BIBLIOGRAPHY ANTONIO, ALMA C. March 2006....
BIBLIOGRAPHY
ANTONIO, ALMA C. March 2006. Effect of Different Kinds and Rates of Slow
Release Fertilizers on the Growth and Flowering of Benguet Lily (Lilium philippinensis).
Benguet State University, La Trinidad, Benguet.
Adviser: Araceli G. Ladilad, PhD.
ABSTRACT
The study was conducted at the Ornamental Horticultural Research Area,
Benguet State University, La Trinidad, Benguet from July to December 2005 to evaluate
the effect of different kinds and rates of slow release fertilizer on the growth and
flowering of Benguet lily and to determine the best slow release fertilizer for Benguet
lily cutflower production.
Result show, that application of 6g of Multicote per 15 cm black plastic bag is
the best slow release fertilizer for Benguet Lily since it promoted earlier flowering,
promoted vegetative growth with tall plants and long cutflower stems. It is
recommended as a slow-release fertilizer for Benguet lily cutflower production to
produce taller plants with longer stems.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
Bibliography………..………………………………………………………………. i
Abstract………………….…………………………………………………………. i
Table of Content …………………………………………………………………… ii
INTRODUCTION
Nature of the Study …………………………………………………………….. 1
Importance of the Study ……………………………………………………….. 2
Objectives of the Study ………………………………………………………... 3
Place and Time of the Study …………………………………………………… 3
REVIEW OF LITERATURE ……………………………………………………… 4
MATERIALS AND METHODS ………………………………………………….. 6
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION …………………………………………………… 8
Final height (cm)………………………………………………………….......... 8
Number of leaves per plant at flowering …………………………………..…... 8
Number of days from planting to flower bud formation …………………...….. 9
Stem length (cm) ………………………………………………………….…… 9
SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
Summary ……………………………………………………………………….. 12
Conclusion ……………………………………………………………………... 12
Recommendation ………………………………………………………………. 13
LITERATURE CITED …………………………………………………………….. 14
APPENDICES ……………………………………………………………………... 16
ii
1
INTRODUCTION
Nature of the Study
Liliums are familiar cutflower and potted plants in the country. One of this is
Benguet lili (Lilium philippinensis) of the Cordillera which is considered indigenous,
(Hermano, 2000). During the World War II, an American pioneer identified the plant and
he was the first to cultivate this and saw the potential as a cutflower crop (Cimatu, 2000).
The plant grows predominantly in the province of Benguet and other highland areas in
the Cordilleras. It is one of the endemic plants in the region. Its white fragrant flower
symbolizes beauty, purity and peace (Artajo, 2000). Due to the continues collection of the
plant from its native habitat and lack of domestication efforts, Benguet lily became an
endangered species. It has become rare, vulnerable and dependent on rainwater in the
wild (Olarte, 2001). The Benguet lilies, however, are seldom used since their flowers are
few and seasonal due to the absence of technology of growing them. Inspite of this, it was
once proposed to be the provincial flower of Benguet (Hermano, 2000). It was described
as having round bulbs, erect stems, scattered leaves and large trumpet-shapes blossoms
and flowers profusely during the month of July to August by L. Wilson as interviewed by
Cimatu (2000). Artajo (2000) also described it as a plant with white fragrant blossoms
that attracts travelers along the highway and hillsides of Benguet and the Cordilleras. The
flowers measures 5-7 cm long with either one or two blossoms on a stalk. During
weddings and on other special occasions, the flowers are used to decorate church altars.
Benguet lily belongs to the family Liliaceae that are hardy perennials. It is a
relative of the equally popular Easter lily (Lilium longiflorum). The distinguishing
characteristics between them are the leaves and flowers which are very much narrower in
Effect of Different Kinds and Rates of Slow Release Fertilizers on the Growth and Flowering
of Benguet Lily (Lilium philippinensis) /Alma C. Antonio. 2006
2
the Benguet lily than the Eastern lily (Asuncion et al, 1976). In addition, the former can
be propagated by bulbs, seeds or by bulblets. The flower is dormant for several months
and become active and grows until it produces flowers in the month of July to August
(Cimatu, 2000). The bulbs undergo a natural vernalization and grow the following year,
(Hermano et al, 2003).
Importance of the Study
Most plants will be lost or will revert to less desirable forms unless they are
domesticated and propagated under controlled that preserve the unique characteristics
that make them useful (Hartmann et al, 1986).
It was reported in 1995 that the population of Benguet lily plants was declining
due to over collection, becoming rare and endangered due to the efforts of man to
domesticate it which has brought about rapid depletion of the species in its natural
habitat, (Ampaguey et al, 2003). The flower is very delicate; it dies once it is taken from
its natural habitat, (Olarte, 2001).
Benguet lily can be propagated through tissue culture but due to the lack of skilled
personnel and the materials needed; bulb scales can be a substitute in its mass
propagation which can be easily adopted by growers. However, the most popular
propagating material for growing this crop is through the use of bulbs. This study is
important because there has been no study conducted on slow release fertilizer applied on
Benguet lily.
Effect of Different Kinds and Rates of Slow Release Fertilizers on the Growth and Flowering
of Benguet Lily (Lilium philippinensis) /Alma C. Antonio. 2006
3
Objectives of the Study
The study will be conducted to:
1. evaluate the efficacy of slow release fertilizers on the vegetative growth and
flowering of Benguet lily;
2. to determine the volume and quality of the cut flowers produced as affected by
different fertilizer treatments; and
Place and Time of the Study
The study was conducted at the Ornamental Horticultural research area, Benguet
State University, La Trinidad, Benguet from June to December 2005.
