BIBLIOGRAPHY

BAYENG, JUNALYN M., CADINGAN, RACQUEL L., CUADLA, NARHY L.,
LUCIO, LORIESOL W., and TONGED, DINA M. APRIL 2009. The Bio-Physico-
Chemical Characteristics and Management of Bengao-ngao Cave, Ambongdolan, Tublay,
Benguet and Crystal Cave 1, Bakakeng Central, Baguio City. Benguet State University,
La Trinidad, Benguet.
Adviser: Maricel A. Guron, M.B.S.
ABSTRACT

The study was conducted to determine the bio-physico-chemical characteristics
and management of Bengao-ngao Cave in Ambongdolan, Tublay, Benguet and Crystal
Cave 1 in Bakakeng Central, Baguio City from December to January 2009.
The physico-chemical parameters measured were total suspended solids (TSS),
percent relative humidity (%RH), temperature, substratum; dissolved oxygen (DO),
hardness and pH. The macroscopic flora and fauna found in the cave were also identified.
The study also documented the cave management practices of the two barangays using a
semi-structured questionnaire and photo documentation.
There were 15 respondents that were purposively selected in each of the barangay
with 10 years residential period. Five of the respondents came from the elders, another
five from the tour guides or residents and five from the barangay officials.
The results of the study revealed that Bengao-ngao Cave is relatively clean as
reflected by its bio-physico-chemical characteristics. Its TSS was 50mg/L, an air

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temperature which ranges from 17oC – 24oC and surface and underwater temperature of
15oC – 23oC and 23oC – 23.5oC, respectively. It has also a rocky and sandy substratum.
The mean DO, hardness and pH of the water were 5.25 mg/L, 154 mg/L and 7.99,
respectively. The Crystal Cave 1, on the other hand, has a mean relative humidity of
84.33%, an air temperature which ranges from 15oC - 17oC and with a rocky and muddy
substratum. For the biological components of the two caves, Bengao-ngao Cave is more
diverse in terms of flora and faunal species than that of Crystal Cave 1. Bengao-ngao
Cave harbors 7 floral species, 4 faunal species and 5 aerial and highly mobile faunal
species while Crystal Cave 1 only harbors 2 floral species and 3 aerial and highly mobile
faunal species.
Moreover, the results of the study revealed that Bengao-ngao Cave is well
managed. There is a cooperative conservation movement among the people in the
community spearheaded by the barangay officials. It was also found out that there are
still indigenous practices and beliefs left in the community, which is a great help towards
the cave preservation and protection though it is of minor importance. On the other hand,
Crystal Cave 1 is not properly managed despite the fact that there is a private association
responsible for its management as evidenced by its degraded natural/physical features.

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

PAGE

Bibliography .................................................................................................................... i
Abstract ........................................................................................................................... i
Table of Contents .............................................................................................................iii

INTRODUCTION ......................................................................................................... 1

Background of the Study ........................................................................................... 1
Objectives of the Study ............................................................................................. 3
Importance of the Study ............................................................................................. 4
Scope and Delimitation of the Study ......................................................................... 5
Locale and Time of the Study .................................................................................... 5

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE...................................................................11

Physical Properties .....................................................................................................11


Total suspended solids .........................................................................................11


Percent relative humidity and temperature ..........................................................11

Substratum
...........................................................................................................12

Chemical Properties ..................................................................................................13

Dissolved
oxygen
.................................................................................................13

Hardness
...............................................................................................................13

pH ........................................................................................................................14

Biological Components of the Cave ..........................................................................14

Macroscopic organisms .......................................................................................14

Cave Management ....................................................................................................15


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METHODOLOGY ........................................................................................................18

Methods
.....................................................................................................................18



Sampling
sites/station
..........................................................................................18



Collection and testing of water samples ..............................................................18

Physical
Characterization
...........................................................................................18

Total suspended solids .........................................................................................18

Percent relative humidity .....................................................................................20

Temperature .........................................................................................................20

Substratum ...........................................................................................................20

Chemical Characterization .........................................................................................21


Dissolved oxygen ................................................................................................21

Hardness ...............................................................................................................21

pH ........................................................................................................................21

Biological Characterization .......................................................................................22

Management Practices ...............................................................................................23

Data Gathered ............................................................................................................23

Statistical Analysis .....................................................................................................23

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION ....................................................................................25

Physical Parameters ...................................................................................................25


Total suspended solids .........................................................................................25

Percent
relative
humidity
.....................................................................................25

Temperature .........................................................................................................26

Substratum
...........................................................................................................26
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Chemical Parameters ................................................................................................27

Dissolved
oxygen
.................................................................................................27

Hardness
...............................................................................................................28

pH ........................................................................................................................28

Biological Parameters ................................................................................................28

Macroscopic flora ................................................................................................28

Macroscopic fauna ...............................................................................................30

Macroscopic fauna species within the sampling plots ...................................30

Macroscopic fauna species outside the sampling plots ..................................30

Diversity index .....................................................................................................31

Floral diversity index .....................................................................................31

Faunal diversity index ....................................................................................32

Demographic profile ..................................................................................................33

Management Practices ...............................................................................................35

Cave assessment by the Respondents ..................................................................35

Past situation of the cave ................................................................................35

Present situation of the cave ..........................................................................36

Issues and concerns about the caves ....................................................................37

Problems encountered in the two caves .........................................................37

Non-participation of the community to the cave management ......................39

Management proper .............................................................................................40

Cave utilization ..............................................................................................40

Awareness on cave management practices ....................................................42
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Implemented management practices ..............................................................44

Indigenous knowledge system .......................................................................48

Community Participation in the Cave Management ..................................................50

Degree of participation ........................................................................................50

Suggestions and recommendations of the community .........................................52

SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECCOMENDATION .....................................55

Summary ....................................................................................................................55

Conclusion .................................................................................................................56

Recommendation .......................................................................................................57

LITERATURE CITED .................................................................................................60


APPENDICES ...............................................................................................................63

Appendix A: Communication letters .........................................................................63

Appendix B: Tables ...................................................................................................76

Appendix C: Plates ....................................................................................................85

Appendix D: Survey Questionnaires .........................................................................105

Appendix E: Related Articles ....................................................................................111

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INTRODUCTION


Background of the Study



A cave is a natural opening in the ground extending beyond the zone of light and
large enough to permit the entry of man (Davis and Morgan, 2000). It also refers to a
naturally occurring void, cavity, recess or system of interconnected passages beneath the
surface of the earth whether or not entrance is naturally open or man-made as defined in
House Bill No. 1123 (Nibaten, 1996 as cited by Bahod et al., 2002). A cave is also
commonly produced in the solution activity of limestone. Caves are made of different
shapes of passages either a series of simple sinuous or sub angular passages; or a
complex maze of interlacing, relatively straight passages. The passages may also have
small openings that require crawling to pass through up to giant galleries. Furthermore,
the passages are adorned with beautiful formations of stalactites, stalagmites and
flowstones, which are the principal tourist attractions. Stalactites are the icicle-like
hanging in the ceilings; stalagmites are the round shaped dripstone deposits under the
stalactites; and the flowstone are deposits on the sheets or layers on the wall and floor
(Encyclopedia Americana, 1989).
Caves provide habitats for many specialized life forms such as bats, birds,
crickets, beetles, millipedes etc. which are important in the sustenance of biological
processes outside the cave (National Caving Association, 1997). They have also provided
shelter to prehistoric, ancient, and primitive contemporary people. Human remains,
artifacts, sculptures and drawings found in caves have aided archaeologists to learn about
early humans. Many religious traditions have regarded caves as sacred and have used
The Bio-Physico-Chemical Characteristics and Management of Bengao-ngao Cave,
Ambongdolan, Tublay, Benguet and Crystal Cave 1, Bakakeng Central, Baguio City
/ Junalyn M. Bayeng; et al. 2009

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them to perform rituals, ceremonies, and sacrifices (Science Encyclopedia, 2008).
Aldrich et al. (1970) as cited by Bahod et al. (2002) added that caves are ideal natural
laboratories for study. Not only do they offer an environment where temperature,
humidity and light remain fixed throughout the year, but also other unique conditions
present in caves offer a surprising number of habitats for both plant and animal
population.

In the Philippines, there are about 2,500 identified caves and the number may
even go up to 5,000 when new caves will be discovered (DENR, 1993 as cited by Bagta
et al., 2002). All these caves whether in public or private land are under the supervision
of the Department of Environment and Natural Resources (DENR) and must be protected
and conserved as mandated by the Republic Act 9072 known as the National Caves and
Cave Resources Management and Protection Act.
Benguet,
specifically
in
Ambongdolan, Tublay is noted of its beautiful natural
caves which have attracted a lot of tourists. Among them is the Bengao-ngao cave, the
largest of all the caves which lies along Payay River (The Official Site of the Provincial
Capitol of Benguet, 2005). It was named after the noisy bird that thrives inside. It also
serves as sanctuary for bats. The cave’s stalagmites and stalactites that were formed over
the years are beautiful. Some are hanging freely like silk clothes while others are like
tables, plates with glitters. Furthermore, there were beliefs that it once served as hiding
place of Filipino guerillas or Japanese soldiers during World War II (Shane, 2007).

Crystal Cave, on the other hand, is found in Purok Crystal Cave, Bakakeng
Central, Baguio City. Crystal Cave is composed of three caves namely Cave 1, 2 and 3.
Among these three, Cave 1 is frequently visited. Consequently, it is considered to have
The Bio-Physico-Chemical Characteristics and Management of Bengao-ngao Cave,
Ambongdolan, Tublay, Benguet and Crystal Cave 1, Bakakeng Central, Baguio City
/ Junalyn M. Bayeng; et al. 2009

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established the popularity of the Crystal Cave as one of the tourist destinations of Baguio
City. This Northeast-Southwest trending 96 meter long cave is a naturally occurring
underground cave which serves as the lower drainage channel of the intermittent crystal
cave creek during heavy rainfall (MGDS-DENR, 1997). At present, however, the ceilings
and the walls of the cave is covered with residues of carbon soot from the smoke of torch
lightings obliterating the cave’s crystalline and inserted cellophanes and papers which
were carried by water during rainy seasons. There are also graffiti’s on the cave’s wall
and evidence of clipped-off rock formations. For these reasons, the cave is subjected to
the scope of DAO No. 04 series of 1994 known as Cave Management and Conservation
Program. Despite some evident destruction, the cave still lures visitors who are usually
accompanied by local guides (FMS-DENR, 1999).

Objectives of the Study


The general objective of the study was to investigate and to compare the
conditions of the Bengao-ngao Cave in Ambongdolan, Tublay and the Crystal Cave 1 in
Purok Crystal Cave, Bakakeng Central, Baguio City. Specifically, it aimed to:
1.
Determine and compare the two caves based on their:
a. Physical parameters
1) Total Suspended Solids (TSS)
2) Percent Relative Humidity
3) Temperature
4) Substratum

The Bio-Physico-Chemical Characteristics and Management of Bengao-ngao Cave,
Ambongdolan, Tublay, Benguet and Crystal Cave 1, Bakakeng Central, Baguio City
/ Junalyn M. Bayeng; et al. 2009

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b. Chemical parameters
1) Dissolved Oxygen (DO)
2) Hardness
3) pH
c. Biological parameters
1) Macroscopic flora
2) Macroscopic fauna.
2.
Document and compare the management practices employed by the
surrounding communities on the two caves.

Importance of the Study



The study on Bengao-ngao and Crystal caves is an addition to the growing
literature on the Cordilleran way of living. This can serve as baseline information for
policy makers and planners in formulating developmental and conservation programs
relevant for caves and their natural resources.
For the community, the study can also serve as an eye opener. There is a need to
continue protecting and conserving their natural treasures such as the caves as well as
their indigenous knowledge and practices instilling pride and natural beauty and
resources of the Cordillerans. Furthermore, this may help them improve the technical
know –how in enhancing and managing caves.
For the researchers, the conduct of the study served as a training ground. They
were able to apply some of the knowledge learned and it enhanced their skills in
The Bio-Physico-Chemical Characteristics and Management of Bengao-ngao Cave,
Ambongdolan, Tublay, Benguet and Crystal Cave 1, Bakakeng Central, Baguio City
/ Junalyn M. Bayeng; et al. 2009

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conducting research. The results of the study also inspired them to help further in
protecting and managing the environment.

Scope and Delimitation of the Study

The study focused on the physical, chemical and biological characteristics of
Bengao-ngao Cave and Crystal Cave 1. Three sampling stations/zones were established
in each study site. These were located near the entrance zone, on the twilight zone and on
the total darkness zone. Delineation of these three zones was determined based on
estimated level of darkness. Under each station, TSS, percent relative humidity,
temperature and substratum were measured for physical parameters; DO, hardness and
pH for chemical; and macroscopic flora and fauna for the biological components of the
cave. Only those species found in the plots established were identified and counted.
Aerial and highly mobile animal species that were encountered or seen were also listed.
The study also determined and documented the management practices employed
by the residents of Barangay Crystal Cave towards Crystal Cave 1 and the residents of
Barangay Ambongdolan towards Bengao-ngao Cave using a semi-structured
questionnaire. Fifteen were purposely chosen (at least ten years residential period) and
interviewed in each study site.

Locale and Time of the Study


The study was conducted from December 2008 to January 2009 in Ambongdolan,
Tublay, Benguet where the Bengao-ngao Cave is located and in Purok Crystal Cave,
Bakakeng Central, Baguio City where Crystal Cave 1 is located (Figure 1).
The Bio-Physico-Chemical Characteristics and Management of Bengao-ngao Cave,
Ambongdolan, Tublay, Benguet and Crystal Cave 1, Bakakeng Central, Baguio City
/ Junalyn M. Bayeng; et al. 2009

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Study
sites

Source: BSU-GIS laboratory, 2008.

Figure 1. Map of Benguet showing the Municipality of Tublay and the City of Baguio.

The Bio-Physico-Chemical Characteristics and Management of Bengao-ngao Cave,
Ambongdolan, Tublay, Benguet and Crystal Cave 1, Bakakeng Central, Baguio City
/ Junalyn M. Bayeng; et al. 2009

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Barangay Ambongdolan lies on the northern part of the Municipality of Tublay
bounded on the north by the Municipality of Kapangan, on the west by Barangay Tublay
Central, and on the east by Barangay Ba-ayan (Figure 2). It is approximately 42
kilometers away from the city of Baguio and 30 kilometers away from the Municipal Hall
of Tublay. The barangay can be traversed through the national road, Acop-Kapangan and
Alno road as shown in Figure 3 (Provincial Tourism Office of Benguet, no date).
Purok Crystal Cave, on the other hand, is about 2.5 km southwest of Baguio City
Hall (MGDS-DENR, 1997). It is approximately 100 meters walking distance from the
turning point of PUJ’s of the said purok (FMS- DENR, 1999). The study area can be
traversed through Marcos Highway turning west at the Marcos Highway-Crystal Cave
Road junction (Figure 4). The barangay is consist of three caves namely, Crystal Cave 1,
2, and 3. Among these three caves, Crystal Cave 1 was the only accessible and open for
tourism. Consequently, it is considered to have established the popularity of the
barangay.

The Bio-Physico-Chemical Characteristics and Management of Bengao-ngao Cave,
Ambongdolan, Tublay, Benguet and Crystal Cave 1, Bakakeng Central, Baguio City
/ Junalyn M. Bayeng; et al. 2009

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Study

Site












Source: Municipal Planning Development Office (MPDO), 2000.

Figure 2. Map of Barangay Ambongdolan, Tublay, Benguet.


The Bio-Physico-Chemical Characteristics and Management of Bengao-ngao Cave,
Ambongdolan, Tublay, Benguet and Crystal Cave 1, Bakakeng Central, Baguio City
/ Junalyn M. Bayeng; et al. 2009

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Source: Provincial Tourism Office of Benguet, No date.

Figure 3. Sketch map of Bengao-ngao cave, Ambongdolan, Tublay, Benguet.

