition
(McDonald, 2000).
Hydro-priming is the simplest approach to increase the percent and rate of
germination and increase the uniformity of germination stand establishment under stress
conditioned especially in dry areas (Berchie
et al., 2010). In addition, Harris (2001) stated
that seed priming can improve seedling growth uniform germination, and vigorous stand
under a wider range of agro-climatic conditions.
Furthermore, on farm seed conditioning, smallholder farmers reported that
emergence of seed is faster, less re-planting was required and plants were more vigorous
on a range of crops including maize, sorghum, chickpea (Rhaman, 2011).
Effect of Duration of Soaking
Tavili (2010) stated that hydro-priming for 12 hours resulted higher vigour index,
produced more germinated seeds and vigours seedlings. Harris (1992) demonstrated that
sorghum seedlings that germinated and emerged fastest, grew most vigorously and that rate
of emergence could increase dramatically by soaking the seeds overnight in water before
sowing. Note that rapidly germinating seedling could emerge and produce deep root
system. Thus, on-farm seed priming is a low-cost, low-risk technique that is easily adopted
by resource-poor farmers in developing countries and increases the yield of tropical crops.
Growth and Yield of Bush Bean (var. Sablan) as Affected by Natural Seed Conditioning
Treatments in La Trinidad, Benguet
ROSENDO, ARACELI APRIL 2013
Effect of Natural Seed Conditioners
Plant extracts as primer in bush blue lake result to higher germination percentage,
longer seedling roots, more vigorous seedlings, higher germination percentage as well as
greater and heavier root nodules. Also a is good material for priming snap bean as it
enhanced seed emergence, germination percentage and development of vigorous seedlings.
In addition, papaya extract increased vigour index and increased dry matter production of
growing seedling (Dizon, 2010).
Growth and Yield of Bush Bean (var. Sablan) as Affected by Natural Seed Conditioning
Treatments in La Trinidad, Benguet
ROSENDO, ARACELI APRIL 2013
MATERIALS AND METHODS
An area of 180 m2 was cleared properly and prepared. The area was divided into
three blocks consisting of 12 plots each measuring 1 m x 5 m. The treatments were laid-
out in a 4 x 3 factor factorial in Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with three
replications.
The treatments were as follows:
Factor A. Natural seed conditioners (SC)
SC1=Untreated (control)
SC2=fermented plant juice of banana
SC3= fermented plant juice of camote
SC4=fermented plant juice of seaweeds
Factor B. Time of soaking (T)
T1= 12 hours (control)
T2 =24 hours
T3 =48 hours
Seed Conditioning Procedure
Before planting, the seeds were soaked in the different natural seed conditionersfor
12, 24, and 48 hours. The natural seed conditioners, which were formulated by Mr. Erick
Tinoyan, are fermented plant juice of banana, camote and seaweeds. One liter of water with
two table spoons of fermented plant juice of banana, camote and seaweeds were mixed
properly and then seeds were soaked.
Growth and Yield of Bush Bean (var. Sablan) as Affected by Natural Seed Conditioning
Treatments in La Trinidad, Benguet
ROSENDO, ARACELI APRIL 2013
Planting andCultural Management Practices
The treated seeds were sown in double rows at a distance of 25 cm x 25cm at 2-3
seeds per hill.To ensure the growth and development of plants, proper care was done and
cultural practices like hand weeding and irrigation were done uniformly.
Data Gathered
1.
Percent survival. Percent survival was computed using the formula:
Total plants survival
% Survival =
x 100
Total number of seeds sown
2.
Plant vigor. This was recorded using thefollowing scale:
Scale
Description
Remarks
1
Plants are weak with few stems; very pale
Very poor growth
2
Plants are weak with less thin stems; pale
Poor growth
3
Better than vigorous
Moderately vigorous
4
Plants are moderately strong with robust Vigorous
stems and leaves; leaves light green in color
5
Plants are strong with robust stems and Highly vigorous
leaves; leaves are light color to dark green
color
3. Maturity
a.
Number of days from sowing to emergence. This was recorded
when 50% of the plants per plot had emerged.
b.
Number of days from sowing to flowering. This was recorded by
counting the number of days of sowing to at least 50% of the plant per plot had
fully opened flowers.
