BIBLIOGRAPHY

TATPI-IC, JOEMAR T. APRIL 2012. Growth and Yield of Bush Snap Bean
(Phaseolus vulgaris L.) Varieties Irrigated with Different Levels of Water in La Trinidad,
Benguet. Benguet State University, La Trinidad, Benguet.
Adviser: Janet P. Pablo, MSc.
ABSTRACT

The study was conducted at Benguet State University experimental area, La Trinidad
Benguet to determine the growth and yield of bush snap bean varieties; determine the
growth and yield of bush snap bean as affected by different levels of water; and to
determine the interaction effect of the different bush bean varieties under different levels
of water.
Results showed that Blue Lake have the highest plant height at 40 DAP and 60 DAP, more
flowers, clusters and pods, longest and widest pod, highest number of roots and longest tap
root length, highest marketable pods, gross income, net income and ROCE.
The different levels of water significantly affected plant height, length and width of the
pods, the length of the tap roots, and weight of the pods, total yield, gross income, net
income and ROCE of the three bush snap bean varieties.
The results showed that the application of 20 liters of water and Blue Lake produced the
longest pods and longest roots.


Growth and Yield of Bush Snap Bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) Varieties Irrigated with
Different Levels of Water in La Trinidad, Benguet
TATPI-IC, JOEMAR T. APRIL 2012

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INTRODUCTION

Bush snap Bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) is grown extensively in tropical as well as sub-
tropical parts of the world. Bush bean is grown for their tender and green pods or seeds. It
is commercially grown in the highlands of cordillera. They are considered as one of the
leading farm crops in Benguet and Mountain Province and it is one of the most nourishing
of all vegetables. The crop is grown for its economic value and also for its nutrients as it is
an important source of fibers, riboflavin and niacin as well as some phosphorous, calcium
and iron (Loakan, 2003). It is a good source of vitamin A, C, K, folate and potassium.
They’re grown commercially for both fresh pod and seed production (Singha, 1973).
The common bean species is not very tolerant to severe water stress. About 60% of the
yield loss is reported from drought, making it second only to disease as a grain yield
reducer. Some management practices, like irrigation, can contribute to the increase of grain
yield under water stress conditions, thus the development of tolerant cultivars becomes an
efficient and economical production strategy (White 1994).
In addition, Liu (2010) stated that leguminous crops have the ability to fix nitrogen
biologically from the atmosphere. This can benefit not only on the legumes themselves but
also any intercropped or subsequent crops, thus reducing or removing the need to apply
nitrogen fertilizers.
At present, farmers are planting bush snap bean for both fresh pod and seed production.
Sometimes when water is scarce during dry season, farmers grow other crops that require
lesser amount of water such as pechay, onion and those that are early maturing and drought
resistant.
Growth and Yield of Bush Snap Bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) Varieties Irrigated with
Different Levels of Water in La Trinidad, Benguet
TATPI-IC, JOEMAR T. APRIL 2012

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In this case, the research would like to evaluate potential varieties of beans which
are able to withstand different levels of water application in La Trinidad, Benguet
condition.

This study was conducted to:
determine the growth and yield of the different bush bean varieties;
determine the growth and yield of bush snap bean varieties applied with different water
levels; and
determine the interaction effect of the different bush bean varieties under different levels
of water.
The study was conducted at Balili, La Trinidad, Benguet in an open field from
December 2011 to February 2012.





Growth and Yield of Bush Snap Bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) Varieties Irrigated with
Different Levels of Water in La Trinidad, Benguet
TATPI-IC, JOEMAR T. APRIL 2012

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REVIEW OF LITERATURE


The Plant
Bush snap bean varieties belong to Leguminosae family which is dwarf and determinate
plant. Varieties of bush snap bean are dwarf and that does not require trellis for support
due to its determinate growth habit and early maturing. Bush snap bean is a warm temperate
season annual crop grown for fresh pods, which are harvested while they are still tender
with white seeds, flat or oval and stringless pods are preferred for the fresh market. On the
other hand, round-podded varieties with white seeds are preferred for canning (Purseglove,
1978).
He also stated that in temperate countries, the green immature pods are cooked and eaten
as vegetables. Immature pods are marketed fresh, frozen or canned whole-cut, or French-
cut. In some parts of the tropics, leaves are used as potherb and to a lesser extent, the green
shelled beans are eaten.

Environmental Requirement of Bush Bean

Bean grows best in areas with a temperature of up to 25 degrees Celsius (PCARRD,
1989 as cited by Bantog, 1983).

Halfacre and Barden (1980) stated that green bean has two critical times for water
needs during bean development-blooming and pod formation. It utilizes 0.20 and 0.16
inches per day. Most often, soils that are weekly irrigated are the best, but sandy and sandy
loam soils may need irrigation after every 3 to 5 days.

They also pointed that bush beans and other bean type are characterized to be
planted in a soil temperature of at least 16 degrees Celsius to ensure germination.
Growth and Yield of Bush Snap Bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) Varieties Irrigated with
Different Levels of Water in La Trinidad, Benguet
TATPI-IC, JOEMAR T. APRIL 2012

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Most legumes require a slightly acidic soil ranging from pH of 5.2-6.8. poor soil conditions
may cause stunting, chlorosis and poor pod setting. A high relative humidity is also
essential to maintain a good quality of pod. Moreover, sites for bush bean production are
best suited in high places of east Africa, West Africa, Caribbean, South and Central
America and Tropical Asia.

Water Supply from Soil to Plants

Water is the cornerstone of agricultural production. If supplies are short, crop
production is materially reduced and under severe conditions of drought will completely
lose. The nature of the root system is very important in relation to the available water range.
The analysis of moisture status becomes more complicated with the different stages growth
and root penetration. Some cops send out few widely spaced roots and have relatively
sparse root system. With these, soil moisture determinations may give a false impression
of the irrigation needs of the crop (FAO, 1973).

