BIBLIOGRAPHY

INUMPA, ROBERT S. JR. APRIL 2009. Seedling Emergence and Growth of
Rice as Influenced by Organic Fertilizers and Covering Materials Under Wet-Bed
Method. Benguet State University, La Trinidad, Benguet.
Adviser: Danilo P. Padua, Ph.D
ABSTRACT

This study was conducted to determine the effect of organic fertilizers on the
emergence and growth of rice seedlings, determine the effect of covering materials on the
emergence and growth of rice seedlings, and determine the best combination of using
organic fertilizers and covering materials on the emergence and growth of rice seedlings.
Organic fertilizers significantly affected seed emergence and seedling growth.
Seedlings applied with sunflower had longer roots, higher dry weight, more vigorous and
dark green leaves. Likewise, application of alnus produces rice seedlings which are
resistant to blast and stem borer.
Covering materials made the rice seedlings dark green in color. Covering with
black polyethylene made the seeds earlier to emerge, vigorous, and resistant to blast and
insects.

Application of sunflower in combination with black polyethylene produced the
best rice seedlings.

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TABLE OF CONTENTS












Page

Bibliography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
i
Abstract . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . .
i
Table of Contents. . . .. . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . …... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
ii

INTRODUCTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1
REVIEW OF LITERATURE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3
MATERIALS AND METHODS. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
7
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
12

Number of Days from Sowing to Emergence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
12

Percentage of Emergence at 12 DAS. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
13
Percentage of Seedling Survival. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
15
Seedling Height at 6 DAS. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
16

Seedling Height at 12 DAS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
18

Seedling Height at 18 DAS. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
19

Seedling Height at 24 DAS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
20

Seedling Height at 30 DAS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
20
Seedling Height at 35 DAS. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
21
Length of Roots at 14 DAS. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
27

Length of Roots at 35 DAS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
27

Seedling Culm Diameter. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
30

Total Number of Leaves . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
31
ii

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Length of Leaves . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
33

Color of Leaves . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
33
Leaf Area . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
34
Seedling Vigor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
36
Rice Blast . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
38
Insect Pest Incidence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
39

Fresh Weight . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
41

Dry Weight . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
41

Final pH of the Soil . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
41

Final Organic Matter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
41

Final Nitrogen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
43

Final Phosphorous of the Soil . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
43

Final Potassium of the Soil . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
43
SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS. . . . . . . . . .


Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
45

Conclusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
46

Recommendations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
46
LITERATURE CITED . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
APPENDICES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49

iii

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INTRODUCTION

Rice (Oryza sativa I.) is the world’s most valuable cereal grain which constitutes
about one quarter of the world’s total grain production (PhilRice, 1996).
In the Philippines, rice is the staple food of every Filipino and the livelihood of
the Nation. It is also the main source of carbohydrates and protein. Its production is
predominantly in the hand of small farmer. To then rice provides their main source of
income, food and employment. But still there’s a deficient to sustain the rapidly
increasing population. Hence, ways to improve rice production must be encouraged and
one of the ways is to search and identify the different source of organic fertilizer
adaptable to specific environmental condition prevailing in cool, elevated area of the
cordillera region (PhilRice, 1996).
The effect of inorganic fertilizers application is immediate, readily providing
nutrients to plants where as organic fertilizers, although slow-acting, keep intact the
physical properties of the soil. Use of chemical fertilizer could destroy soil properties
which will eventually lead to reduced production in the long term. But farmers are not
aware that continuous application of inorganic fertilizer can destroy the physical structure
of the soil and thus destruction may eventually decrease yield.
Shortage of rice makes the price increase so higher production of rice production
is needed in order to prevent this problem. One way of increasing rice production is by
producing good quality seedlings. Farmers harvested low yield of rice because of the
quality of seedlings they have transplanted. Farmers must not rely on the high yielding
.varieties of rice to produce high yield, they must also consider the seedling quality. This
Seedling Emergence and Growth of Rice as Influenced by Organic Fertilizers and Covering
Materials Under Wet-Bed Method / Robert S. Inumpa Jr.. 2009

