BIBLIOGRAPHY
CAWA-IT, EVA B. APRIL 2006. Field Efficacy Evaluation of Fungicides for the
Control of Mulberry Red Rust (Aecidium mori Barclay) in La Trinidad, Benguet.
Benguet State University, La Trinidad, Benguet.
Adviser: Valentino L. Macanes
ABSTRACT
The efficacy of five fungicides was evaluated against mulberry red rust. The
fungicides were Microthiol DF, Redeem, Funguran OH, Curazeb and Kocide 101. The
fungicides were evaluated based on the manufacturer's recommendation as indicated on
the container label. The study was conducted from September 2005 to March 2006 at the
Benguet State University Sericulture Project in Puguis, La Trinidad, Benguet.
Results of the study revealed that all the fungicide treatments were effective
against red rust of mulberry. The plants sprayed with the treatment produced clean and
healthy leaves, a kind of leaves excellent as food for silkworms. Nevertheless, Kocide
101 appeared to be slightly more effective among the test fungicides by having the lowest
mean rust infections. Besides, the efficacy was relatively quicker. Redeem and
Microthiol DF were similarly effective except that their effect were relatively slower in
comparison with Kocide 101.

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TABLE OF CONTENTS


Page
Bibliography…………………………………………………………………....... i
Abstract……………………………………………………………………….…..
i
Table of Contents………………………………………………………………...
ii
INTRODUCTION
Nature of the Study……………………………………………………….
1
Importance of the Study………………………………………………….
2
Objectives of the Study…………………………………………………..
3
Time and Place of Study………………………………………………….
3
REVIEW OF LITERATURE
Economic Importance of Mulberry……………………………………....
4
Economic Importance of Red Rust……………………………………….
5
Importance of Fungicides………………………………………………
5
The Pathogenic Fungus…………………………………………………..
6
Disease Infection…………………………………………………………
6
Affecting Factors………………………………………………………...
7
MATERIALS AND METHODS………………………………………………...
9
RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS
Disease Severity…………………………………….…………………....
13
Leaf and Petiole Cleanliness……………………………………………..
20
General Observation……………………………………………………..
33
ii

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SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION…………………...
34
LITERATURE CITED……………………………………………………….…..
36
APPENDICES……………………………………………………….………….. 38


iii

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1
INTRODUCTION

Nature of the Study
Mulberry is the sole food of mulberry silkworm (Bombyx mori L.). The quality of
mulberry leaves influenced the development of the silkworms, and therefore in order to
be successful in silkworm rearing and cocoon production, the high quality mulberry
leaves must be offered (Omura, 1980). Thus, the production of leaves with high nutritive
value is the ultimate objective of mulberry cultivation and management.
There are more than thirty (30) kinds of diseases caused by several pathogens and
these are fungi, bacteria, mycoplasmas, viruses, and nematodes. Fungal diseases are the
most widespread in all mulberry-growing countries all over the world. These diseases are
diverse, ranging from infectious disease to physiological disturbance causing
considerable damages to the mulberry plants and consequently affect sericulture
production (Ting-Zing.et al., 1988). The economic importance of the disease should
never be under-estimated.
Mulberry red rust ( Aecidium mori B.) is parasitic to mulberry and several other
related plants. This disease primarily infects mulberry leaves and can cause total
defoliation of the plants. Red rust is widely distributed in China, Japan, U.S.S.R, Korea
and the Philippines. In Sulawesi Island, Indonesia, this disease is found more frequently
on Morus Alba L. and Morus latifolia Poiveit. The disease occurs during the cool period
of the rainy season and almost throughout the year in relatively cool, high altitude areas
with moderately high rainfall (Ting-Zing. et al., 1988).
Field Efficacy Evaluation of Fungicides for the Control of Mulberry Red Rust
(Aecidium mori Barclay) in La Trinidad, Benguet /Eva B. Cawa-it. 2006

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The pathogenic fungus produces aecia and aeciospores. The spores fly and
become the source of the subsequent outbreak of the disease. The disease results to a
reduced yield and inferior quality of leaves, thus, causing great loss of cocoon
production. Red rust mainly affects young buds, leaf blades, petioles and shoots. The
affected portions usually swell, curls up in an abnormal shape and many densely and
slightly protruded yellow spots are found on the malformed parts which are aecidia of the
fungus. This condition reduced nutrition intake by silkworm resulting to prolonged
duration of feeding period and eventually malnutrition (Ting-Zing. et al., 1988).

Importance of the Study

Mulberry red rust causes 90-100 % damage to mulberry leaves and sometimes the
total defoliation of the plants. Besides, rust-infected leaves directly affect the mulberry
silkworm nutrition. Inferior quality cocoons that have short silk filament and thinner
denier size are produced from silkworms fed with rusted mulberry leaves (UNDP-
ESCAP, 1999).
Mulberry red rust is observed to be the primary disease affecting mulberry fields
in Benguet particularly in La Trinidad (Macanes, 2004). It was mentioned likewise that
the outbreak of red rust is a great problem to the local sericulture farmers because it
normally results to the reduction of cocoon production.
The results of this study will enlighten the local sericulturists on the importance of
using the right and economical fungicides for the prevention and control of red rust.
Recently, the municipality of Kapangan, Benguet has adapted sericulture as its One-
Town-One Product (OTOP) under the Department of Trade and Industry-CAR (Baguio
Field Efficacy Evaluation of Fungicides for the Control of Mulberry Red Rust
(Aecidium mori Barclay) in La Trinidad, Benguet /Eva B. Cawa-it. 2006

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3
Midland Courier, February 2005). Thus, the production of quality mulberry leaves is the
aim of this research. This knowledge together with other optimum cultural practices
contributes much to the success of mulberry leaf production. Likewise, this study may
also contribute to the sericulture researchers in the correct choice of fungicide/fungicides
for the control of mulberry red rust in the locality.

Objectives of the Study
This study aims to:
1. To gather information on the prevention or control efficacy of five locally
available fungicides against red rust of mulberry.
2. To determine the disease severity of mulberry red rust from each of the
treatments and,
3. To identify the most effective and economical fungicide/fungicides for the
control mulberry red rust.

Time and Place of Study
The study was conducted at the Benguet State University Sericulture Project in
Puguis, La Trinidad, Benguet from September 2005 to March 2006.





Field Efficacy Evaluation of Fungicides for the Control of Mulberry Red Rust
(Aecidium mori Barclay) in La Trinidad, Benguet /Eva B. Cawa-it. 2006

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4
REVIEW OF LITERATURE

Economic Importance Of Mulberry
Mulberry is the sole food of mulberry silkworm (Bombyx mori L.). The quality of
mulberry leaves influenced the development of the silkworms and therefore in order to be
successful in silkworm rearing and cocoon production, high quality mulberry leaves must
be offered (Omura, 1980).
Alos (1986) as cited by Langbis (2001) stated that mulberry leaf varieties have a
predominating influence on the development of the worm and the quality of cocoons.
Mulberry leaves can also be an answer to the existing livestock feed industry problem by
being a substitute as feeds for domestic livestock because it has high crude protein
content of 80%. The fruit are likewise edible for human consumption. Some of the
processed preparations of the fruits are jam, jelly or candy. It can also be eaten raw.
Ray (1989) quoted: “A guess, a hope which may yet save the mankind.” Aside
from the sericultural importance of mulberry, it is equated as medicines to various
diseases. The mulberry leaves are considered as diaphoretic and emollient. A decoction
of leaves is used as a gargle in the inflammation of the throat. The fruit is laxative and
refrigerant and is used for soar throat, dyspepsia, and melancholia. The juice of black
mulberry is medicinal for convalescence after febrile disease. It also checks thirst and
cools the blood. The root of the mulberry plant possesses astringent and anthelmintic
properties. The bark is used as purgative and vermifuge. Morus nigra L. or black
mulberry is now in the headlines for its omnipotent medicinal properties. It could even
cure the disease AIDS.
Field Efficacy Evaluation of Fungicides for the Control of Mulberry Red Rust
(Aecidium mori Barclay) in La Trinidad, Benguet /Eva B. Cawa-it. 2006

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Economic Importance of Red Rust
The plant rusts caused by Basidiomycetes of the Order Urticales are among of the
most destructive plant diseases. They have been notorious for their destructiveness on
crops.

Agrios (1997) stated that rust-infected plants show increase water loss because
they transpire more water through the ruptured epidermis. In addition, the fungus
competes with the plants by absorbing more nutrients and water. Photosynthesis of
diseased plants is likewise reduced considerably. The fungus also interferes in root
development and uptake of nutrients and alters normal growth of the plant. Likewise, it
reduces the quantity and quality of the plant hence the economic importance of red rust
should never be underestimated.