Growth and Yield of Bush Bean (var. Sablan) as Affected by Natural Seed Conditioning
Treatments in La Trinidad, Benguet
ROSENDO, ARACELI APRIL 2013
c.
Number of days from emergence to pod setting. This was recorded
by counting the number of days from emergence to at least 50% of pods set.
d.
Number of days from sowing to first harvest. This was recorded by
counting the number of days from sowing to first harvest.
e.
Number of days from emergence to last harvest. This was recorded
by counting the days from emergence to last harvest.
4.
Plant height
a.
Initial plant height. The initial plant height was measured 30 days
after planting (DAP) from ten sample plants.
b.
Final plant height. This was measured from ground level to the tip
of the plant during last harvest from ten sample plants.
5.
Reproductive characters
a.
Number of flower cluster per plant. This was recorded by counting
the flower clusters from ten sample plants.
b.
Number of flowers per cluster. This was recorded by counting the
number of flowers per cluster from ten sample plants.
c.
Number of pods per cluster. The number of pods per cluster was
counted from ten sample plants.
d.
Number of pod clusters per plant. This was obtained by counting the
number of pod clusters per plant from ten sample plants.
Growth and Yield of Bush Bean (var. Sablan) as Affected by Natural Seed Conditioning
Treatments in La Trinidad, Benguet
ROSENDO, ARACELI APRIL 2013
6.
Yield and Yield components
a.
Number and weight of marketable fresh pods per plot (kg\\5 m2).
This was recorded by counting and weighing the marketable fresh pods per plot per
treatment. Marketable pods were free from diseases and insect damage and not
deformed.
b.
Number and weight of non-marketable fresh pods per plot (kg\\5 m2).
This was obtained by counting and weighing the non-marketable pods per plot per
treatment. Non- marketable pods wereobserved as diseased, insect damaged and
deformed.
c.
Total yield per plot (kg\\5 m2). This was obtained by getting the total
weight of marketable and non-marketable pods per plot.
d.
Computed fresh pod yield per hectare (t/ha). Computed yield per
hectare in tonswas computed using this formula:
Total yield per plot
Yield (t\\ha) =
x 10,000 m2
Plot size
7. Return on cash expense (ROCE). ROCE was computed using the formula:
Gross sale – total expenses
ROCE =
x 100
Total expenses
8. Reaction to bean rust and pod borer. This was determined using the following
scales:
a. Pod borer
Scale
Percent Infested
Remarks
Growth and Yield of Bush Bean (var. Sablan) as Affected by Natural Seed Conditioning
Treatments in La Trinidad, Benguet
ROSENDO, ARACELI APRIL 2013
1
No infection
High resistance
2
1-25% of total plant/plot was infested
Mild resistance
3
25-50% of the total plant/plot was Moderate resistance
infested
4
51-75% of the total plant/plot was Susceptible
infested
5
76% of the total plant/plot was infested
Very susceptible
b. Bean rust
Scale Percent Infected
Remarks
1
No infection
High resistance
2
1-25% of the total plant/plot was infested
Mild resistance
3
25-50% of the total plant/plot was infested
Moderate resistance
4
51-75% of the total plant/plot was infested
Susceptible
5
76-100% of the total plant was infested
Very susceptible
Data Analysis
All quantitative data was analyzed using the Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) for
three by four factor factorial in Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with three
replications. The significance among the treatment means was tested using Duncan’s
Multiple Range Test (DMRT) at 5% level of significance.
Growth and Yield of Bush Bean (var. Sablan) as Affected by Natural Seed Conditioning
Treatments in La Trinidad, Benguet
ROSENDO, ARACELI APRIL 2013
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Meteorological Data
The monthly temperature, relative humidity, rainfall amount and sunshine duration
from October to December 2012 are shown in Table 1. It was observed that the highest
temperature of 23oC was recorded during the month of October while minimum
temperature was recorded in November (13.1oC). Relative humidity was high during the
month of December recorded at 86.5%.
Generally, rainfall amount was low during the conduct of the study but highest
amount of rainfall was recorded in October. The sunshine duration ranged from 12.18 to
11.19 minutes.
Bush beans grow best in areas with a temperature range of 15oC to 21oC
(HARRDEC, 2000). The temperature in the site is within the temperature requirement for
bush beans.