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study can help farmers to have a basis and guide in producing or raising rice seedlings
especially farmers here in our locality.
One way of producing good quality seedling is by covering the soil, which
prevents erosion by absorbing the impact of raindrops and irrigation water, and conserve
soil moisture by acting as a barrier against evaporation. It is useful to the seeds to
minimize the loss of soil moisture.
Moreover, use of organic fertilizer will eventually result to improve soil
properties which lead to increase production of rice on the long term. The uses of organic
fertilizers are less expensive since they just abound in the localities.
The objectives of the study are to:
1. determine the effect of organic fertilizers on the seedling growth and emergence
of rice;
2. determine the effect of covering materials on the seedling emergence and growth
of rice; and
3. determine the combination of covering materials and organic fertilizers on the
seed emergence and seed growth of rice.
The study was conducted at the Benguet State University Experimental Area from
November 2008 to March 2009.
Seedling Emergence and Growth of Rice as Influenced by Organic Fertilizers and Covering
Materials Under Wet-Bed Method / Robert S. Inumpa Jr.. 2009

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REVIEW OF LITERATURE

Benefits from using Organic Fertilizers
Application of organic fertilizer helps conserve the soil, maintain and sustain crop
quality and productivity and protects the environment. It also maintain if not increase the
organic matter level in the soil; aid in the formation of organo-metallic complexes;
increase soil cation exchange capacity and served as soil conditioner. The addition of
organic matter in the soil increases the soil ability to hold water preventing erosion and
cracking. It loosens the soil resulting in better aeration, root growth, drainage, improved
tillage, improved soil property and increased compaction resistance. Organic fertilizer
also improves the biological activities of the soil as it enhances rapid multiplication of
fungi, bacteria, actinomycetes and other soil organisms according to PCARRD (2006).
Organic materials when added to soil have numerous beneficial effects, which
includes increased soil fertility, balance of nutrients and build up of organic matter(OM)
as stated by PCARRD (2006) also stated that organic materials are known to improve
rhizosphere ecosystem suppress soil-borne phytophathogens and promote root growth.

Effect of Sunflower
According to Adchak (1993), application of 60 kg N/ha in combination with 15
tons chopped fresh wild sunflower improve the growth and yield of cabbage plants.
Likewise, it improved the physical and chemical properties of the soil.
Yango (1998) found that incorporation of chopped fresh sunflower was effective
in improving the growth and yield of Bontoc rice when applied one week before planting
time.
Seedling Emergence and Growth of Rice as Influenced by Organic Fertilizers and Covering
Materials Under Wet-Bed Method / Robert S. Inumpa Jr.. 2009

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Algen (2006) seedlings applied with sunflower had higher percentage of plant
survival having a mean of 81.50% and the unfertilized seedlings numerically gave the
lower plant survival (65.33). This proved that statement of Mabazza (1997) as cited by
Algen (2006) that application of organic fertilizer provides large quantities of nitrogen
needed by the plants and release of nutrients present in the soil that can be absorb by the
roots of plants and this microelements, both activates and promotes plant growth.

Effects of Alnus Compost
According to Balaoing (2006)Alnus compost contains 50.0% organic matter, 25%
nitrogen (N), 7.0% phosphorous (P), 3-3.6% potassium and pH of 4.6%.
In 1998, a study conducted by Dida revealed that population and incidence of
black scurf on potato decrease with increasing level of alnus compost. In like manner,
Porocha (2001) revealed that application of 8.0 t/ha of alnus compost alone and 6.0 t/ha
of Alnus compost + 90-120-50 kg N-P2O5-K2O/ha had the lowest infection of leaves.
Furthermore, Guerzon (2002) found that application of alnus compost + 50-120-50 kg N-
P2O5-K2O/ha on bush bean promotes a wider pod formation and increase number of pods
form while the application of alnus compost alone promotes formation of long pods.
In addition, Ebbes (2000) found that application of 8 to 10 t/ha of alnus compost
plus 140-140-140 N-P2O5-K2O/ha had the highest number and weight of mean of super
extra large potato tubers with 98 and 13 kg and 90 and 13 kg, respectively. As to the
result of soil chemical properties analysis, application of 6 to 8 t/ha alnus compost + 140-
140-140 N-P2O5-K2O/ha promotes an increase on the potassium content.



Seedling Emergence and Growth of Rice as Influenced by Organic Fertilizers and Covering
Materials Under Wet-Bed Method / Robert S. Inumpa Jr.. 2009

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Effect of Garden Soil
According to Hiscox (2005), soil contains various organic matter, including
decayed plants and animals, nutrients and beneficial microorganisms that makes up the
garden soil which helps plant growth.

The Micro-elements, dead organic matter and nitrogen present on the garden soil
which enhances the more seeds to emerge as stated by Hiscox (2005).