The Bio-Physico-Chemical Characteristics and Management of Bengao-ngao Cave,
Ambongdolan, Tublay, Benguet and Crystal Cave 1, Bakakeng Central, Baguio City
/ Junalyn M. Bayeng; et al. 2009

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Crystal
Cave 1

Source: http://www.gobaguio.com/maps.html

Figure 4. Location map of Crystal Cave 1, Bakakeng Central, Baguio City










The Bio-Physico-Chemical Characteristics and Management of Bengao-ngao Cave,
Ambongdolan, Tublay, Benguet and Crystal Cave 1, Bakakeng Central, Baguio City
/ Junalyn M. Bayeng; et al. 2009

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REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

Physical Parameters

Total suspended solids. Total suspended solid (TSS) is a measure of the turbidity
of the water. These are the solid materials from the natural and accelerated erosion from
the land surfaces and clay deposits that are suspended in water (Kneese and Bower,
1984). Higher concentration of sediments causes the water to become turbid and can
contribute to pollution that hinders some of the activities of aquatic life.
Water coming from the outside of the cave carry relative excessive amount of
sediments, minerals and bacteria that ends up in the cave zone. These sediments can
adversely affect the bottom habitats that serve as spawning areas for fishes. Furthermore,
sediments carry nutrients and heavy metals that have adverse impact on the cave’s water
quality (Bahod et al., 2002).
Percent relative humidity and temperature. Humidity indicates the water vapor
content of the atmosphere and strongly related to temperature. The amount of moisture
that can be supported by the air depends directly on the temperature. At any given
temperature either high or low, there is a limit to the amount of water vapor in which a
given volume or air can absorb (Horrocks, 1981). According to the Ohio Caverns Inc.
(2008), the humidity is very important to the cave environment, keeping it wet and
allowing formations to grow.
Atmospheric conditions in the cave are generally uniform. At the entrance,
temperature and humidity are in approximate surface conditions. Beyond a short zone of
transition, temperature and humidity show little variation. The entrance of the cave is a
variable-temperate zone which depends on the size and exposure of the entrance, volume
The Bio-Physico-Chemical Characteristics and Management of Bengao-ngao Cave,
Ambongdolan, Tublay, Benguet and Crystal Cave 1, Bakakeng Central, Baguio City
/ Junalyn M. Bayeng; et al. 2009

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of air and water entering the cave, and extremes of seasonal temperature. Further inside
the cave is the constant temperature zone wherein air and water temperature reach nearly
complete stability, approximately uniform for the latitude and elevation of the cave. Cave
humidity is close to 100 % except in some caves with abundant gypsum or other mineral
deposits wherein humidity is low. The constant temperature of the cave allows the high
humidity to be maintained indefinitely (Encyclopedia Americana, 1989). Brewer (1994)
also mentioned that the cave physical environment is nearly constant – humidity is
always high, while the temperature shows almost no day-to-night change and little
seasonal variation, being near the average annual above ground temperature.
According to Wenger (1984) as cited by Bahod et al. (2002), temperature of water
moderates the kind and quantity of organism present within the ecosystem. Smith (1980)
as cited by Candiao et al., (2000) also added that the water having warmer temperature is
more productive than water with cold temperature. Coker (1986) as cited by Balanggi et
al. (2002) also mentioned that the temperature influences the physiological process in the
bodies of aquatic animals. It may affect the rate of development and duration of the
whole period of life as well as the size and form of aquatic individuals.
Substratum. Odum (1971) stated that the type of bottom, whether sand, pebbles,
clay, bedrock, or rubble rock is very important in determining the nature of the
communities and the population density of community dominants. Hard bottom,
especially if composed of stones may offer favorable surfaces for both plants and animals
to attach or cling. Sand or soft silt is generally the least favorable type of bottom which
supports the smallest number of species and individuals of benthic plants and animals.
The Bio-Physico-Chemical Characteristics and Management of Bengao-ngao Cave,
Ambongdolan, Tublay, Benguet and Crystal Cave 1, Bakakeng Central, Baguio City
/ Junalyn M. Bayeng; et al. 2009

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Clay bottom is more favorable than sand, flat or rubble rock generally produces the
largest variety and highest density of bottom organisms.
McGeary and Plummer (1991) mentioned that the floors of most caves are
covered with sediments, much of which is residual clay. When limestone-containing clay
dissolves, the fine-grained particles left behind are called residues. Other sediments
including the coarse-grained material found on cave floors maybe carried or drains into
cave system from openings on the land surface.

Chemical Parameters


Dissolved oxygen. According to Enger and Smith (1995), oxygen is important in
water because it is used by the organisms for respiration and to break down organic
compounds for different synthetic activities, growth and reproduction. Umaly and Cuvin
(1988) as cited by Balanggi et al. (2002) added that solubility of oxygen also dependent
on temperature and since biological oxidation rate increases with temperature, dissolved
oxygen concentration may become critical under such conditions.
Mayer in 2001 stated that relatively high dissolved oxygen levels are beneficial to
aquatic plants and animals that depend on aerobic respiration. Low DO levels are less
beneficial and may fail to support aquatic life.
Hardness. Hardness is the characteristics of water which represents total
concentration of calcium and magnesium ions in the water. Dissolved salts cause the
hardness of water. The source of these salts is from rocks containing calcium or
magnesium carbonates such as limestone (CaCO3) and dolomite (CaCO3.MgCO3)
(Williams, 2001).
The Bio-Physico-Chemical Characteristics and Management of Bengao-ngao Cave,
Ambongdolan, Tublay, Benguet and Crystal Cave 1, Bakakeng Central, Baguio City
/ Junalyn M. Bayeng; et al. 2009

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pH. The alkalinity, acidity and neutrality of the water reflect to the CO2 contents
as well as the presence of organic acids and pollution (Smith and Smith, 1998). Odum
(1971) also added that pH is a measure of productivity in aquatic ecosystems wherein
water of low pH is quite frequently deficient in nutrients and low productivity. Lindsey
(1981) as cited by Laguyo et al. (2001) stated that pure water has a pH of 7.0 representing
neutrality of water. Value lower than 7.0 are indicative of acidic water, and values higher
than 7.0 is alkaline water. Brewer (1994) also revealed that the water in caves tends to be
hard and alkaline.

Biological Components of the Cave


Macroscopic organisms. Some life forms can be found outside and around the
entrance of caves. Birds rest in rocks and crannies of the rocks. Deer browse near the
entrance. Bats can be found hanging from the ceiling near the entrance of the cave but
can be found deep inside the cave. Some of the creatures are found in the depths of the
cave where no neutral light ever penetrates such as millipedes, fishes and salamanders
(Dumas, no date). These species have been isolated from the surface environment for
many thousand of years. They are blind and albinos which means that their skin
pigmentation is not maturely produced and they are often pink or white. However, they
have adapted a mutation for coloration (Chadick, no date). These bats, the most unloved
and widely misunderstood among forest creatures, play an important role in the seed from
the fruits and carry them off to spread on the floor of the forest (La Corte, 2008).
Cave creatures tend to be small and slender with thin pale body coverings.
Surrounded by high humidity, they need no special hair or scales to hold or repel
The Bio-Physico-Chemical Characteristics and Management of Bengao-ngao Cave,
Ambongdolan, Tublay, Benguet and Crystal Cave 1, Bakakeng Central, Baguio City
/ Junalyn M. Bayeng; et al. 2009

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moisture. They have no use for eye evolving instead long organs of touch and a sharp
sense of smell for locating sparse food (Aldrich et al., 2002) as cited by Bahod et al.,
2002). Anonymous (2001) as cited by Bahod et al. (2002) added that some of the cave
dwelling creatures depend on smell, whereas many of them have evolved adaptations to
afford a better sense of touch.
Chadick (no date) also mentioned that plants such as mosses and ferns grow in
wet places near the caves. Small green algae grow on the rocks. Because green plants
must use the sunlight to carry out the process of photosynthesis, there are no plants deep
inside the cave. Brewer (1994) added that the cave ecosystem, thus, is heterotrophic.
Food chains are based on energy brought from outside in which this start from bacteria
and scavengers.

Cave Management


Caves contain beautiful and unique mineral formations. Some caves contain rare
and endangered species. Yet, these fragile formations are very susceptible to damage.
Cave formations, once damaged, almost never grow back and damaging or removing
such features is like tearing out a page from a historic document (The Mother Lode
Grotto of National Speleological Society, 2007).
Anonymous (2004) stated that caving involved a sense of responsibility and
conservation. Caves and their formations take hundreds to thousands of years to form.
Responsible cavers never purposefully break formations or remove them as souvenirs and
no staining on rock formations and cave walls.
The Bio-Physico-Chemical Characteristics and Management of Bengao-ngao Cave,
Ambongdolan, Tublay, Benguet and Crystal Cave 1, Bakakeng Central, Baguio City
/ Junalyn M. Bayeng; et al. 2009

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Under Republic Act No.9072 which is known as the National Caves and Cave
Resources Management and Protection Act, it states that caves and cave resources as
parts of the country’s natural wealth should be conserved, managed and protected
through cooperation and exchange of information between governmental authorities and
people who utilize caves and cave resources for scientific, recreational; tourism, and
other purposes.
Section 7 of R.A. 9072 is the prohibition act which includes a) knowingly
destroying, disturbing, defacing, marring, altering, removing, or harming the speleogem
or speleothem of any cave or altering the free movement of any animal or plant life into
or out of any cave; b) gathering, collecting, possessing, consuming, selling, bartering or
exchanging or offering for sale without authority any, cave resources; and c) counseling,
procuring, soliciting or employing any other person to violate any provision of this
Section.
Section 8 of this Act stated that any person found guilty of any of the offenses
enumerated under Section 7 hereof shall be punished by imprisonment from two (2) years
to six (6) years or a fine ranging from Twenty thousand pesos (PhP 20,000.00) to Five
hundred thousand pesos (PhP 500,000.00) or both at the discretion of the court. Provided,
that the person furnishing the capital to accomplish the acts punishable herein shall be
punished by imprisonment from six (6) years and one (1) day to eight (8) years or by a
fine ranging from Five hundred thousand pesos (PhP 500,000.00) to one (1) million pesos
(PhP 1,000,000.00) or both at the discretion of the Court. Provided further, that if the area
requires rehabilitation or restoration as determined by the Court, the defender shall also
be required to restore the same, whenever practicable, or compensate for the damage.
The Bio-Physico-Chemical Characteristics and Management of Bengao-ngao Cave,
Ambongdolan, Tublay, Benguet and Crystal Cave 1, Bakakeng Central, Baguio City
/ Junalyn M. Bayeng; et al. 2009

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Provided, finally, that if the offender is a government employee, he or she likewise be
removed from office.
In the implementation, the DENR (Department of Environment and Natural
Resources ) shall formulate, develop and implement a national program for the protection
and conservation of the caves and caves resources; disseminates information and conduct
educational campaign in the need to conserve, protect and manage our caves and
resources; and to issue permits for the collection and removal cave resources in
coordination with the DOT (Department of Tourism), national museum, concerned
LGU’s (Local Government Units), scientific community and the residence, taking into
consideration the biodiversity as well as the aesthetic and archeological value of the
areas (Chan Robles Virtual Law Library, 2001).
The Bio-Physico-Chemical Characteristics and Management of Bengao-ngao Cave,
Ambongdolan, Tublay, Benguet and Crystal Cave 1, Bakakeng Central, Baguio City
/ Junalyn M. Bayeng; et al. 2009

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METHODOLOGY


Methods

Sampling zones. There were three (3) sampling zones (Z) established in Bengao-
ngao cave and Crystal cave 1. One was located near the entrance (Zone 1), the second
sampling zone was established in the twilight zone (Zone 2) and the third was at the dark
zone (Zone 3) of the caves. Each zone was subdivided into three substations (S), namely
S1, S2, and S3 with an interval of 2.5 meters as shown in Figure 5 and 6.
Collection and testing of water samples. Temperature, percent relative humidity,
substratum and pH analyses were done on site. There were three trials made for
temperature and pH in each zone which was collected from the substations. While
percent relative humidity and substratum was determined particularly in S2 of each zone.
For the Dissolved Oxygen (DO), Total Suspended Solids (TSS), and hardness
analyses, composite water sampling was done in each zone. The DO analysis was done
on site. while the TSS and hardness analysis, water samples were brought to the Biology
Laboratory at Benguet State University, La Trinidad, Benguet and DOST Laboratory, La
Trinidad, Benguet for the tests, respectively.
Physical characterization. For the physical parameters, the following analyses
were done:
A. Total suspended solids (TSS). Data for suspended solids were obtained by
collecting a liter of water sample in each zone (Zone 1 and Zone 3) through composite
water sampling (S1, S2 and S3). The water samples were brought to the Biology
laboratory and were filtered using the pre-weighed air dried filter paper.
The Bio-Physico-Chemical Characteristics and Management of Bengao-ngao Cave,
Ambongdolan, Tublay, Benguet and Crystal Cave 1, Bakakeng Central, Baguio City
/ Junalyn M. Bayeng; et al. 2009

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Sampling station 1 (Entrance zone-Z1) Sampling station 2 (Twilight zone-Z2) Sampling station 3 (Dark zone-Z3)




5 m interval 5 m interval 5 m


2..5 m 2..5 m 2..5 m 2..5 m 2..5 m 2..5 m
• • •
• •
• • • •
S1 S2 S3 S1 S2 S3 S1 S2 S3

Figure 5. Sampling station in Bengao-ngao Cave, Ambongdolan, Tublay, Benguet.


Sampling station 1 (Entrance zone-Z1) Sampling station 2 (Twilight zone-Z2) Sampling station 3 (Dark zone-Z3)




5 m interval 5 m interval 5 m


2..5 m 2..5 m 2..5 m 2..5 m 2..5 m 2..5 m
• • •
• •
• • • •
S1 S2 S3 S1 S2 S3 S1 S2 S3

Figure 6. Sampling station in Crystal Cave 1, Bakakeng, Central, Baguio City
The Bio-Physico-Chemical Characteristics and Management of Bengao-ngao Cave,
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20
The paper together with the residues was air dried and was weighed again to determine
the weight change. The TSS was determined using this formula:
TSS= air-dried weight of filter paper and residue − initial weight of filter
paper.
B. Percent relative humidity. The Dry and Wet Bulb Sling Psychrometer was
used in determining the humidity of each zone particularly in S2. The wet bulb
thermometer covered with wet cloth was whirled and was read afterwards. The dry bulb
thermometer was also read after reading the wet bulb thermometer. The difference
between the dry and wet bulb reading which gives the percent relative humidity of the
cave was identified with the aid of the psychometric table.
C. Temperature. The range of air, surface water and under water temperature
of each substation was determined. Air temperature was obtained by suspending the
thermometer twenty (20) centimeters above the water surface. Surface water temperature
was determined by dipping the thermometer five (5) centimeters from the surface water.
Underwater temperature was taken by submerging the thermometer at a depth of between
the surface and substratum. Three (3) trials were done in every zone for three minutes.

D. Substratum. The substrata of the three zones were determined by scooping a
sample from S2 of each zone and applying the “feel” method to know if it is rocky,
clayey, sandy or silty. Rocky substrata have the presence of gravel that ranges from 2.0
cm and or above diameter; clayey has smooth, sticky and plastic-like texture; sandy has
gritty or rough texture; and the silty substrata have smooth and powdery texture.

The Bio-Physico-Chemical Characteristics and Management of Bengao-ngao Cave,
Ambongdolan, Tublay, Benguet and Crystal Cave 1, Bakakeng Central, Baguio City
/ Junalyn M. Bayeng; et al. 2009

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21
Chemical characterization. For the chemical parameters, the following were
done:
A. Dissolved oxygen (DO). Data for dissolved oxygen were determined by
collecting a liter of water sample in each zone (Zone 1 and 3) through composite water
sampling (S1, S2 and S3). The water samples were analyzed using the Hanna Dissolved
Oxygen Test Kit. The mean dissolved oxygen of each study site was computed by taking
the summated values and dividing it by two.
B. Hardness. Data for hardness were determined by collecting a liter of water
sample in each zone (Zone 1 and Zone 3) through composite sampling. The water
samples were brought to the DOST, La Trinidad, Benguet for laboratory analysis. The
mean dissolved oxygen of each study site was computed by taking the summated values
and dividing it by two.
C. pH. The alkalinity, acidity or neutrality of the water were determined by
using the mean Hanna pHep pocket – sized pH which was dipped in each sampling sites
(S) of each zone (Zone 1 and Zone 3). The mean pH of each study site was computed by
taking the summated values and dividing it by six.
The Bio-Physico-Chemical Characteristics and Management of Bengao-ngao Cave,
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/ Junalyn M. Bayeng; et al. 2009

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Biological characterization. Macroscopic flora and fauna were determined
through plot method. Three 1 m by 1 m was randomly laid out in each sampling zone.
Organisms found within the plot were identified and counted while highly motile species
found outside the plots including aerial species were only identified and listed.
Macroscopic flora and fauna were identified by their scientific and/or local names.
Importance value and biodiversity indices were calculated using the following
formula:
a. Density (Di) = Total number of individuals per species (ni)



Total sampled area (TSA)

b. Frequency (Fi) = Number of plots where a certain species occur (Ji) x 100



Total number of plots sampled (K)

c. Relative Density (RDi) = (Di) x 100


(ΣD)

d. Relative Frequency (RFi) = (Fi) x 100



(ΣF)

e. Importance Value (IVi) = RDi + Rfi




2
f. Species Diversity Index: Shannon Weiner Diversity Index (H’)

H’ = -∑ (ni/N) log (ni/N)






Where in: ni = number of individuals




N = total number of individuals
H’ max = log S






Where S = total number of species

Evenness (J)





J = H’




H’ max

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/ Junalyn M. Bayeng; et al. 2009

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23

Management practices. A semi-structured questionnaire/interview guide
(Appendix D) was used as a primary instrument in attaining the information about the
management practices employed to Bengao-ngao cave and Crystal cave 1. There were 15
respondents in each study site. These respondents were purposively selected from the
residents with 10 years residential period. Five of the respondents came from the elders,
another five from the tour guides or residents and five from the barangay officials.