Table 1. Meteorological data during the conduct of the study
MONTH
TEMPERATURE
RELATIVE RAINFALL SUNSHINE
HUMIDITY AMOUNT DURATION
MAX. MIN.
(%) (mm)
(min.)
October
23 15.1
85 2.19
11.09
November
22.6 13.1 84.75 1.33
10.67
December
22.6 13.2 86.5
0.15
12.18
Source: PAG-ASA office, BSU, La Trinidad, Benguet
Growth and Yield of Bush Bean (var. Sablan) as Affected by Natural Seed Conditioning
Treatments in La Trinidad, Benguet
ROSENDO, ARACELI APRIL 2013
Percentage Survival
Effect of natural seed conditioner. Highly significant differences were observed on
the plant survival of bush beans applied with different natural seed conditioners (Table 2).
Plants grown from untreated seeds had the highest percentage survival (88%) but
comparable with plants grown from seeds treated with fermented plant juice of banana
(80%). This result implies that plants grown from untreated seeds may be preferable for
high plant survival.
Effect of time of soaking. There were significant differences observed on
percentage survival of bush bean as affected by time of soaking. The highest percentage
survival was observed from plants grown from seeds soaked for 12 hours. Plants grown
from seeds soaked for 24 and 48 hours gave low plant survival and poor stand which could
be due to partial fermentation resulting from longer time of soaking.
Table 2. Plant survival of bush beans as affected by natural seed conditioning treatments
and time of soaking
TREATMENT
PLANT SURVIVAL (%)
Natural seed conditioners (SC)
Untreated(No soaking)
88a
Fermented plant juice of banana
80ab
Fermented plant juice of camote
69c
Fermented plant juice of seaweeds
76bc
Time of soaking (T)
12 hours
84a
24 hours
77ab
48 hours
73b
SC x T
ns
CV (%)
15.67
Means with the different letter are significantly differently at 5% level DMRT
Growth and Yield of Bush Bean (var. Sablan) as Affected by Natural Seed Conditioning
Treatments in La Trinidad, Benguet
ROSENDO, ARACELI APRIL 2013
Interaction effect. No significant interaction was observed between natural seed
conditioners and time of soaking of bush bean seeds on plant survival.
Plant Vigor
Plants grown from seeds soaked in different natural seed conditioners at different
number of hours were all vigorous at 30 DAP and moderately vigorous at 45 DAP.
Days from Sowing to Emergence, Flowering,
Pod Setting, and Harvesting
Effect of natural seed conditioner. All of the bush bean plants grown from seeds
applied with seed conditioners took seven days to emerge, 40 days to flower, 46 days to
set pod, 58 days to first harvest, and 67 days to last harvest.
Effect of time of soaking. All the bush bean plants grown from seeds soaked at
different times uniformly emerged in seven days after sowing; flowered at 40 days from
sowing and set pod at 46 days from sowing. Harvesting was done at 58 to 67 days from
sowing.
Plant Height
Effect of natural seed conditioner. Plant height at 30 and 67 DAP is shown in Table
3. There were no significant differences observed on the height of bush beans treated with
natural seed conditioners. Plant height at 67 DAP had highly significant differences. Plant
height ranged from 43.00 to 48.31 cm at 67 DAP. The results imply that using natural seed
conditioners may enhance height of bush bean plants.
Effect of time of soaking. In terms of time of soaking, plants grown from seeds
soaked for 12 hours significantly were the tallest at 30 DAP. For some legumes, 12 hours
Growth and Yield of Bush Bean (var. Sablan) as Affected by Natural Seed Conditioning
Treatments in La Trinidad, Benguet
ROSENDO, ARACELI APRIL 2013
of seed conditioning leads to increase in enzyme activity and plant growth (Kaur
et al.,
2002).
Interaction effect. There was no significant interaction between natural seed
conditioners and time of soaking on plant height at 30 and 67 DAP.
Number of Flower per Cluster
Effect of natural seed conditioner. No significant differences were noted on the
number of flowers per cluster of bush bean plants treated with different natural seed
conditioners. All plants had four flowers per cluster (Table 4).
Effect of time of soaking. The results showed that there were no significant
differences on the number of flowers per cluster of plants grown from seeds soaked in
natural seed conditioners for 12 to 48 hours. All plants had four flowers per cluster.