Effect of Different Kinds and Rates of Slow Release Fertilizers on the Growth and Flowering
of Benguet Lily (Lilium philippinensis) /Alma C. Antonio. 2006
4
REVIEW OF LITERATURE
Importance of Fertilizers
Fertilizer is one of the most important of the total recipe to grow plants. Plants do
not need water, air, light, nutrition, soil and temperature, all in right ratio at the right time
during the right period (Scotts, 1996). In 1972, Watts stated that the rate of application of
chemical fertilizers depends upon such factors as: 1) Characteristics of the soil; 2) the
previous crop grown and the number in which it was fertilized; 3) the moisture condition;
4) the possibility or irrigation; 5) the amount of land available; and 6) the amount of
fertilizer to be applied in the soil depending on the recommended rate of application and
the percentage nutrient content or grade of the fertilizer.
Gardner (1949) stated that complete fertilizer carry nutrient elements such as
nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium which plants need for optimum growth and
development. A general fertilizer with reasonable slow release nitrogen should be added
to ensure there is adequate supply to the roots and at no time are the bulb resources being
exhausted, (Fox, 1985). Furthermore, Mendiola (1976) found that application of the
proper amount of nitrogen in plants encourage stem development.
Inorganic fertilizers release quantities of nutrient elements that can be easily
absorbed by the roots of which the results can be seen within a few days, (Bautista et al.,
1983). Unlike organic fertilizers which must be rooted and decayed before they become
beneficial to plants (Watts, 1972). Furthermore, Edmond et al (1964) as cited by Buyas
(1994) found that basal application of N-P2-O5-K2O was needed to promote growth of
stems and leaves of plants. Chaong (1987), as cited by Day-a (1999), found that
application of 75-75-75 or 100-100-100 KG NPK/ha improves plant height increases the
Effect of Different Kinds and Rates of Slow Release Fertilizers on the Growth and Flowering
of Benguet Lily (Lilium philippinensis) /Alma C. Antonio. 2006
5
number of leaves produces at anthesis, affects the production of longer flower stems,
bigger blossoms, higher number of suckers per plant and increases yield of cutflower in
Benguet lily.
Joiner (1982)reported that nutrients can be liquid or dry readily available as slow
release fertilizers are widely used in foliage industries since they supply adequate
amount of nutrients for extended period of time (3 to 12 months) especially on slow
growing plants. Slow release fertilizers release nutrients slowly but a portion is available
immediately therefore , good quality plants can be obtained when properly applied.
However, it causes damage when excess amount is added.
Prince and Cunningham, (1989), as cited by Miller (1992) stated that lilies are
heave feeders and pre-plant fertilizer incorporation is suggested as a starting point and
should be fertilized up to the time of harvest. Further, they found out that termination of
fertilizer at visible bud or at two weeks after visible buds, caused increases of lower leaf
chlorosis relative to plants that were fertilized until harvest. However, French and
Alsburg ( 1989) recommends application of slow release fertilizers on lilies since it can
provide the majority of the nutrients for the growing season at a single application.
Effect of Different Kinds and Rates of Slow Release Fertilizers on the Growth and Flowering
of Benguet Lily (Lilium philippinensis) /Alma C. Antonio. 2006
6
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Materials
The materials used in the study were Benguet lily bulbs, fertilizers, measuring
sticks, foot rule, pots weighing scale, labeling materials and atomizer.
Methods
The experimental method used in the study was the Random Complete Block
Design (RCBD), replicated three times. There were five samples per treatment
replication. The treatments used were as follows:
T1- Control (no fertilizer application)
T2- Osmocote (14-14-14) at the rate of 6g/15 cm
T3- Agroblen (18-6-12) at the rate of 6g/15 cm
T4- Multicote (17-17-17) at the rate of 6g/15 cm
Planting. Bulbs of Benguet lily with shoots and initials were planted or grown in plastic
pots measuring 15 cm in diameter.
Fertilizer application. The different fertilizers were applied once, three weeks after
planting.
Growing media. The soil used were obtained from where the Benguet lilies are gathered
Care and Maintenance. Cultural management practices such as weeding, crop protection
and irrigation were done uniformly as recommended.
Data Gathering. The data that was gathered were tabulated, computed, and the means
compared using the Duncan’s Multiple Range Test (DMRT) will be the following.
Effect of Different Kinds and Rates of Slow Release Fertilizers on the Growth and Flowering
of Benguet Lily (Lilium philippinensis) /Alma C. Antonio. 2006
7
A. Vegetative Growth
1. Final height at Flowing (cm). These were obtained by measuring the final height
of the plant from the base up to the to of the flower at 25% anthesis.
2. Number of Leaves ser plant at Flowering. This was gathered by counting the
number of leaves at flowering.
B. Reproductive Growth
1. Number of Days from Planting to Flower Bud Formation. This was the duration
from planting to the formation of 1 cm bud size.
C. Cutflower Quality
1. Stem Length (cm). This was obtained by measuring the length of the cutflower
stems at harvest.
D. Occurrence of Insect Pest and Diseases. The occurrence of insect pest and diseases
was observed
E. Initial Soil Analysis. Initial soil analysis was taken before planting of bulbs.
F. Documentation of the Study. This will be obtained through pictures.
Effect of Different Kinds and Rates of Slow Release Fertilizers on the Growth and Flowering
of Benguet Lily (Lilium philippinensis) /Alma C. Antonio. 2006
8
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Final Height
Significant differences were obtained on the final height measured at 25%
anthesis as affected by different slow release fertilizers applied 3 weeks after planting.
Application of Multicotes promoted vegetative growth by producing the tallest plants
with a mean of 69.00 cm at flowering among the fertilized plants. The untreated plants
were the shortest with a mean of 57.87 cm.
Table 1. Final height at flowering (cm).
TREATMENT
MEAN
Control ( untreated)
57.87b
Osmocote (14-14-14)
68.73a
Agroblen (18-6-12)
66.53a
Multicote (17-17-17)
69.00a
Number of Leaves per Plant at Flowering.
Table 2 shows that there were no significant effects on the different kinds of show
release fertilizers applied with regards to the number of leaves per plant at flowering.
However, application of Agroblen enhanced the development of more leaves with a mean
of 36.80 per plant followed by Multicote with a mean of 33.80 compared to 31.93 and
32.6 leaves from Osmocote treated plants and the control plants, respectively.