Importance of Fungicides
Fungicide is a chemical substance that kills fungi and checks the growth of fungus
spores. Usually, fungicides are classified as organic and inorganic. On the other hand, the
use of organic fungicides has largely replaced by the inorganic fungicides. The most
important inorganic fungicides that are commonly used are Bordeaux mixture and sulfur
(New Standard Encyclopedia, 1998).
Most fungicides are protective and must be present on the surface of the plant
before the pathogen in order to prevent infection. Some new fungicides have direct effect
on pathogens on the leaves, fruits and stem, and in this case, they act as radicands which
kill the fungus inside the host or may suppress the sporulation of the fungus. Some
fungicides are effective in post infection applications that they can be used as rescue
Field Efficacy Evaluation of Fungicides for the Control of Mulberry Red Rust
(Aecidium mori Barclay) in La Trinidad, Benguet /Eva B. Cawa-it. 2006

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6
treatments of crops and therefore can be applied effectively after infection has already
taken place. Fungicides applied as sprays are generally more efficient in creating a
protective residue layer on the plant surfaces than when applied as dusts. Neither dust nor
sprays stick well when applied during a rain (Agrios, 1997).

The Pathogenic Fungus
The pathogenic fungus of the mulberry red rust disease is Aecidium mori B. It
belongs to Sub-division: Basidio; Class: Aecidiomycetes; Order: Urediorates; Family:
Imperfect and Genus: Aecidium. The fungus produces aecia and aeciospores.
Generally, the aecium is about 150 u. in diameter. A layer of protective membrane
made of oval, polyhedral cells on the surface of which are found small prickles,
surrounds it. The aeciospores are colorless and polyhedral at the beginning and later on
become gradually circular in shape. When mature, the aeciospores are circular and oval,
orange in color with tiny prickles on the surface, 13-20 x 10-17 u. They disperse through
the opening of the aecium and germinate quickly under adequate temperature and
humidity (Ting-Zing. et al., 1988).

Disease Infection
The young buds and leaves are the infection sites. The infected parts thickened,
curved and the color turns orange. The new shoots stop on growing, the infected parts
remains as black spots and becomes the source of inoculum for infection (Morimoto,
1981).
Field Efficacy Evaluation of Fungicides for the Control of Mulberry Red Rust
(Aecidium mori Barclay) in La Trinidad, Benguet /Eva B. Cawa-it. 2006

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The affected parts of the young bud becomes swollen, the young bud curls up in
an abnormal shape and many densely and slightly protruded yellow spots are found on
the malformed bud which are the aecidia of the fungus. Numerous small, round and shiny
spots are found on both surfaces of the affected leaves. These will later protrude
gradually, turning yellow in color. Finally, the epidermis on the yellow spot is broken and
a yellowish powdery substance, the aeciospores scatters everywhere on the leaf. The
mycelia of the fungus stay in the branches of the mulberry especially in the tissues of the
buds. Aecia are formed as the buds sprouts and aeciospores are disseminated by rain and
wind on the host plants. After the aeciospores have germinated, the tips of the germ tubes
adhere tightly to the host’s epidermis, penetrate into the cuticle and the epidermal cells
develop to a mycelia. The mycelia spread into the host’s tissue and absorb nutrients from
the host’s cells (Ting-Zing. et al., 1988).

Affecting Factors
The incidence of mulberry red rust is closely related to climatic conditions. The
temperature range for the outbreak of the disease is 10-27 0C while the optimum for the
growth of the pathogenic fungus is 20-25 0C. When the temperature is 18-30 0C, the rate
of infection would increase but the formation of aeciospores would be inhibited in a
temperature higher than 30 0C. Humidity likewise plays an important role during the
infection. If the relative humidity is more than 80 percent, the rate of infection is higher;
sometimes it may reach infection to as high as 100 percent. If the relative humidity is 77-
78 percent, the rate of infection decreases to 85 percent according to Ting-Zing. et al.
(1988).
Field Efficacy Evaluation of Fungicides for the Control of Mulberry Red Rust
(Aecidium mori Barclay) in La Trinidad, Benguet /Eva B. Cawa-it. 2006

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According to Strange (1993), fungal pathogens in particular are affected by
moisture since it is important for spore germination and infection of the host. It is
likewise very necessary for sporulation and in some instances for dissemination. Free
water is necessary for the germination of several rust fungi. Uredospores are hydrophobic
and when present in mass in a pustule, they are not easily wetted. A high incidence of
many diseases is associated with the rain. Not only does precipitation provide the
humidity requirements of many fungal pathogens for sporulation and infection but it may
also contribute for dispersal.
A number of fungal pathogens has rather specific requirement for light or
darkness in order to sporulate. Blue or near UV light has been known to promote
sporulation in some fungi as cited by Reuveni et al. (1989) as stated by Strange (1993).























Field Efficacy Evaluation of Fungicides for the Control of Mulberry Red Rust
(Aecidium mori Barclay) in La Trinidad, Benguet /Eva B. Cawa-it. 2006

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MATERIALS AND METHODS

The materials used in this study were bolos, pruning shears, 1.5 L knapsack
sprayer, measuring container, gloves and other cleaning tools. The existing Batac
mulberry variety was selected for this study considering their susceptibility to mulberry
red rust. The study was conducted during the period wherein the disease is observed to be
severe.
The site of the study was cleaned prior to the experiment. Mulberry plants were
pruned and cleaned from weeds. After new shoots were produced, the mulberry plants
were tagged with paraffin-coated cardboard to distinguish the sample plants of the
treatments before the application of different fungicides.

There were five chemical fungicides used in this study. They were Microthiol DF
(Sulfur), Redeem (Mancozeb), Funguran OH (Copper Hydroxide), Curazeb (Mancozeb)
and Kocide 101 (Cupric Hydroxide). Each fungicide was prepared into a solution by
following the dosage as recommended by the manufacturer. Data gathering was done day
before the scheduled treatment applications.

The study was conducted by adapting the randomized complete block design
(RCBD). Each of the treatments was replicated three times. The treatments were as
follows:

Treatments


Brand Name


Common Name
T0


Untreated

No fungicide applied
T1

Microthiol DF


Sulfur
T2

Redeem


Mancozeb
Field Efficacy Evaluation of Fungicides for the Control of Mulberry Red Rust
(Aecidium mori Barclay) in La Trinidad, Benguet /Eva B. Cawa-it. 2006

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10
T3

Funguran OH

Copper Hydroxide
T4


Curazeb


Mancozeb
T5


Kocide 101

Cupric Hydroxide











Treatment application was based on the manufacturer’s recommendation until the
termination of the study. Plastic sheets were used as barriers to the plants during the
fungicide application to prevent the spray mists from drifting to other treatment plants.
Treatment applications were done at seven-day intervals. All the treatments received the
same recommended cultural practices such as weeding, fertilizer application and
irrigation.

Data Gathered:
1. Disease severity on the whole plant. Rust incidence evaluation was done day
before the scheduled application of the treatments. The whole plants were
thoroughly observed for disease infection. The 9-point field scale for rust
infection reading was used as recommended by Subba Rao. et al. (1991) as stated
by Strange (1993):

Infection Type Symptoms


Disease Severity (%)

1 No
disease
0
2 Lesions
sparsely
distributed
1-5





on lower leaves




Field Efficacy Evaluation of Fungicides for the Control of Mulberry Red Rust
(Aecidium mori Barclay) in La Trinidad, Benguet /Eva B. Cawa-it. 2006

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11
3
Many lesions on lower leaves,
necrosis evident, very few lesions

6-10
present on middle leaves



4
Numerous lesions present on
lower and middle leaves; severe

11-20
necrosis on lower leaves


5


Severe necrosis of lower and middle

leaves.
Lesions
may
be
present
on
top 21-30
of
leaves
but
less
severe.
6 Extensive
damage
to
lower
leaves.

Lesions
densely
present
on
middle
31-40
leaves
with
necrosis,
lesions
present

on
top
leaves.


7


Severe damage on lower and middle

leaves;
lesions
densely
distributed
on
41-60





top leaves.


8


100 % damage to lower and middle

leaves;
lesions
present
on
top
leaves

61-80
with
severe
necrosis.
9 Almost
all
leaves
withering,
bare

81-100
stems
present


Field Efficacy Evaluation of Fungicides for the Control of Mulberry Red Rust
(Aecidium mori Barclay) in La Trinidad, Benguet /Eva B. Cawa-it. 2006

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2. Leaf and petiole cleanliness. The presence of red rust on leaves and petioles were
observed using the following scale as stated by Castillo (2000):

Scale



Description
1 No
rust

(0%)
3 Slight
rust
incidence
(1-25%)
5 Moderate
rust
incidence
(26-50%)
7
Less severe rust incidence (51-75%)
9 Severe
rust
incidence
(76-100%)

3. Weather data. The weather data particularly on temperature, relative humidity,
and rainfall counts was gathered from the PAG-ASA Weather Station at Balili, La
Trinidad, Benguet during the duration of the study.















Field Efficacy Evaluation of Fungicides for the Control of Mulberry Red Rust
(Aecidium mori Barclay) in La Trinidad, Benguet /Eva B. Cawa-it. 2006

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RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Initial Assessment on the
Disease Severity Before the
Treatment Applications

Table 1 shows the initial assessment on the disease severity of red rust on the
treatment. The rating ranged from 2.89-3.33, which means that plants had 6% to 10%
infection of the disease.