Table 3. Plant height of bush bean as affected by natural seed conditioning treatments
TREATMENT
PLANT HEIGHT (cm)
30 DAP 67 DAP
Natural seed conditioners (SC)
Untreated (No soaking)
36.40 46.08ab
Fermented plant juice of banana
37.30 48.31a
Fermented plant juice of camote
36.69 44.56bc
Fermented plant juice of seaweeds
36.10 43.00c
Time of soaking (T)
12 hours
39.06a 46.42
24 hours
36.58b 45.95
48 hours
34.22c 44.09
SC x T
ns ns
CV (%)
8.02 5.67
Means with the different letter are significantly differently at 5% level DMRT
Growth and Yield of Bush Bean (var. Sablan) as Affected by Natural Seed Conditioning
Treatments in La Trinidad, Benguet
ROSENDO, ARACELI APRIL 2013
Interaction effect. There was no significant interaction between the natural seed
conditioners and time of soaking of bush beans seeds on the number of flowers per cluster
produced.
Number of Flower Cluster per Plant
Effect of natural seed conditioners. Bush beans plants grown from seeds soaked in
fermented plant juice of banana and plants grown from untreated seeds significantly had
the highest number of flower clusters per plant. This result implies that bush bean seeds
Table4. Number of flower per cluster, flower clusters, pod per cluster, and pod cluster per
plant of bush bean as affected by natural seed conditioning treatments
TREATMENTS
NUMBER PER PLANT
FLOWER PER FLOWER POD PER POD
CLUSTER CLUSTER CLUSTER CLUSTER
Natural seed conditioners (SC)
Untreated (No soaking)
4
10a
4
10a
Fermented plant juice of
4
10a
4
10a
banana
4
8b
4
8b
Fermented plant juice of
4
8b
4
8b
camote
Fermented plant juice of
seaweeds
Time of soaking (T)
4
9
4
9
12 hours
4
9
4
9
24 hours
4
9
4
9
48 hours
SC x T
ns
ns
ns
*
CV (%)
4.18
10.84
4.72
10.24
Means with the different letter are significantly differently at 5% level DMRT
Growth and Yield of Bush Bean (var. Sablan) as Affected by Natural Seed Conditioning
Treatments in La Trinidad, Benguet
ROSENDO, ARACELI APRIL 2013
may or may not be applied with fermented plant juice of banana for higher production of
flower clusters per plant.
Effect of time of soaking. There were no significant differences observed on the
number of flower clusters per plant of bush bean plants produced from seeds soaked at
different times.
Interaction effect. No significant interaction between the natural seed conditioners
and time of soaking was observed on the number of flower clusters per plant.
Number of Pods per Cluster
Effect of natural seed conditioner. No significant differences were noted on the
number of pods per cluster of bush beans grown from seeds soaked in different natural seed
conditioners. All plants had four pods per cluster (Table 4).
Effect of time of soaking. There were no significant differences observed on the
number of pods per cluster of bush beans produced from seeds soaked at different times.
Interaction effect. There was no significant interaction between the natural seed
conditioners and time of soaking of bush beans seeds on the number of pods per cluster.
Number of Pod Cluster per Plant
Effect of natural seed conditioner. The number of pod clusters per plant of bush
beans produced from untreated seeds and seeds soaked in fermented plant juice of banana
significantly had the most pod clusters per plant due to more flower clusters per plant. It
was observed that pod clusters per plant ranged from 8 to 10 (Table 4).
Effect of time of soaking. Statistically, no significant differences on the number of
pod clusters per plant was observed.
Growth and Yield of Bush Bean (var. Sablan) as Affected by Natural Seed Conditioning
Treatments in La Trinidad, Benguet
ROSENDO, ARACELI APRIL 2013
12
10
8
Time of Saoking :
6
12 hours
4
24 hours
48 hours
2
0
Untreated
Fermented plant
Fermented plant
Fermented plant
juice of banana
juice of camote
juice
Natural Seed Conditioner
Figure 1. Interaction of natural seed conditioners and time of soaking on the number of pod
per plants.
Interaction effect. It was observed that there was a significant interaction between
natural seed conditioners and time of soaking on the number of pod clusters per plant
(Figure 1). Plants grown from untreated seeds had more pod clusters per plant. Thus, for
higher production of pod per clusters, both factors used in the study should be considered.