Effect of Different Kinds and Rates of Slow Release Fertilizers on the Growth and Flowering
of Benguet Lily (Lilium philippinensis) /Alma C. Antonio. 2006
9
Table 2. Number of leaves per plant at flowering
TREATMENT
MEAN
Control ( untreated)
32.60a
Osmocote (14-14-14)
31.93a
Agroblen (18-6-12)
36.80a
Multicote (17-17-17)
33.80a
Days From Planting to Flower Bud Formation.
Likewise, Table 3 shows that there were no significant effects on the different
kinds of slow release fertilizers with regards to the number of days from planting to
flower bud formation at 1cm bud size. Means range from 29.40 to 33.07 days from
planting of bulbs.
Table 3. Days from planting to flower bud formation (1 cm bud size)
TREATMENT
MEAN
Control ( untreated)
30.53a
Osmocote (14-14-14)
29.40a
Agroblen (18-6-12)
31.27a
Multicote (17-17-17)
33.07a
Effect of Different Kinds and Rates of Slow Release Fertilizers on the Growth and Flowering
of Benguet Lily (Lilium philippinensis) /Alma C. Antonio. 2006
10
Stem Length
The effect of the different slow release fertilizers applied with regards to the
cutflower stem length at 50% anthesis is shown in Table 4. Application of Multicote
produced significantly the longest cutflower stem which had a mean of 59.00 cm. This
was followed with a mean of 58.73 cm. Short stems as measured from the control or
unfertilized plants with a mean stem length of only 47.60 cm at 50% anthesis.
Table 4. Cutflower stem length at harvest.
TREATMENT
MEAN (cm)
Control ( untreated)
47.60a
Osmocote (14-14-14)
58.73a
Agroblen (18-6-12)
56.53a
Multicote (17-17-17)
59.00a
Effect of Different Kinds and Rates of Slow Release Fertilizers on the Growth and Flowering
of Benguet Lily (Lilium philippinensis) /Alma C. Antonio. 2006
11
a.
b. Plate No.1. Overview of the Experiment: ( a) at seedling stage and (b) at flowering.
Effect of Different Kinds and Rates of Slow Release Fertilizers on the Growth and Flowering
of Benguet Lily (Lilium philippinensis) /Alma C. Antonio. 2006
12
SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
Summary
The study was conducted at the Ornamental Horticulture Research Area, Benguet
State University, La Trinidad, Benguet from July to December, 2005 to evaluate the
growth and flowering of Benguet Lily as affected by different kinds and rates of slow
release fertilizers, compared to the untreated or unfertilized plants; and to determine the
most effective slow release fertilizer for Benguet lily cut flower production.
Results revealed that significantly taller plants were produced with longer stems
in all fertilized plants compared to the control (unfertilized) . However, there were no
significant differences obtained on the number of leaves at flowering and number of days
from planting to flower bud formation (1 cm bud size) in all the treatments. Application
of Multicote promoted vegetative growth and producing the tallest plants. Likewise,
application of multicote produced the longest of cutflowers stem harvested with a mean
of 59.00.
The initial soil analysis before planting of the bulbs showed that the soil had a pH
of 6 which is slightly acidic. The soil contains high amount of Nitrogen, medium amount
of Phosphorous and it had a sufficient amount of Potassium.
Effect of Different Kinds and Rates of Slow Release Fertilizers on the Growth and Flowering
of Benguet Lily (Lilium philippinensis) /Alma C. Antonio. 2006
13
Conclusion
It is therefor concluded that the application of slow release fertilizer Multicote to
Benguet lily plants significantly improved the vegetative growth producing taller plants
with longer stems and increased cut flower yield compared to the other slow release
fertilizer formulations applied including the control.
Recommendation
Based on the findings of the study, application of 6 g/15 cm of multicote is the
best slow release fertilizer for Benguet lily, it is recommended as a slow-release fertilizer
for Benguet lily cut flower production to produce taller plants with longer stems and
higher cut flower yield per grown area.
Effect of Different Kinds and Rates of Slow Release Fertilizers on the Growth and Flowering
of Benguet Lily (Lilium philippinensis) /Alma C. Antonio. 2006
14
LITERATURE CITED
AMPAGUEY, D.W., I.D. CADELINA, M.D. DIMAS, A.B. MANG-OY and J.A.
PALAEZ. 2003. In-vitro propagation of Benguet lily (Lilium philippinensis).
BSES Thesis . BSU, La Trinidad, Benguet. Pp. 1-3, 5-7.
ARTAJO, E.A. 2000.
City of Dipology Dipolog
Flower Url.
http://www.slip/http://www.slip.net/-geri/g. Pages/ph. Batanes 01.Html.
ASUNCION, R.G. ,K.R. FLORES and F.D. SAN MIGUEL.JR. 1976. Introduction to
Floriculture and landscape gardening. Practical Arts. Sta.Cruz.,Manila; Saint
Mary’s Pub. Pp.59,63.
BAUSTISTA, O.K.,H.V VALMAYOR, P.C., TABORA, R.R. ESPINO, J.B.
SANGALANG. 1983. Introduction to Tropical Horticulture. UPLB, Los Baños,
Laguna. P. 231.
BUYAS, N.A. 1994. Effects of Organic and Inorganic Fertilizer on the Growth and
Flowering of Inglish Daisy. B.S. Thesis. BSU, La Trinidad, Benguet. P.55.
CIMATU, F.E. 2000. What’s the story, Benguet Lily? Philippine Daily Inquirer.15:75.
DAY- A, J.M. 1999. Growth, flowering and yield of chrysanthemum as affected by slow
release fertilizer. BSU Thesis. BSU, La Trinidad, Benguet. P.9.
FOX, O. 1985. Growing lilies, Great Britain: Croom Helm Pub. P.33.
FRENCH and ALSBURG. 1989. Comparison of controlled fertilizer for the production
of Rhododendron ‘Anna Rave Whitney’. Hort. Sci. 15:91.
GARDNER, J.R. 1949. Basic Horticulture, New York: The Macmillan Book Co. P.146.