Effect of (Covering Material) Plastic Polyethylene
According to Hanada (2007), plastic mulches have various beneficial effects on
crop product in temperate regions, including an increase in soil temperature, the
conservation of soil moisture, texture and fertility, and the control of weeds, pest and
diseases. However, mulching with fresh leaves gave better yields than plastic films in
summer in the subtropics, since plastic mulching produced a market increase in soil
temperature.
Balaki (1992) reported that beds mulched with black plastic polyethylene on
strawberry fields have a temperature of one degree Celcius higher at 2:00 PM. Potato
beds mulched with rice straw had a 1.04 degree celcius reduction in soil temperature in
the plots had a slightly higher day and night temperature.
Mulch also control weeds. Balaki (1992) reported that black polyethylene
perfectly controlled annual weeds on strawberry, Bautista et.al. (1983) likewise stated
that mulching minimizes growth of annual weeds.
According to Hanada (2007) Black Polyethylene film gives effective weed control
down solar radiation by more than 90%, resulting in etiolated growth and the eventual
death of weeds under the film.
Seedling Emergence and Growth of Rice as Influenced by Organic Fertilizers and Covering
Materials Under Wet-Bed Method / Robert S. Inumpa Jr.. 2009

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According to Hanada (2007), row covers, using plastic nets and non-woven
fabrics, also increased the yield of vegetables, especially that of leafy vegetables, in the
tropics and the subtropics. The yield increase was the combined result of shading,
suppression of soil temperature increase, conservation of soil moisture, and protection
from wind and pests.
Vergara (1979) as cited by Balaoas (2006) stated that warm temperature is needed
to increase the activities inside the seed and grow faster at warm temperature than a
cooler temperature thus increase growth. Without covering the seeds can cause later
emergence.

Effect of Straw Feed Sack
Significant differences in color of leaves were absent among the soil cover and
straw feed sack as covering materials resulted to dark green leaves while without covers
according to Ballang (2006).

Seedling Emergence and Growth of Rice as Influenced by Organic Fertilizers and Covering
Materials Under Wet-Bed Method / Robert S. Inumpa Jr.. 2009

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MATERIALS AND METHODS

The materials used in this study were seeds of native rice locally known as
“Sinagayo”, covering materials (1 cm garden soil, white and block polyethylene, straw
feed sack),organic fertilizers (sunflower and alnus), notebook for data recording, ruler
and vernier caliper for measuring and other materials used for land preparation.

An area of 36 m2 was thoroughly prepared and was divided into 3 blocks; each
block was subdivided into 12 plots measuring 1 m x 1 m each.

Before seedbed preparation, soil samples were taken for soil analysis to determine
the initial soil pH, organic matter and NPK content. The different organic fertilizers were
applied ten days before sowing. In each treatment 4kg of organic fertilizers were
incorporated into the soil. At sowing 100 seeds were set aside and planted at the center of
the bed used as sample for determining the percentage emergence and survival. The
experiment was laid out using two factor factorial arranged in randomized complete
block design (RCBD).
The seedbeds were thoroughly prepared and construct canals in between the beds.
The seedbed was irrigated and flooded before the rice seeds will be sown. The different
covering materials were put on top of the newly sown seeds. For the control, seeds were
not covered. The block polyethylene and straw feed sacks were removed when seed were
emerging. Different treatments were labeled using bamboo sticks after sowing.




Seedling Emergence and Growth of Rice as Influenced by Organic Fertilizers and Covering
Materials Under Wet-Bed Method / Robert S. Inumpa Jr.. 2009

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The treatments were:
Factor A (Organic Fertilizers)


O0 -control


O1 -sunflower


O2 -Alnus Compost
Factor B (Covering Materials)


C0 -no cover


C1 -1cm garden soil


C2 -black polyethylene


C3 -straw feed sack

Data Gathered
1. Number of days from sowing to emergence. This was recorded when about
50% of the total number of seeds had emerged from the soil surface.
2. Height of the seedling (cm). The height of the seedling was measured from the
base to the longest leaf of the seedling at 5 days interval for 4 weeks using 10 sample
plants.
3. Percentage of emergence at 12 days after sowing (DAS). This was taken 12
days after sowing using the formula
No. of Seeds Emerged
Emergence % =
x 100
Total No. of Seeds Sown

4. Length of the leaves (cm). This was taken when the seedling is ready for
transplanting by measuring from the base of the leaf blade to the tip of the leaf using the
10 sample plants.
Seedling Emergence and Growth of Rice as Influenced by Organic Fertilizers and Covering
Materials Under Wet-Bed Method / Robert S. Inumpa Jr.. 2009