Data Gathered


The data gathered include the physical, chemical and biological parameters of the
two caves. The physical parameters include total suspended solids, percent relative
humidity, temperature and substratum. In terms of chemical parameters, the DO,
hardness and pH were also collected. For the biological parameters, macroscopic flora
and fauna found inside the caves were included. Moreover, the cave management
practices employed by the residents at Bengao-ngao cave and Crystal cave 1 were
determined.

Statistical Analysis


The data were consolidated, tabulated, interpreted and analyzed using the help of
some appropriate statistical tools such as mean that was used to determine the differences
between the physical and chemical parameters of the two caves. Mean was obtained
using this formula:
X = ∑xi
N

Where: X is the mean
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/ Junalyn M. Bayeng; et al. 2009

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∑x is the mean of the measures


N is the number of trials

Likewise, the importance value, species diversity (Shannon Weiner Diversity
Index) indices were used to compare the biological components (macroscopic organisms)
of the two caves. Moreover, frequency counts, percentage and Likert scale rating were
used to record the responses of the respondents towards the management of the two
caves. Likert scale rating was obtained using the following formula.
n

∑ WiXi
i=1___________
Weighted mean (x) = n


∑ Wi
i=1

Where: W is the number of response




X is the number of scale






The Bio-Physico-Chemical Characteristics and Management of Bengao-ngao Cave,
Ambongdolan, Tublay, Benguet and Crystal Cave 1, Bakakeng Central, Baguio City
/ Junalyn M. Bayeng; et al. 2009

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RESULTS AND DISCUSSION


Physical Parameters

a) Total suspended solids (TSS). Table 1 presents the mean physical
characteristics of Bengao-ngao Cave and Crystal Cave 1. As shown in Table 1, the mean
Total Suspended Solids of the water in Bengao-ngao Cave was 50 mg/L. Bengao-ngao
Cave registered a very low value of TSS because it is located in a forested area and away
from man’s activities (Appendix Plate 1). Crystal Cave 1, on the other hand, has no data
on TSS since there is no water during the time of the study because it is usually being
drained due to its polluted status (Table 13) and for the accessibility of the tourists during
their visits.
b) Percent relative humidity (%RH). Bengao-ngao Cave registered a mean
percent relative humidity of 90 while Crystal Cave 1 registered 84.33 (Table 1). The high
humidity of Bengao-ngao Cave may be attributed to the presence of water. Consequently,
moisture seeps through the ceiling, wall and floor of the cave. The finding corroborates
with the statement of the Crystal Cave Organization (2009) that the high humidity in the
cave is due to the moisture seeping through the ceiling, wall and floor of the cave. Thus,
the lower mean percent relative humidity of Crystal Cave 1 is probably due to the
absence of water in the cave. As mentioned earlier, the water is being drained off by the
tour guides because it is polluted and it is for the accessibility of the tourists in Crystal
Cave 1.


The Bio-Physico-Chemical Characteristics and Management of Bengao-ngao Cave,
Ambongdolan, Tublay, Benguet and Crystal Cave 1, Bakakeng Central, Baguio City
/ Junalyn M. Bayeng; et al. 2009

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26

Table 1. Mean physical parameters of Bengao-ngao Cave and Crystal Cave 1.
Physical Parameters
Bengao-ngao Cave
Crystal Cave 1
Total Suspended Solids
50 -
(mg/L)
% Relative Humidity
90
84.33
Temperature range (oC)


• Air temperature
17 – 24
15 – 17
• Surface water
15 – 23
-
temperature


• Under water
23 – 23.5
-
temperature
Substratum
Rocky and sandy
Rocky and muddy
*Legend: no data (-)

c) Temperature. Bengao-ngao Cave had a higher value of air temperature which
ranges from 17oC – 24oC while Crystal Cave 1 had 150C - 170C (Table 11). The cave
temperatures may be attributed to their locations. The temperature of Bengao-ngao cave
is very close to the Benguet mean air surface temperature of 19.4oC (Socio-Economic
Profile of Benguet, 2007). The air temperature of Crystal Cave 1, on the other hand, is
close to Baguio City’s air surface temperature of 18.3oC (PAG-ASA-DOST, no date).
This finding is supported by Encyclopedia Americana (1989), which stated that most of
the time, the temperature of the cave is close to the mean annual or surface temperature
of the region where the cave is located.
Table 1 also presents the surface water temperature of Bengao-ngao Cave which
ranges from 15oC - 23oC and the under water temperature which ranges from 23oC –
23.5oC. The results imply that the surface water temperature is colder than that of the
under water temperature.
d) Substratum. Table 1 also shows the substratum of Bengao-ngao Cave, which
is rocky (Zone 1 and Zone 3) (Appendix Plate 4), and sandy (Zone 2); and Crystal Cave 1
which has a rocky and muddy substratum from zones 1 to 3 (Appendix Plate 5).
The Bio-Physico-Chemical Characteristics and Management of Bengao-ngao Cave,
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/ Junalyn M. Bayeng; et al. 2009

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The predominated rocky substratum of Bengao-ngao Cave is due to the fact that
the cave has preserved its stalagmite. The sandy substratum in zone 2 may be attributed
to its flat terrain allowing the sand carried by the water that flows through the cave to
settle down.
Crystal Cave 1, on the other hand, has a rocky and muddy substratum. The
presence of mud throughout the cave zones may be attributed to the soil particles carried
by run-off that flows into the cave during rainy season. Moreover, the cave serves as a
receiving body of the liquid and solid wastes by the surrounding residential and
commercial (drying and packing of smoked fish or “tinapa”) areas especially during
rainy season (Appendix Plate 3).
As mentioned by McGeary and Plummer (1991), the floors of most caves are
covered with sediments, much of which is residual clay. When limestone-containing clay
dissolves, the fine-grained particles left behind are called residues. Other sediments
including the coarse-grained material found on cave floors carried or drains into cave
system from openings on the land surface.

Chemical Parameters

a) Dissolved oxygen (DO). Table 2 shows the chemical parameter of Bengao-
ngao cave. As shown in the table, the mean amount of dissolved oxygen of Bengao-ngao
cave was 5.25 mg/L. This implies that the water in Bengao-ngao cave is clean and able to
support living organisms.
The Bio-Physico-Chemical Characteristics and Management of Bengao-ngao Cave,
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/ Junalyn M. Bayeng; et al. 2009

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Table 2. Mean chemical parameters of Bengao-ngao Cave.
Chemical Parameters
Bengao-ngao Cave
Dissolved Oxygen (mg/L)
5.25
Hardness (mg/L)
154
pH 7.99

b) Hardness. Bengao-ngao Cave has a mean hardness of 154 mg/L (Table 2),
which is hard water. In the Philippine Standards on hardness of water, value ranging from
150-300 mg/L is hard water. Brewer (1994) also said that water in caves tends to be hard.
The rocky substratum of the cave could be an evident of hard water in the two caves. The
source of hardness in water according to Williams (2001) is from the rocks containing
calcium or magnesium carbonates such as limestone and dolomite.
c) pH. Bengao-ngao Cave registered a mean pH value of 7.99 (Table 2) which is
indicative of alkaline water. This corroborates with the statement of Brewer (1994) that
water in caves tends to be alkaline. The alkalinity of the water in the cave could be
associated to the presence of calcium and magnesium ions in the water caused by rocks
present in the cave. These ions do not only cause hardness of water but it also is a good
source of alkalinity of water.
Crystal Cave 1, on the other hand, has no data on DO, hardness and pH because
there is no water during the time of the study. The water is usually being drained due to
its polluted status (Table 13) and for the accessibility of the tourists during their visits.

Biological Parameters



a) Macroscopic flora. Table 3 shows that the plant species that predominate in
Bengao-ngao Cave is the Sphagnum sp. (moss), with an importance value of 46.86 %
followed by wild gabi (Taenitis luzunica) or pehaw in Ibaloi term (Appendix Plate 6)
The Bio-Physico-Chemical Characteristics and Management of Bengao-ngao Cave,
Ambongdolan, Tublay, Benguet and Crystal Cave 1, Bakakeng Central, Baguio City
/ Junalyn M. Bayeng; et al. 2009

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Table 3. Floral diversity in Bengao-ngao Cave, Ambongdolan, Tublay, Benguet and
Crystal Cave 1, Bakakeng Central, Baguio City.
BENGAO-NGAO CAVE
Species Name
Ni Importance Rank

Value (%)




Moss (Sphagnum sp.)
295
46.86
1
Maidenhair fern (Adrantum capillus-veneris Linn.)
76 13.10 3
Fern (endemic) (Cheilanthes dilimanensis)
15 6.23 4
Pekaw /wild gabi (Taenitis luzonica)
55 19.83 2
Sipa-sipa ( Ageratina riparia)
1 4.66 5
Copdas /gipah tea (Sarrandra glabra)
1 4.66 5
“ Ap-pas”
1
4.66
5
TOTAL 444
100


CRYSTAL CAVE 1
Species Name
Ni
Importance
Rank
Value (%)
Gabi/Taro (Coloccasia esculenta Linn.)
2 23.61 2
Angels trumpet (Datura inoxia)
7 76.39 1
TOTAL 9
100


with 19.83% then by maidenhair fern (Adrantum capillus-veneris Linn.) (Appendix Plate
7) with 13.10 %, respectively. Cheilanthes dilimanensis, which is an endemic fern, was
also found in Bengao-ngao Cave having an importance value of 6.23%. The least
dominant species in the cave were the sipa-sipa (Ageratina riparia ), copdas/gipah tea
(Sarrandra glabra ) (Appendix Plate 8) , and “ap-pas” (Appendix Plate 9) with 4.66%.
All these floral species were found at the entrance zone of the cave. According to the
Encyclopedia Americana (1999), growth of plants in the cave is restricted to the twilight
zone because green plants must use the sunlight to carry out the process of
photosynthesis.

Crystal cave 1, on the other hand, consisted of only two floral species which were
found in the twilight and dark zones of the cave. These included the angels trumpet
The Bio-Physico-Chemical Characteristics and Management of Bengao-ngao Cave,
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/ Junalyn M. Bayeng; et al. 2009

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(Datura inoxia) (Appendix Plate 10) having an importance value of 76.39% and gabi
(Taenitis luzonica) (Appendix Plate 11) with 23.61%. The floral species found in the
twilight and dark zones, which are pale green due to lack of sunlight, are probably the
plants that were planted in the surrounding area (Appendix Plate 3) and were carried into
the cave by run-off. According to Chadick (no date), there were no plants deep inside the
cave. However, these plants may be carried by the water flowing into the cave.

b) Macroscopic fauna

b.1. Macroscopic fauna species within the sampling plots. Table 4a shows
that Bengao-ngao Cave is predominated by black ants with an importance value of
69.45%. The second dominant species is the moth with 11.11% importance value,
followed by the spider and cave beetle with 9.72%, respectively. Crystal Cave 1, on the
other hand, has no animal species present on each sampling plot of each sampling zone.

b.2. Macroscopic fauna species outside the sampling plots. There were
also identified aerial and highly motile species found in the caves (Table 4b). Results
showed that there were higher number of aerial and motile species (5) identified in
Bengao-ngao Cave than in Crystal Cave 1 (3). Aerial species such as bats and “pipingew”
and motile species such as cave cricket (Appendix Plate 12) and cave frog (Appendix
Plate 13) are only found in Bengao-ngao cave. This implies that the cave especially the
Bengao-ngao Cave houses very unique and important faunal species. This also indicates
that the Bengao-ngao Cave has a clean environment that attracts aerial species especially
since it is located in a forested area. In contrast with Crystal Cave 1, the presence of
mosquitoes and cluster flies would mean that the cave has a dirty environment. Only the
The Bio-Physico-Chemical Characteristics and Management of Bengao-ngao Cave,
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/ Junalyn M. Bayeng; et al. 2009

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Table 4b. Aerial and highly mobile faunal species found outside the sampling plots in

Bengao-ngao Cave, Ambongdolan, Tublay, Benguet and Crystal Cave 1,

Bakakeng Central, Baguio City.
Common Name
Bengao-ngao Cave
Crystal Cave 1
Bats
/
X
Pipingew
/
X
Cave Spider
/ /
Cave Cricket
/
X
Cave Frog
/
X
Cluster Flies
X
/
Mosquitoes X
/
*Legend: / - Present

X – Absent

cave spider (Appendix Plate 14) which is found in both caves, are natural inhabitants of
the cave.

c) Diversity index

c.1. Floral diversity index. As to the Shannon Weiner Diversity Index,
Bengao-ngao Cave is more diverse than Crystal Cave 1 as shown by its higher value of
diversity index (0.43) and species richness (7) with 444 individuals (Table 5). Crystal
Cave 1, however, has a higher value of evenness which is 0.76. The result of the study
corroborates with the study of Ponce (1995) as cited by Albo et al. (2003), which stated
that, communities having abundant species will have high species diversity. This also
implies that Bengao-ngao Cave is much stable than that of the Crystal Cave 1. According
to Odum (1971), the stability of ecosystem is directly correlated to diversity than that of
productivity.

The Bio-Physico-Chemical Characteristics and Management of Bengao-ngao Cave,
Ambongdolan, Tublay, Benguet and Crystal Cave 1, Bakakeng Central, Baguio City
/ Junalyn M. Bayeng; et al. 2009

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32

Table 5. Floral diversity indices of the two caves.
MEASURE BENGAO-
NGAO
CRYSTAL CAVE
CAVE
Total number of species (S)
7.00
2.00
Total number of individuals (N)
444.00
9.00
Shannon Weiner Index (H’)
0.43
0.23
H’ max
0.84
0.30
Evenness (J)
0.51
0.76

c.2. Faunal diversity index. Table 6 shows that Bengao-ngao Cave has a
faunal species diversity index of 0.23, species richness of 4 with a total number of 37
individuals and an evenness of 0.39. Unfortunately in Crystal Cave 1, there had been no
animals found in each sampling plots of each zone. This only means that Bengao-ngao
cave, as an ecosystem, is also more diverse in faunal species than Crystal Cave 1.
Table 6. Faunal diversity indices in Bengao-ngao Cave, Ambongdolan, Tublay, Benguet.
MEASURE BENGAO-NGAO
CAVE
Total number of species (S)
4.00
Total number of individuals ( N)
37.00
Shannon-Weiner Index (H’)
0.23
H’ max
0.60
Evenness (J)
0.39

The Bio-Physico-Chemical Characteristics and Management of Bengao-ngao Cave,
Ambongdolan, Tublay, Benguet and Crystal Cave 1, Bakakeng Central, Baguio City
/ Junalyn M. Bayeng; et al. 2009

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33

Demographic Profile of the Respondents



Table 7 reflects the demographic profile of the respondents in Ambongdolan,
Tublay, Benguet and Crystal Cave, Bakakeng Central, Baguio, City. The ages of the
respondents in Barangay Ambongdolan, Tublay, Benguet range from 26-69 years old
where 40% and 33% are within the age range of 26-36 and 37-47, respectively. In Crystal
Cave, the respondents’ ages range from 15-69 years old, 33% of which are within the age
range of 48-58 years old. This implies that the respondents are mature. In line with their
ages, majority of the respondents in Ambongdolan, Tublay live in the area for more than
26 years while the respondents in Crystal Cave, Bakakeng Central, Baguio City live in
the area for more than 15 years. Thus, they are capable of comparing the past, which is
about ten years ago, and present situation of the caves.