Response of Common Bean Cultivars
and Lines to Water Stress
Juliana et. al. (1993) defines drought as the relative yield of a genotype compared to other
genotypes subjected to the same water stress. Susceptibility to drought is frequently
measured by reduction in grain yield, but the values are frequently confused with the
potential genotype yields. Drought tolerance implies the ability to sustain reasonable yields
under moderate water stress, and not the ability to survive over prolonged and severe water
stress periods.



Growth and Yield of Bush Snap Bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) Varieties Irrigated with
Different Levels of Water in La Trinidad, Benguet
TATPI-IC, JOEMAR T. APRIL 2012

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Effect of Water Stress on Growth
Stages of the Plant
Maiti (1997) stated that the normal process of seedling development is largely
controlled by environmental factors and influences the development of the adult plant.
Kramer (1976) as cited by Bawang (1990) stated that the vegetative growth is particularly
sensitive to water deficit because growth is closely related to turgor and thrashing of
turgidity stops cell divisions.
He also concluded that the water content of plants ranges from 70 to 90% depending
on the species, organs, development stages and environment. There are critical stages in
plant development when water stress or excess can cause significant decreases in yield.
Many plant species do not have the water to use in drought periods and need supplemental
water during this period. Thus, defining the appropriate time, amount and method of
irrigation for each plant species will increase the efficiency of supplemental water. It is
also important to know the root depth, the minimum water requirement at that depth and
the water use efficiency of each species to increase irrigation benefits.

Effects of high temperature and heat stress

Zharan (1999) stated that high soil temperatures in tropical and subtropical areas
are a major problem for biological nitrogen fixation (BNF) of legume crops. High root
temperatures strongly affect bacterial infection and nitrogen fixation in beans. Temperature
affects root hair infection, bacteroid differentiation, nodule structure, and the functioning
of the legume root nodule.
Wanab (1999) declared that heat shock proteins have been found in rhizobium. The
synthesis of heat shock proteins was detected in both heat-tolerant and heat-sensitive bean
Growth and Yield of Bush Snap Bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) Varieties Irrigated with
Different Levels of Water in La Trinidad, Benguet
TATPI-IC, JOEMAR T. APRIL 2012

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nodulating rhizobium stress at different temperatures. Heat tolerant rhizobia are likely to
be found in environments affected by temperature stress.

General Effects of Water Logging

Del Rosario and Fajardo (1991) stated that water logging and the associated oxygen
deficiency elicit several morphological, anatomical and physiological changes in the plant.
Typical effects of water logging on plants include reduced growth, clhorosis, senescence,
wilting, epinasty, adventitious root and parenchyma formation. Plant height, dry matter
yield and leaf area were also significantly decreased. Stomatal resistance increased with a
corresponding decreased in transpiration rate and leaf water potential.

They also concluded that oxygen deficiency due to water logging causes a shift in
respiratory metabolism from aerobic to anaerobic pathway resulting in low energy yield,
accumulation of toxins and rapid depletion of organic compounds.

Suitable Areas for Bush Snap Bean
It is reported that beans grows best on soil that holds water well and have a good air and
water filtration. Soil should have a pH of 5.8 to 6.6. Pacher (2002) stated that bush snap
beans are warm temperature season vegetables that will not tolerate frost. It requires
adequate amount of moisture. Temperature is important for rapid growth. Good pod set,
and early maturity.




Growth and Yield of Bush Snap Bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) Varieties Irrigated with
Different Levels of Water in La Trinidad, Benguet
TATPI-IC, JOEMAR T. APRIL 2012

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Suitability of the Area for Production:
Planting, Fertilization, Irrigation and
Harvest Timing.

PCCARD (2006) stressed that the yield of common bean is best in high elevations
and the maturity period is longer than in lower elevations.

In seed production, Ap-apid (1991) found out that the wider the spacing between
hills, the heavier were the marketable seed produced per plant. The lightest were produced
from plants with 10 centimeters distance due to high competition for light and nutrients
among plant per unit area. Similarly, they found out that density of two seeds per hill at a
distance of 20 to 30 centimeter between hills yielded the heaviest seeds per plot.

He concluded that irrigation is an essential requirement on the farm when rainfall
is not secured. Without the selection of seeds, application of adequate fertilizer insect pest
and disease control and the practice of improve cultural management could ensure
production of crops with maximum economic returns.

Hampton (1987) stated that a number of factors have been used to estimate the point
of which seeds are harvestable. This includes seed consistency, seed shattering, crop color,
leaf senescence and moisture content. He further stated that basing harvest timing on seed
consistency over a whole crop especially when flowering have been spread over a period
from only few days to several weeks is a good indicator. However, estimating shattering
loss in a crop is often a poor indicator of harvest timing.



Growth and Yield of Bush Snap Bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) Varieties Irrigated with
Different Levels of Water in La Trinidad, Benguet
TATPI-IC, JOEMAR T. APRIL 2012

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MATERIALS AND METHODS



The experiment was done at Benguet State University (BSU) - Experimental
Station in Balili, La Trinidad, Benguet in an open field. The area was properly cleaned.
Plots were prepared with a measurement of 1m x 5m and filled with bio- fertilizer. Three
bean seeds were planted at a distance of 25cm x 30cm at a depth not exceeding 2.5
centimeters. The study was laid out using 3 x 5 factorial in split- plot design with three
replications. Weeding was done to avoid water and nutrient competition on the crop.
Irrigation management as treatment was strictly applied to the plant when the true leaves
fully appeared (Figure 1). The different levels of water served as Factor A and the three
bush snap bean varieties served as Factor B.
Factor A: Levels of water (W)