TABLE 1. Initial leaf assessment on plants when fungicides were not yet applied



TREATMENTS
INITIAL ASSESSMENT

Control
3.22
Microthiol DF
3.33
Redeem 3.00
Funguran Oh
3.22
Curazeb
3.33
Kocide 101
2.89
Means are not significantly different at 5% DMRT




Field Efficacy Evaluation of Fungicides for the Control of Mulberry Red Rust
(Aecidium mori Barclay) in La Trinidad, Benguet /Eva B. Cawa-it. 2006

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Disease Severity of the
Plants After First to Fourth
Treatment Applications

Table 2 revealed that there were no significant differences observed among the
treatments as shown by the ANOVA. However, the untreated plants gave the highest
disease severity of 3.31, which means that there are many lesions on lower leaves,
necrosis evident and very few lesions present on middle leaves. On the other hand, the
plants sprayed with Kocide 101had the lowest rating of 2.52 (lesions sparsely distributed
on the lower leaves). The result shows that the duration of time was not enough to
measure the efficacy of fungicides.

TABLE 2. Severity rating (%) of mulberry red rust after the first to fourth application of
the treatments






TREATMENTS
DOSAGE
RATING
MEAN AVE.
tbsp/ 16 L H2O
1st
2nd
3rd
4th







Untreated
3.22
3.22
3.22
3.56
3.31

Microthiol
DF
5
2.66 2.66 2.66 2.33
2.58
Redeem
4
2.89 2.89 2.89 2.67
2.84
Funguran
OH
2
2.78 2.78 2.78 2.55
2.72
Curazeb
4
2.89 2.89 2.89 2.22
2.72
Kocide
101
2
2.55 2.55 2.55 2.44
2.52
Means are not significantly different at 5% level by DMRT

Field Efficacy Evaluation of Fungicides for the Control of Mulberry Red Rust
(Aecidium mori Barclay) in La Trinidad, Benguet /Eva B. Cawa-it. 2006

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Disease Severity of the
Plants After Fifth to Eighth
Treatment Applications

Table 3 shows the disease severity results after the fifth to eighth applications of
the treatments. During the fifth application of the treatments, a highly significant
difference between the untreated plants and the fungicide-treated plants were observed.
The unsprayed plants had a disease severity rating of 4.0 which means that there were no
numerous lesions on the lower and middle leaves with severe necrosis on the lower
leaves. In the case of the fungicide-applied mulberry plants, the ANOVA showed no
significant differences. However, Kocide 101 showed the least disease severity of 1.89
which indicates that the lesions are sparsely distributed on the lower leaves.

It was also during this period when the temperature was 24 0C and the relative
humidity was 82%. These environmental conditions were highly favorable for the disease
to develop and spread (Ting-Zing. et al., 1988).
The ANOVA showed highly significant differences between the treated and the
untreated plants after the sixth application of the treatments. The result implies that the
fungicides tested were all effective against the disease. However, the lowest rating was
recorded on Kocide 101-sprayed plants with a mean of 1.67 followed by Redeem with
mean of 2.00 and a mean of 2.11 for Microthiol DF. The untreated plants had the highest
rating of 4.22. The damage ratings on the treatments were the lowest ratings ever
recorded during the study period.


Field Efficacy Evaluation of Fungicides for the Control of Mulberry Red Rust
(Aecidium mori Barclay) in La Trinidad, Benguet /Eva B. Cawa-it. 2006

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16
TABLE 3. Severity rating (%) of mulberry red rust after fifth to eighth application of the
treatments






TREATMENTS
DOSAGE
RATING
MEAN AVE.
Tbsp/ 16 L
5th
6th
7th
8th
H2O







Untreated
4.00a
4.22a
4.22a
4.44a
4.22a

Microthiol DF
5
2.11b 2.11b 2.11b 2.11b 2.11b
Redeem 4
2.11b 2.00b 2.00b 2.00b 2.03b
Funguran OH
2
2.33b 2.22b 2.22b 2.22b 2.19b
Curazeb 4
2.33b 2.22b 2.11b 2.22b 2.22b
Kocide 101
2
1.89b 1.67b 1.89b 2.00b 1.86b
Means followed by similar letters are not significantly different at 5% level by DMRT



The efficacy of the different fungicides tested against mulberry red rust remains
evident until the seventh application. There was a significant difference between the
sprayed and the unsprayed plants. The unsprayed mulberry gave the highest disease
infection of 4.22. There were no significant differences observed on the fungicide-treated
plants. However, Kocide 101 exhibited the best control with the lowest disease infection
of 1.89.
A highly significant differences were noted between the plant-sprayed with
fungicides against the unsprayed plants after the eighth application of the treatments. The
unsprayed mulberry plants gave the highest disease infection of 4.44. On the other hand,
there were no significant infection differences between fungicides treatments.
Numerically, the treatment of Kocide 101 exhibited the lowest disease infection.
Field Efficacy Evaluation of Fungicides for the Control of Mulberry Red Rust
(Aecidium mori Barclay) in La Trinidad, Benguet /Eva B. Cawa-it. 2006

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17
Disease Severity of the
Plants After Ninth to Twelfth
Treatment Applications



Table 4 presents the disease severity results after ninth to twelfth application of
the treatments. As revealed by the ANOVA, there were a highly significant differences
between the treated plants and the untreated plants. The untreated plants gave the highest
disease infection rating of 4.44 or approximately 11-20% of disease infection in
comparison with the treated plants. Significant differences were not noted on the
mulberry plants sprayed with fungicides. Among the test fungicides, Kocide 101 and
Redeem showed the lowest infection by red rust (Table 4).

TABLE 4. Severity rating (%) of mulberry red rust after ninth to twelfth application of
the treatments






TREATMENTS
DOSAGE
RATING
MEAN AVE.
tbsp/ 16 L H2O
9th 10th 11th 12th







Untreated
4.44a
4.44a
4.66a
4.67a
4.55a

Microthiol DF
5
2.11b 2.00b 2.22b 2.22b 2.14b
Redeem 4
2.00b 2.11b 2.11b 2.22b 2.11b
Funguran OH
2
2.22b 2.11b 2.11b 2.22b
2.17b
Curazeb 4
2.22b
2.22b 2.33b 2.33b 2.28b
Kocide 101
2
2.00b 2.00b 2.00b 2.11b 2.03b
Means followed by similar letters are not significantly different at 5% level by DMRT


Field Efficacy Evaluation of Fungicides for the Control of Mulberry Red Rust
(Aecidium mori Barclay) in La Trinidad, Benguet /Eva B. Cawa-it. 2006

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The tenth application of the treatments showed a highly significant difference
between the fungicide-treated plants and the untreated plants. The untreated plants
showed the highest disease infection of 4.44. There was no significant disease infection
difference on the fungicide-treated mulberry plants. Numerically however, the Kocide
101 and Microthiol DF-sprayed plants showed the lowest disease infection of 2.00, a
result which implies that Microthiol DF and Funguran OH needs a longer period of time
in order to have an evident efficacy.
The eleventh spraying of test fungicides showed that there was a highly
significant difference between the treated and the untreated plants. The untreated plants
gave the highest disease infection rating of 4.66 which is approximately 21-30% infection
or severe necrosis on lower and middle leaves. On the other hand, no significant
differences were observed among the treated plants. Numerically, Kocide 101 was noted
with the lowest disease infection of 2.00.
The twelfth application of test fungicides showed a highly significant difference
between the treated and the untreated plants as shown by the ANOVA. There was no
significant infection difference between the treated plants. However, Kocide 101 gave the
lowest rating of 2.11. Gradual increase on disease infection was observed on the
treatments except the Curazeb with a disease infection of 2.33, the highest infection
rating among the treated plants.
The effect of the different fungicides on the severity of red rust of mulberry is
summarized in Fig. 1. Kocide 101 was the most effective fungicide against the disease
with the lowest degree of rust infection.
Field Efficacy Evaluation of Fungicides for the Control of Mulberry Red Rust
(Aecidium mori Barclay) in La Trinidad, Benguet /Eva B. Cawa-it. 2006

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19
5
4.5
Control
Microthiol DF
4
Redeem
3.5
Funguran OH
3
N
Curazeb
2.5
Kocide 101
MEA
2
1.5
1
0.5
0
Initial
1st
2nd
3rd
4th
5th
6th
7th
8th
9th
10th
11th
12th
AFTER SPRAY



FI8GURE 1. The effect of the different fungicides on the severity of red rust of mulberry.





8
Control
7
Microthiol DF
6
Redeem
5
Funguran OH
4
Curazeb
MEAN
Kocide 101
3
2
1
0
1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th 6th 7th 8th 9th 10th 11th 12th
AFTER SPRAY


FIGURE 2. Leaf and petiole cleanliness of mulberry after twelve applications of the
treatments
Field Efficacy Evaluation of Fungicides for the Control of Mulberry Red Rust
(Aecidium mori Barclay) in La Trinidad, Benguet /Eva B. Cawa-it. 2006

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20
Initial Leaf Assessment
on Leaf and Petiole Cleanliness
Before Treatment Applications


Table 5 shows the results of the initial assessment on the leaf and petiole
cleanliness on the treatments. The rating ranged from 3.67 to 4.11, which means that
there was a moderate rust incidence on the leaves of the mulberry.