HARTMANN, H.T., D.E. KESTER and F.T. DAVIES, JR. 1986. Plant propagation,
principles and practices. Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey: Prentice Hall. Pp.479-
481; 488-489.
HERMANO, F.G. Sr. 2000. Lily production. A commercial production technoguide for
highland Philippines. A Consultant’s Manual. Pp.1,3-7, 15-17.
JOINER, J. 1982. Foliar plant production. New Jersey: Prentice Hall. P.164.
MENDIOLA, N.B. 1976. Principles of crop production in Southeast Asia. Caloocan City:
United Circulation, Inc. P.71.
Effect of Different Kinds and Rates of Slow Release Fertilizers on the Growth and Flowering
of Benguet Lily (Lilium philippinensis) /Alma C. Antonio. 2006
15
MILLER, B.W. 1992. Easter and hybrid lily production. Portland, Oregon: Timber Press,
Inc. Pp. 43,69,105.
OLARTE, A. 2001. Battle for official flower of Benguet goes on. Phillipine Daily
Inquirer. February 28, 2001. Pp. 17-18.
SCOTTS, C. 1996. Growing medium andfertilization regime influences growth and
essentialoil of rosemary. Hort. Sci. 26:91.
WATTS, R.L. 1972. Vegetable gardening. New York: Orange Jade Pub. Pp.158, 511.
Effect of Different Kinds and Rates of Slow Release Fertilizers on the Growth and Flowering
of Benguet Lily (Lilium philippinensis) /Alma C. Antonio. 2006
16
APPENDICES
Appendix Table 1. Final height of the plant at flowering (cm)
TREATMENT
REFLICATION
TOTAL
MEAN
I
II
III
T0- Control
58.6
58.2
56.8
173.60
57.87b
T2- Osmocote
65.4
67.0
73.8
206.20
68.73a
T3- Agroblen
64.4
65.0
70.2
199.60
66.53a
T4- Multicote
71.0
67.4
68.6
207.00
69.00a
TOTAL
786.40
MEAN
65.53
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE TABLE
DEGREES SUM OF
MEAN
Computed
Tabular F
SOURCE OF
OF
SQUARES SQUARE
F
VARIATION FREEDOM
0.05
0.01
Replication
2
20.207
10.103
Factor A
3
246.107
82.036
10.16**
4.76
9.78
Error
6
48.433
8.072
TOTAL
11
314.747
Coefficient of Variance: 4.34%
Effect of Different Kinds and Rates of Slow Release Fertilizers on the Growth and Flowering
of Benguet Lily (Lilium philippinensis) /Alma C. Antonio. 2006
17
Appendix Table 2. Number of Leaves at 1cm. flower bud formation (cm)
TREATMENT
REFLICATION
TOTAL
MEAN
I
II
III
T0- Control
24.4
38.6
34.8
97.80
32.60a
T2- Osmocote
29.0
34.6
32.2
95.80
31.93a
T3- Agroblen
31.8
37.0
41.6
110.40
36.80a
T4- Multicote
31.8
31.8
35.O
101.40
33.80a
TOTAL
405.40
MEAN
153.13
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE TABLE
SOURCE OF DEGREES SUM OF
MEAN
Computed
Tabular F
VARIATION
OF
SQUARES SQUARE
F
FREEDOM
0.05
0.01
Replication
2
88.487
44.243
Factor A
3
41.770
13.923
0.93ns
4.76
9.78
Error
6
89.540
14.923
TOTAL
11
Coefficient of Variance: 11.43%
Effect of Different Kinds and Rates of Slow Release Fertilizers on the Growth and Flowering
of Benguet Lily (Lilium philippinensis) /Alma C. Antonio. 2006
18
Appendix Table 3. Number of days from planting to flower bud formation.
TREATMENT
REFLICATION
TOTAL
MEAN
I
II
III
T0- Control
26.8
31.2
33.6
91.60
30.53a
T2- Osmocote
28.4
29.2
30.6
88.20
29.40a
T3- Agroblen
31.0
31.4
31.4
93.80
31.27a
T4- Multicote
32.6
34.4
32.2
99.20
33.07a
TOTAL
372.80
MEAN
31.07
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE TABLE
SOURCE OF DEGREES SUM OF
MEAN
Computed
Tabular F
VARIATION
OF
SQUARES SQUARE
F
FREEDOM
0.05
0.01
Replication
2
11.527
5.763
Factor A
3
21.307
7.102
2.42ns
4.76
9.78
Error
6
17.593
2.932
TOTAL
11
50.427
Coefficient of Variance: 5.51%
Effect of Different Kinds and Rates of Slow Release Fertilizers on the Growth and Flowering
of Benguet Lily (Lilium philippinensis) /Alma C. Antonio. 2006
19
Appendix Table 4. Stem length (cm)
TREATMENT
REFLICATION
TOTAL
MEAN
I
II
III
T0- Control
48.0
47.0
46.0
142.80
47.60b
T2- Osmocote
55.0
57.0
63.8
176.20
58.73a
T3- Agroblen
54.0
55.0
60.2
169.60
56.53a
T4- Multicote
61.0
57.4
58.6
177.00
59.00a
TOTAL
665.60
MEAN
55.46
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE TABLE
SOURCE OF DEGREES SUM OF
MEAN
Computed
Tabular F
VARIATION
OF
SQUARES SQUARE
F
FREEDOM
0.05
0.01
Replication
2
22.127
11.063
Factor A
3
258.533
86.178
11.14**
4.76
9.78
Error
6
46.407
7.734
TOTAL
11
327.067
Coefficient of Variance: 5.01%
Effect of Different Kinds and Rates of Slow Release Fertilizers on the Growth and Flowering
of Benguet Lily (Lilium philippinensis) /Alma C. Antonio. 2006
ANTONIO, ALMA C. March 2006. Effect of Different Kinds and Rates of Slow
Release Fertilizers on the Growth and Flowering of Benguet Lily (Lilium philippinensis).
Benguet State University, La Trinidad, Benguet.
Adviser: Araceli G. Ladilad, PhD.