Code
Treatment
8 L of water per 5m2 will be applied to all control plants every
W1(control)
other day (Farmers practice)
32 L of water per 5m2 will be applied to all plants every other
W2
day
20 L of water per 5m2 will be applied every other day to all
W3
Plants
W4
4 L of water per 5m2 will be applied every other day to all plants.
1.8 L of water per 5m2 will be applied every other day to all
W5
Plants



Growth and Yield of Bush Snap Bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) Varieties Irrigated with
Different Levels of Water in La Trinidad, Benguet
TATPI-IC, JOEMAR T. APRIL 2012

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Factor B: Varieties (V)

Code
Variety
Source
V1
Contender
BSU- NPRCRTC
V2
Blue Lake
Mr. PAYANGDO
V3
Bokod
BSU- NPRCRTC

The data gathered were the following:

1. Plant vigor. This was taken using this scales at 30 DAP and DAP.
(NPRCRTC, 1997).
Scale
Description
Remarks
1
Plants are weak with few stems and leaves; very pale.
Poor vigor

2
Plants are weak with few thin stem and leaves; pale
Less vigor
3
Better than less vigorous
Vigorous

4
Plants are moderately strong with robust stem and Moderately
leaves; leaves are light in color.
vigorous
5
Plants are strong with robust stems and leaves are Highly
light to dark green color
vigorous

2. Initial plant height (cm). This was measured from the base of the plant t the ground level
to the youngest shoots, using a meter stick or a foot rule from five plant samples in different
treatment at 30 days after planting (DAP).

3. Final height (cm). This was measured from the base of the plant at the ground
level to the youngest shoots, using a meter stick or a foot rule from five plant samples in
different treatment at 60 DAP.
Growth and Yield of Bush Snap Bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) Varieties Irrigated with
Different Levels of Water in La Trinidad, Benguet
TATPI-IC, JOEMAR T. APRIL 2012

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Figure 1. Bush snap bean at 13 DAP (formation of true leaf has fully appeared in the start
of applying the different levels of water)


4. Number of days from sowing to emergence. This was recorded by counting the number
of days from sowing to emergence and when at least 60% of the seed sown has emerged.

5. Days from emergence to flowering. This was recorded starting from emergence
to the day when 60% of plants have flowered.

6. Days from emergence to pod settings. This was taken by counting the number of
days starting from flowering to the days when pods are formed at the same time recording
the date of pod setting.

7. Days from emergence to first harvest. This was recorded by counting the number
of days from emergence to first harvest at the same time recording the date of first harvest.

8. Days from emergence to last harvest. This was taken by counting the number of
days emergence to last harvest at the same time recording the date of last harvest.
Growth and Yield of Bush Snap Bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) Varieties Irrigated with
Different Levels of Water in La Trinidad, Benguet
TATPI-IC, JOEMAR T. APRIL 2012

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9. Number of flower cluster per plant. This was taken by counting the flower cluster
from the five sample plants.

10. Number of flower per cluster. This was taken by counting the flowers per cluster
from the five sample plants.

11. Number of pods per cluster. This was recorded by counting the number of pods
per cluster from the five sample plants.

12. Percentage pod set per cluster. This was taken by using this formula:


% Pod Setting = Total Number of Pods per Cluster x 100




Total Number of Flower per Cluster

13. Length of pod (cm). This was recorded by measuring the five randomly selected pods
at harvest maturity.

14. With of pod (cm). This was recorded by measuring the five randomly selected
pods at harvest maturity.

15. Root length (cm). This was recorded by measuring the top or primary roots of
five sample plants using a meter stick or a foot rule after the last harvest.

16. Number of crown roots. This was recorded by counting the crown roots of five
sample plants.

17. Disease and Pest Incidence. This was noted by visual observation and was
assessed by rating the degree of disease and insect damage on the crop at 30 DAP and 60
DAP.

a. Bean rust. (as cited by Jose, 2004).
Scale Description
Remark
1
No infection
High resistant
2
1-25% of the total plants are infected.
Mild resistant
Growth and Yield of Bush Snap Bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) Varieties Irrigated with
Different Levels of Water in La Trinidad, Benguet
TATPI-IC, JOEMAR T. APRIL 2012

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Scale Description
Remark
3
25-50% of the total plants are infected.
Moderate resistant
4
50-75% of the total plants are infected.
Susceptible
5
75-100% of the total plants are infected.
Very susceptible

b. Pod borer.
Scale Description
Remark
1
No infection
High resistant
2
1-25% of the total plants are infected.
Mild resistant
3
25-50% of the total plants are infected.
Moderate resistant
4
50-75% of the total plants are infected.
Susceptible
5
75-100% of the total plants are infected.
Very susceptible

18. Weight of marketable fresh pod per plot (kg). This was the pods that are well-formed,
smooth and free from damages. The fresh pod of variety in different treatment was weighed
after harvest.

19. Weight of non- marketable fresh pods per plot (kg). This was the pods that are
malformed, and damage by pest and diseases. This was obtained by weighing the non-
marketable fresh pods of variety in different treatment.

20. Total yield per plant (kg). this was recorded by getting the total weight of
marketable and non- marketable fresh pods per plot in the different treatment throughout
the harvest period.

21. Return on cash expense. This was obtained using this formula:



ROCE= Net Income x 100




Total Cash of Production
22. Agro- climatic data. The average monthly temperature, relative humidity, sun intensity
was obtained from the PAG-ASA from December 2011- February 2012.
Growth and Yield of Bush Snap Bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) Varieties Irrigated with
Different Levels of Water in La Trinidad, Benguet
TATPI-IC, JOEMAR T. APRIL 2012

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23. Soil moisture content. This was obtained by getting 10g of soil in the different
treatment. Oven dried and computed using the formula:

Moisture Content= Fresh Weight – Oven-dry Weight x 100




Oven Dry Weight


Data Analysis

All quantitative data was subjected for analysis of variance using Split- Plot Design
with three replications. The significance of difference among treatment means was tested
using the Duncan’s Multiple Range Test (DMRT) at 5% level of significance.
