TABLE 5. Leaf assessment on the respective plants before treatment applications



TREATMENTS
INITIAL ASSESSMENT



Untreated
3.67

Microthiol DF
3.67
Redeem 4.11
Funguran OH
3.89
Curazeb 3.89
Kocide 101
3.67
Means are not significantly different at 5% level by DMRT












Field Efficacy Evaluation of Fungicides for the Control of Mulberry Red Rust
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Leaf and Petiole Cleanliness
After First to Second
Treatment Applications
Table 6 shows the results of the leaf and petiole cleanliness after the first to
second application of the treatments. The quality of leaf and petiole cleanliness obtained
from the treatments did not differ significantly as revealed by the ANOVA. The mean
quality ranged from 3.45 to 3.89 that is, 20%-35% of the leaves were infected by rust.

TABLE 6. Leaf and petiole cleanliness of mulberry after first to second application of the
treatments





TREATMENTS
DOSAGE
RATING
MEAN AVE.
tbsp/ 16 L H2O
1st
2nd





Untreated
3.67
4.11
3.89

Microthiol DF
5
3.67
3.22
3.45
Redeem 4
4.11
3.44
3.78
Funguran OH
2
3.67
3.67
3.67
Curazeb 4
3.89
3.67
3.78
Kocide 101
2
3.45
3.44
3.45
Means are not significantly different at 5% level by DMRT


.






Field Efficacy Evaluation of Fungicides for the Control of Mulberry Red Rust
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The ANOVA revealed a significant difference among the treatments after the
third application of treatments. The untreated plants gave the lowest quality of leaf and
petiole cleanliness with mean of 4.33 while the plants sprayed with Kocide 101 and
Microthiol DF had the highest quality of leaf and petiole cleanliness with mean of 3.22
(slight rust incidence).

TABLE 7. Leaf and petiole cleanliness of mulberry after third application of the
treatments




TREATMENTS
DOSAGE
AFTER SPRAY

tbsp/ 16 L H2O



Untreated
No Fungicide
4.33a

Microthiol DF
5
3.22b
Redeem
4
3.67ab
Funguran OH
2
3.33ab
Curazeb
4
3.45ab
Kocide 101
2
3.22b
Means followed by the same letters are not significantly different at 5% level by DMRT









Field Efficacy Evaluation of Fungicides for the Control of Mulberry Red Rust
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The fourth application of treatments showed no significant differences among the
treatments as revealed by the ANOVA. However, the DMRT specified that plants
sprayed with Curazeb and Kocide 101 showed a quality of leaf and petiole cleanliness
mean of 3.00, significantly different with the untreated plants with the cleanliness rating
of 4.55.


TABLE 8. Leaf and petiole cleanliness of mulberry after fourth application of the
treatments





TREATMENTS
DOSAGE
AFTER SPRAY

tbsp/ 16 L H2O



Untreated
No Fungicide
4.55a

Microthiol DF
5
3.22b
Redeem
4
3.44ab
Funguran OH
2
3.22b
Curazeb
4
3.00b
Kocide 101
2
3.00b
Means followed by the same letters are not significantly different at 5% level by DMRT






Field Efficacy Evaluation of Fungicides for the Control of Mulberry Red Rust
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A highly significant difference of the treated and the untreated plants was
observed during the fifth application of the treatments. The untreated plants showed the
lowest leaf quality and petiole cleanliness of 5.22. The plants treated with fungicides had
no significant differences as revealed by the ANOVA. Among the fungicide treatments,
the plants sprayed with Kocide 101 were observed with slightly higher leaf quality and
petiole cleanliness with a mean of 2.55 mean.

TABLE 9. Leaf and petiole cleanliness of mulberry after fifth application of the
treatments





TREATMENTS
DOSAGE
AFTER SPRAY

tbsp/ 16 L H2O



Untreated
No Fungicide
5.22a

Microthiol DF
5
3.00b
Redeem
4
3.00b
Funguran OH
2
3.22b
Curazeb
4
3.00b
Kocide 101
2
2.55b
Means followed by the same letters are not significantly different at 5% level by DMRT






Field Efficacy Evaluation of Fungicides for the Control of Mulberry Red Rust
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While the ANOVA in Table 10 showed no significant differences among
treatments, the DMRT revealed that the untreated plants significantly differ with all the
test fungicides except the treatment of Funguran OH. The highest leaf quality and petiole
cleanliness was recorded on plants sprayed with Kocide 101 with mean a of 2.33.The
untreated plants gave the lowest leaf quality and petiole cleanliness of 4.56 a rating with a
rust incidence of 26% to 50%. The untreated plants were observed to be waterless and
with rough surfaces which corresponds to the claimed of Agrios (1997) that rust-infected
plants show increase water loss as a result of quick transpiration because of the presence
of ruptured epidermis.

TABLE 10. Leaf and petiole cleanliness of mulberry after sixth application of the
treatments





TREATMENTS
DOSAGE
AFTER SPRAY

tbsp/ 16 L H2O



Untreated
No Fungicide
4.56a

Microthiol DF
5
3.00b
Redeem
4
2.56b
Funguran OH
2
3.22ab
Curazeb
4
3.00b
Kocide 101
2
2.33b
Means followed by the same letters are not significantly different at 5% level by DMRT


Field Efficacy Evaluation of Fungicides for the Control of Mulberry Red Rust
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The seventh application of the treatments showed that there was a highly
significant difference between the treated and untreated plants. Highest rust infection of
5.67 was noted on the untreated plants by having the lowest leaf quality and petiole
cleanliness. There was no significant rust infection difference between the fungicide-
sprayed plants. The plants sprayed with Redeem and Kocide 101 gave the lowest
numerical rust infection of 2.78, the best leaf quality and petiole cleanliness

TABLE 11. Leaf and petiole cleanliness of mulberry after seventh application of the
treatments





TREATMENTS
DOSAGE
AFTER SPRAY

Tbsp/ 16 L H2O



Untreated
No Fungicide
5.67a

Microthiol DF
5
3.00b
Redeem
4
2.78b
Funguran OH
2
3.22b
Curazeb
4
3.00b
Kocide 101
2
2.78b
Means followed by the same letters are not significantly different at 5% level by DMRT





Field Efficacy Evaluation of Fungicides for the Control of Mulberry Red Rust
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The eighth application of treatments showed that there was a highly significant
difference between the treated and untreated plants. The untreated plants gave rust
infection of 7.00 or the lowest leaf quality and petiole cleanliness characterized by having
a dull leaf and stem due to the destruction by the fungus. According to Agrios (1997),
rust reduces photosynthesis of plants and eventually leaf development.
The plants treated with fungicides showed no significant differences based on the
ANOVA. However, the plants sprayed with Microthiol DF, Redeem, Curazeb and
Kocide 101 had similar infection of 3.00 or a leaf with slight rust incidence.

TABLE 12. Leaf and petiole cleanliness of mulberry after eighth application of the
treatments





TREATMENTS
DOSAGE
AFTER SPRAY

tbsp/ 16 L H2O



Untreated
No Fungicide
7.00a


Microthiol DF
5
3.00b
Redeem
4
3.00ab
Funguran OH
2
3.22b
Curazeb
4
3.00b
Kocide 101
2
3.00b
Means followed by the same letters are not significantly different at 5% level by DMRT







Field Efficacy Evaluation of Fungicides for the Control of Mulberry Red Rust
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Leaf and Petiole Cleanliness
After Ninth to Twelfth
Treatment Applications

A highly significant difference between the treated and untreated plants was
observed after the ninth application of the treatments. Untreated plants gave the highest
mean of 6.33 or the leaf with lowest quality and petiole cleanliness. The plants treated
with fungicides showed no significant differences as revealed by the ANOVA. The plants
sprayed with Microthiol DF, Redeem, Funguran OH and Kocide 101 showed a similar
rating of 3.00 which means that the leaves were slightly infected by rust.
TABLE 13. Leaf and petiole cleanliness of mulberry after ninth to twelfth applications of
the treatments






TREATMENTS
DOSAGE
RATING
MEAN AVE.
tbsp/ 16 L H2O
9th 10th 11th 12th






Untreated
6.33a
6.44a
6.33a
6.55a
5.66a

Microthiol DF
5
3.00b 3.00b 3.00b 3.00b 3.00b
Redeem 4
3.00b 3.00b 3.00b 3.44b 3.11b
Funguran OH
2
3.00b 3.00b 3.00b 3.44b 3.11b
Curazeb 4
3.22b 3.22b 3.22b 3.22b 3.22b
Kocide 101
2
3.00b 3.00b 3.00b 3.00b 3.00b
Means followed by the same letters are not significantly different at 5% level by DMRT

After the tenth applications of the test fungicides, a highly significant difference
was observed between the treated and the untreated plants. The untreated plants showed
Field Efficacy Evaluation of Fungicides for the Control of Mulberry Red Rust
(Aecidium mori Barclay) in La Trinidad, Benguet /Eva B. Cawa-it. 2006

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29
the highest infection with a mean of 6.44, the leaf with the lowest quality and petiole
cleanliness.
The eleventh application of the treatments showed a highly significant difference
between the treated and the untreated plants. The results of the treatments remain stable
from the last application while the untreated plants showed the highest infection of rust
with a mean of 6.33 or the leaf with the lowest quality and petiole cleanliness.
After the twelfth application of treatment, there was a highly significant
difference noted between the treated and the untreated plants. The untreated plants
produced leaves and petioles that were highly infected by rust. The plants treated with
fungicides had no significant differences as revealed by the ANOVA. The plants treated
with Microthiol DF and Kocide 101 produced the highest leaf quality and petiole
cleanliness and the plants treated with Microthiol DF and Kocide 101 produced less rust
infected leaves and petioles. The untreated plants were heavily infected by rust.
Figure 2 summarized the leaf and petiole cleanliness of mulberry after several
applications of the treatments.