Respondents in Barangay Ambongdolan have almost equal distribution in
terms of gender, 53% are female and 47% are male but in Purok Crystal Cave, a great
percentage (80%) are female because majority of the male are working in the city while
the females usually stay at home thus, they are more available to serve as tour guides than
males within the area. In Barangay Ambongdolan, 20% of the respondents are elementary
graduate, 27% are high school undergraduate, 40% are high school graduate, and 13% of
the respondents are college graduate. In Purok Crystal Cave, 13% of the respondents are
elementary undergraduate, 13% are high school undergraduate, 20% are high school
graduate, 20% are college undergraduate, and 33% of the respondents are college
graduate. This implies that all of the respondents within the two barangays are all literate.
In Barangay Ambongdolan, 40% of the respondents are barangay officials, 33% are tour
guides, and 27% are farmers while in Purok Crystal Cave, only 7% of the respondents are
The Bio-Physico-Chemical Characteristics and Management of Bengao-ngao Cave,
Ambongdolan, Tublay, Benguet and Crystal Cave 1, Bakakeng Central, Baguio City
/ Junalyn M. Bayeng; et al. 2009

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Table 7. Demographic profile of the respondents in Ambongdolan, Tublay, Benguet and

Crystal Cave, Bakakeng Central, Baguio, City (N=15).

Ambongdolan, Tublay,
Crystal Cave, Bakakeng
Characteristics
Benguet
Central, Baguio City
Frequency Percentage Frequency Percentage
(%)
(%)
Age bracket




15-25 0
0
4
27
26-36 6
40
4
27
37-47 5
33
1
7
48-58 3
20
5
33
59-69 1
7
1
7
Number of years staying




in the area
>10-<15
0
0
3
21
15-25 1
7
7
50
26-36 7
47
1
7
37-47 3
20
2
7
48-58 3
20
1
7
>58 1
7
1
7
Gender



Male 7
47
3
20
Female 8
53
12
80
Educational attainment




Elementary graduate
3
20
0
0
Elementary undergraduate
0
0
2
13
High school graduate
6
40
3
20
High school
4
27
2
13
undergraduate

College graduate
0
0
5
33
College undergraduate
2
13
3
20
Occupation


Barangay official
6
40
1
7
Tour guide
5
33
7
47
Farmer 4
27
0
0
Residents 0
0
6
40
Mining engineer/DENR
0 0 1 7
officer

The Bio-Physico-Chemical Characteristics and Management of Bengao-ngao Cave,
Ambongdolan, Tublay, Benguet and Crystal Cave 1, Bakakeng Central, Baguio City
/ Junalyn M. Bayeng; et al. 2009

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barangay officials and mining engineer/DENR officer, 47% are tour guides, and 40% are
residents. A great number of barangay officials were interviewed in Barangay
Ambongdolan since it was also found out that they are part of the cave management in
contrast with the barangay officials of Crystal Cave that they are not directly involved in
the management.

Management Practices


a) Cave assessment by the respondents



a.1. Past situation of the cave. The past situation of Bengao-ngao Cave in
Ambongdolan, Tublay, Benguet and Crystal Cave 1 in Crystal Cave, Bakakeng Central,
Baguio City is shown in Table 8. For the past 10 years or so, the rock formations
(stalactites, stalagmites and flowstones), water quality, and plants and animals inside and
outside the caves are still in very good and good conditions especially in
Table 8. Assessment of the past situation of the two caves (N=15)
Cave characteristics
Bengao-ngao Cave
Crystal Cave 1
Weighted Mean
Description
Weighted Mean Description
Within the cave




Rock formation




Stalactites
3.60
Very good
3.47
Very good
Stalagmites 3.60 Very
good 3.00
Good
Flowstones
3.73
Very good
3.30
Very good
Water quality
3.54
Very good
3.46
Very good
Plants 3.00
Good
3.08
Good
Animals 3.67
Very
good
2.92
Good
Outside the cave




Plants 3.93
Very
good
2.93
Good
Animals 3.71
Very
good
2.60
Good
Statistical limit Descriptive Equivalent:
3.25-4.0

Very good (76-100% of the cave is preserved)
2.5-3.25

Good (51-75% of the cave is preserved)
1.75-2.5

Fair (26-50% of the cave is preserved)
1.0-1.75

Poor (0-25% of the cave is preserved)

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36

Ambongdolan Cave, which means that almost all of the natural resources of the cave are
beautifully intact or preserved.
a.2. Present situation of the cave. At present, however, the Crystal Cave 1
(Table 9), alteration or destruction of resources in the cave is very noticeable and
rampant. Almost all of the natural resources in the said cave are poorly preserved or
managed as reflected by its bio-physico-chemical characteristics. There are no
stalagmites found inside the Crystal Cave anymore. The stalactites and the flowstones
(Appendix Plate 30-36) turned black probably because the cave tourist guides use torch
(“saleng”) as source of light during touring. This corroborates with the perception of the
respondents that the rock formations are fairly or poorly preserved. There are only rock
formations that can be seen inside and were perceived by the respondents to be fairly and
poorly preserved and managed. There were almost no animals and plants that can be
found both inside and outside the cave since the cave is now surrounded by many houses
and the area is highly urbanized already. In contrast with Bengao-ngao Cave where there
is no relative difference from the past to present situation except for the preservation of
animals inside the cave which was altered from very good to good and the preservation of
both animals and plants outside the cave which were also altered from very good to good.
The community was still able to preserve most of the resources of the cave even up to the
present. This is probably because it is located in a forested area and away from man’s
activities. Furthermore, there is a strict implementation of rules and regulations so as to
protect the cave.
The Bio-Physico-Chemical Characteristics and Management of Bengao-ngao Cave,
Ambongdolan, Tublay, Benguet and Crystal Cave 1, Bakakeng Central, Baguio City
/ Junalyn M. Bayeng; et al. 2009

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37

Table 9. Assessment of the present situation of the two caves (N=15)
Cave characteristics
Bengao-ngao Cave
Crystal Cave 1
Weighted Mean
Description
Weighted Mean Description
Within the cave




Rock formation




Stalactites 3.33 Very
good 1.93
Fair
Stalagmites 3.33 Very
good 1.40
Poor
Flowstones 3.57 Very
good 1.45
Poor
Water quality
3.38
Very good
1.13
Poor
Plants 2.58
Good
1.21
Poor
Animals 2.58
Good
1.31
Poor
Outside the cave




Plants 3.21
Good
1.29
Poor
Animals 2.79
Good
1.33
Poor
Statistical limit Descriptive Equivalent:
3.25-4.0

Very good (76-100% of the cave is preserved)
2.5-3.25

Good (51-75% of the cave is preserved)
1.75-2.5

Fair (26-50% of the cave is preserved)
1.0-1.75

Poor (0-25% of the cave is preserved)


b) Issues and concerns about the caves



b.1. Problems encountered in the two caves. Table 10 shows the problems
being encountered within the cave and its environment. In Bengao-ngao Cave, problems
such as improper liquid waste management, improper solid waste management, collection
of crystalline, collection of plant specimens, collection of animal species, use of light
source such as “saleng”, gas lamp, etc., and accidents/illness/lost or disappearance of
visitors perceived to be not severe since all tourists who visited the cave were properly
organized and oriented by the tour guides and that all of the residents were also actively
participating in the cave management. In Crystal Cave 1, however, because of the poor
management and participation of the residents and since it is located in highly urbanized
area, problems such as improper solid and liquid waste management were perceived to be
very severe.
The Bio-Physico-Chemical Characteristics and Management of Bengao-ngao Cave,
Ambongdolan, Tublay, Benguet and Crystal Cave 1, Bakakeng Central, Baguio City
/ Junalyn M. Bayeng; et al. 2009

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38

Table 10. Problems encountered within the cave and its environment (N=15)
Problems
Bengao-ngao Cave
Crystal cave 1
Weighted
Description Weighted Description
mean
mean
Improper liquid waste
1.09
Not severe
3.73
Very severe
management
Improper solid waste
1.50
Not severe
3.33
Very severe
management
Collection of
1.67
Not severe
2.20
Slightly severe
crystalline
Collection of plant
1.33 Not
severe 2.60 Moderately
specimens
severe
Collection of animal
1.00
Not severe
2.20
Slightly severe
species
Use of light source
1.13 Not
severe 2.64 Moderately
such as “saleng”,
severe
gas lamp, etc.
Vandalizing 1.90
Slightly
severe
2.67
Moderately
severe
Accidents/illness/loss
1.38
Not severe
1.25
Not severe
or disappearance of
visitors
Statistical limit Description
3.25-4.0

Very severe (76-100% of the problems were encountered)
2.5-3.25

Moderately severe (51-75% of the problems were encountered)
1.75-2.5

Slightly severe (26-50% of the problems were encountered)
1.0-1.75

Not severe (0-25% of the problems were encountered)

Problems on collection of plant species, use of “saleng” or gas lamp and
vandalizing are moderately severe while collection of crystalline rock and animal species
are slightly severe. According to one barangay official, the reason why there is a big
problem in the solid and liquid waste of Purok Crystal Cave, Bakakeng Central, Baguio
City is that the residents in the area are very hard headed, even with a simple garbage
segregation, residents do not abide with it. Moreover, residents in Purok Crystal Cave just
dispose their wastes especially their liquid wastes which goes directly to the cave because
the elevation of the cave is lower than the elevation of the houses near the cave. This is
the reason why the water quality of the cave was very poor and that managers of the cave
have to drain the water inside the cave. The use of “saleng” as a source of light in
The Bio-Physico-Chemical Characteristics and Management of Bengao-ngao Cave,
Ambongdolan, Tublay, Benguet and Crystal Cave 1, Bakakeng Central, Baguio City
/ Junalyn M. Bayeng; et al. 2009

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39

entering the cave was moderately severe since the tour guides and managers of the cave
are now starting to use flashlights in entering the cave. The use of “saleng” as a source of
light in entering the cave is a problem in the cave because “saleng” produces black soot
which makes the ceiling and surroundings of the cave colored black causing the
degradation of the cave. According to the tour guides, accidents, illness, or lost/
disappearance of visitors within the cave were not severe because the cave is not too long
to traverse. It only takes less than an hour to tour the cave. Moreover, they do not limit
the numbers of tourists entering the cave. About 30 tourists may enter the cave even at
the same time. In Bengao-ngao Cave, even when touring takes more than an hour because
the cave is too long and has many passages, accidents, illnesses, or lost/disappearance of
visitors are not severe as well since tour guides limit the number of tourists entering the
cave to 5 people per tour guide. This is to ensure that the tour guides can properly
handle/or to have a closer look over the tourist being guided.

b.2. Non-participation of the community to cave management. In
connection with the management practices being implemented in the two different caves,
perceptions of the community towards their participation in the cave management is
shown in Table 11. In Barangay Ambongdolan, 87% of the respondents said that
destruction of rock formations and alteration of plant and animal life found inside and
outside the cave would occur if the community would not participate. While 60% of the
respondents added that cave water may be polluted. However, because of the presence of
active community participation and strict implementation of rules and regulations on the
preservation of Bengao-ngao cave, the residents are confident that the above problems
will not happen.
The Bio-Physico-Chemical Characteristics and Management of Bengao-ngao Cave,
Ambongdolan, Tublay, Benguet and Crystal Cave 1, Bakakeng Central, Baguio City
/ Junalyn M. Bayeng; et al. 2009

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40

Table 11. Perceptions of the community if they will not participate in the cave
management (N=15)

Ambongdolan, Tublay,
Crystal Cave, Bakakeng
Perceptions
Benguet
Central, Baguio City
Frequency Percentage Frequency Percentage
(%)
(%)
Destruction of rock formations
13
87
15
100
Alteration of plant and animal
13 87 8 53
life found inside and outside
the cave
Pollution of the cave water
9
60
15
100
Garbage problem/flooding of the
0 0 1 7
area

In Purok Crystal Cave, on the other hand, 100% of the respondents said
that there would be further destruction of rock formations and pollution of the cave water
if the community would not participate in the management of the cave. A majority of the
respondents (53%) also said that there would be further alteration of plant and animal
lives both found inside and outside the cave. Seven percent (7%) of the respondents
added that improper garbage disposal would cause flooding in the area. Unfortunately,
these perceptions in Crystal Cave 1 were already experienced because of poor
management and lack of community participation and cooperation. Crystal cave’s water
is already polluted because of household wastes, rock formations were destroyed because
of the use of “saleng” as a light source and wastes carried by the water that enters the
cave, and the plants and animal life found inside and outside the cave were already
altered.

c) Management proper

c.1. Cave utilization. Both caves are used for ecotourism purposes as
shown in Table 12. However, in Purok Crystal Cave, the cave is being utilized in the
context of “tourism” which means that the cave is for generating income only and not in
The Bio-Physico-Chemical Characteristics and Management of Bengao-ngao Cave,
Ambongdolan, Tublay, Benguet and Crystal Cave 1, Bakakeng Central, Baguio City
/ Junalyn M. Bayeng; et al. 2009

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41

Table 12. Cave utilization in the community (N=15)
Cave utilization
Bengao-ngao Cave
Crystal Cave 1
Frequency Percentage Frequency Percentage
(%)
(%)
Ritual purposes
0
0
3
20
Habitat for plants and
13
86. 67
1
6. 67
animal life
Recreational purposes
10
66. 67
3
20
Educational purposes
14
93
4
26. 67
Ecotourism 15
100
15
100

the context of “ecotourism” that requires responsible travel or visit. As a result, the rock
formations and the natural resources of the cave are slowly being degraded. Bengao-ngao
Cave, on the other hand, is also being utilized for educational purposes according to the
93% respondents of Barangay Ambongdolan, 87% of the respondents also said that the
cave is being utilized as a habitat for plant and animal life and 67% said that it is used for
recreational purposes such as picnics outside the cave and hiking for the adventurous
people. Despite the obvious destruction of Crystal Cave 1, this is still being utilized for
educational and ritual purposes. This is probably due to the proximity of the cave to
Baguio City.
It was also found out that the peak months for tourist visit in both caves
are during summer while these are closed during rainy season since the caves are being
flooded with rain water making it inconvenient for tourists.


With regard to the use of water inside the cave, 40% respondents said that
the water inside the cave is used for drinking as shown in Table 13 because the water
seeping through the walls and roofs of the cave is potable. Based on the Bio-Physico-
Chemical characterization of Bengao-ngao Cave, the water is generally clean. Forty-
seven percent (47%) of the respondents said that water inside the cave is used for
agricultural purposes by National Irrigation Association (NAIA) and according to 27% of
The Bio-Physico-Chemical Characteristics and Management of Bengao-ngao Cave,
Ambongdolan, Tublay, Benguet and Crystal Cave 1, Bakakeng Central, Baguio City
/ Junalyn M. Bayeng; et al. 2009

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42

Table 13. Uses of water inside the cave (N=15)
Water utilization
Bengao-ngao Cave
Crystal Cave 1
Frequency Percentage Frequency Percentage
(%)
(%)
Agricultural purposes
7
47
0
0
Domestic purposes
0
0
0
0
Recreational purposes
4
27
0
0
Drinking purposes
6
40
0
0
None 0
0
15
100

the respondents; the water is also used for recreational purposes such as bathing. On the
other hand, majority of the respondents of Purok Crystal Cave (87%) said that Crystal
Cave 1 has very dirty water since this comes from the residential areas. The cave serves
as the outlet of household and commercial wastes. Consequently, the water is being
drained instead by the managers of the cave for convenience of the tourist that visits the
said cave.



c.2. Awareness on cave management practices. For the awareness on the
management practices being implemented on the two different caves (Table 14), it was
found out that in Barangay Ambongdolan, majority of the respondents (87%) were very
aware on the management and 13% are moderately aware on the management practices
being implemented in Bengao-ngao Cave since they are all responsible in managing the
cave while in Purok Crystal Cave, the degree of awareness on cave management are far
below since only 7% and 40% are very aware and moderately aware, respectively.
Among which are some of the Crystal Cave managers. However, 33% of the respondents
that include the barangay officials and some residents were fairly aware and other
respondents (20%) are not even aware at all of the management practices. Some
respondents said that they do not really care about the cave since they are not part of the
management and only the association knows the practices. The lack of involvement of
The Bio-Physico-Chemical Characteristics and Management of Bengao-ngao Cave,
Ambongdolan, Tublay, Benguet and Crystal Cave 1, Bakakeng Central, Baguio City
/ Junalyn M. Bayeng; et al. 2009

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43

Table 14. Awareness of the residents to the management practices of the caves (N=15)

Ambongdolan, Tublay,
Crystal Cave, Bakakeng
Awareness
Benguet
Central, Baguio City
Frequency Percentage Frequency Percentage
(%)
(%)
Very aware
13
87
1
7
Moderately aware
2
13
6
40
Fairly aware
0
0
5
33
Not aware
0
0
3
20
Total 15
100
15
100

most of the residents in Crystal Cave preservation/protection reflects the weak and poor
management of the Crystal Cave 1 resulting to its further degradation.
Table 15 shows the level of effectivity of the source of information on the
management practices of the caves. In Barangay Ambongdolan, the Barangay officials
as source of information on the management practices being implemented in Bengao-
ngao Cave were very effective because higher officials in the area were being respected
and obeyed by the residents.
Table 15. Level of effectivity of the source of information (N=15)