Growth and Yield of Bush Snap Bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) Varieties Irrigated with
Different Levels of Water in La Trinidad, Benguet
TATPI-IC, JOEMAR T. APRIL 2012

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RESULTS AND DISCUSSION


Agro- Climatic Data During the Study Period

Table 1 shows the temperature, relative humidity, rainfall amount and sunshine
duration. Temperature range from 22 to 23 ˚C, relative humidity is 85 to 87 %, and sunshine
duration in minutes ranged with a total of 7578 to 10554 while the rainfall amount ranges
from 3.0 to 20.0 mm.

The agro climatic data were favorable to the production of the three bush snap bean.
Snap bean grows best in areas with temperatures between 15 to 21 ºC. Bush bean can
tolerate low temperature and can tolerate warm temperature up to 25 ºC (HARRDEC,
2000). In addition, AVRDC (1990) reported that beans requires high light level and is also
sensitive to flooding.

Table 1. Agro climatic data during the study period (December 2011 to February 2012)




RAINFALL
TEMPERATURE
RELATIVE
SUNSHINE
AMOUNT
MONTH
(ºC)
HUMIDITY
DURATION
(mm)
(%)
MEAN

(minutes)

December
23
87
7578
20
January
22
85
10554
10
February
22
86
8492
3
MEAN
22
86
8875
11

Growth and Yield of Bush Snap Bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) Varieties Irrigated with
Different Levels of Water in La Trinidad, Benguet
TATPI-IC, JOEMAR T. APRIL 2012

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Plant Vigor at 30 DAP

Effect of water level. Results showed that there were significant differences on the
plant vigor of bush beans applied with different levels of water at 30 DAP as shown in
Table 2.
The application of 8, 20 and 32 L of water produced a highly vigorous plants but
comparable with the application of 4 L of water. A moderate vigorous plant was observed
with the application 1.8 L of water.

Table 2. Plant vigor of the three bush snap bean varieties as affected by the different levels
of water applied

PLANT VIGOR
TREATMENT
(30 DAP)
Water level (W)

8 L (farmer’s practice)
5a
32 Liters
5a
20 Liters
5a
4 Liters
4b
1.8 Liters
4b
Variety (V)

Contender
5
Blue Lake
5
Bokod
5
W x V
ns
CV (a) %
9.63
CV (b) %
7.18
Means followed by common letters are not significantly different at 5% level of DMRT.

Legend: 1- poor vigor; 2- less vigor; 3- vigorous; 4- moderately vigorous; 5-
highly vigorous

Growth and Yield of Bush Snap Bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) Varieties Irrigated with
Different Levels of Water in La Trinidad, Benguet
TATPI-IC, JOEMAR T. APRIL 2012

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Effect of variety. Results showed that there were no significant differences among
varieties. All of the varieties are strong with robust stem and leaves are light to dark green
color.

Interaction effect. The interaction between the different levels of water and bush
snap bean varieties was observed to be not significant on plant vigor at 30 DAP.

Plant Height at 40 and 60 DAP

Effect of water level. There were significant differences noted on the plant height
of the three bush snap beans at 30 and 60 DAP. Taller plants were noted in the bush snap
beans varieties applied with 20 L of water with a height of 31.87 cm (Table 3). This could
be attributed to enough moisture applied to the plant for growth.

Tisdale and Nelson (1975) stated that moisture stress causes reduction in the cell
elongation, hence retarding the growth of the plant.
Effect of variety. The plant height of the three bush snap bean varieties was not
significantly different at 40 DAP but at 60 DAP Blue Lake was the tallest plant with a
mean height of 30.60 cm. The differences noted could be attributed to the genetic
characteristic of the bush bean varieties.

Interaction effect. Statistically, there was no significant interaction effect between
the different levels of water application on the plant height of the three bush snap bean
varieties.

Days from Sowing to Emergence,
Flowering and Harvesting

Effect of water level. No significant differences were observed on the number of
days to emergence until harvesting of the three bush snap bean varieties as affected by

Growth and Yield of Bush Snap Bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) Varieties Irrigated with
Different Levels of Water in La Trinidad, Benguet
TATPI-IC, JOEMAR T. APRIL 2012

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Table 3. Plant height at 40 DAP and 60 DAP of the three bush snap bean varieties as
affected by the volume of water application

PLANT HEIGHT (cm)
TREATMENT
40 DAP
60 DAP
Water level (W)


8 L (farmer’s practice)
29.76ab
30.06b
32 Liters
30.39ab
30.50b
20 Liters
31.80a
31.87a
4 Liters
29.93ab
30.00b
1.8 Liters
28.28b
29.38b
Variety (V)


Contender
29.99
30.16b
Blue Lake
30.65
30.68a
Bokod
29.46
30.32b
W x V
ns
ns
CV (a) %
4.07
2.16
CV (b) %
5.35
1.35
Means followed by common letters are not significantly different at 5% level of DMRT.



the different levels of water application. Different levels of water were applied after the
appearances of true leaves at 13 DAP as shown in Figure 1.
Effect of varieties. Result showed that the three bush snap bean varieties uniformly
emerged 7 days after sowing, flowered at 33 days from emergence. Pod setting was
recorded at 40 days after emergence (DAE) while the first harvest commenced at 48 DAE
and the last harvest was recorded at 62 DAE.
Interaction effect. There were no significant differences observed on the number of days
from emergence to flowering, to pod setting and harvesting as affected by the varieties and
the different levels of water.