Field Efficacy Evaluation of Fungicides for the Control of Mulberry Red Rust
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30

Figure 3. T0-Sample leaves from the untreated plants.
Shoots and young leaves are curled and
numerous lesions are present on the
surface of the leaves.




Figure 4. T1- Sample plant sprayed with Microthiol DF.
Lesions are sparsely distributed on
the lower leaves.
Field Efficacy Evaluation of Fungicides for the Control of Mulberry Red Rust
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31

Figure 5. T2- Sample plant sprayed with Redeem.
Lesions are sparsely distributed to
the lower leaves.




Figure 6. T3-Sample plant sprayed with Funguran OH.
Many lesions are present on the lower leaves.

Field Efficacy Evaluation of Fungicides for the Control of Mulberry Red Rust
(Aecidium mori Barclay) in La Trinidad, Benguet /Eva B. Cawa-it. 2006

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Figure 7. T4-Sample plant sprayed with Curazeb.
Many lesions on lower leaves and
few lesions present on middle leaves.




Figure 8. T5- Sample plant sprayed with Kocide 101.
Very few lesions are present on
the lower leaves.


Field Efficacy Evaluation of Fungicides for the Control of Mulberry Red Rust
(Aecidium mori Barclay) in La Trinidad, Benguet /Eva B. Cawa-it. 2006

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33
TABLE 14. Market price of the test fungicides during the duration of the study





BRAND NAME
CHEMICAL NAME
PRICE/Kg (Ph.p)




Microthiol DF
Sulfur
189.00

Redeem
Mancozeb
295.00
Funguran OH
Copper Hydroxide
345.00
Curazeb
Mancozeb
380.00
Kocide 101
Cupric Hydroxide
330.00



General Observations

Young leaves or leaves at the upper portion of the stem of mulberry were first
infected by rust. Orange powdery substances which are circular in shape were found on
the leaf surfaces and petioles of the infected leaves. There was a gradual increase of the
disease infection on the untreated or unsprayed plants while the disease infection on the
treated plants decreases up to the seventh observation. There was a slight increased of red
rust infection towards the termination of the study. The study therefore, proved that the
incidence of red rust of mulberry is closely related to climatic conditions. The
temperature range of 19.1-25.6 0C and the relative humidity (RH) range of 79-80%
occurred in the area during the period of the study. Meanwhile an average rainfall of 36.8
mm was obtained. These environmental conditions were highly favorable for the disease
as stated by Ting-Zing. et al. (1988).

Field Efficacy Evaluation of Fungicides for the Control of Mulberry Red Rust
(Aecidium mori Barclay) in La Trinidad, Benguet /Eva B. Cawa-it. 2006

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34
SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION

Mulberry red rust is parasitic to mulberry and other several related plant varieties.
It is a prevalent disease during the summer season. Thus, this study was conducted on
time (September, 2005 to March, 2006).
Each mulberry plant was tagged and assigned as sample in accordance with the
treatments leaving two plants as borders in between the sample plants. Different
fungicide treatments were applied/sprayed in seven days interval. The rate and frequency
of application of the fungicides were based on the dosage as recommended by the
manufacturer. Data on disease severity and quality of leaf and petiole cleanliness were
gathered before the application of the treatments.
Results of the study revealed that all the test fungicides were significantly
effective against the red rust of mulberry. Those plants that were spayed produced clean
and healthy leaves, favorable as food by the silkworms. Nevertheless, Kocide 101
appeared to be slightly more effective than the other test fungicides. This fungicide
produced plants that were least infected by rust.
Redeem and Microthiol DF gave effective control but it took a longer period of
time for its effectivity to be evident. The Microthiol DF, Redeem and Kocide 101 had a
price of Php 189/kg, Php 295/kg and Php 330/kg, respectively, making them economical
and effective in controlling the red rust of mulberry. On the other hand, Curazeb and
Funguran OH showed the lowest efficacy in the control of mulberry red rust. Besides
they were expensive with a price of Php 380/kg and Php 345/kg respectively. The
unsprayed plants were heavily infected by red rust.
Field Efficacy Evaluation of Fungicides for the Control of Mulberry Red Rust
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35
Environmental factors particularly temperature and relative humidity greatly
affected the occurrence of the disease. It was noted that there were a favorable
temperature range of 19.1-25.6oC and relative humidity of 79-80% in the disease during
the study period.
The study further found out that spraying could be done from one month to 1½
month to control the mulberry rust. However, further study needs to be conducted
especially the time as to when the fungicide-treated mulberry is safe as food for the
silkworms.




























Field Efficacy Evaluation of Fungicides for the Control of Mulberry Red Rust
(Aecidium mori Barclay) in La Trinidad, Benguet /Eva B. Cawa-it. 2006

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36
LITERATURE CITED


AGRIOS, G. N.1997. Plant Pathology. Fourth Edition. Academic Press, San Diego,
California, USA. Pp. 25, 209-210

BAGUIO MIDLAND COURIER. February 2005 Issue. Baguio Midland Courier, Baguio
City.

CASTILLO, B. L. 2000. Field evaluation of different fungicides against celery blight

(Septoria apii) BS Thesis. Benguet State University, La Trinidad,
Benguet.
p.
2

FLORESCA, R. G. 1999. Field evaluation of different fungicides against purple blotch

(Alternaria porri) of leek. BS Thesis. Benguet Sate University,

La Trinidad, Benguet. p.5

KIM, S. 1996. Principle and Practices in Sericulture. National Sericulture and

Entomology Research Institute. Research and Development Administration.
Korea. p. 35

LANGBIS D. J. 2001. A. Response of mulberry (Morus alba L.) cuttings on different

incubation period and media for sapling production. BS Thesis.

Benguet State University, La Trinidad Benguet. p. 3

MACANES, V.L. 2004. BSU Sericulture Project Report. Benguet State University. La
Trinidad, Benguet.

MORIMOTO, O. 1981. Sericulture in the Tropics Association for International
Cooperative of Agriculture and Forestry. Japan. Pp.57-58

NEW STANDARD ENCYCLOPEPIA. 1998. Ferguson Publishing Company, Chicago,
USA.

OMURA, S. Silkworm Rearing in the Tropics. Tokyo, Japan: JICA. p. 20
RAY, I. 1989. Can mulberry provide an answer to the scourge of the AIDS? Indian Silk,
Pp. 37-38

STRANGE, R. N. 1993. Plant Disease Control. First Edition. Chapman and Hall,
Boundary Row, London, England. Pp. 94-97

TING-ZING Z., GUANG-XIAN H., HUAIZHONG F., MA BEN and YUN-FANG T.
1989. Mulberry Cultivation. FAO Agricultural Services Bulletin, Rome. Pp.
99-101

Field Efficacy Evaluation of Fungicides for the Control of Mulberry Red Rust
(Aecidium mori Barclay) in La Trinidad, Benguet /Eva B. Cawa-it. 2006

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37
UNDP-ESCAP.1999. Handbook on Mulberry Pests and Diseases. UNDP-ESCAP,
Bangkok, Thailand.