ABSTRACT
The study was conducted at the Ornamental Horticultural Research Area,
Benguet State University, La Trinidad, Benguet from July to December 2005 to evaluate
the effect of different kinds and rates of slow release fertilizer on the growth and
flowering of Benguet lily and to determine the best slow release fertilizer for Benguet
lily cutflower production.
Result show, that application of 6g of Multicote per 15 cm black plastic bag is
the best slow release fertilizer for Benguet Lily since it promoted earlier flowering,
promoted vegetative growth with tall plants and long cutflower stems. It is
recommended as a slow-release fertilizer for Benguet lily cutflower production to
produce taller plants with longer stems.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
Bibliography………..………………………………………………………………. i
Abstract………………….…………………………………………………………. i
Table of Content …………………………………………………………………… ii
INTRODUCTION
Nature of the Study …………………………………………………………….. 1
Importance of the Study ……………………………………………………….. 2
Objectives of the Study ………………………………………………………... 3
Place and Time of the Study …………………………………………………… 3
REVIEW OF LITERATURE ……………………………………………………… 4
MATERIALS AND METHODS ………………………………………………….. 6
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION …………………………………………………… 8
Final height (cm)………………………………………………………….......... 8
Number of leaves per plant at flowering …………………………………..…... 8
Number of days from planting to flower bud formation …………………...….. 9
Stem length (cm) ………………………………………………………….…… 9
SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
Summary ……………………………………………………………………….. 12
Conclusion ……………………………………………………………………... 12
Recommendation ………………………………………………………………. 13
LITERATURE CITED …………………………………………………………….. 14
APPENDICES ……………………………………………………………………... 16
ii
1
INTRODUCTION
Nature of the Study
Liliums are familiar cutflower and potted plants in the country. One of this is
Benguet lili (Lilium philippinensis) of the Cordillera which is considered indigenous,
(Hermano, 2000). During the World War II, an American pioneer identified the plant and
he was the first to cultivate this and saw the potential as a cutflower crop (Cimatu, 2000).
The plant grows predominantly in the province of Benguet and other highland areas in
the Cordilleras. It is one of the endemic plants in the region. Its white fragrant flower
symbolizes beauty, purity and peace (Artajo, 2000). Due to the continues collection of the
plant from its native habitat and lack of domestication efforts, Benguet lily became an
endangered species. It has become rare, vulnerable and dependent on rainwater in the
wild (Olarte, 2001). The Benguet lilies, however, are seldom used since their flowers are
few and seasonal due to the absence of technology of growing them. Inspite of this, it was
once proposed to be the provincial flower of Benguet (Hermano, 2000). It was described
as having round bulbs, erect stems, scattered leaves and large trumpet-shapes blossoms
and flowers profusely during the month of July to August by L. Wilson as interviewed by
Cimatu (2000). Artajo (2000) also described it as a plant with white fragrant blossoms
that attracts travelers along the highway and hillsides of Benguet and the Cordilleras. The
flowers measures 5-7 cm long with either one or two blossoms on a stalk. During
weddings and on other special occasions, the flowers are used to decorate church altars.
Benguet lily belongs to the family Liliaceae that are hardy perennials. It is a
relative of the equally popular Easter lily (Lilium longiflorum). The distinguishing
characteristics between them are the leaves and flowers which are very much narrower in
Effect of Different Kinds and Rates of Slow Release Fertilizers on the Growth and Flowering
of Benguet Lily (Lilium philippinensis) /Alma C. Antonio. 2006
2
the Benguet lily than the Eastern lily (Asuncion et al, 1976). In addition, the former can
be propagated by bulbs, seeds or by bulblets. The flower is dormant for several months
and become active and grows until it produces flowers in the month of July to August
(Cimatu, 2000). The bulbs undergo a natural vernalization and grow the following year,
(Hermano et al, 2003).
Importance of the Study
Most plants will be lost or will revert to less desirable forms unless they are
domesticated and propagated under controlled that preserve the unique characteristics
that make them useful (Hartmann et al, 1986).
It was reported in 1995 that the population of Benguet lily plants was declining
due to over collection, becoming rare and endangered due to the efforts of man to
domesticate it which has brought about rapid depletion of the species in its natural
habitat, (Ampaguey et al, 2003). The flower is very delicate; it dies once it is taken from
its natural habitat, (Olarte, 2001).
Benguet lily can be propagated through tissue culture but due to the lack of skilled
personnel and the materials needed; bulb scales can be a substitute in its mass
propagation which can be easily adopted by growers. However, the most popular
propagating material for growing this crop is through the use of bulbs. This study is
important because there has been no study conducted on slow release fertilizer applied on
Benguet lily.
Effect of Different Kinds and Rates of Slow Release Fertilizers on the Growth and Flowering
of Benguet Lily (Lilium philippinensis) /Alma C. Antonio. 2006
3
Objectives of the Study
The study will be conducted to:
1. evaluate the efficacy of slow release fertilizers on the vegetative growth and
flowering of Benguet lily;
2. to determine the volume and quality of the cut flowers produced as affected by
different fertilizer treatments; and
Place and Time of the Study
The study was conducted at the Ornamental Horticultural research area, Benguet
State University, La Trinidad, Benguet from June to December 2005.
Effect of Different Kinds and Rates of Slow Release Fertilizers on the Growth and Flowering
of Benguet Lily (Lilium philippinensis) /Alma C. Antonio. 2006
4
REVIEW OF LITERATURE
Importance of Fertilizers
Fertilizer is one of the most important of the total recipe to grow plants. Plants do
not need water, air, light, nutrition, soil and temperature, all in right ratio at the right time
during the right period (Scotts, 1996). In 1972, Watts stated that the rate of application of
chemical fertilizers depends upon such factors as: 1) Characteristics of the soil; 2) the
previous crop grown and the number in which it was fertilized; 3) the moisture condition;
4) the possibility or irrigation; 5) the amount of land available; and 6) the amount of
fertilizer to be applied in the soil depending on the recommended rate of application and
the percentage nutrient content or grade of the fertilizer.