Growth and Yield of Bush Snap Bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) Varieties Irrigated with
Different Levels of Water in La Trinidad, Benguet
TATPI-IC, JOEMAR T. APRIL 2012

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Number of Flower Clusters per Plot
and flowers per cluster


Effect of water levels. As shown in Table 5, there were no significant differences
on the number of flower cluster as affected by the application of different levels of water.
All of the bush snap bean varieties produced seven to nine flower clusters with five to six
flowers per cluster.
Effect of variety. Result showed that a significant difference among the varieties on the
number of flower cluster produced. Blue Lake produced the highest number of flower
cluster (8.53) while Contender and Blue Lake produced a comparable numbers of flower
cluster. On the number of flower per cluster, no significant differences were observed. The
numbers of flower cluster is an important factor contributing to yield of the plants.
Theoretically, the more the flower cluster, the greater the yield (Singha, 1973).
Interaction effect. There was no significant interaction effect between the different levels
of water application on the bush snap bean varieties on the number of flower cluster and
flower per cluster.

Numbers of Pods per Cluster and
Percent Pod Set per Clusters


Effect of water levels. Statistically, there was no significant effect of the different levels of
water application on the production of pod per cluster and percent pod set per cluster of the
different varieties of bush snap beans. The number of pod per cluster produced had a means
of 4.44 to 5.77 pods and 79.85 to 92.77 percent pod set per cluster.
For all crops grown for fruits and seed, Chapman and Carter (1976) stated that moisture
stress before, during and immediately after flowering seems to have the greatest effect on
Growth and Yield of Bush Snap Bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) Varieties Irrigated with
Different Levels of Water in La Trinidad, Benguet
TATPI-IC, JOEMAR T. APRIL 2012

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Table 4. Number of flower clusters and flowers per cluster of bush snap bean as affected
by different levels of water applied

NUMBER
FLOWER
FLOWER
TREATMENT

CLUSTER
PER
CLUSTER
LEVELS OF WATER (W)


8 L of water (farmer’s practice)
8
6
32 L of water
8
6
20 L of water
9
6
4 L of water
8
5
1.8 L of water
7
5
VARIETY (V)


Contender
8b
5
Blue lake
9a
6
Bokod
8b
5
W x V
ns
ns
CV (a) %
14.15
21.69
CV (b) %
12.15
19.77
Means followed by common letters are not significantly different at 5% level of DMRT.


reducing yield. In addition, high soil moisture levels during seed formation, pod and seed
coloring will result in white-mold damage, delayed maturity and quality problems.
Effect of varieties. The different varieties used significantly affected the number of pods
per cluster produced by the bush snap beans (Table 5). Blue lake were produced the highest
number of fresh pods of 5.66. Comparable percentage of pod set per cluster was recorded
in all the varieties. Salehi et al.,(2008) stated that excessive abortion of flowers, young pods
and seeds occur in dry bean because of water stress during pre-flowering (10 to 12 days
before anthesis) and reproductive periods.
Growth and Yield of Bush Snap Bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) Varieties Irrigated with
Different Levels of Water in La Trinidad, Benguet
TATPI-IC, JOEMAR T. APRIL 2012

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Interaction effect. No significant interactions were noted in terms of pod per cluster and
percent pod set per cluster on the three varieties of bush snap bean as affected by different
levels of water applied.

Pod Length and Width
Effect of water levels. No significant differences on the effect of the different volume of
water application on the pod length while a significant difference was observed on the
width of the different varieties of bush snap beans as shown in Table 6. Pod length ranges
from 14.17 cm to 15.22 cm while on the pod width the application of 20 L of water
produced wide pods (0.78 cm).


Table 5. Number of pods per cluster and percentage pods set per cluster as affected by
different levels of water applied

PERCENTAGE
NUMBER OF POD
TREATMENT
OF POD SET
PER CLUSTER
PER CLUSTER
LEVELS OF WATER (W)


8 L of water (farmer’s practice)
5
86.50
32 L of water
4
79.85
20 L of water
6
92.77
4 L of water
4
81.62
1.8 L of water
5
91.56
VARIETY (V)


Contender
4b
83.89
Blue lake
6a
91.29
Bokod
4b
83.89
W x V
ns
ns
CV (a) %
19.55
14.34
CV (b) %
18.46
14.93
Means of the same letters are not significantly different at 5% level of DMRT.
Growth and Yield of Bush Snap Bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) Varieties Irrigated with
Different Levels of Water in La Trinidad, Benguet
TATPI-IC, JOEMAR T. APRIL 2012

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Effect of varieties. There was a significant differences noted on the different varieties of
bush snap beans in terms of length and pod width. Blue lake significantly produced the
longest and widest pod of 14.96 cm and 0.78 cm, respectively. The narrowest and shortest
pods were observed in Bokod and Contender.
Interaction effect. A significant interaction effect was recorded in terms of pod length as
shown in Table 6 and Figure 2. The application of 32 L of water in the Blue Lake recorded
a longest pod of 15.95 cm in terms of pod width, no significant interaction effect was noted.

Kattan and Fleming (1996) reported that irrigation during the period of planting to
blooming had effect on the yield of snap beans. Moisture stress during the pod

Table 6. Pod length and width of bush snap bean varieties as affected by different levels of
water applied

POD
TREATMENT
(cm)
LENGTH
WIDTH
LEVELS OF WATER (W)


8 L of water (farmer’s practice)
14.48
0.65b
32 L of water
15.05
0.69b
20 L of water
15.22
0.78a
4 L of water
14.57
0.66b
1.8 L of water
14.17
0.65b
VARIETY (V)


Contender
14.61b
0.67b
Blue lake
14.96a
0.71a
Bokod
14.52b
0.67b
W x V
*
ns
CV (a) %
6.80
9.15
CV (b) %
2.69
6.00
Means followed by common letters are not significantly different at 5% level of DMRT.
Growth and Yield of Bush Snap Bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) Varieties Irrigated with
Different Levels of Water in La Trinidad, Benguet
TATPI-IC, JOEMAR T. APRIL 2012

---

development and harvest was most detrimental to yield, size, and quality of pods. They
concluded from their study that pod set was markedly lowered at soil moisture levels
exceeding field capacity or at soil moisture levels approaching the wilting coefficient.