Field Efficacy Evaluation of Fungicides for the Control of Mulberry Red Rust
(Aecidium mori Barclay) in La Trinidad, Benguet /Eva B. Cawa-it. 2006

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38
APPENDICES

APPENDIX TABLE 1. Disease Severity. Initial leaf assessment on plants when
fungicides were not yet applied



TREATMENTS
INITIAL
ASSESSMENT
Control
3.22
Microthiol DF
3.33
Redeem 3.00
Funguran Oh
3.22
Curazeb
3.33
Kocide 101
2.89













Field Efficacy Evaluation of Fungicides for the Control of Mulberry Red Rust
(Aecidium mori Barclay) in La Trinidad, Benguet /Eva B. Cawa-it. 2006

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39
APPENDIX TABLE 2. Disease Severity. First application of the treatments






Treatment
Block
Total
Mean
I II III
Untreated
3.33 3.33 3.33 9.99 3.22
Microthiol
DF
3.33 3.67 3.00 10.00 2.66
Redeem
2.33 2.67 4.00 9.00 2.89
Funguran
OH
3.33 3.33 3.00 9.66 2.78
Curazeb
2.67 3.67 3.33 9.67 2.89
Kocide
101
2.33 3.00 3.33 8.66 2.55



Analysis of Variance







Source of
DF
Sum of
Mean of
FC
F.05
F.01
Variation
Square
Squares
Block 2 0.71 0.35
1.62

Treatment 5 0.50 0.10
0.46ns 3.33 5.64
Error 10 2.18 0.22


Total 17 3.39

ns = not significant



Coefficient of Variation =14.76%





Field Efficacy Evaluation of Fungicides for the Control of Mulberry Red Rust
(Aecidium mori Barclay) in La Trinidad, Benguet /Eva B. Cawa-it. 2006

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40
APPENDIX TABLE 3. Disease Severity. Second application of the treatments






Treatment
Block
Total
Mean
I II III
Untreated
3.00 3.33 3.33 9.66 3.22
Microthiol
DF
2.33 3.33 2.33 7.99 2.66
Redeem
2.00 3.00 3.67 8.67 2.89
Funguran
OH
2.67 2.67 3.00 8.34 2.79
Curazeb
2.67 3.00 3.00 8.67 2.89
Kocide
101
2.33 2.33 3.00 7.66 2.55


Analysis of Variance







Source of
DF
Sum of
Mean of
FC
F.05
F.01
Variation
Square
Squares
Block 2 1.03 0.52
3.31

Treatment 5 0.80 0.16
1.02ns 3.33 5.64
Error 10 1.56 0.16


Total 17 3.39

ns = not significant



Coefficient of Variation =13.95%





Field Efficacy Evaluation of Fungicides for the Control of Mulberry Red Rust
(Aecidium mori Barclay) in La Trinidad, Benguet /Eva B. Cawa-it. 2006

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41
APPENDIX TABLE 4. Disease Severity. Third application of the treatments






Treatment
Block
Total
Mean
I II III
Untreated
3.00 3.33 3.33 9.66 3.22
Microthiol
DF
2.33 3.33 2.33 7.99 2.66
Redeem
2.00 3.00 3.67 8.67 2.89
Funguran
OH
2.67 2.67 3.00 8.34 2.78
Curazeb
2.67 3.00 3.00 8.67 2.89
Kocide
101
2.33 2.33 3.00 7.66 2.55


Analysis of Variance







Source of
DF
Sum of
Mean of
FC
F.05
F.01
Variation
Square
Squares
Block 2 1.03 0.52
3.31

Treatment 5 0.80 0.16
1.02ns 3.33 5.64
Error 10 1.56 0.16


Total 17 3.39

ns = not significant



Coefficient of Variation =13.95%





Field Efficacy Evaluation of Fungicides for the Control of Mulberry Red Rust
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42
APPENDIX TABLE 5. Disease Severity. Fourth application of the treatments






Treatment
Block
Total
Mean
I II III
Untreated
3.67 3.00 4.00 10.67 3.56
Microthiol
DF
2.00 3.00 2.00 7.00 2.33
Redeem
1.67 2.67 3.67 8.01 2.67
Funguran
OH
2.33 2.33 3.00 7.66 2.55
Curazeb
2.00 2.00 2.67 6.67 2.22
Kocide
101
2.33 2.00 3.00 7.33 2.44


Analysis of Variance







Source of
DF
Sum of
Mean of
FC
F.05
F.01
Variation
Square
Squares
Block 2 1.72 0.86
3.33

Treatment 5 3.46 0.69
2.68ns 3.33 5.64
Error 10 2.58 0.26


Total 17 7.77

ns = not significant



Coefficient of Variation =19.32%





Field Efficacy Evaluation of Fungicides for the Control of Mulberry Red Rust
(Aecidium mori Barclay) in La Trinidad, Benguet /Eva B. Cawa-it. 2006

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43
APPENDIX TABLE 6. Disease Severity. Fifth application of the treatments






Treatment
Block
Total
Mean
I II III
Untreated
4.00 4.00 4.00 12.00 4.00
Microthiol
DF
2.00 2.33 2.00 6.33 2.11
Redeem
1.33 2.00 3.00 5.33 2.11
Funguran
OH
2.00 2.33 2.67 7.00 2.33
Curazeb
2.00 2.33 2.67 7.00 2.33
Kocide
101
1.67 1.67 2.33 5.67 1.89


Analysis of Variance







Source of
DF
Sum of
Mean of
FC
F.05
F.01
Variation
Square
Squares
Block 2 1.13 0.56
5.12

Treatment 5 8.92 1.78
16.24** 3.33
5.64
Error 10 1.10 0.11


Total 17
11.15

** = highly significant



Coefficient of Variation =13.46%





Field Efficacy Evaluation of Fungicides for the Control of Mulberry Red Rust
(Aecidium mori Barclay) in La Trinidad, Benguet /Eva B. Cawa-it. 2006

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44
APPENDIX TABLE 7. Disease Severity. Sixth application of the treatments






Treatment
Block
Total
Mean
I II III
Untreated
4.33 3.67 4.67 12.67 4.00
Microthiol
DF
2.00 2.33 2.00 6.33 2.11
Redeem
1.33 2.00 2.67 6.00 2.11
Funguran
OH
2.00 2.33 2.33 6.66 2.33
Curazeb
2.00 2.33 2.33 6.66 2.33
Kocide
101
1.33 1.67 2.00 5.00 1.89


Analysis of Variance







Source of
DF
Sum of
Mean of
FC
F.05
F.01
Variation
Square
Squares
Block 2 0.76 0.37
3.45

Treatment 5 12.51 2.50
22.77** 3.33
5.64
Error 10 1.10 0.11


Total 17
14.37

** = highly significant



Coefficient of Variation =13.78%





Field Efficacy Evaluation of Fungicides for the Control of Mulberry Red Rust
(Aecidium mori Barclay) in La Trinidad, Benguet /Eva B. Cawa-it. 2006

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45
APPENDIX TABLE 8. Disease Severity. Seventh application of the treatments






Treatment
Block
Total
Mean
I II III
Untreated
4.33 4.00 4.33 12.66 4.32
Microthiol
DF
2.00 2.33 2.00 6.33 2.11
Redeem
1.67 2.00 2.33 6.00 2.00
Funguran
OH
2.00 2.33 2.33 6.66 2.22
Curazeb
2.00 2.33 2.00 6.33 2.11
Kocide
101
1.67 2.00 2.00 5.67 1.89


Analysis of Variance







Source of
DF
Sum of
Mean of
FC
F.05
F.01
Variation
Square
Squares
Block 2 0.19 0.10
2.50

Treatment 5 11.79 2.36
60.89** 3.33
5.64
Error 10 0.39 0.04


Total 17
12.37

** = highly significant



Coefficient of Variation =8.11%





Field Efficacy Evaluation of Fungicides for the Control of Mulberry Red Rust
(Aecidium mori Barclay) in La Trinidad, Benguet /Eva B. Cawa-it. 2006

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46
APPENDIX TABLE 9. Disease Severity. Eighth application of the treatments






Treatment
Block
Total
Mean
I II III
Untreated
4.33 4.00 5.00 13.33 4.44
Microthiol
DF
2.00 2.33 2.00 6.33 2.11
Redeem
2.00 2.00 2.00 6.00 2.00
Funguran
OH
2.00 2.33 2.33 6.66 2.22
Curazeb
2.00 2.33 2.33 6.66 2.22
Kocide
101
2.00 2.00 2.00 6.00 2.00


Analysis of Variance







Source of
DF
Sum of
Mean of
FC
F.05
F.01
Variation
Square
Squares
Block 2 0.15 0.07
1.25

Treatment 5 13.76 2.75
46.66** 3.33
5.64
Error 10 0.59 0.06


Total 17
14.49

** = highly significant


Coefficient of Variation =9.72%





Field Efficacy Evaluation of Fungicides for the Control of Mulberry Red Rust
(Aecidium mori Barclay) in La Trinidad, Benguet /Eva B. Cawa-it. 2006

---

47
APPENDIX TABLE 10. Disease Severity. Ninth application of the treatments






Treatment
Block
Total
Mean
I II III
Untreated
4.33 4.00 5.00 13.33 4.44
Microthiol
DF
2.00 2.33 2.00 6.33 2.11
Redeem
2.00 2.00 2.00 6.00 2.00
Funguran
OH
2.00 2.33 2.33 6.66 2.22
Curazeb
2.00 2.33 2.33 6.66 2.22
Kocide
101
2.00 2.00 2.00 6.00 2.00


Analysis of Variance







Source of
DF
Sum of
Mean of
FC
F.05
F.01
Variation
Square
Squares
Block 2 0.15 0.07
1.25

Treatment 5 13.76 2.75
46.66** 3.33
5.64
Error 10 0.59 0.06


Total 17
14.49

** = highly significant


Coefficient of Variation =9.72%





Field Efficacy Evaluation of Fungicides for the Control of Mulberry Red Rust
(Aecidium mori Barclay) in La Trinidad, Benguet /Eva B. Cawa-it. 2006