Ambongdolan, Tublay, Benguet
Crystal Cave, Bakakeng
Source of
Central, Baguio City
information
Weighted
Description Weighted Description
mean
mean
Barangay officials
4
Very effective
3.33
Very effective
Barangay
2.75 Moderately - -
ads/posters
effective
Neighborhood 3
Moderately
2.25 Slightly
effective
effective
Local media
2.57
Moderately
3.0 Moderately
effective
effective
Co-members of the
- -
3.33
Very
effective
association
*Legend: no data (-)

Statistical limit Description
3.25-4.0

Very effective (76-100% of the information is retained)
2.5-3.25

Moderately effective (51-75% of the information is retained)
1.75-2.5

Slightly effective (26-50% of the information is retained)
1.0-1.75

Not effective (0-25% of the information is retained)

The Bio-Physico-Chemical Characteristics and Management of Bengao-ngao Cave,
Ambongdolan, Tublay, Benguet and Crystal Cave 1, Bakakeng Central, Baguio City
/ Junalyn M. Bayeng; et al. 2009

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44

Other sources such as Barangay ads/posters, neighborhood, and local media were
moderately effective while in Purok Crystal Cave, Barangay officials as well as the
Crystal Cave Guiding Association (CCGA) members were very effective as source of
information on the management practices on Crystal Cave 1 since they are more
authoritative than any other people. Neighborhood as source of information is slightly
effective.


c.3 .Implemented management practices. In the preservation of Bengao-
ngao Cave and Crystal Cave 1, there are some management practices that are being
implemented by the community which is shown in Table 16. In Ambongdolan, Tublay,
Benguet, there is a strict implementation of the rules and regulations namely prohibition
of the removal and touching of any rock formation, writing on the cave’s wall, use of
“saleng” as a light source in entering the cave, and collection/gathering of plants and
animals in the cave. Tour guides in the said barangay uses petromax and spotlight as a
light source in touring (Appendix Plate 43). It was also found out that rules and
regulations were listed at the municipal hall and on the road going to Bengao-ngao Cave
for the tourist to read and follow (Appendix Plate 37-38). Because of the strict
implementation of these rules and regulations, the beauty of the natural resources of the
Bengao-ngao Cave was preserved. In Crystal Cave 1, however, the implementation of the
rules and regulations are not very strict. Prohibitions on the removal of any rock
formation, writing on cave walls, and touching rock formations were moderately strict in
the implementation while the prohibition on the use of “saleng” as light source in
entering the cave and the collection/gathering of plants and animals in the cave were
slightly strict in the implementation. Based on the findings, some tourist guides used
The Bio-Physico-Chemical Characteristics and Management of Bengao-ngao Cave,
Ambongdolan, Tublay, Benguet and Crystal Cave 1, Bakakeng Central, Baguio City
/ Junalyn M. Bayeng; et al. 2009

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45

flashlights while touring, however, the use of torch (“saleng”) is still being observed
(Appendix Plate 44). There are no signage posted in the cave in relation to cave’s rules
and regulations/tour guidelines. One respondent said that the tour guides are instructed to
inform the tourists about these rules and regulations.
In relation to the rules and regulations in the management of Bengao-ngao
Cave and Crystal Cave 1, sanctions were made by the managers of the cave to the
violators, either a tourist or a resident of the area, of their rules and regulations. In
Bengao-ngao Cave, there is a resolution made by the Barangay officials and the
Municipal office of Tublay, provides that any individual who violated any rules and
regulations of the barangay regarding Bengao-ngao Cave will be fined with 500 pesos. At
present, there were no cases of violation in Bengao-ngao Cave because visitors were
properly oriented by the tour guides before entering the cave. Moreover, the rules and
regulations are written on the sign board which is posted on the side of the road going to
Bengao-ngao Cave so that the tourists or visitors would be forewarned. On the case of
Crystal Cave 1, according to the Crystal Cave Guiding Association (CCGA), tour guides
can be suspended for 3 to 5 days depending on the violations made by the visitors they
guided. Some violations include collection of rocks and writing on the walls. Based on
the observation, the rules and regulations of Crystal Cave 1 were not properly
disseminated to tourists. Consequently, the tourists are often holding the rock formations
and sometimes collect them.

The Bio-Physico-Chemical Characteristics and Management of Bengao-ngao Cave,
Ambongdolan, Tublay, Benguet and Crystal Cave 1, Bakakeng Central, Baguio City
/ Junalyn M. Bayeng; et al. 2009

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46

Table 16. Management practices implemented in the preservation/protection of the cave
either local or national (N=15)
Rules and regulations
Bengao-ngao Cave
Crystal Cave 1
Weighted
Description Weighted Description
mean
mean
Prohibition of the removal
4 Very
strict
3.17
Moderately
of any rock formation
strict
Prohibition of any writing
3.93 Very
strict 3.25 Moderately
on the cave’s wall
strict
Prohibition on the use of
4
Very strict
2.33
Slightly strict
“saleng” as a light
source in entering the
cave
Prohibition on the
3.93
Very strict
2.22
Slightly strict
collection/gathering of
plants and animals in the
cave
Prohibition of touching any
4 Very
strict
2.63
Moderately
rock formation
strict
Statistical limit Description
3.25-4.0

Very strict (76-100% of the residents are complying)
2.5-3.25

Moderately strict (51-75% of the residents are complying)
1.75-2.5

Slightly strict (26-50% of the residents are complying)
1.0-1.75

Not strict (0-25% of the complying)

The reasons for adopting the cave management practices are shown in
Table 17. In Barangay Ambongdolan, 100% of the respondents said that the reasons why
they strictly implement the rules and regulations mentioned below are to preserve the
flora and fauna found inside and outside the cave, to preserve the water quality of the
cave, to preserve the rock formations of the cave, to comply with the barangay regulation,
as additional income for the community, to protect ancestral domain, and to maintain
natural beauty of the cave.
The Bio-Physico-Chemical Characteristics and Management of Bengao-ngao Cave,
Ambongdolan, Tublay, Benguet and Crystal Cave 1, Bakakeng Central, Baguio City
/ Junalyn M. Bayeng; et al. 2009

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47

Table 17. Reasons for adopting cave management practices shown in Table 14 (N=15)
Reasons
Bengao-ngao Cave
Crystal Cave 1
Frequency Percentage Frequency Percentage
(%)
(%)
To preserve the flora and
15 100 7 47
fauna found inside and
outside the cave
To preserve the water quality
15 100 2 13
of the cave
To preserve the rock
15 100 10 67
formations of the cave
To comply with the barangay
15 100 1 7
regulation
Additional income for the
15 100 2 13
local government
To protect ancestral domain
1
7
0
0
To maintain the natural
1 7 0 0
beauty of the cave

Barangay Ambongdolan collects an entrance fee of 120 pesos per head for
students and 125 pesos per head for general admission at Bengao-ngao Cave. The 20 or
25 pesos from the collection were given to the Municipal Hall of Tublay and the 100
pesos goes to the tour guide which serves as his income. Another reason for adopting
such cave management practices was to protect Bengao-ngao Cave since this is their
ancestral domain and they want to protect the natural beauty of the cave (7%).
In Purok Crystal Cave, on the other hand, 67% of the respondents said that
they adopt such management practices to preserve the rock formations of the cave
because rock formations are the only ones left that is being seen within the cave. Forty-
seven percent (47%) of the respondents said that the management of the cave was to
preserve the flora and fauna found inside the cave but as observed from the cave, there
were no natural flora especially fauna unlike in Bengao-ngao Cave that their natural flora
and fauna was preserved. Thirteen percent (13%) of the respondents also said that
preserving the water quality was another purpose of the management practices but again,
The Bio-Physico-Chemical Characteristics and Management of Bengao-ngao Cave,
Ambongdolan, Tublay, Benguet and Crystal Cave 1, Bakakeng Central, Baguio City
/ Junalyn M. Bayeng; et al. 2009

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48

water quality of the cave was very dirty because it comes from the household wastes
surrounding the cave thus managers of the cave have to drain off water for the
convenience of the tourists. Also, 13% of the respondents said that the reason for the
management of the cave was for an additional income for the community. Tour guides in
Crystal Cave 1 are collecting 80 pesos from the tourists (regardless of the number) as an
entrance fee in Crystal Cave 1, 10 pesos of it goes to their association called Crystal Cave
Guiding Association (CCGA) and the 70 pesos goes to the tour guide which serves as his
or her income. Based on the interview, however, the income is not also fixed since if
there are more than one tour guide present, they may divide the 70 pesos among
themselves or depending on the tourist if they would pay each tour guide or not.
Moreover, Purok Crystal Cave, Bakakeng Central does not have any part on the entrance
fee collected in the Crystal Cave 1. The result implies that there is no proper management
in Crystal Cave 1. Entrance fees are arbitrarily set and may create problems such as
fighting among tourist guides. Barangay officials do not have any control on the cave.
Consequently, the cave’s natural resources are slowly being degraded.
c.4. Indigenous knowledge system. Table 18 shows the indigenous
practices being observed in Barangay Ambongdolan and Purok Crystal Cave. In Bengao-
ngao Cave, all of the listed indigenous practices have a weighted mean of 1.0, which
implies that these practices were not being practiced or perhaps done once a month.
Although according to one of the respondents, there was a mass held in the cave by a
minority group seven years ago.

The Bio-Physico-Chemical Characteristics and Management of Bengao-ngao Cave,
Ambongdolan, Tublay, Benguet and Crystal Cave 1, Bakakeng Central, Baguio City
/ Junalyn M. Bayeng; et al. 2009

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49

Table 18. Indigenous practices observed in the community in relation to the cave (N=15)

Ambongdolan, Tublay,
Crystal Cave, Bakakeng
Indigenous practices
Benguet
Central, Baguio City
Weighted
Description Weighted Description
mean
mean
Burial area
1.0
Not at all
1.0
Not at all
Wedding place
1.0
Not at all
1.0
Not at all
Ritual activities
1.0
Not at all
1.0
Not at all
Religious activities
1.0
Not at all
1.0
Not at all
Statistical limit Description
3.25-4.0

Always (4 times a month or more)
2.5-3.25

Frequent (3 times a month)
1.75-2.5

Often (2 times a month)
1.0-1.75

Not at all (once a month or not at all)

On the other hand, the listed indigenous practices were not also practiced at all as shown
by its 1.0 weighted mean by the respondents in Crystal Cave. This was attributed to the
mixed culture in the area as well as its urbanized setting wherein people in the area had
already forgotten their traditional practices.


Table 19 shows the indigenous beliefs being observed in Barangay
Ambongdolan and Purok Crystal Cave. In Barangay Ambongdolan, these indigenous
beliefs were slightly perceived by the respondents. According to one of the eldest
respondents, in the past years, someone had thrown a stone inside the cave and he
became blind. It was believed that an unseen creature inside the cave was hurt so he
cursed the man. From then on, visitors were prohibited to throw stones and any form of
violence towards the cave. The indigenous beliefs in Purok Crystal Cave, on the other
hand, had a weighted mean of 1.0 which implies that there are no indigenous beliefs
practiced in the area towards the cave management.
The Bio-Physico-Chemical Characteristics and Management of Bengao-ngao Cave,
Ambongdolan, Tublay, Benguet and Crystal Cave 1, Bakakeng Central, Baguio City
/ Junalyn M. Bayeng; et al. 2009

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50

Table 19. Indigenous beliefs observed in the community in relation to the cave (N=15)
Indigenous beliefs
Ambongdolan, Tublay,
Crystal Cave, Bakakeng
Benguet
Central, Baguio City
Weighted
Description Weighted Description
mean
mean
Cave as a sacred place
2.33
Slightly
1.0
Not at all
perceived

Presence of “anitos” or
2.44 Slightly 1.0
Not at all
unseen creatures
perceived
Diseases/illnesses
1.89 Slightly 1.0
Not at all
encountered to any
perceived
destruction/disturbances
in the cave
Statistical limit Description
3.25-4.0

Always perceived (strongly adhere to the belief)
2.5-3.25

Frequent (moderately adhere to the belief)
1.75-2.5

Slightly perceived (often adhere to the belief)
1.0-1.75

Not at all (don’t believe at all)


Community Participation in the Cave Management


a) Degree of participation. Participation of the community is needed for effective
management. The degree of participation of the respondents in the cave management of
the two caves was listed in Table 20. In Barangay Ambongdolan, respondents were all
very active. Clean-up drive within and outside the cave, and tree or flower planting along
the vicinity to beautify the cave were done to attract more tourists. Cave management
seminars were conducted in order to manage well the cave. One hundred percent of the
tour guides in Barangay Ambongdolan underwent trainings and seminars together with
the tour guides of Sagada Cave. One respondent said that this training and seminar
programs they had was initiated by the US Peace Corps volunteer, Ms. Sherry Manning
who also stayed in the area to help the residents in managing the said cave. These
trainings and seminars are about safety of the tourists inside the cave and proper
management of Bengao-ngao cave.
The Bio-Physico-Chemical Characteristics and Management of Bengao-ngao Cave,
Ambongdolan, Tublay, Benguet and Crystal Cave 1, Bakakeng Central, Baguio City
/ Junalyn M. Bayeng; et al. 2009

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51

Table 20. Degree of participation of the respondents in the cave management (N=15)
Management activities
Ambongdolan, Tublay,
Crystal Cave, Bakakeng
Benguet
Central, Baguio City
Weighted
Description Weighted Description
mean
mean
Clean-up drive within and
3.43 Very
active 2.54 Moderately
outside the cave
active
Tree/flower planting along
3.3 Very
active 2.83 Moderately
the vicinity of the cave
active
Cave management
3.4 Very
active 2.0 Fairly
active
seminar
Compliance with the rules
3.67 Very
active 3.09 Moderately
and regulation in the
active
cave management
Statistical limit Description
3.25-4.0

Very active (4 times a month or more)
2.5-3.25

Moderately active (3 times a month)
1.75-2.5

Fairly active (2 times a month)
1.0-1.75

Not active (once a month or not at all)


Moreover, it was found out that there are only maximum of 5 tourists that a tour guide
must handle. According to the respondents, they are complying with the rules and
regulations in the management of the said cave. All the residents in the said barangay are
also members of the association called Tublay Environmental Guide Association (TEGA)
that manages the Bengao-ngao Cave.
In Purok Crystal Cave, however, there is also an association known as the Crystal
Cave Guiding Association (CCGA) which is responsible in the management of Crystal
Cave 1. Unlike the TEGA, CCGA is a private organization composed of chosen residents
who serve as tour guides in Crystal Cave 1. Unfortunately, it was found out that the
barangay officials and even the DENR officers were not directly involved in the
management of the cave. According to one of the barangay officials interviewed, they
will only take an action if there would be a complaint or problem coming from the
residents in the area and so does the DENR officer. The DENR can only make a move if
The Bio-Physico-Chemical Characteristics and Management of Bengao-ngao Cave,
Ambongdolan, Tublay, Benguet and Crystal Cave 1, Bakakeng Central, Baguio City
/ Junalyn M. Bayeng; et al. 2009

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52

the barangay submitted a barangay resolution regarding the complaints or problems from
the residents. Nevertheless, the CCGA members were moderately active in the clean-up
drive and tree/flower planting activities within the vicinity of the cave. These two
activities were only being actively done during summer and holidays wherein there are
increased numbers of tourists visiting the cave. On the other hand, non-members of
CCGA were not very active in the compliance with the rules and regulations of the cave
management because they are not allowed by the members of CCGA to manage the cave
and they are not being benefited from the entrance fees being collected. Furthermore, the
tour guides in Crystal Cave 1 do not undergo any trainings and seminars on cave
management. Anyone that lives near the cave can be a tour guide even children.

b) Suggestions and recommendations of the community. In relation to the cave
resources and the cave management practices, there were suggestions or
recommendations of the respondents that were listed in Table 21. In Barangay
Ambongdolan, 100% of the respondents recommended that there should be an
ecotourism in the area. Further strict implementation of the cave management policies
and practices, increase cave management practices to the community, management
support from other agency responsible for cave management, and visitor orientation to
prevent any damage in the area while 93 % of the respondents suggested that there should
be an extensive information dissemination on the R.A. 9072 known as the National Caves
and Cave Resources Management and Protection Area, and restoration of the cave should
be done. These recommendations and suggestions were just needed to be improved since
all these things were being implemented by the whole community of Ambongdolan.
However, in Purok Crystal Cave, 73 % of the respondents recommended that there
The Bio-Physico-Chemical Characteristics and Management of Bengao-ngao Cave,
Ambongdolan, Tublay, Benguet and Crystal Cave 1, Bakakeng Central, Baguio City
/ Junalyn M. Bayeng; et al. 2009