Number of Roots
Effect of water levels. Statistically, result showed that there were no significant effects of
the different levels of water applied on the number of crown roots (Table 7).
Numerically, the application of 20 L of water gave the highest number of crown roots with
8.88. The least number of crown roots was observed on plants applied with 1.8 L of water.


16.5
16
15.5
15
Contender
14.5
Blue Lake
14
Bokod
13.5
13
8 L of water
32 L of
20 L of
4 L of water
1.8 L of
water
water
water


Figure 2. Interaction effect of the different levels of water and the bush snap bean varieties
on the length of pods.

Growth and Yield of Bush Snap Bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) Varieties Irrigated with
Different Levels of Water in La Trinidad, Benguet
TATPI-IC, JOEMAR T. APRIL 2012

---

Effect of varieties. As shown in Table 7, Blue lake significantly displayed the highest
number of crown roots of 8.24. The differences noted could be genetic in nature.
Interaction effect. No significant interaction was noted in terms of the number of crown
roots of the three varieties of bush snap bean as affected by the different levels of water
application.

Tap Root Lengt

Effect of water level. Result showed that there were no significant differences on
the different levels of water applied on the root length as shown in Table 7. The root length
ranges from 33.73 cm to 45.80 cm
Effect of varieties. Significant differences were observed on the root length as shown in
Table 9 and Figure 4. Blue lake and Bokod was noted to produce the longest roots of 42.66
and 41.37 cm respectively, while Contender produced the shortest root length of 37.99 cm.
In area where there is a deficit of water the root of the plant should grow longer to absorb
water from the lower depths while, excess water can also reduced root development and
development of adventitious roots (AVRDC, 1990).
Interaction effect. There was significant interaction effect noted in terms of root length on
the three varieties of bush snap bean as affected by the different levels of water applied
(Figure 3). The application of 20 liters of water or the farmer’s practices on Blue Lake
significantly produced the longest root length of 50.37 cm.





Growth and Yield of Bush Snap Bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) Varieties Irrigated with
Different Levels of Water in La Trinidad, Benguet
TATPI-IC, JOEMAR T. APRIL 2012

---

Table 7. Number of roots and tap root length of bush snap bean as applied with different
levels of water

TAP ROOT
NUMBER OF
TREATMENT
LENGTH
ROOTS
(cm)
LEVELS OF WATER (W)


8 L of water (farmer’s practice)
8
45.80
32 L of water
8
34.34
20 L of water
9
45.79
4 L of water
7.77
43.71
1.8 L of water
7.44
33.73
VARIETY (V)


Contender
8.00b
37.99b
Blue lake
8.26a
42.66a
Bokod
7.66b
41.37a
W x V
ns
*
CV (a) %
13.67
33.02
CV (b) %
6.74
12.03
Means followed by common letters are not significantly different at 5% level of DMRT.


160
140
120
100
Contender
80
Blue Lake
60
Bokod
40
20
0
8 L of water 32 L of water 20 L of water 4 L of water 1.8 L of water


Figure 3. Interaction effect of the different levels of water and the bush snap bean varieties
on the length of tap roots.
Growth and Yield of Bush Snap Bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) Varieties Irrigated with
Different Levels of Water in La Trinidad, Benguet
TATPI-IC, JOEMAR T. APRIL 2012

---

CONTENDER


W1- 8 L of water W2- 32 L of water W3- L of water W4- 4 L of water W5- 1.8 L of water

BLUE LAKE





W1- 8 L of water W2- 32 L of water W3- L of water W4- 4 L of water W5- 1.8 L of water


BOKOD











W1- 8 L of water W2- 32 L of water W3- L of water
W4- 4 L of water W5- 1.8 L of water

Figure 4. Roots of the different bush snap bean varieties as affected with the different
levels of water
Growth and Yield of Bush Snap Bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) Varieties Irrigated with
Different Levels of Water in La Trinidad, Benguet
TATPI-IC, JOEMAR T. APRIL 2012

---

Reaction to Bean Rust and Pod Borer

The three varieties applied with different levels of water showed mild resistance to
bean rust which means 1 to 25% of the total plant is infected. Resistance to bean rust plays
an important role in bush snap bean production because infection could affect the
photosynthetic activity of the plant. While the reaction on pod borer as monitored at 60
DAP showed that the three varieties of the bush snap bean were all moderately resistant to
pod borer regardless of the different levels of water applied.

Weight of Marketable Fresh Pods
Effect of water levels. Highly significant differences were obtained on the weight of
marketable fresh pods as affected by the different levels of water applied on the three bush
snap bean varieties.
Numerically, application of 20 L of water yield higher pods (8.20 kg) per 5m2 while the
lowest marketable pods were observed in plants applied with 1.8 L of water. Lack and
excess of soil moisture content can affect the biomass yield of the crops.
Effect of variety. A significant difference among the three varieties was observed in terms
of marketable weight of fresh pods as shown in Table 8 and Figure 5. Blue Lake and Bokod
produced heavier marketable pods of 5.66 and 5.52 kg/5 m2, respectively while contender
produced the least.
Interaction effect. No significant interaction effect was recorded in terms of the marketable
weight of fresh pods of the three varieties as affected by different levels of water applied.