Reaction to bean rust and pod borer
All bush bean plants produced from seeds soaked in different natural seed
conditioners at different times were mildly resistant to pod borer and bean rust.
Number and Weight of Marketable Fresh Pod
Effect of natural seed conditioner. It was observed that there were no significant
differences on the number and weight of marketable fresh pods of bush bean plants grown
from seed soaked in different natural seed conditioners (Table 5). Numerically, plants
grown from untreated seeds had the highest marketable pod weight.
Growth and Yield of Bush Bean (var. Sablan) as Affected by Natural Seed Conditioning
Treatments in La Trinidad, Benguet
ROSENDO, ARACELI APRIL 2013
Table 5. Number and weight of marketable fresh pods and non-marketable of bush beans
affected by natural seed conditioning treatments
MARKETABLE FRESH NON-MARKETABLE
POD
FRESH POD
NUMBER
WEIGHT NUMBER WEIGHT
TREATMENT
(per 5 m2)
(kg/5m2)
(per 5 m2)
(kg/5m2)
Natural seed conditioners (SC)
Untreated(No soaking)
370
2.10
38
0.33
Fermented plant juice of
291
1.74
51
0.24
banana
Fermented plant juice of
267
1.58
42
0.24
camote
277
1.54
60
0.31
Fermented plant juice of
seaweed
Time of soaking (T)
12 hours
338
2.30
59
0.32
24 hours
300
1.72
46
0.28
48 hours
266
1.49
38
0.24
SC x T
ns
ns
ns
Ns
CV (%)
10.06
12.96
15.11
13.19
Means with the different letter are significantly differently at 5% level DMRT
Effect of time of soaking. There were no significant differences in terms of number
and weight of marketable pods of plants grown from seeds soaked at different times. The
weight of marketable pods ranged from 1.49 to 2.30 kg\\ 5 m2.
Interaction effect. No significant interaction was observed between natural seed
conditioners and time of soaking on the number and weight of marketable pods.
Number and Weight of Non-Marketable Fresh Pod
Effect of natural seed conditioner. It was observed that there were no significant
differences on the number and weight of non- marketable pods of bush bean plants grown
Growth and Yield of Bush Bean (var. Sablan) as Affected by Natural Seed Conditioning
Treatments in La Trinidad, Benguet
ROSENDO, ARACELI APRIL 2013
from seeds soaked in different natural seed conditioners (Table 5). Numerically, plants
grown from seeds soaked in fermented banana and camote had the least non- marketable
pods.
Effect of time of soaking. There were no significant differences in terms of number
and weight of non-marketable pods of bush bean plants grown from seeds soaked at
different times.
Interaction effect. No significant interaction was observed between natural seed
conditioners and time of soaking on the number and weight of non-marketable pods.
Total and Computed Yield
Effect of natural seed conditioner. The different natural seed conditioners did not
significantly increase the weight of total and computed yield of bush beans. Total pod yield
ranged from 3.41 to 3.71 kg/5 m2 while computed yield ranged from 7.22 to 7.88 tons/ha.
Effect of time of soaking. There were no significant differences on total and
computed yield of bush beans grown from seeds soaked at different times. Numerically,
plants grown from seeds soaked for 12 hours produced the highest total and computed
yield.
Interaction effect. No significant interaction was noted between the natural seed
conditioners and time of soaking in terms of total and computed yield of bush beans.
Growth and Yield of Bush Bean (var. Sablan) as Affected by Natural Seed Conditioning
Treatments in La Trinidad, Benguet
ROSENDO, ARACELI APRIL 2013
Table 6. Total and computed pod yield of bush beans as affected by natural seed
conditioning treatments
TOTAL YIELD
TREATMENT
COMPUTED
(kg/5m2) YIELD
(tons/ha)
Natural seed conditioners (SC)
Untreated(No soaking)
3.75
7.45
Fermented plant juice of banana
3.61
7.21
Fermented plant juice of camote
3.94
7.88
Fermented plant juice of seaweeds
3.41
6.82
Time of soaking (T)
12 hours
3.37
7.54
24 hours
3.61
7.22
48 hours
3.63
7.26
SC x T
ns
ns
CV (%)
10.75
17.74
Means with the different letter are significantly differently at 5% level DMRT
Return on Cash Expense
It was observed that plants grown from untreated seeds had the highest return on
cash expense of 35.04% due to high marketable pod yield. Negative ROCE was observed
from plants treated with fermented plant juice of banana, camote and seaweeds.