Gardner (1949) stated that complete fertilizer carry nutrient elements such as
nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium which plants need for optimum growth and
development. A general fertilizer with reasonable slow release nitrogen should be added
to ensure there is adequate supply to the roots and at no time are the bulb resources being
exhausted, (Fox, 1985). Furthermore, Mendiola (1976) found that application of the
proper amount of nitrogen in plants encourage stem development.
Inorganic fertilizers release quantities of nutrient elements that can be easily
absorbed by the roots of which the results can be seen within a few days, (Bautista et al.,
1983). Unlike organic fertilizers which must be rooted and decayed before they become
beneficial to plants (Watts, 1972). Furthermore, Edmond et al (1964) as cited by Buyas
(1994) found that basal application of N-P2-O5-K2O was needed to promote growth of
stems and leaves of plants. Chaong (1987), as cited by Day-a (1999), found that
application of 75-75-75 or 100-100-100 KG NPK/ha improves plant height increases the
Effect of Different Kinds and Rates of Slow Release Fertilizers on the Growth and Flowering
of Benguet Lily (Lilium philippinensis) /Alma C. Antonio. 2006
5
number of leaves produces at anthesis, affects the production of longer flower stems,
bigger blossoms, higher number of suckers per plant and increases yield of cutflower in
Benguet lily.
Joiner (1982)reported that nutrients can be liquid or dry readily available as slow
release fertilizers are widely used in foliage industries since they supply adequate
amount of nutrients for extended period of time (3 to 12 months) especially on slow
growing plants. Slow release fertilizers release nutrients slowly but a portion is available
immediately therefore , good quality plants can be obtained when properly applied.
However, it causes damage when excess amount is added.
Prince and Cunningham, (1989), as cited by Miller (1992) stated that lilies are
heave feeders and pre-plant fertilizer incorporation is suggested as a starting point and
should be fertilized up to the time of harvest. Further, they found out that termination of
fertilizer at visible bud or at two weeks after visible buds, caused increases of lower leaf
chlorosis relative to plants that were fertilized until harvest. However, French and
Alsburg ( 1989) recommends application of slow release fertilizers on lilies since it can
provide the majority of the nutrients for the growing season at a single application.
Effect of Different Kinds and Rates of Slow Release Fertilizers on the Growth and Flowering
of Benguet Lily (Lilium philippinensis) /Alma C. Antonio. 2006
6
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Materials
The materials used in the study were Benguet lily bulbs, fertilizers, measuring
sticks, foot rule, pots weighing scale, labeling materials and atomizer.
Methods
The experimental method used in the study was the Random Complete Block
Design (RCBD), replicated three times. There were five samples per treatment
replication. The treatments used were as follows:
T1- Control (no fertilizer application)
T2- Osmocote (14-14-14) at the rate of 6g/15 cm
T3- Agroblen (18-6-12) at the rate of 6g/15 cm
T4- Multicote (17-17-17) at the rate of 6g/15 cm
Planting. Bulbs of Benguet lily with shoots and initials were planted or grown in plastic
pots measuring 15 cm in diameter.
Fertilizer application. The different fertilizers were applied once, three weeks after
planting.
Growing media. The soil used were obtained from where the Benguet lilies are gathered
Care and Maintenance. Cultural management practices such as weeding, crop protection
and irrigation were done uniformly as recommended.
Data Gathering. The data that was gathered were tabulated, computed, and the means
compared using the Duncan’s Multiple Range Test (DMRT) will be the following.
Effect of Different Kinds and Rates of Slow Release Fertilizers on the Growth and Flowering
of Benguet Lily (Lilium philippinensis) /Alma C. Antonio. 2006
7
A. Vegetative Growth
1. Final height at Flowing (cm). These were obtained by measuring the final height
of the plant from the base up to the to of the flower at 25% anthesis.
2. Number of Leaves ser plant at Flowering. This was gathered by counting the
number of leaves at flowering.
B. Reproductive Growth
1. Number of Days from Planting to Flower Bud Formation. This was the duration
from planting to the formation of 1 cm bud size.
C. Cutflower Quality
1. Stem Length (cm). This was obtained by measuring the length of the cutflower
stems at harvest.
D. Occurrence of Insect Pest and Diseases. The occurrence of insect pest and diseases
was observed
E. Initial Soil Analysis. Initial soil analysis was taken before planting of bulbs.
F. Documentation of the Study. This will be obtained through pictures.
Effect of Different Kinds and Rates of Slow Release Fertilizers on the Growth and Flowering
of Benguet Lily (Lilium philippinensis) /Alma C. Antonio. 2006
8
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Final Height
Significant differences were obtained on the final height measured at 25%
anthesis as affected by different slow release fertilizers applied 3 weeks after planting.
Application of Multicotes promoted vegetative growth by producing the tallest plants
with a mean of 69.00 cm at flowering among the fertilized plants. The untreated plants
were the shortest with a mean of 57.87 cm.
Table 1. Final height at flowering (cm).
TREATMENT
MEAN
Control ( untreated)
57.87b
Osmocote (14-14-14)
68.73a
Agroblen (18-6-12)
66.53a
Multicote (17-17-17)
69.00a
Number of Leaves per Plant at Flowering.
Table 2 shows that there were no significant effects on the different kinds of show
release fertilizers applied with regards to the number of leaves per plant at flowering.
However, application of Agroblen enhanced the development of more leaves with a mean
of 36.80 per plant followed by Multicote with a mean of 33.80 compared to 31.93 and
32.6 leaves from Osmocote treated plants and the control plants, respectively.
Effect of Different Kinds and Rates of Slow Release Fertilizers on the Growth and Flowering
of Benguet Lily (Lilium philippinensis) /Alma C. Antonio. 2006
9
Table 2. Number of leaves per plant at flowering
TREATMENT
MEAN
Control ( untreated)
32.60a
Osmocote (14-14-14)
31.93a
Agroblen (18-6-12)
36.80a
Multicote (17-17-17)
33.80a
Days From Planting to Flower Bud Formation.