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53

should be strict implementation of cave management policies and practices since the
management practices of Crystal Cave 1 are very poor. Sixty seven percent (67 %) of the
respondents suggested that there should be information dissemination on the R.A. 9072
known as the National Caves and Cave Resources Management and Protection Area.
According to one of the respondents, this law (R.A. 9072) should be explained and
disseminated properly to the community and automatically be implemented. Fifty three
percent (53 %) of the respondents recommended that there should be a restoration of the
cave since the cave is now very prone to degradation. According to the 33 % of the
respondents, there should be an increase in cave management awareness in the
community. Twenty seven percent (27 %) of the respondents suggested that there should
be extensive visitor orientation. The seven percent (7 %) of the respondents suggested
that there should be a culvert to be built to divert the dirty water entering the cave
especially during rainy season. Lastly, one of the DENR officers suggested that there
should be a barangay resolution to the city to be forwarded in the DENR office for
concerns relative to R.A. 9072 for DENR couldn’t take any action toward the cave
management without any resolution regarding the problems occurring in the area.
The Bio-Physico-Chemical Characteristics and Management of Bengao-ngao Cave,
Ambongdolan, Tublay, Benguet and Crystal Cave 1, Bakakeng Central, Baguio City
/ Junalyn M. Bayeng; et al. 2009

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54

Table 21. Suggestions and recommendations in relation to the two caves (N=15)
Suggestions/recommendations
Ambongdolan, Tublay,
Crystal Cave 1, Bakakeng
Benguet
Central, Baguio City
Frequency Percentage Frequency Percentage
(%)
(%)
Information dissemination on
14 93 10 67
the R.A. 9072 (National
Caves and Cave Resources
Management and Protected
Areas)
Restoration of the cave
14
93
8
53
Ecotourism 15
100
4
27
Strict implementation of cave
15 100 11 73
management policies and
practices
Increase cave management
15 100 5 33
awareness to the
community
Management support from
15 100 3 20
other agency responsible
for cave management
Visitor orientation to prevent
15 100 4 27
any damage in the area
Construction of culvert
-
-
1
7
Formulation of barangay
-
-
1
7
resolution relative to cave

management
*Legend: no data (-)










The Bio-Physico-Chemical Characteristics and Management of Bengao-ngao Cave,
Ambongdolan, Tublay, Benguet and Crystal Cave 1, Bakakeng Central, Baguio City
/ Junalyn M. Bayeng; et al. 2009

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55

SUMMARY, CONCLUSION, AND RECOMMENDATIONS



Summary



The study is entitled “The Bio-Physico-Chemical Characteristics and
Management of Bengao-ngao Cave, Ambongdolan, Tublay, Benguet and Crystal Cave 1,
Bakakeng Central, Baguio City”. Specifically, the study aimed to 1) determine and
compare the two caves based on their physical parameters, chemical parameters, and
biological parameters; and 2) document and compare the management practices
employed by the surrounding communities on the two caves. The study was conducted
from December 2008 to January 2009.

Bengao-ngao Cave had a 50 mg/L Total Suspended Solids (TSS); higher percent
relative humidity which is 90% as a result of constant moisture seeping through the
ceilings, walls and floors of the cave than Crystal Cave 1 having a lower value of 84.33%
due to the absence of water inside the cave. The temperatures of the two caves range
from 17oC - 24oC for Bengao-ngao Cave and 15oC - 17oC for Crystal Cave 1. These
temperatures were attributed to the location of the caves wherein their temperature is
close to the temperature of the area where they are located. The substratum of Bengao-
ngao Cave is rocky and sandy, which attributes to the colder water surface temperature,
which ranges from 15oC - 23oC , and warmer under water temperature, which ranges
from 23oC – 23.5oC while Crystal Cave 1, has a rocky and muddy substratum.
Bengao-ngao Cave has 7 floral species having diversity index of 0.43 while
Crystal Cave 1 has only 2 floral species having species diversity index of 0.23 thus,
Bengao-ngao Cave is more diverse than Crystal Cave. Bengao-ngao Cave is also highly
The Bio-Physico-Chemical Characteristics and Management of Bengao-ngao Cave,
Ambongdolan, Tublay, Benguet and Crystal Cave 1, Bakakeng Central, Baguio City
/ Junalyn M. Bayeng; et al. 2009

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56

visited by aerial and motile animals such as bats, birds, cave spider, cave cricket and frog
unlike in Crystal Cave 1 which have only cave spider, flies and mosquitoes.

The management practices being implemented in the two caves reflected on the
past and present situation of the two caves. The strict implementation of the rules and
regulations in Bengao-ngao Cave resulted that the past and present situation of the cave
was maintained and preserved. In Crystal Cave 1, however, there is a big difference
between the past and present situation of the cave since their rules and regulations were
not actually being disseminated to the community and the tourist. At present, Crystal
Cave 1 is degraded and the water quality is very poor, thus, benefits are very limited. The
residents still earn income and tourists still appreciate the cave especially first timers.
Bengao-ngao Cave’s water, on the other hand, is clean as reflected by its bio-physico-
chemical characteristics, hence, it is being utilized for recreational and domestic
purposes. Indigenous knowledge system in Ambongdolan, Tublay, Benguet is still
observed while in Purok Crystal, Bakakeng Central, Baguio City, they are no longer
observed due to the presence of mixed cultures and to its highly urbanized setting.

Conclusion



Based on the results the following conclusions are drawn:
1. a. For the physical characteristics, Bengao-ngao Cave has a lesser amount of Total
suspended solids (TSS); a high % relative humidity; a high air, surface and under
water temperatures; and a rocky and sandy substratum. Crystal Cave 1, on the
other hand, has no water found during the conduct of the study since the managers
drained this for the accessibility of the tourists.
The Bio-Physico-Chemical Characteristics and Management of Bengao-ngao Cave,
Ambongdolan, Tublay, Benguet and Crystal Cave 1, Bakakeng Central, Baguio City
/ Junalyn M. Bayeng; et al. 2009

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57

b. For chemical parameters, the water in Bengao-ngao Cave is generally clean and
able to support living organisms. The water in Crystal Cave, on the other hand,
need to be drained by the managers because of its polluted status.
c. For the biological characteristics, the Bengao-ngao Cave is a more diverse
ecosystem than Crystal Cave 1.
2. In terms of management practices being implemented, residents of Ambongdolan,
Tublay, Benguet has a direct control and management on Bengao-ngao Cave. In
Crystal Cave 1, on the other hand, has a poor cave management practices.
Furthermore, some of the belief of the residents in Ambongdolan, Tublay,
Benguet are still observed and thus also serves as a basis for the managing of the
cave while in Crystal Cave 1, belief system is no longer observe by the people in
the community.

Recommendation


A. For the management of Bengao-ngao Cave, the following are recommended.
1. Continuous monitoring of the cave to enhance and maintain its natural beauty and
to preserve its biodiversity.
2. Extensive information education and communication campaign on the R.A. 9072
for more information in relation to management of cave.
3. The remaining indigenous knowledge system in the community towards the cave
management should be preserved for the future generation continuing the
management of the cave.
The Bio-Physico-Chemical Characteristics and Management of Bengao-ngao Cave,
Ambongdolan, Tublay, Benguet and Crystal Cave 1, Bakakeng Central, Baguio City
/ Junalyn M. Bayeng; et al. 2009

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58

4. Financial support from the municipal government for further management of the
said cave (i.e. road development; and necessary materials for touring such as light
source and ropes).
B. For the management of Crystal Cave 1, the following are recommended.

1. The use of “saleng” by the tour guides should be prohibited instead, spot light,
flashlights or petromax should be utilized.
2. Local Government units (LGU) should be involved in the management of the
cave.
3. The DENR should actively participate in the restoration of the cave especially that
all caves are considered to be protected areas thus, it is still under their
jurisdiction to protect and preserved.
4. There should be information dissemination to the community regarding the
protection and the tour guides should undergo trainings and seminars on how to
tour visitors the right way.
5. The community should come up with a policy or rules and regulations to be
implemented inside and outside the cave for its protection and preservation.
6. Local community should not look only into the benefits or income that they
receive but should take into consideration the condition of the cave. Cave should
be seen as a natural resource which should be protected and maintained.
7. The managers of the cave could adopt the management strategies of Barangay
Ambongdolan, Tublay, Benguet or in Sagada, Mountain Province.      
8. Furthermore, temporary closure of the cave is highly recommended for its
complete natural rehabilitation/restoration and diversion canal should be
The Bio-Physico-Chemical Characteristics and Management of Bengao-ngao Cave,
Ambongdolan, Tublay, Benguet and Crystal Cave 1, Bakakeng Central, Baguio City
/ Junalyn M. Bayeng; et al. 2009

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59

constructed to divert the liquid wastes, which come from the surrounding
residential areas, entering the cave. 
 


The Bio-Physico-Chemical Characteristics and Management of Bengao-ngao Cave,
Ambongdolan, Tublay, Benguet and Crystal Cave 1, Bakakeng Central, Baguio City
/ Junalyn M. Bayeng; et al. 2009

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60

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The Bio-Physico-Chemical Characteristics and Management of Bengao-ngao Cave,
Ambongdolan, Tublay, Benguet and Crystal Cave 1, Bakakeng Central, Baguio City
/ Junalyn M. Bayeng; et al. 2009

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APPENDICES

The Bio-Physico-Chemical Characteristics and Management of Bengao-ngao Cave,
Ambongdolan, Tublay, Benguet and Crystal Cave 1, Bakakeng Central, Baguio City
/ Junalyn M. Bayeng; et al. 2009

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64


The Bio-Physico-Chemical Characteristics and Management of Bengao-ngao Cave,
Ambongdolan, Tublay, Benguet and Crystal Cave 1, Bakakeng Central, Baguio City
/ Junalyn M. Bayeng; et al. 2009

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65


The Bio-Physico-Chemical Characteristics and Management of Bengao-ngao Cave,
Ambongdolan, Tublay, Benguet and Crystal Cave 1, Bakakeng Central, Baguio City
/ Junalyn M. Bayeng; et al. 2009

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66


The Bio-Physico-Chemical Characteristics and Management of Bengao-ngao Cave,
Ambongdolan, Tublay, Benguet and Crystal Cave 1, Bakakeng Central, Baguio City
/ Junalyn M. Bayeng; et al. 2009

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67


The Bio-Physico-Chemical Characteristics and Management of Bengao-ngao Cave,
Ambongdolan, Tublay, Benguet and Crystal Cave 1, Bakakeng Central, Baguio City
/ Junalyn M. Bayeng; et al. 2009

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68


The Bio-Physico-Chemical Characteristics and Management of Bengao-ngao Cave,
Ambongdolan, Tublay, Benguet and Crystal Cave 1, Bakakeng Central, Baguio City
/ Junalyn M. Bayeng; et al. 2009

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69


The Bio-Physico-Chemical Characteristics and Management of Bengao-ngao Cave,
Ambongdolan, Tublay, Benguet and Crystal Cave 1, Bakakeng Central, Baguio City
/ Junalyn M. Bayeng; et al. 2009

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70


The Bio-Physico-Chemical Characteristics and Management of Bengao-ngao Cave,
Ambongdolan, Tublay, Benguet and Crystal Cave 1, Bakakeng Central, Baguio City
/ Junalyn M. Bayeng; et al. 2009

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71


The Bio-Physico-Chemical Characteristics and Management of Bengao-ngao Cave,
Ambongdolan, Tublay, Benguet and Crystal Cave 1, Bakakeng Central, Baguio City
/ Junalyn M. Bayeng; et al. 2009

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The Bio-Physico-Chemical Characteristics and Management of Bengao-ngao Cave,
Ambongdolan, Tublay, Benguet and Crystal Cave 1, Bakakeng Central, Baguio City
/ Junalyn M. Bayeng; et al. 2009

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73


The Bio-Physico-Chemical Characteristics and Management of Bengao-ngao Cave,
Ambongdolan, Tublay, Benguet and Crystal Cave 1, Bakakeng Central, Baguio City
/ Junalyn M. Bayeng; et al. 2009

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The Bio-Physico-Chemical Characteristics and Management of Bengao-ngao Cave,
Ambongdolan, Tublay, Benguet and Crystal Cave 1, Bakakeng Central, Baguio City
/ Junalyn M. Bayeng; et al. 2009

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Appendix B
(Tables)
The Bio-Physico-Chemical Characteristics and Management of Bengao-ngao Cave,
Ambongdolan, Tublay, Benguet and Crystal Cave 1, Bakakeng Central, Baguio City
/ Junalyn M. Bayeng; et al. 2009

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1

Appendix Table 1. Physical parameters of Bengao-ngao Cave, Ambongdolan, Tublay, Benguet.
PARAMETERS SAMPLING
STATION GRAND
GRAND
Zone 1
Zone 2
Zone 3
TOTAL
AVE.
S1 S2 S3 Ave. S1 S2 S3 Ave. S1 S2 S3 Ave.
Total Suspended





Solids (mg/L)
100
-
0
0
50
Percent Relative





Humidity (%)
92
85
93
270
90
Temperature














(0C)














• Air
18
17
17.5
17.5
22
21
21.5
21.5
24
23
24
23.67
62.67
20.89
• Surface
15
15
15
15
-
-
-
-
23
23
23
23
38
19
water














• Under
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
23
23.5
23
23.17
23.17
23.17
water
Substratum
Rocky
Sandy
Rocky



Appendix Table 2. Physical parameters of Crystal Cave 1, Bakakeng Central, Baguio City.
PARAMETERS SAMPLING
STATION GRAND
GRAND
Zone 1
Zone 2
Zone 3
TOTAL
AVE.
S1 S2 S3 Ave. S1 S2 S3 Ave. S1 S2 S3 Ave.
Total Suspended





Solids (mg/L)
-
-
-
-
-
Percent Relative





Humidity (%)
77
92
84
253
84.33
Temperature














(0C)














• Air
17
15.5
15
15.83
16
16
16
16
16.5 16.5
16.5
16.5
48.33
16.11
• Surface
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
The Bio-Physico-Chemical Characteristics and Management of Bengao-ngao Cave, Ambongdolan, Tublay, Benguet and Crystal Cave 1, Bakakeng
Central, Baguio City
78
/ Junalyn M. Bayeng; et al. 2009

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2

water














• Under
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
water
Substratum
Rocky and Muddy
Rocky and Muddy
Rocky and Muddy



Appendix Table 3. Chemical parameters of Bengao-ngao Cave, Ambongdolan, Tublay, Benguet.
PARAMETERS SAMPLING
STATION GRAND
GRAND
Zone 1
Zone 2
Zone 3
TOTAL
AVE.
S1 S2 S3 Ave. S1 S2 S3 Ave. S1 S2 S3 Ave.
Dissolved
5.5
- 5
10.5
5.25
Oxygen (mg/L)

Hardness (mg/L)
121
-
187
308
154
pH
8
8.1
7.8
7.97
- - - - 8 8 8 8 15.97 7.99

Appendix Table 4. Chemical parameters of Crystal Cave 1, Bakakeng Central, Baguio City.
PARAMETERS SAMPLING
STATION GRAND
GRAND
Zone 1
Zone 2
Zone 3
TOTAL
AVE.
S1 S2 S3 Ave. S1 S2 S3 Ave. S1 S2 S3 Ave.
Dissolved
- - -
-
-
Oxygen (mg/L)
Hardness (mg/L)
-
-
-
-
-
pH
- - - - - - - - - - - - -
-
*Remarks – no water in the cave during the time of the study……………

79
The Bio-Physico-Chemical Characteristics and Management of Bengao-ngao Cave, Ambongdolan, Tublay, Benguet and Crystal Cave 1, Bakakeng
Central, Baguio City
/ Junalyn M. Bayeng; et al. 2009

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1
Appendix Table 5. Floral diversity in Bengao-ngao Cave, Ambongdolan, Tublay, Benguet.
NAME OF
NUMBER OF THE SPECIES
GRAND
THE SPECIES
Zone 1
Zone 2
Zone 3
TOTAL
Plot 1 Plot 2 Plot 3 Total
Plot 1 Plot 2 Plot 3 Total Plot
1
Plot
2 Plot
3 Total
Moss













(Sphagnum sp.)
100
100
95
295
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
295
Maidenhair fern













(Adrantum
76
0
0
76
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
76
capillus-veneris

Linn.)
Fern













(Cheilanthes
0
15
0
15
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
15
dilimanensis)
“Pehaw”/Wild













Gabi
4
21
30
55
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
55
(Taenitis
luzonica)
Sipa-sipa