Growth and Yield of Bush Bean (var. Sablan) as Affected by Natural Seed Conditioning
Treatments in La Trinidad, Benguet
ROSENDO, ARACELI APRIL 2013
Table7. Return on cash expense (ROCE) of bush bean as affected by natural seed
conditioning treatment
MARKET-
GROSS
COST OF
NET
TREATMENT
ABLE
INCOME PRODUCTION INCOME ROCE
PODS
(Php)
(Php)
(Php)
(%)
(kg/5 m2)
Untreated
2.09
73.15
54.17
18.98
35.04
Mean
35.04
Fermented plant juice
of banana
12 hours
2.08
72.8
174.17
-101.37
-58.20
24 hours
1.53
62.3
174.17
-111.87
-64.23
48 hours
1.78
51.1
174.17
123.07
-70.66
Mean
-64.36
Fermented plant juice
of camote
12 hours
1.93
72.8
129.17
-61.62
-47.70
24 hours
1.53
53.55
12917
-75.67
-58.54
48 hours
1.78
62.3
129.17
-66.87
-51.77
Mean
-52.67
Fermented plant juice
of seaweeds
12 hours
1.93
67.55
174.17
-106.62
-61.22
24 hours
1.53
53.55
-120.62
174.17
-69.28
48 hours
1.78
62.3
-111.82
174.17
-64.23
Mean
-64.91
*Land preparation, management, seed and cost of natural seed conditioners
*Sold at PhP35 per kilo
Growth and Yield of Bush Bean (var. Sablan) as Affected by Natural Seed Conditioning
Treatments in La Trinidad, Benguet
ROSENDO, ARACELI APRIL 2013
SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
Summary
The study was conducted at La Trinidad, Benguet to determine the growth and fresh
pod of bush bean (
var. Sablan) applied with natural seed conditioning treatments;
determine the effect of time of soaking on growth and fresh yield pod of bush bean;
determine the interaction of the natural seed conditioners and time of soaking on the growth
and yield of bush bean; and determine the profitability of bush bean production as affected
by natural seed conditioning treatments in La Trinidad, Benguet
Based on the results of the study, application of natural seed conditioners
significantly affected plant height, number of flower clusters and pod clusters per plant,
and percentage survival. Plants grown from no natural seed conditioners produced the
highest yield per 5 m2 resulting in relatively high return on cash expense.
The time of soaking significantly affected the percent survival and height of bush
bean plants. All the bush bean plants treated with natural seed conditioners at different
times showed mild resistance to pod borer and bean rust.
The interaction effect of natural seed conditioners and time of soaking was
significant on the number of pod cluster per plant.
Growth and Yield of Bush Bean (var. Sablan) as Affected by Natural Seed Conditioning
Treatments in La Trinidad, Benguet
ROSENDO, ARACELI APRIL 2013
Conclusion
Based on the results, bush bean plants grownfromuntreated seeds had the highest
plant survival, number of flower cluster and pod per cluster, weight of marketable fresh
pods, and ROCE.
Seeds applied with fermented plant juice of banana also resulted in higher plant
survival, taller plants, and high number of flower per cluster and pod cluster per plant.
However, using this fermented plant juice added to production cost and resulted to negative
ROCE.
Soaking seeds in natural seed conditioners for 12 hours significantly affected the
plant survival and height of bush bean plants.
Recommendation
Soakingbush bean seeds with fermented plant juice of banana, camote, and
seaweeds for 12, 24, and 48 hours is not recommended for bush bean production in La
Trinidad, Benguet. Further studies on the application of natural seed conditioners on other
crops may be done.
Growth and Yield of Bush Bean (var. Sablan) as Affected by Natural Seed Conditioning
Treatments in La Trinidad, Benguet
ROSENDO, ARACELI APRIL 2013
LITERATURE CITED
BENGUET STATE UNIVERSITY- INTERNATIONAL PLANT BREEDING-
HIGHLAND AND CROP RESEARCH STATION (BSU-IBP-HCRS). 2009. New
NSIC-Approved varieties of snap bean (
Phaseolus vulgaris) in Benguet
Philippines. Philippine Journal Crop Science (PJCS). Benguet State University
(BSU), La Trinidad, Benguet. Pp. 57-63.