Likewise, Table 3 shows that there were no significant effects on the different
kinds of slow release fertilizers with regards to the number of days from planting to
flower bud formation at 1cm bud size. Means range from 29.40 to 33.07 days from
planting of bulbs.
Table 3. Days from planting to flower bud formation (1 cm bud size)
TREATMENT
MEAN
Control ( untreated)
30.53a
Osmocote (14-14-14)
29.40a
Agroblen (18-6-12)
31.27a
Multicote (17-17-17)
33.07a
Effect of Different Kinds and Rates of Slow Release Fertilizers on the Growth and Flowering
of Benguet Lily (Lilium philippinensis) /Alma C. Antonio. 2006
10
Stem Length
The effect of the different slow release fertilizers applied with regards to the
cutflower stem length at 50% anthesis is shown in Table 4. Application of Multicote
produced significantly the longest cutflower stem which had a mean of 59.00 cm. This
was followed with a mean of 58.73 cm. Short stems as measured from the control or
unfertilized plants with a mean stem length of only 47.60 cm at 50% anthesis.
Table 4. Cutflower stem length at harvest.
TREATMENT
MEAN (cm)
Control ( untreated)
47.60a
Osmocote (14-14-14)
58.73a
Agroblen (18-6-12)
56.53a
Multicote (17-17-17)
59.00a
Effect of Different Kinds and Rates of Slow Release Fertilizers on the Growth and Flowering
of Benguet Lily (Lilium philippinensis) /Alma C. Antonio. 2006
11
a.
b. Plate No.1. Overview of the Experiment: ( a) at seedling stage and (b) at flowering.
Effect of Different Kinds and Rates of Slow Release Fertilizers on the Growth and Flowering
of Benguet Lily (Lilium philippinensis) /Alma C. Antonio. 2006
12
SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
Summary
The study was conducted at the Ornamental Horticulture Research Area, Benguet
State University, La Trinidad, Benguet from July to December, 2005 to evaluate the
growth and flowering of Benguet Lily as affected by different kinds and rates of slow
release fertilizers, compared to the untreated or unfertilized plants; and to determine the
most effective slow release fertilizer for Benguet lily cut flower production.
Results revealed that significantly taller plants were produced with longer stems
in all fertilized plants compared to the control (unfertilized) . However, there were no
significant differences obtained on the number of leaves at flowering and number of days
from planting to flower bud formation (1 cm bud size) in all the treatments. Application
of Multicote promoted vegetative growth and producing the tallest plants. Likewise,
application of multicote produced the longest of cutflowers stem harvested with a mean
of 59.00.
The initial soil analysis before planting of the bulbs showed that the soil had a pH
of 6 which is slightly acidic. The soil contains high amount of Nitrogen, medium amount
of Phosphorous and it had a sufficient amount of Potassium.
Effect of Different Kinds and Rates of Slow Release Fertilizers on the Growth and Flowering
of Benguet Lily (Lilium philippinensis) /Alma C. Antonio. 2006
13
Conclusion
It is therefor concluded that the application of slow release fertilizer Multicote to
Benguet lily plants significantly improved the vegetative growth producing taller plants
with longer stems and increased cut flower yield compared to the other slow release
fertilizer formulations applied including the control.
Recommendation
Based on the findings of the study, application of 6 g/15 cm of multicote is the
best slow release fertilizer for Benguet lily, it is recommended as a slow-release fertilizer
for Benguet lily cut flower production to produce taller plants with longer stems and
higher cut flower yield per grown area.
Effect of Different Kinds and Rates of Slow Release Fertilizers on the Growth and Flowering
of Benguet Lily (Lilium philippinensis) /Alma C. Antonio. 2006
14
LITERATURE CITED
AMPAGUEY, D.W., I.D. CADELINA, M.D. DIMAS, A.B. MANG-OY and J.A.
PALAEZ. 2003. In-vitro propagation of Benguet lily (Lilium philippinensis).
BSES Thesis . BSU, La Trinidad, Benguet. Pp. 1-3, 5-7.
ARTAJO, E.A. 2000.
City of Dipology Dipolog
Flower Url.
http://www.slip/http://www.slip.net/-geri/g. Pages/ph. Batanes 01.Html.
ASUNCION, R.G. ,K.R. FLORES and F.D. SAN MIGUEL.JR. 1976. Introduction to
Floriculture and landscape gardening. Practical Arts. Sta.Cruz.,Manila; Saint
Mary’s Pub. Pp.59,63.
BAUSTISTA, O.K.,H.V VALMAYOR, P.C., TABORA, R.R. ESPINO, J.B.
SANGALANG. 1983. Introduction to Tropical Horticulture. UPLB, Los Baños,
Laguna. P. 231.
BUYAS, N.A. 1994. Effects of Organic and Inorganic Fertilizer on the Growth and
Flowering of Inglish Daisy. B.S. Thesis. BSU, La Trinidad, Benguet. P.55.
CIMATU, F.E. 2000. What’s the story, Benguet Lily? Philippine Daily Inquirer.15:75.
DAY- A, J.M. 1999. Growth, flowering and yield of chrysanthemum as affected by slow
release fertilizer. BSU Thesis. BSU, La Trinidad, Benguet. P.9.
FOX, O. 1985. Growing lilies, Great Britain: Croom Helm Pub. P.33.
FRENCH and ALSBURG. 1989. Comparison of controlled fertilizer for the production
of Rhododendron ‘Anna Rave Whitney’. Hort. Sci. 15:91.
GARDNER, J.R. 1949. Basic Horticulture, New York: The Macmillan Book Co. P.146.
HARTMANN, H.T., D.E. KESTER and F.T. DAVIES, JR. 1986. Plant propagation,
principles and practices. Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey: Prentice Hall. Pp.479-
481; 488-489.
HERMANO, F.G. Sr. 2000. Lily production. A commercial production technoguide for
highland Philippines. A Consultant’s Manual. Pp.1,3-7, 15-17.
JOINER, J. 1982. Foliar plant production. New Jersey: Prentice Hall. P.164.