(Ageratina
0
1
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
riparia)
“Copdas”/Gipah













Tea (Sarrandra
0
1
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
glabra)

“Apas”
0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1

TOTAL












444


The Bio-Physico-Chemical Characteristics and Management of Bengao-ngao Cave, Ambongdolan, Tublay, Benguet and Crystal Cave 1, Bakakeng
Central, Baguio City
/ Junalyn M. Bayeng; et al. 2009
80

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1
Appendix Table 6. Floral diversity in Crystal Cave 1, Bakakeng Central, Baguio City.
NAME OF
NUMBER OF THE SPECIES
GRAND
THE
Zone 1
Zone 2
Zone 3
TOTAL
SPECIES
Plot 1 Plot 2 Plot 3
Total
Plot 1 Plot 2 Plot 3
Total
Plot 1 Plot 2 Plot 3
Total
Gabi













(Coloccasia
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
2
0
0
2
2
esculenta
Linn.)
Angels













Trumpet
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
1
3
3
0
6
7
(Datura
inoxia)
TOTAL












9

Appendix Table 7. Faunal Diversity in Bengao-ngao Cave, Ambongdolan, Tublay, Benguet.
NAME OF
NUMBER OF THE SPECIES
GRAND
THE
Zone 1
Zone 2
Zone 3
TOTAL
SPECIES
Plot 1 Plot 2 Plot 3
Total
Plot 1 Plot 2 Plot 3
Total
Plot 1 Plot 2 Plot 3
Total
Black
Ant 15 5 12 32 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
32
Moth 2 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
2
Cave
Spider 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
1
Cave
Beetle 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
1
TOTAL












37
81
The Bio-Physico-Chemical Characteristics and Management of Bengao-ngao Cave, Ambongdolan, Tublay, Benguet and Crystal Cave 1, Bakakeng
Central, Baguio City
/ Junalyn M. Bayeng; et al. 2009

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Appendix Table 8. List of motile and aerial faunal species outside the sampling plots of
each zone of the two caves.
BENGAO-NGAO CAVE CRYSTAL
CAVE
1
Bats
Cave Spider
“Pipingew
Cluster Flies
Cave Spider
Mosquitoes
Cave Cricket

Cave Frog


Appendix Table 9. Floral diversity in Bengao-ngao Cave, Ambongdolan, Tublay,
Benguet showing the different quantitative parameters.
SPECIES
Ni Di
(m2)
RDi (%)
Fi (%)
RFi (%) Importance
Value (%)
Moss
295 32.7778 66.4415 33.3333 27.2727 46.8571
(Sphagnum sp.)
Maidenhair fern
76 8.4444 17.1170 11.1111 9.0909 13.1040
(Adrantum
capillus-veneris
Linn.)
Fern
15 1.6667
3.3784
11.1111
9.0909 6.2347
(Cheilanthes
dilimanensis)
“Pehaw”/Wild
55 6.1111
12.3874
33.3333
27.2727 19.8301
Gabi
(Taenitis
luzonica)
Sipa-sipa
1 0.1111
0.2252
11.1111
9.0909 4.6581
(Ageratina
riparia)
“Copdas”/Gipah
1 0.1111
0.2252
11.1111
9.0909 4.6581
Tea (Sarrandra
glabra)
“Ap-pas”
1
0.1111
0.2252
11.1111
9.0909
4.6581
TOTAL 444
49.3333
99.9999
122.2221
99.9999
100.0002

The Bio-Physico-Chemical Characteristics and Management of Bengao-ngao Cave,
Ambongdolan, Tublay, Benguet and Crystal Cave 1, Bakakeng Central, Baguio City
/ Junalyn M. Bayeng; et al. 2009

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Appendix Table 10. Floral species of Crystal Cave 1, Bakakeng Central, Baguio City
showing the different quantitative parameters.
SPECIES Ni Di
(m2) RDi (%)
Fi (%)
RFi (%) IMPORTANCE
VALUE (%)
Gabi
2 0.2222
22.22
11.1111 25
23.61
(Coloccasia
esculenta
Linn.)
Angels
7 0.7778
77.78
33.3333 75
76.39
Trumpet
(Datura
inoxia)
TOTAL 9 1.0000 100
44.4444
100
100

Appendix Table 11. Faunal diversity in Bengao-ngao Cave, Ambongdolan, Tublay,
Benguet showing the different quantitative parameters.
SPECIES Ni Di
(m2)
RDi (%)
Fi (%)
RFi (%) IMPORTANCE
VALUE (%)
Black Ant
32
3.5556
88.8900
33.3333
50
69.445
Moth 1 0.2222
5.5555
11.1111
16.6667 11.1109
Cave
1 0.1111
2.7775
11.1111
16.6667 9.7221
Spider
Cave
1 0.1111
2.7775
11.1111
16.6667 9.7221
Beetle
TOTAL 37 4.0000 100 66.6666
100.0001 100.0001

Appendix Table 12. Summary of computed floral diversity index in Bengao-ngao Cave,
Ambongdolan, Tublay, Benguet.
SPECIES
Ni
Pi
log Pi
Pi log Pi
Moss
295 0.6664
-0.1776
-0.1180
(Sphagnum sp.)
Maidenhair fern
76 0.1712
-0.7665
-0.1312
(Adrantum
capillus-veneris
Linn.)
Fern
15 0.0338
-.1.4711
-0.0497
(Cheilanthes
dilimanensis)
“Pehaw”/Wild
55 0.1239
-0.9069
-0.1124
Gabi
(Taenitis
luzonica)
Sipa-sipa
1 0.0023
-2.6383
-0.0061
(Ageratina
riparia)
“Copdas”/Gipah
1
0.0023
-2.6383
-0.0061
The Bio-Physico-Chemical Characteristics and Management of Bengao-ngao Cave,
Ambongdolan, Tublay, Benguet and Crystal Cave 1, Bakakeng Central, Baguio City
/ Junalyn M. Bayeng; et al. 2009

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Tea (Sarrandra
glabra)
“Ap-pas”
1
0.0023
-2.6383
-0.0061
TOTAL 444

-0.4296
S = 7
N = 444
H’ = -∑(ni/N) log (ni/N)
= - (-0.4296)
= 0.4296

H’max = log S

= log 7

= 0.8451
Evenness (J) = H’

H’max

= 0.4296

0.8451

= 0.5083

Appendix Table 13. Summary of computed floral diversity index in Crystal Cave 1,
Bakakeng Central, Baguio City.
SPECIES
Ni
Pi
log Pi
Pi log Pi
Gabi
2 0.2222
-0.6533
-0.1452
(Coloccasia
esculenta
Linn.)
Angels
7 0.7778
-0.1091
-0.0849
Trumpet
(Datura inoxia)
TOTAL 9

-0.2301
S = 2
N = 9
H’ = -∑(ni/N) log (ni/N)
= - (-0.2301)
= 0.2301

H’max = log S

= log 2

= 0.3010
Evenness (J) = H’

H’max

= 0.2301 = 0.7645

0.3010


The Bio-Physico-Chemical Characteristics and Management of Bengao-ngao Cave,
Ambongdolan, Tublay, Benguet and Crystal Cave 1, Bakakeng Central, Baguio City
/ Junalyn M. Bayeng; et al. 2009

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Appendix Table 14. Summary of computed faunal diversity index in Bengao-ngao Cave,
Ambongdolan, Tublay, Benguet.
SPECIES
Ni
Pi
log Pi
Pi log Pi
Black Ant
32
0.8641
-0.0630
-0.0545
Moth 2 0.0541
-1.2668
-0.0685
Cave Spider
2
0.0541
-1.2668
-0.0685
Cave Beetle
1
0.0270
-1.5686
-0.0424
TOTAL 37 0.9993
-4.1652
-0.2339
S = 4
N = 37
H’ = -∑(ni/N) log (ni/N)
= - (-0.2339)
= 0.2339

H’max = log S

= log 4

= 0.6021
Evenness (J) = H’

H’max

= 0.2339

0.6021

= 0.3885

The Bio-Physico-Chemical Characteristics and Management of Bengao-ngao Cave,
Ambongdolan, Tublay, Benguet and Crystal Cave 1, Bakakeng Central, Baguio City
/ Junalyn M. Bayeng; et al. 2009

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Appendix C
(Plates)
The Bio-Physico-Chemical Characteristics and Management of Bengao-ngao Cave,
Ambongdolan, Tublay, Benguet and Crystal Cave 1, Bakakeng Central, Baguio City
/ Junalyn M. Bayeng; et al. 2009

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Appendix Plate 1. Forest area where Bengao-ngao Cave is located.


Appendix Plate 2. Top view where the Bengao-ngao cave is located.


The Bio-Physico-Chemical Characteristics and Management of Bengao-ngao Cave,
Ambongdolan, Tublay, Benguet and Crystal Cave 1, Bakakeng Central, Baguio City
/ Junalyn M. Bayeng; et al. 2009

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A
B

Appendix Plate 3. A (water from commercial and residential area flowing into the cave)
and B (upper portion of Crystal Cave 1).


Appendix Plate 4. Rocky substratum of Bengao-ngao Cave

The Bio-Physico-Chemical Characteristics and Management of Bengao-ngao Cave,
Ambongdolan, Tublay, Benguet and Crystal Cave 1, Bakakeng Central, Baguio City
/ Junalyn M. Bayeng; et al. 2009

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A
B

Appendix Plate 5. Rocky (A) and muddy (B) substratum of Crystal Cave 1


Appendix Plate 6. Wild gabi or “pehaw” found in the entrance zone of Bengao-ngao
Cave.
The Bio-Physico-Chemical Characteristics and Management of Bengao-ngao Cave,
Ambongdolan, Tublay, Benguet and Crystal Cave 1, Bakakeng Central, Baguio City
/ Junalyn M. Bayeng; et al. 2009

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Appendix Plate 7. Maiden fern together with the mosses found in the entrance zone of
Bengao-ngao Cave.


Appendix Plate 8. Copdas found in the entrance zone of Bengao-ngao Cave

The Bio-Physico-Chemical Characteristics and Management of Bengao-ngao Cave,
Ambongdolan, Tublay, Benguet and Crystal Cave 1, Bakakeng Central, Baguio City
/ Junalyn M. Bayeng; et al. 2009

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Appendix Plate 9. Ap-pas found in the entrance zone of Bengao-ngao Cave.


Appendix Plate 10. Angels trumpet found in the inner zones of Crystal Cave 1.

The Bio-Physico-Chemical Characteristics and Management of Bengao-ngao Cave,
Ambongdolan, Tublay, Benguet and Crystal Cave 1, Bakakeng Central, Baguio City
/ Junalyn M. Bayeng; et al. 2009

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Appendix Plate 11. Gabi found in the inner zones of Crystal Cave 1.


Appendix Plate 12. Cave cricket found in the entrance zone of Bengao-ngao Cave.









The Bio-Physico-Chemical Characteristics and Management of Bengao-ngao Cave,
Ambongdolan, Tublay, Benguet and Crystal Cave 1, Bakakeng Central, Baguio City
/ Junalyn M. Bayeng; et al. 2009

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Appendix Plate 13. Cave frog found in the entrance zone of Bengao-ngao Cave.


B
A


Appendix Plate 14. Cave spider found in Bengao-ngao Cave (A) and Crystal Cave 1 (B).




The Bio-Physico-Chemical Characteristics and Management of Bengao-ngao Cave,
Ambongdolan, Tublay, Benguet and Crystal Cave 1, Bakakeng Central, Baguio City
/ Junalyn M. Bayeng; et al. 2009

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Appendix Plate 15 – 21 shows the stalagmites rock formation in Bengao-ngao Cave.


Plate 15. Wishing stone Plate 16. Dog-like formation



Plate 17. Melted candle-like formation Plate 18. Goat pellets-like formation

The Bio-Physico-Chemical Characteristics and Management of Bengao-ngao Cave,
Ambongdolan, Tublay, Benguet and Crystal Cave 1, Bakakeng Central, Baguio City
/ Junalyn M. Bayeng; et al. 2009

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Plate 19



Plate 20


Plate 21. Sunny-side-up egg-like formation

The Bio-Physico-Chemical Characteristics and Management of Bengao-ngao Cave,
Ambongdolan, Tublay, Benguet and Crystal Cave 1, Bakakeng Central, Baguio City
/ Junalyn M. Bayeng; et al. 2009

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Appendix Plate 22 – 24 shows the stalactites rock formation in Bengao-ngao Cave.


Plate 22. Shell-like formation

Plate 23


Plate 24. Mushroom-like formation

The Bio-Physico-Chemical Characteristics and Management of Bengao-ngao Cave,
Ambongdolan, Tublay, Benguet and Crystal Cave 1, Bakakeng Central, Baguio City
/ Junalyn M. Bayeng; et al. 2009

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Appendix Plate 25– 29 shows the flow stones rock formation in Bengao-ngao Cave.


Plate 25. Cauliflower-like formation Plate 26. Crocodile teeth-like formation



Plate 27. Column formation

The Bio-Physico-Chemical Characteristics and Management of Bengao-ngao Cave,
Ambongdolan, Tublay, Benguet and Crystal Cave 1, Bakakeng Central, Baguio City
/ Junalyn M. Bayeng; et al. 2009

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Plate 28. Rice terraces-like and column formation


Plate 29. Sitting monkey-like formation
The Bio-Physico-Chemical Characteristics and Management of Bengao-ngao Cave,
Ambongdolan, Tublay, Benguet and Crystal Cave 1, Bakakeng Central, Baguio City
/ Junalyn M. Bayeng; et al. 2009

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Appendix Plate 30-31 shows the stalactites rock formation in Crystal Cave 1 covered
with black soot from “saleng .


Plate
30 Plate
31

Appendix Plate 32- 35 shows the flow stones rock formation in Crystal Cave 1.


Plate 32. Crocodile teeth-like formation

Plate 33

The Bio-Physico-Chemical Characteristics and Management of Bengao-ngao Cave,
Ambongdolan, Tublay, Benguet and Crystal Cave 1, Bakakeng Central, Baguio City
/ Junalyn M. Bayeng; et al. 2009

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Plate 34. Ampalaya-like formation Plate 35. Column formation

A
B


Appendix Plate 36. Cellophanes (A) and styrofoam (B) hanging inside the cave.



The Bio-Physico-Chemical Characteristics and Management of Bengao-ngao Cave,
Ambongdolan, Tublay, Benguet and Crystal Cave 1, Bakakeng Central, Baguio City
/ Junalyn M. Bayeng; et al. 2009

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Appendix Plate 37-38. Signage showing the prohibited activities inside Bengao-ngao
Cave.

Plate 37

Plate 38

The Bio-Physico-Chemical Characteristics and Management of Bengao-ngao Cave,
Ambongdolan, Tublay, Benguet and Crystal Cave 1, Bakakeng Central, Baguio City
/ Junalyn M. Bayeng; et al. 2009

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B
A


Appendix Plate 39. Establishment of quadrat in Bengao-ngao cave (A) and Crystal Cave
1 (B)


Appendix Plate 40. On-site chemical analysis (Bengao-ngao Cave)

The Bio-Physico-Chemical Characteristics and Management of Bengao-ngao Cave,
Ambongdolan, Tublay, Benguet and Crystal Cave 1, Bakakeng Central, Baguio City
/ Junalyn M. Bayeng; et al. 2009

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103
B
A


Appendix Plate 41. Determination of temperature in Bengao-ngao Cave (A) and Crystal
Cave 1 (B).

A
B


Appendix Plate 42. Determination of humidity in Bengao-ngao Cave (A) and Crystal
Cave 1 (B).

The Bio-Physico-Chemical Characteristics and Management of Bengao-ngao Cave,
Ambongdolan, Tublay, Benguet and Crystal Cave 1, Bakakeng Central, Baguio City
/ Junalyn M. Bayeng; et al. 2009

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Appendix Plate 43. An interview with elders in Ambongdolan, Tublay


Appendix Plate 44. Tour guides in Crystal Cave 1 using “saleng”.

The Bio-Physico-Chemical Characteristics and Management of Bengao-ngao Cave,
Ambongdolan, Tublay, Benguet and Crystal Cave 1, Bakakeng Central, Baguio City
/ Junalyn M. Bayeng; et al. 2009

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Appendix Plate 45. Tour guides in Bengao-ngao Cave using petromax.