---

48
APPENDIX TABLE 11. Disease Severity. Tenth application of the treatments






Treatment
Block
Total
Mean
I II III
Untreated
4.33 4.00 5.00 13.33 4.44
Microthiol
DF
2.00 2.00 2.00 6.00 2.00
Redeem
2.00 2.00 2.33 6.33 2.11
Funguran
OH
2.00 2.00 2.33 6.33 2.11
Curazeb
2.00 2.33 2.33 6.66 2.22
Kocide
101
2.00 2.00 2.00 6.00 2.00


Analysis of Variance







Source of
DF
Sum of
Mean of
FC
F.05
F.01
Variation
Square
Squares
Block 2 0.31 0.15
3.55

Treatment 5 13.97 2.79
64.85** 3.33
5.64
Error 10 0.43 0.04


Total 17
14.71

** = highly significant



Coefficient of Variation =8.37%





Field Efficacy Evaluation of Fungicides for the Control of Mulberry Red Rust
(Aecidium mori Barclay) in La Trinidad, Benguet /Eva B. Cawa-it. 2006

---

49
APPENDIX TABLE 12. Disease Severity. Eleventh application of the treatments






Treatment
Block
Total
Mean
I II III
Untreated
4.67 4.33 5.00 14.00 4.66
Microthiol
DF
2.00 2.33 2.33 6.66 2.22
Redeem
2.00 2.00 2.33 6.33 2.11
Funguran
OH
25.00 2.00 2.33 6.33 2.11
Curazeb
2.00 2.67 2.33 7.00 2.33
Kocide
101
2.00 2.00 2.00 6.00 2.00


Analysis of Variance







Source of
DF
Sum of
Mean of
FC
F.05
F.01
Variation
Square
Squares
Block 2 0.23 0.11
2.63

Treatment 5 15.97 3.19
73.11** 3.33
5.64
Error 10 0.44 0.04


Total 17
16.63

** = highly significant



Coefficient of Variation =8.12%





Field Efficacy Evaluation of Fungicides for the Control of Mulberry Red Rust
(Aecidium mori Barclay) in La Trinidad, Benguet /Eva B. Cawa-it. 2006

---

50
APPENDIX TABLE 13. Disease Severity. Twelfth application of the treatments






Treatment
Block
Total
Mean
I II III
Untreated
4.67 4.33 5.00 14.00 4.67
Microthiol
DF
2.33 2.33 2.00 6.66 2.22
Redeem
2.00 2.00 2.67 6.67 2.22
Funguran
OH
2.00 2.33 2.33 6.66 2.22
Curazeb
2.00 2.67 2.33 7.00 2.33
Kocide
101
2.00 2.00 2.33 6.33 2.11


Analysis of Variance







Source of
DF
Sum of
Mean of
FC
F.05
F.01
Variation
Square
Squares
Block 2 0.23 0.12
1.59

Treatment 5 15.02 3.00
40.98** 3.33
5.64
Error 10 0.73 0.07


Total 17
15.99

** = highly significant



Coefficient of Variation =10.30%





Field Efficacy Evaluation of Fungicides for the Control of Mulberry Red Rust
(Aecidium mori Barclay) in La Trinidad, Benguet /Eva B. Cawa-it. 2006

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51
APPENDIX TABLE 14. Leaf and Petiole Cleanliness. Leaf assessment on plants when
fungicides were not yet applied



TREATMENTS
INITIAL ASSESSMENT

Untreated
3.67

Microthiol DF
3.67
Redeem 4.11
Funguran OH
3.89
Curazeb 3.89
Kocide 101
3.67



























Field Efficacy Evaluation of Fungicides for the Control of Mulberry Red Rust
(Aecidium mori Barclay) in La Trinidad, Benguet /Eva B. Cawa-it. 2006

---

52
APPENDIX TABLE 15. Leaf and Petiole Cleanliness. First application of the
treatments







Treatment
Block
Total
Mean
I II III
Untreated
3.00 4.33 3.67 11.00 3.67
Microthiol
DF
3.67 4.33 3.00 11.00 3.67
Redeem
3.00 4.33 5.00 12.33 4.11
Funguran
OH
3.67 3.67 3.67 10.71 3.67
Curazeb
3.00 5.00 3.67 11.67 3.89
Kocide
101
3.67 3.00 3.67 10.34 3.45




Analysis of Variance








Source of
DF
Sum of
Mean of
FC
F.05
F.01
Variation
Square
Squares
Block 2 1.82 0.91
2.06

Treatment 5 0.78 0.16
0.36ns 3.33 5.64
Error 10 4.40 0.44


Total 17 7.00

ns = not significant



Coefficient of Variation =17.72%





Field Efficacy Evaluation of Fungicides for the Control of Mulberry Red Rust
(Aecidium mori Barclay) in La Trinidad, Benguet /Eva B. Cawa-it. 2006

---

53
APPENDIX TABLE 16. Leaf and Petiole Cleanliness. Second application of the
treatments







Treatment
Block
Total
Mean
I II III
Untreated
3.67 4.33 4.33 12.33 4.11
Microthiol
DF
3.00 3.67 3.00 9.67 3.22
Redeem
3.00 3.00 4.33 10.33 3.44
Funguran
OH
3.67 3.67 3.67 11.01 3.67
Curazeb
3.00 4.33 3.67 11.00 3.67
Kocide
101
3.67 3.00 3.67 10.34 3.45




Analysis of Variance








Source of
DF
Sum of
Mean of
FC
F.05
F.01
Variation
Square
Squares
Block 2 0.64 0.32
1.38

Treatment 5 1.38 0.28
1.19ns 3.33 5.64
Error 10 2.31 0.23


Total 17 4.33

ns = not significant



Coefficient of Variation =15.56%





Field Efficacy Evaluation of Fungicides for the Control of Mulberry Red Rust
(Aecidium mori Barclay) in La Trinidad, Benguet /Eva B. Cawa-it. 2006

---

54
APPENDIX TABLE 17. Leaf and Petiole Cleanliness. Third application of the treatments






Treatment
Block
Total
Mean
I II III
Untreated
4.33 4.33 4.33 12.99 4.33
Microthiol
DF
3.00 3.67 3.00 9.67 3.22
Redeem
3.00 3.00 5.00 11.00 3.67
Funguran
OH
3.33 3.67 3.00 10.00 3.33
Curazeb
3.00 3.67 3.67 10.34 3.45
Kocide
101
3.00 3.00 3.67 9.67 3.22



Analysis of Variance







Source of
DF
Sum of
Mean of
FC
F.05
F.01
Variation
Square
Squares
Block 2 0.76 0.38
1.25

Treatment 5 2.68 0.54
1.77ns 3.33 5.64
Error 10 3.03 0.30


Total 17 6.47

ns = not significant



Coefficient of Variation =13.39%





Field Efficacy Evaluation of Fungicides for the Control of Mulberry Red Rust
(Aecidium mori Barclay) in La Trinidad, Benguet /Eva B. Cawa-it. 2006

---

55
APPENDIX TABLE 18. Leaf and Petiole Cleanliness . Fourth application of the
treatments







Treatment
Block
Total
Mean
I II III
Untreated
4.33 4.33 5.00 13.66 4.55
Microthiol
DF
3.00 3.67 3.00 9.67 3.22
Redeem
2.33 3.00 5.00 10.33 3.44
Funguran
OH
3.00 3.67 3.00 9.67 3.22
Curazeb
3.00 3.00 3.00 9.00 3.00
Kocide
101
3.00 2.33 3.67 9.00 3.00




Analysis of Variance








Source of
DF
Sum of
Mean of
FC
F.05
F.01
Variation
Square
Squares
Block 2 1.39 0.69
1.63

Treatment 5 5.14 1.03
2.41ns 3.33 5.64
Error 10 4.27 0.43


Total 17
10.80

ns = not significant



Coefficient of Variation =19.17%





Field Efficacy Evaluation of Fungicides for the Control of Mulberry Red Rust
(Aecidium mori Barclay) in La Trinidad, Benguet /Eva B. Cawa-it. 2006

---

56
APPENDIX TABLE 19. Leaf and Petiole Cleanliness. Fifth application of the treatments






Treatment
Block
Total
Mean
I II III
Untreated
5.00 5.00 5.67 15.67 5.22
Microthiol
DF
3.00 3.00 3.00 9.00 3.00
Redeem
1.67 3.00 4.33 9.00 3.00
Funguran
OH
3.00 3.67 3.00 9.67 3.22
Curazeb
3.00 3.00 3.00 9.00 3.00
Kocide
101
2.33 2.33 3.00 7.66 2.55



Analysis of Variance








Source of
DF
Sum of
Mean of
FC
F.05
F.01
Variation
Square
Squares
Block 2 1.33 0.67
2.15

Treatment 5 13.58 2.72
8.75** 3.33 5.64
Error 10 3.10 0.31


Total 17
18.01

** = highly significant



Coefficient of Variation =16.71%





Field Efficacy Evaluation of Fungicides for the Control of Mulberry Red Rust
(Aecidium mori Barclay) in La Trinidad, Benguet /Eva B. Cawa-it. 2006