Non- Marketable Weight of Fresh Pods
Growth and Yield of Bush Snap Bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) Varieties Irrigated with
Different Levels of Water in La Trinidad, Benguet
TATPI-IC, JOEMAR T. APRIL 2012

---

Effect of water levels. There were significant differences noted on the different levels of
water applied in terms of non- marketable fresh pods. The application of 1.8 liters of water
produced the highest non- marketable fresh pods while plants applied with 20 liters of
water had the lowest non- marketable fresh pods.
Effect of varieties. The production of non- marketable fresh pods was not significant
among the varieties of bush snap bean as shown in Table 8. Non- marketable pod weight
ranges from 1.49 to 1.76 kg.
Interaction effect. No significant interaction effect was noted in terms of the production of
non- marketable weight of fresh pods on the three varieties of bush snap bean as affected
by the different levels of water applied.

Total Yield

Effect of water levels. Table 10 showed that the application of 20 L of water
produced the highest total yield per 5m2 of 7.87 kg, comparable with the application of
four liters (7.12 kg) and 1.8 liters of water (6.96 kg/5m2). The lowest total yield was noted
on plants applied with 32 L of water with 6.56 kg/5m2 of fresh pods produced. It was
observed that the plant applied with 20 liters of water had the highest marketable yield and
produced the lowest non- marketable yield.
Water stress reduces the rate of photosynthesis and uptake of nutrient. Water stress also
affects crop phenology, leaf area development, flowering, pod setting and finally results in
low yield (Phogat et al., 1984).


Table 8. Weight of marketable pods, non-marketable pods and total yield per plot of three
bush snap bean as applied with the different levels of water

Growth and Yield of Bush Snap Bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) Varieties Irrigated with
Different Levels of Water in La Trinidad, Benguet
TATPI-IC, JOEMAR T. APRIL 2012

---

WEIGHT OF PODS (kg/5m2)
TOTAL
TREATMENT
YIELD
NON-
MARKETABLE
(kg/5m2)
MARKETABLE
LEVELS OF WATER (W)



8 L of water (farmer’s
5.48b
1.64ab
7.12c
practice)
32 L of water
5.19bc
1.49ab
6.56b
20 L of water
7.15a
0.93b
7.87a
4 L of water
4.97bc
1.78ab
6.85ab
1.8 L of water
4.40c
2.48a
6.96ab
VARIETY (V)



Contender
5.14b
1.76
6.82
Blue lake
5.66a
1.49
7.10
Bokod
5.52a
1.74
7.29
W x V
ns
ns
ns
CV (a) %
10.98
38.90
9.94
CV (b) %
8.73
28.42
8.44
Means followed by common letters are not significantly different at 5% level of DMRT.

Effect of variety. The production of total yield per plot was not significant among the
varieties of bush snap beans as shown in Table 8. Total yield ranges from 6.82 to 7.29
kg/5m2.
Interaction effect. No significant interaction was noted in terms of total yield per plot on
the three varieties of bush snap beans as affected by the different levels of water applied
as shown in Table 8.




Growth and Yield of Bush Snap Bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) Varieties Irrigated with
Different Levels of Water in La Trinidad, Benguet
TATPI-IC, JOEMAR T. APRIL 2012

---

CONTENDER









W1- 8 l of water
W2- 32 L of water
W3- 20 L of water
W4- 4 L of water W5- 1.8 L of water



BLUE LAKE





W1- 8 L of water W2- 32 L of water W3- L of water W4- 4 L of water W5- 1.8 L of water


BOKOD




W1- 8 L of waterW 2- 32 L of water W3- L of water W4- 4 L of water W5- 1.8 L of water

Figure 5. Pods of the three bush snap bean varieties as affected by the different levels of
water applied
Growth and Yield of Bush Snap Bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) Varieties Irrigated with
Different Levels of Water in La Trinidad, Benguet
TATPI-IC, JOEMAR T. APRIL 2012

---

Soil Moisture Content
at 25 DAP and 56 DAP
Effect of water levels. Results showed a significant effect of the different levels of water
applied on the soil moisture content as shown in Table 11. The application of 1.8 L of water
has the highest in terms of soil moisture content at 25 DAP and 60 DAP of 21.33 and 22.44
%, respectively while the lowest was recorded in plants applied with 32 L of water of 10.33
and 11.00 percent. Chapman and Carter (1976) stated that when water exceeds the soil's
water holding capacity or where impermeable subsoil slows water infiltration, water
logging, flooding or ponding may occur. Wet soils slow down or stop gas exchange
between the soil and atmosphere, causing an oxygen deficiency. Lack of oxygen reduces
root respiration and growth.
Effect of varieties. Statistically, there were no significant effects obtained on the three
varieties of bush snap bean. The mean soil moisture content ranges from 16.60 to 16.87
%.
Interaction effect. No significant effect was obtained in terms of soil moisture on the three
bush snap bean varieties as affected by the different levels of water applied.

Return on Cash Expense

Effect of water levels. Table 10 shows the return on cash expense (ROCE) per 5m2
of the three bush snap bean varieties applied with different levels of water. The cost
production includes land preparation, bio- fertilizers, seeds and labor. Application of 20 L
of water produced the highest gross income of P536.50, net income of P292.18 and ROCE
of 119.58 %, while plants applied with 1.8 liters of water has a low net income of P85.35
and 34.93% ROCE.
Growth and Yield of Bush Snap Bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) Varieties Irrigated with
Different Levels of Water in La Trinidad, Benguet
TATPI-IC, JOEMAR T. APRIL 2012

---

Effect of variety. All of the varieties obtained a positive ROCE (Table 10). The highest
net income of 901.65 and 73.81% ROCE were produced by Blue Lake while the lowest
income and ROCE was obtained from Contender with a net income of P706.15 and 57.81%
ROCE.