The Bio-Physico-Chemical Characteristics and Management of Bengao-ngao Cave,
Ambongdolan, Tublay, Benguet and Crystal Cave 1, Bakakeng Central, Baguio City
/ Junalyn M. Bayeng; et al. 2009

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Appendix D
(Survey Questionnaires)
The Bio-Physico-Chemical Characteristics and Management of Bengao-ngao Cave,
Ambongdolan, Tublay, Benguet and Crystal Cave 1, Bakakeng Central, Baguio City
/ Junalyn M. Bayeng; et al. 2009

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Semi-Structured Survey Questionnaire

Name: __________________________________________________________________
Age:______________________ Educational Attainment: _________________________
No. of years staying in the area:______________________________________________

A. CAVE ASSESSMENT BY THE RESPONDENTS.


1. How would you assess the past and the present situation of the cave? (Please
identify and check according to the criteria).

Numerical value: Qualitative Description: Criteria:
4 Very Good 76-100 % of the cave is
preserved/not altered/ not destroyed

3 Good 51-75 % of the cave is
preserved/not altered// not destroyed

2 Fair 26-50 % of the cave is
preserved/not altered/ not destroyed

1 Poor 0-25 % of the cave is
preserved/not altered/ not destroyed


Cave Characteristics
Past
Present
A. Within the cave
4
3
2
1
4
3
2
1
1.Rock
formation:

a. Stalactites








b .Stalagmites








c .Flow stones









2.
Water
quality

3. Plants








4. Animals








B. Outside the cave








5. Plants








6. Animals









2. What are the uses of the cave in your community? (Please check).
_______ Ritual purposes
_______ Habitat for plant and animal life
_______ Recreational purposes
_______ Educational purposes (i.e. research/study, etc.)
_______ Ecotourism purposes
The Bio-Physico-Chemical Characteristics and Management of Bengao-ngao Cave,
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_______ Others (please specify)
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________

3. What are the uses of water found inside the cave? (Please check).

_______ Agricultural purposes
_______ Domestic purposes
_______ Recreational purposes
_______ Drinking purposes
_______ Others (please specify)
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________

B. MANAGEMENT AND IMPLEMENTATION

1. As a resident of Ambongdolan, Tublay, Benguet / Crystal cave, Bakakeng Central,
Baguio city, are you aware of any management practices (protection and
preservation) of Bengao-ngao cave/Crystal cave? (Please check).


_______ Very Aware (well informed)

_______ Moderately Aware (informed but not in detailed)

_______ Fairly Aware (slightly informed/poor knowledge)

_______ Not Aware (no information at all)

How did you get the information? (Please check your source of information, and
rate the level of effectivity).

Numerical value Qualitative Description

Criteria
4 Very effective 76-100 % of the information is retained

3 Moderately effective 51-75 % of the information is retained

2 Slightly effective 26-50 % of the information is retained

1 Not implemented 0-25 % of the information is retained

Source of Information
Level of
(Please check, if any)
Effectivity
4 3 2 1
1.
Barangay
officials




2.
Barangay
ads/posters





3. Neighborhood (i.e. friends, family)





4. Local media (radio, TV)





Others (please specify)




____________________________
The Bio-Physico-Chemical Characteristics and Management of Bengao-ngao Cave,
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/ Junalyn M. Bayeng; et al. 2009

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2. What are the management practices being implemented in the preservation/
protection of the cave either local or national? (Please check, if any, and rate the
degree of implementation).

Numerical value Qualitative Description Criteria
4 Very strict 76-100 % of the residents and barangay
officials are complying

3 Moderately strict 51-75 % of the residents and barangay
officials are complying

2 Slightly strict 25-50 % of the residents and barangay
officials are complying

1 Not strict 0-25 % of the residents and barangay
officials are complying

Rules and Regulations
Degree of
(Please check, if any)
Implementation
4 3 2 1

Prohibition of the removal of any rock formation





Prohibition of any writing on the cave’s wall





Prohibition on the use of “saleng” as a light source in




entering the cave

Prohibition on the collection/gathering of plants and




animals in the cave

Prohibition of touching the rock formation





Others (please specify)




_______________________________________
_______________________________________
_______________________________________


3. What are the reasons for adopting such management practices? (Please check)
_______ To preserve the flora and fauna found inside and outside the cave
_______ To preserve the water quality of the cave
_______ To preserve the rock formations of the cave
_______ To comply with the Barangay regulation
_______ Additional income for the local and national revenue (ecotourism)
_______ Others (please specify)
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________



The Bio-Physico-Chemical Characteristics and Management of Bengao-ngao Cave,
Ambongdolan, Tublay, Benguet and Crystal Cave 1, Bakakeng Central, Baguio City
/ Junalyn M. Bayeng; et al. 2009

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C. ISSUES AND CONCERNS ABOUT THE CAVE

1. What are the problems encountered within the cave environment? (Please check, if
any, and rate the level of severity).

Numerical value Qualitative Description

Criteria
4 Very severe 76-100 % of the problems were encountered

3 Moderately severe 51-75 % of the problems were encountered

2 Slightly severe 26-50 % of the problems were encountered

1 Not severe 0-25 % of the problems were encountered

Problems Encountered
Level of Severity
(Please check, if any)
4 3 2 1

Improper liquid waste management





Improper solid waste management





Collection of crystalline





Collection of plant specimens





Collection of animal species





Use of light source like for example “saleng”, gas lamp



etc.

Vandalizing (i.e. writing on the cave’s wall, touching




of rock formations.

Others, please specify




____________________________________________
____________________________________________
____________________________________________

2. What do you think would happen with the cave if the community would not have
participated in the management of the cave? (Please check).


_______ Destruction of rock formations
_______ Alteration of plant and animal life found inside and outside the cave.
_______ Pollution of the cave water
_______ Others (please specify )
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________

The Bio-Physico-Chemical Characteristics and Management of Bengao-ngao Cave,
Ambongdolan, Tublay, Benguet and Crystal Cave 1, Bakakeng Central, Baguio City
/ Junalyn M. Bayeng; et al. 2009

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111
D. COMMUNITY PARTICIPATION IN THE CAVE MANAGEMENT

1. How would you rate the degree of your participation? (Please check, if any, and rate
the level of participation).

Numerical value Qualitative Description

Criteria
4 Very active
4 times a month or more

3 Moderately active

3 times a month

2 Fairly active
2 times a month

1 Not active

once a month or not at all

Management Activities
Level of
(Please check, if any)
Participation
4 3 2 1

Clean-up drive within and outside the cave





Tree planting along the vicinity of the cave





Cave
management
seminar


Compliance with the rules and regulation in the cave




management

Others, please specify __________________________




2. What can you suggest or recommend in relation to the cave resources? (Please
check, if any, and rank with 1 as the highest). For key-informant only.

_______ Information dissemination on the RA 9072 known as the National Caves
and Cave Resources Management and Protection Act
_______ Restoration of the cave.
_______ Ecotourism
_______Strict implementation of cave management policies and practices
_______Increase cave management awareness to the community
_______Management support from the DENR and other agency responsible for
cave management
_______Visitor orientation to prevent any damage in the area
_______ Others (please specify )
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
The Bio-Physico-Chemical Characteristics and Management of Bengao-ngao Cave,
Ambongdolan, Tublay, Benguet and Crystal Cave 1, Bakakeng Central, Baguio City
/ Junalyn M. Bayeng; et al. 2009

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Appendix E
(Related Articles)
The Bio-Physico-Chemical Characteristics and Management of Bengao-ngao Cave,
Ambongdolan, Tublay, Benguet and Crystal Cave 1, Bakakeng Central, Baguio City
/ Junalyn M. Bayeng; et al. 2009

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REPUBLIC ACT No. 9072
AN ACT TO MANAGE AND PROTECT CAVES AND CAVE RESOURCES AND
FOR OTHER PURPOSES

Congress of the Philippines
Eleventh Congress
Third Regular Session
REPUBLIC ACT NO. 90729135 April 8, 2001
AN ACT TO MANAGE AND PROTECT CAVES AND CAVE RESOURCES AND
FOR OTHER PURPOSES
Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of the Philippines in Congress
assembled:
Section 1. Title - This Act shall be known as the "National Caves and Cave Resources
Management and Protection Act."
Section 2. Declaration of Policy - It is hereby declared the policy of the State to
conserve, protect and manage caves and cave resources as part of the country's natural
wealth. Towards this end, the State shall strengthen cooperation and exchange of
information between governmental authorities and people who utilize caves and cave
resources for scientific, educational, recreational, tourism and other purposes.
Section 3. Definition of Terms - For purposes of this Act, the following terms shall be
defined as follows:
(a) "Cave" means any naturally occurring void, cavity, recess or system of
interconnected passages beneath the surface of the earth or within a cliff or ledge
and which is large enough to permit an individual to enter, whether or not the
entrance, located either in private or public land, is naturally formed or man made.
It shall include any natural pit, sinkhole or other feature which is an extension of
the entrance. The term also includes cave resources therein, but not any vug, mine
tunnel, aqueduct or other manmade excavation.
(b) "Cave resources" includes any material or substance occurring naturally in
caves, such as animal life, plant life, including paleontological and archaeological
deposits, cultural artifacts or products of human activities, sediments, minerals,
speleogems and speleothems.
(c) "Secretary" means the Secretary of the Department of Environment and
Natural Resources (DENR)
The Bio-Physico-Chemical Characteristics and Management of Bengao-ngao Cave,
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(d) "Speleogem" means relief features on the walls, ceilings and floor of any cave
or lava tube which are part of the surrounding hedrock, including but not limited
to anastomoses, scallops, meander niches, petromorphs and rock pendants in
solution caves and similar features unique to volcanic caves.
(e) "Speleothem" means any natural mineral formation or deposit occurring in a
cave or lava tube, including but not limited to any stalactite, stalagmite, helictite,
cave flower, flowstone, concretion, drapery, rimstone or formation of clay or
mud.
(f) "Significant Cave" refers to a cave which contains materials or possesses
features that have archaeological, cultural, ecological, historical or scientific value
as determined by the DENR in coordination with the scientific community and the
academe.
Section 4. Implementing Agency - The DENR shall be the lead agency tasked to
implement the provisions of this Act in coordination with the Department of Tourism
(DOT), the National Museum, the National Historical Institute and concerned local
government units (LGUs) for specific caves, except that in the Province of Palawan, the
Palawan Council for Sustainable Development shall be the lead implementing agency
pursuant to Republic Act No. 7611 or the Strategic Environmental Plan for Palawan Act.
Section 5. Powers and Functions of the Department of Environment and Natural
Resources (DENR) - In the implementation of this Act, the DENR shall exercise the
following powers and functions:
(a) Formulate, develop and implement a national program for the management,
protection and conservation of caves and cave resources:
(b) Disseminate information and conduct educational campaign on the need to
conserve, protect and manage our caves and cave resources:
(c) Issue permits for the collection and removal of guano and other cave resources
which shall be determined in coordination with the DOT, National Museum,
concerned LGUs, the scientific community and the academe, with regard to
specific caves taking into consideration bio-diversity as well as the aesthethic and
archaeological value of the cave: Provided, that the permittee shall be required to
post a bond to ensure compliance with the provisions of any permit: Provided
further that any permit issued under this Section shall be revoked by the Secretary
when the permittee violates any provision of this Act or fails to comply with any
other condition upon which the permit was issued: Provided furthermore, That the
Secretary cannot issue permits for the removal of stalactites and stalagmites, and
when it is established that the removal of the resources will adversely affect the
value of a significant cave: Provided Finally, That caves located within a
protected area shall be subjected to the provisions of Republic Act No. 7586 or
the National Integrated Protected Area System Act of 1992;
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(d) Call on any local government unit, bureau, agency, state university or college
and other instrumentalities of the government for assistance as the need arises in
the discharge of its functions;
(e) Enter into a memorandum of agreement with any local government unit
(LGU) for the preservation, development and management of cave or caves
located in their respective territorial jurisdiction;
(f) Tap the cooperation of people's and nongovernmental organizations as active
partners in the conservations and protection of our caves and cave resources; and
(g) Exercise other powers and perform other functions as may be necessary to
implement the provisions of this Act.
Section 6. Information Concerning the Nature and Location of Significant Caves -
Information concerning the nature and specific location of a potentially significant cave
shall not be made available to the public within one (1) year after its discovery by the
DENR, during which time the DENR in coordination with the DOT, the National
Museum, the National Historical Institute, concerned LGUs the scientific community and
the academe shall assess its archaeological, cultural, ecological, historical and scientific
value, unless a written request is made and the Secretary determines that disclosure of
such information will further the purpose of this Act and will not create a substantial risk
of harm, theft or destruction on such cave.
The written request shall contain, among others, the following:
(a) a description of the geographic site for which the information is sought:
(b) an explanation of the purpose for which the information is sought:
(c) an assurance or undertaking satisfactory to the Secretary that adequate
measures are to be taken to protect the confidentiality of such information and to
ensure the protection of the cave from destruction by vandalism and unauthorized
use.
Section 7. Prohibited Acts - The following shall be considered Prohibited Acts.
(a) Knowingly destroying, disturbing, defacing, marring, altering, removing, or
harming the speleogem or speleothem of any cave or altering the free movement
of any animal or plant life into or out of any cave:
(b) Gathering, collecting, possessing, consuming, selling, bartering or exchanging
or offering for sale without authority any, cave resource; and
(c) Counselling, procuring, soliciting or employing any other person to violate
any provisions of this Section.
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Section 8. Penalties - Any person found guilty of any of the offenses enumerated under
Section 7 hereof shall be punished by imprisonment from two (2) years to six (6) years or
a fine ranging from Twenty thousand pesos (P20,000) to five hundred thousand pesos
(P500,000.00) or both at the discretion of the Court: Provided That the person furnishing
the capital to accomplish the acts punishable herein shall be punished by imprisonment
from six (6) yrs and one (1) day to eight (8) years or by a fine ranging from Five hundred
thousand pesos (P500,000.00) to One million pesos (P1,000,000.00) or both at the
Discretion of the Court. Provided further that if the area requires rehabilitation or
restoration as determined by the Court, the offender shall also be required to restore the
same, whenever practicable or compensate for the damage: Provided finally that if the
offender is a government employee, he or she shall likewise be removed from office.
Section 9. Administrative Confiscation and Conveyance - The Secretary shall order the
confiscation, in favor of the Government of the cave resources gathered, collected,
removed, possessed or sold including the conveyance and equipment used in violation of
Section 7 hereof.
Section 10. Fees - Any money collected by the DENR as permit fees for collection and
removal of cave resources, as a result of the forfeiture of a bond or other security by a
permittee who does not comply with the requirements of such permit issued under this
Act or by way of fines for violations of this Act shall be remitted to the National
Treasury.
Section 11. Implementing Rules and Regulations - The DENR shall, within six (6)
months from the effectivity of this Act, issue rules and regulations necessary to
implement the provisions hereof.
Section 12. Appropriations - The amount necessary to carry out the provisions of this Act
shall be included in the General Appropriations Act of the year following its enactment
into law and thereafter.
Section 13. Separability Clause - If any provisions of this Act is subsequently declared
unconstitutional, the remaining provisions shall remain in full force and effect.
Section 14. Repealing Clause - Presidential Decree No. 1726 - A is hereby modified.
Treasure hunting in caves shall be governed by the provisions of this Act.
Except Presidential Decree No. 412 and Republic Act No. 4846, all other laws, decrees,
orders and regulations or parts thereof which are inconsistent with any of the provisions
of this Act are hereby repealed or amended accordingly.
Section 15. Effectivity - This Act shall take effect fifteen (15) days following its
publication in two (2) national newspapers of general circulation.
Approved: April 8, 2001
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Approved:
AQUILINO Q. PIMENTEL JR.
President of the Senate
FELICIANO BELMONTE JR.
Speaker of the House of Representatives
This Act which is a consolidation of House Bill No. 7275 and Senate Bill No. 1956 was
finally passed by the House of Representatives and the Senate on February 8, 2001 and
February 5, 2001, respectively.
LUTGARDO B. BARBO
Secretary of the Senate
ROBERTO P. NAZARENO
Secretary General
House of Representatives
Approved:
GLORIA MACAPAGAL-ARROYO
President of the Philippines
Source: www.chanrobles.com/republicactno9072.htm

















The Bio-Physico-Chemical Characteristics and Management of Bengao-ngao Cave,
Ambongdolan, Tublay, Benguet and Crystal Cave 1, Bakakeng Central, Baguio City
/ Junalyn M. Bayeng; et al. 2009

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Document Outline

• The Bio-Physico- Chemical Characteristics and Management of Bengao-ngao Cave, Ambongdolan, Tublay, Benguet and Crystal Cave 1, Bakakeng Central, Baguio City
  • BIBLIOGRAPHY
  • ABSTRACT
  • TABLE OF CONTENTS
  • INTRODUCTION
  • REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
  • METHODOLOGY
  • RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
  • SUMMARY, CONCLUSION, AND RECOMMENDATIONS
  • LITERATURE CITED
  • APPENDICES

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