---

57
APPENDIX TABLE 20. Leaf and Petiole Cleanliness. Sixth application of the treatments






Treatment
Block
Total
Mean
I II III
Untreated
5.67 5.00 7.00 17.67 4.56
Microthiol
DF
3.00 3.00 3.00 9.00 3.00
Redeem
1.67 3.00 3.00 7.67 2.56
Funguran
OH
3.00 3.67 3.00 9.67 3.22
Curazeb
3.00 3.00 3.00 9.00 3.00
Kocide
101
1.67 2.33 3.00 7.00 2.33



Analysis of Variance








Source of
DF
Sum of
Mean of
FC
F.05
F.01
Variation
Square
Squares
Block 2 0.44 0.22
0.38

Treatment 5 9.12 1.82
3.15ns 3.33 5.64
Error 10 5.78 0.58


Total 17
15.34

ns = not significant



Coefficient of Variation =24.43%





Field Efficacy Evaluation of Fungicides for the Control of Mulberry Red Rust
(Aecidium mori Barclay) in La Trinidad, Benguet /Eva B. Cawa-it. 2006

---

58
APPENDIX TABLE 21. Leaf and Petiole Cleanliness . Seventh application of the
treatments







Treatment
Block
Total
Mean
I II III
Untreated
5.67 5.00 6.33 17.00 5.67
Microthiol
DF
3.00 3.00 3.00 9.00 3.00
Redeem
2.33 3.00 3.00 8.33 2.78
Funguran
OH
3.00 3.67 3.00 9.67 3.22
Curazeb
3.00 3.00 3.00 9.00 3.00
Kocide
101
2.33 3.00 3.00 8.33 2.78




Analysis of Variance








Source of
DF
Sum of
Mean of
FC
F.05
F.01
Variation
Square
Squares
Block 2 0.35 0.17
1.21

Treatment 5 18.80 3.76
26.18** 3.33
5.64
Error 10 1.44 0.14


Total 17
20.58

** = highly significant



Coefficient of Variation =11.12%





Field Efficacy Evaluation of Fungicides for the Control of Mulberry Red Rust
(Aecidium mori Barclay) in La Trinidad, Benguet /Eva B. Cawa-it. 2006

---

59
APPENDIX TABLE 22. Leaf and Petiole Cleanliness. Eighth application of the
treatments







Treatment
Block
Total
Mean
I II III
Untreated
8.30 5.67 7.00 20.97 7.00
Microthiol
DF
3.00 3.00 3.00 9.00 3.00
Redeem
3.00 3.00 3.00 9.00 3.00
Funguran
OH
3.00 3.67 3.00 9.67 3.22
Curazeb
3.00 3.00 3.00 9.00 3.00
Kocide
101
3.00 3.00 3.00 9.00 3.00




Analysis of Variance








Source of
DF
Sum of
Mean of
FC
F.05
F.01
Variation
Square
Squares
Block 2 0.34 0.17
0.49

Treatment 5 39.23 7.85
22.45** 3.33
5.64
Error 10 3.49 0.35


Total 17
43.07

** = highly significant



Coefficient of Variation =15.96%





Field Efficacy Evaluation of Fungicides for the Control of Mulberry Red Rust
(Aecidium mori Barclay) in La Trinidad, Benguet /Eva B. Cawa-it. 2006

---

60
APPENDIX TABLE 23. Leaf and Petiole Cleanliness. Ninth application of the
treatments







Treatment
Block
Total
Mean
I II III
Untreated
6.33 5.67 7.00 19.00 6.33
Microthiol
DF
3.00 3.00 3.00 9.00 3.00
Redeem
3.00 3.00 3.00 9.00 3.00
Funguran
OH
3.00 3.00 3.00 9.00 3.00
Curazeb
3.00 3.67 3.00 9.67 3.22
Kocide
101
3.00 3.00 3.00 9.00 3.00




Analysis of Variance








Source of
DF
Sum of
Mean of
FC
F.05
F.01
Variation
Square
Squares
Block 2 0.05 0.02
0.22

Treatment 5 27.16 5.43
47.87** 3.33
5.64
Error 10 1.13 0.11


Total 17
28.34

** = highly significant



Coefficient of Variation =9.38%





Field Efficacy Evaluation of Fungicides for the Control of Mulberry Red Rust
(Aecidium mori Barclay) in La Trinidad, Benguet /Eva B. Cawa-it. 2006

---

61
APPENDIX TABLE 24. Leaf and Petiole Cleanliness . Tenth application of the
treatments







Treatment
Block
Total
Mean
I II III
Untreated
6.33 6.67 6.33 19.33 6.44
Microthiol
DF
3.00 3.00 3.00 9.00 3.00
Redeem
3.00 3.00 3.00 9.00 3.00
Funguran
OH
3.00 3.00 3.00 9.00 3.00
Curazeb
3.00 3.67 3.00 9.67 3.22
Kocide
101
3.00 3.00 3.00 9.00 3.00




Analysis of Variance








Source of
DF
Sum of
Mean of
FC
F.05
F.01
Variation
Square
Squares
Block 2 0.11 0.06
2.12

Treatment 5 29 5.80
220.52** 3.33
5.64
Error 10 0.26 0.03
Total 17
29.37
** = highly significant



Coefficient of Variation =4.49%





Field Efficacy Evaluation of Fungicides for the Control of Mulberry Red Rust
(Aecidium mori Barclay) in La Trinidad, Benguet /Eva B. Cawa-it. 2006

---

62
APPENDIX TABLE 25. Leaf and Petiole Cleanliness. Eleventh application of the
treatments







Treatment
Block
Total
Mean
I II III
Untreated
6.33 5.67 7.00 19.00 6.33
Microthiol
DF
3.00 3.00 3.00 9.00 3.00
Redeem
3.00 3.00 3.00 9.00 3.00
Funguran
OH
3.00 3.00 3.00 9.00 3.00
Curazeb
3.00 3.67 3.00 9.67 3.22
Kocide
101
3.00 3.00 3.00 9.00 3.00




Analysis of Variance








Source of
DF
Sum of
Mean of
FC
F.05
F.01
Variation
Square
Squares
Block 2 0.05 0.02
0.22

Treatment 5 27.16 5.43
47.87** 3.33
5.64
Error 10 1.13 0.11


Total 17
28.34

** = highly significant



Coefficient of Variation =9.38%





Field Efficacy Evaluation of Fungicides for the Control of Mulberry Red Rust
(Aecidium mori Barclay) in La Trinidad, Benguet /Eva B. Cawa-it. 2006

---

63
APPENDIX TABLE 26. Leaf and Petiole Cleanliness. Twelfth application of the
treatments







Treatment
Block
Total
Mean
I II III
Untreated
6.33 6.33 7.00 19.66 6.55
Microthiol
DF
3.00 3.00 3.00 9.00 3.00
Redeem
3.00 3.00 4.33 10.33 3.44
Funguran
OH
3.00 3.67 3.67 10.34 3.44
Curazeb
3.00 3.67 3.00 9.67 3.22
Kocide
101
3.00 3.00 3.00 9.00 3.00




Analysis of Variance








Source of
DF
Sum of
Mean of
FC
F.05
F.01
Variation
Square
Squares
Block 2 0.59 0.30
2.00

Treatment 5 28.33 5.67
38.20** 3.33
5.64
Error 10 1.48 0.15


Total 17
30.40

** = highly significant



Coefficient of Variation =10.19%







Field Efficacy Evaluation of Fungicides for the Control of Mulberry Red Rust
(Aecidium mori Barclay) in La Trinidad, Benguet /Eva B. Cawa-it. 2006

---

64
APPENDIX TABLE 27.Weekly Weather Data gathered from the PAG-ASA Weather
Station, Balili, La Trinidad, Benguet





Months
Temperature
Relative Humidity
Rainfall Counts
(0C)
(%)
(mm)
October
1st week
16.0-23.5
84
20
2nd week
15.6-22.6
81
10.4
3rd week
16.0-23.7
79
1.0
4th week
16.2-23.6
81
3.0
November
1st week
16.2-24.0
82
0.9
2nd week
15.4-23.9
82
4.2
3rd week
14.4-22.9
79
1.3
4th week
15.6-23.6
80
1.5
December
1st week
15.7-23.4
75
3.9
2nd week
15.0-21.4
84
0.4
3rd week
14.8-22.6
79
0.4
4th week
14.6-22.5
79
1.6






Field Efficacy Evaluation of Fungicides for the Control of Mulberry Red Rust
(Aecidium mori Barclay) in La Trinidad, Benguet /Eva B. Cawa-it. 2006

---

Document Outline

• Field Efficacy Evaluation of Fungicides for the Control of Mulberry Red Rust (Aecidium mori Barclay) in La Trinidad, Benguet
  • BIBLIOGRAPHY
  • ABSTRACT
  • TABLE OF CONTENTS
  • INTRODUCTION
  • REVIEW OF LITERATURE
  • MATERIALS AND METHODS
  • RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
  • SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
  • LITERATURE CITED
  • APPENDICES

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