Interaction effect. The cost and return on cash expense between the three bush snap
bean varieties and levels of water applied is shown in Table 10. The application of 20 L of
water in Blue Lake realized the highest yield, gross and net income and recorded the highest
ROCE of 108.12 to 133.70 %. The lowest ROCE was obtained in plants applied with 1.8
liters of water (27.39 – 48.57%).

Table 9. Soil moisture content at 25 and 56 DAP of the three bush snap bean varieties as
applied with the different levels of water

TREATMENT
SOIL MOISTURE CONTENT (%)
25 DAP
56 DAP
LEVELS OF WATER (W)


8 L of water (farmer’s practice)
19.11b
19.89b
32 L of water
10.33d
11.00d
20 L of water
13.67c
14.56c
4 L of water
19.00b
20.22b
1.8 L of water
21.33a
22.44a
VARIETY (V)


Contender
16.60
17.20
Blue lake
16.60
17.93
Bokod
16.87
17.73
W x V
ns
ns
CV (a) %
6.99
23.15
CV (b) %
9.36
11.07
Means followed by common letters are not significantly different at 5% level of DMRT.
Table 10. Return on cash expense of the three bush snap bean varieties as affected by
different levels of water applied

Growth and Yield of Bush Snap Bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) Varieties Irrigated with
Different Levels of Water in La Trinidad, Benguet
TATPI-IC, JOEMAR T. APRIL 2012

---

GROSS
COST OF
NET
YIELD
ROCE
TREATMENT
INCOME PRODUCTON INCOME
(kg/5m2)
(%)
(PhP)
(PhP)
(PhP)
8 L of water





Contender
16.32
408.00
244.32
163.68
66.99
Blue Lake
16.73
418.25
244.32
173.93
71.19
Bokod
16.28
407.00
244.32
162.68
66.58
Mean
16.44
411.08
244.32
166.76
68.25
32 L of water





Contender
13.91
347.75
244.32
103.43
42.33
Blue Lake
16.08
402.00
244.32
157.68
64.53
Bokod
16.76
419.00
244.32
174.68
71.49
Mean
15.58
389.58
244.32
145.26
59.45
20 L of water





Contender
20.34
508.50
244.32
264.18
108.12
Blue Lake
22.84
571.00
244.32
326.68
133.70
Bokod
21.2
530.00
244.32
285.68
116.92
Mean
21.46
536.50
244.32
292.18
119.58
4 L of water





Contender
14.09
352.25
244.32
107.93
44.17
Blue Lake
14.76
369.00
244.32
124.68
51.03
Bokod
15.92
398.00
244.32
153.68
62.90
Mean
14.92
373.08
244.32
128.76
52.70
1.8 L of water





Contender
12.45
311.25
244.32
66.93
27.39
Blue Lake
14.52
363.00
244.32
118.68
48.57
Bokod
12.59
314.75
244.32
70.43
28.82
Mean
13.19
329.67
244.32
85.35
34.93



Growth and Yield of Bush Snap Bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) Varieties Irrigated with
Different Levels of Water in La Trinidad, Benguet
TATPI-IC, JOEMAR T. APRIL 2012

---

SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS


Summary


Growth and yield of bush snap bean varieties irrigated with different levels
of water was conducted in La Trinidad, Benguet in an open field condition from December
2011 to February 2012. The objectives of the study were to determine growth and yield of
the different bush bean varieties, determine the growth and yield of bush snap bean
varieties applied with different water levels, and determine the interaction effect of the
different bush bean varieties under different levels of water.


Among the water levels applied, the application of 20 L of water had the
tallest plant height at 40 DAP and 60 DAP, longest and widest pod length, produced more
roots, produced more flowers per cluster and have the highest total yield, highest gross and
net income and ROCE but comparable to the application of 32 L of water on plant vigor
that produced a highly vigorous plants. The application of 1.8 liters of water had the highest
water holding capacity.
Blue lake had the tallest plant height at 40 and 60 DAP, produced more flower clusters,
more pods per cluster and produced the highest total of marketable fresh pods. Blue Lake
and Contender produced the lowest weight of non- marketable fresh pods.
On the interaction effect, the application of 20 L of water on Blue Lake produced the
longest length of pods and tap root length while application of 1.8 L of water on Contender
produced the shortest length of pods. The different levels of water significantly affected
the number of roots and length of the roots of the different bush snap bean varieties.



Growth and Yield of Bush Snap Bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) Varieties Irrigated with
Different Levels of Water in La Trinidad, Benguet
TATPI-IC, JOEMAR T. APRIL 2012

---

Conclusions



Based on the findings, Blue Lake variety is the best performing as it
produced the tallest plants, more flowers, clusters and pods, longest and widest pods,
highest number of roots and longest tap root length, highest marketable pods, gross
income, net income and ROCE.


Irrigation of 20 liters of water produced the tallest plants, widest pods,
longest pods and tap root length, highest marketable, total yield and highest gross income,
net income and ROCE.


The interaction of 20 liters of water and Blue Lake produced the longest
pods and longest roots but comparable to the application of 1.8 liters of water on Contender
which had the shortest pods while the application of 1.8 liters of water produced the shortest
tap roots.

Recommendations

From the results of the study, it is recommended that for bush bean production
under La Trinidad condition, the best level for irrigation is 20 liters of water and the best
bush bean variety is Blue Lake.


Growth and Yield of Bush Snap Bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) Varieties Irrigated with
Different Levels of Water in La Trinidad, Benguet
TATPI-IC, JOEMAR T. APRIL 2012

---

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Growth and Yield of Bush Snap Bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) Varieties Irrigated with
Different Levels of Water in La Trinidad, Benguet
TATPI-IC, JOEMAR T. APRIL 2012

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