MENDIOLA, N.B. 1976. Principles of crop production in Southeast Asia. Caloocan City:
United Circulation, Inc. P.71.
Effect of Different Kinds and Rates of Slow Release Fertilizers on the Growth and Flowering
of Benguet Lily (Lilium philippinensis) /Alma C. Antonio. 2006
15
MILLER, B.W. 1992. Easter and hybrid lily production. Portland, Oregon: Timber Press,
Inc. Pp. 43,69,105.
OLARTE, A. 2001. Battle for official flower of Benguet goes on. Phillipine Daily
Inquirer. February 28, 2001. Pp. 17-18.
SCOTTS, C. 1996. Growing medium andfertilization regime influences growth and
essentialoil of rosemary. Hort. Sci. 26:91.
WATTS, R.L. 1972. Vegetable gardening. New York: Orange Jade Pub. Pp.158, 511.
Effect of Different Kinds and Rates of Slow Release Fertilizers on the Growth and Flowering
of Benguet Lily (Lilium philippinensis) /Alma C. Antonio. 2006
16
APPENDICES
Appendix Table 1. Final height of the plant at flowering (cm)
TREATMENT
REFLICATION
TOTAL
MEAN
I
II
III
T0- Control
58.6
58.2
56.8
173.60
57.87b
T2- Osmocote
65.4
67.0
73.8
206.20
68.73a
T3- Agroblen
64.4
65.0
70.2
199.60
66.53a
T4- Multicote
71.0
67.4
68.6
207.00
69.00a
TOTAL
786.40
MEAN
65.53
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE TABLE
DEGREES SUM OF
MEAN
Computed
Tabular F
SOURCE OF
OF
SQUARES SQUARE
F
VARIATION FREEDOM
0.05
0.01
Replication
2
20.207
10.103
Factor A
3
246.107
82.036
10.16**
4.76
9.78
Error
6
48.433
8.072
TOTAL
11
314.747
Coefficient of Variance: 4.34%
Effect of Different Kinds and Rates of Slow Release Fertilizers on the Growth and Flowering
of Benguet Lily (Lilium philippinensis) /Alma C. Antonio. 2006
17
Appendix Table 2. Number of Leaves at 1cm. flower bud formation (cm)
TREATMENT
REFLICATION
TOTAL
MEAN
I
II
III
T0- Control
24.4
38.6
34.8
97.80
32.60a
T2- Osmocote
29.0
34.6
32.2
95.80
31.93a
T3- Agroblen
31.8
37.0
41.6
110.40
36.80a
T4- Multicote
31.8
31.8
35.O
101.40
33.80a
TOTAL
405.40
MEAN
153.13
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE TABLE
SOURCE OF DEGREES SUM OF
MEAN
Computed
Tabular F
VARIATION
OF
SQUARES SQUARE
F
FREEDOM
0.05
0.01
Replication
2
88.487
44.243
Factor A
3
41.770
13.923
0.93ns
4.76
9.78
Error
6
89.540
14.923
TOTAL
11
Coefficient of Variance: 11.43%
Effect of Different Kinds and Rates of Slow Release Fertilizers on the Growth and Flowering
of Benguet Lily (Lilium philippinensis) /Alma C. Antonio. 2006
18
Appendix Table 3. Number of days from planting to flower bud formation.
TREATMENT
REFLICATION
TOTAL
MEAN
I
II
III
T0- Control
26.8
31.2
33.6
91.60
30.53a
T2- Osmocote
28.4
29.2
30.6
88.20
29.40a
T3- Agroblen
31.0
31.4
31.4
93.80
31.27a
T4- Multicote
32.6
34.4
32.2
99.20
33.07a
TOTAL
372.80
MEAN
31.07
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE TABLE
SOURCE OF DEGREES SUM OF
MEAN
Computed
Tabular F
VARIATION
OF
SQUARES SQUARE
F
FREEDOM
0.05
0.01
Replication
2
11.527
5.763
Factor A
3
21.307
7.102
2.42ns
4.76
9.78
Error
6
17.593
2.932
TOTAL
11
50.427
Coefficient of Variance: 5.51%
Effect of Different Kinds and Rates of Slow Release Fertilizers on the Growth and Flowering
of Benguet Lily (Lilium philippinensis) /Alma C. Antonio. 2006
19
Appendix Table 4. Stem length (cm)
TREATMENT
REFLICATION
TOTAL
MEAN
I
II
III
T0- Control
48.0
47.0
46.0
142.80
47.60b
T2- Osmocote
55.0
57.0
63.8
176.20
58.73a
T3- Agroblen
54.0
55.0
60.2
169.60
56.53a
T4- Multicote
61.0
57.4
58.6
177.00
59.00a
TOTAL
665.60
MEAN
55.46
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE TABLE
SOURCE OF DEGREES SUM OF
MEAN
Computed
Tabular F
VARIATION
OF
SQUARES SQUARE
F
FREEDOM
0.05
0.01
Replication
2
22.127
11.063
Factor A
3
258.533
86.178
11.14**
4.76
9.78
Error
6
46.407
7.734
TOTAL
11
327.067
Coefficient of Variance: 5.01%
Effect of Different Kinds and Rates of Slow Release Fertilizers on the Growth and Flowering
of Benguet Lily (Lilium philippinensis) /Alma C. Antonio. 2006
Document Outline
- Effect of Different Kinds and Rates of SlowRelease Fertilizers on the Growth and Flowering of Benguet Lily (Lilium philippinensis)
- BIBLIOGRAPHY
- ABSTRACT
- TABLE OF CONTENTS
- INTRODUCTION
- Nature of the Study
- Importance of the Study
- Objectives of the Study
- Place and Time of the Study
- REVIEW OF LITERATURE
- MATERIALS AND METHODS
- RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
- Final Height
- Number of Leaves per Plant at Flowering
- Days From Planting to Flower Bud Formation
- Stem Length
- SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
- Summary
- Conclusion
- Recommendation
- LITERATURE CITED
- APPENDICES