BERCHIE, J.N, H. ADU-DAPAAH, J. SARKODIE, ADDO, E. AYAMENG, S. ADDY
and DONKOH. 2010. Effect of Seed Priming on seedling emergence and
establishment of four bambra nut (Vignasubteranea L. Verde) Landraces Argon.,
9:180-183.
DIZON, K.J. 2010. Effect of Priming on the Germination of Snap bean using different
plant extracts. BS Thesis, Benguet State University, La Trinidad, Benguet. P. 1.
HIGHLAND
AGRICULTURAL
AND
RESOURCES
RESEARCH
AND
DEVELOPMENT CONSURTRUIM (HARRDEC). 2000. Snap bean farmer
production. P.2.
HARMAN, L.L. 1990. Department of Agronomy and Plant Genetics.University of
Minesota,St. Paul. MN 55108.
HARRIS, D. (1992). Staying in control of rainfed crops. In: Proceedings of the First
Annual Scientific Conference of the SADCC/ODA Land and Water Management
Programmed. Private Bag 00108, Gaborone, Botswana, October 8-10, 1990, Pp.
257-262.
HARRIS, D. 2001. On Farm Seed Priming using Participatory Methods to revive and
Refine a Key Technology. Centre for Arid Zone Studies, University of Wales,
Bangor. LL57, UK.
INTERNATIONAL SEED TRADE FEDERATION (ISTF).1999. Seed Treatment and
environment Committee. Switzerland. P 2.
INTERNATIONAL SEED TRADE FEDERATION (ISTF). 2007. Seed Treatment and
environment Committee. Switzerland. P 2.
KAUE, S.A.K., GUPTE, and N. KAUR. 2002. .Effect of osmo-and hydropriming of chickpeaSeeds on
crop performance in the field. ICPN 9: 15-17 retrieved January 2013 from
ht p:/ www.lifesciencesite.com.
Growth and Yield of Bush Bean (var. Sablan) as Affected by Natural Seed Conditioning
Treatments in La Trinidad, Benguet
ROSENDO, ARACELI APRIL 2013
LUMICQUIO, R. R. 2007 .Evaluation of bush snap bean varieties for fresh pod and seed
yield under Kayapa, NeuvaViscaya condition. P. 26..
MCDONALD, M.D. 2000. Seed Priming in Black M,Bewley JD (eds) Seed Technology
and Biological Basis.SheffieldAcadamic Press, Sheffield, England. P. 287-325.
MODE AND ABEBE. 2009. Hydro-priming in Dry Bean (Phaseolus vulgaris). Res. J.
Seed Sci.; 2:23-31.
ORLANG, J. 2008. Seed performance of bush bean varieties under Cabiten, Mankayan,
Benguet. Pp. 11-12.
PHILIPPINE COUNCIL FOR AGRICULTURE FORESTRY AND NATURAL
RESOURCES RESEARCH DEVELOPMENT (PCARRD). 2006. Los Baňos,
Laguna, Philippines. Snap bean Production Guide. Retrieved December, 2011 from
http://maidon.Pcaard.dost.gov.ph/joomla/index.php.
RHAMAN, M.MD, AHAMMAD, K.U, ALAM, M.MD. 2011. Effect of soaking Condition
and temperature on Imbibition Rate of Maize and Chickpea Seeds. Research
Journal of Crop Science, 4:117-124.
TANDANG, L.L, KEBASEN, B.A, AMLOS, B.B, MAGHIRANG, R.G. 2010. New
NSIC- Approved varieties of Snap bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) in Benguet,
Philippines.Philippine Journal of Crop Science (PJCS). December 2010,35(3):
57-63.
TAVILI, A. 2010. Effect of priming Techniques on Seed Germination and Early Growth
Characteristics of
(Bromustomentellus L. and
Bromusinnermis L.). Journal
Article Plant Science
NotulaeScientiaBiologicae, 2(1). 104 - 108.
Growth and Yield of Bush Bean (var. Sablan) as Affected by Natural Seed Conditioning
Treatments in La Trinidad, Benguet
ROSENDO, ARACELI APRIL 2013