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5. Length of the roots (cm). This was taken twice at 14 days after sowing and at
35 days after sowing using the 10 samples by measuring the longest roots.
6. Final height (cm). This was taken when the seedling is ready for transplanting
(35 days after sowing) by measuring from the base to the longest leaf of the seedling
using the 10 samples.
7. Total number of leaves. This was taken when the seedling is ready for
transplanting using the 10 samples.
8. Final weight of seedling (g). This was taken when the seedling is ready for
transplanting by weighing 10 samples both fresh and over dry weight.
9. Seedling culm diameter (mm). The ten samples was measured by using a
vernier caliper when the seedling is ready for transplanting.
10. Percent survival (%). This was taken when the seedling is ready for
transplanting using the formula:
No. of Seedlings Ready for Transplanting
Survival % =
x 100
Total No. of Seeds Sown

11. Color of the leaves. This was taken using the following scale when the
seedling is ready for transplanting (PhilRice, 1996):
Scale Remarks
1 Dark
green
3 Light
Green
5 Yellow
7 Brown
9 Dead


Seedling Emergence and Growth of Rice as Influenced by Organic Fertilizers and Covering
Materials Under Wet-Bed Method / Robert S. Inumpa Jr.. 2009

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10
12. Leaf area (cm2-). This was taken by using a graphing paper.
13. Seedling vigor. This was taken at 35 days after sowing using the following
scale (PhilRice, 1996):
Scale Description Remarks
1
Majority of the seedling have 5 or more leaves with
Very Vigorous
2 – 3 tillers

3
Majority of seedling have 1 – 5 leaves with 1 – 2
Vigorous
tillers
5
Most of the seedling have 4 leaves with tiller
Normal
7
Most of the seedling have 3 -4 leaves with tillers
Weak
9
Most of the seedling turned to yellow and thin
Very weak
14. Rice blast incidence. This was identified and assessed by rating the degree of
the blast infection using the following rating scale (PhilRice, 1996).
Scale Description Remarks
1
0 – 5% are affected by blast
Resistant
2
6 – 25% are affected by blast
Intermediate
3
26% and above are affected by blast
Susceptible

15. Insect pest incidence. Evaluation rating scale by (PhilRice, 1996) was used.
Scale Description Remarks
1
0-5% are affected by insect
Resistant
3
1-7% are affected by insect Moderate
resistant
5
8-25% are affected by insect
Intermediate
9
26 and above are affected by insect
Susceptible
Seedling Emergence and Growth of Rice as Influenced by Organic Fertilizers and Covering
Materials Under Wet-Bed Method / Robert S. Inumpa Jr.. 2009

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16. pH, NPK, organic matter of the soil (Before and after planting). Soil Samples
(1000g) were collected before and after planting and was brought to the Bureau of Soil
Laboratory for Analysis.

Data Analysis
All quantitative data were analyzed using Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) for
Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with 3 replication. The significance of
differences among the treatment means were tested using Duncan’s Multiple Range Test
(DMRT) at 5% level of significance.
Seedling Emergence and Growth of Rice as Influenced by Organic Fertilizers and Covering
Materials Under Wet-Bed Method / Robert S. Inumpa Jr.. 2009

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12

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION


Number of Days from Sowing to Emergence

Effect of organic fertilizers. Table 1 shows the number of days from sowing to
emergence. Seedlings supplied with alnus were the latest to emerge. Sunflower enhanced
earlier seedling emergence by almost a day. This could be due to the sunflower which is
decomposed and is mixed thoroughly to the soil where in the nutrients were easily
absorbed by the rice seedlings.

Table 1. Number of days from sowing to emergence of rice as affected by organic
fertilizers and covering materials

TREATMENT DAYS*
Organic fertilizers (O)

Control
7.75ab
Sunflower
6.50b
Alnus
8.00a
Covering Materials (C)

No cover
10.44 a
1cm garden soil
7.00b
Black Polyethylene
6.00b
Straw feed sack
6.22 b

O x C
*
CV (%)
21.55
*Means with the same letter (s) are not significantly different at 5 % level of DMRT
Seedling Emergence and Growth of Rice as Influenced by Organic Fertilizers and Covering
Materials Under Wet-Bed Method / Robert S. Inumpa Jr.. 2009

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Effect of covering materials. Significant differences were obtained on the number
of days from sowing to emergence as affected by covering materials. All covered seeds
emerged at least 3-4 days earlier than those without cover indicating the benefit of seed
cover during germination. Balaoas (2006) stated that this could be due to the increase in
temperature inside the plastic cover so the seeds germinated earlier (Table 1).
Interaction effect. Results show that there is a significant interaction between the
organic fertilizers and the covering materials. The first to emerge was obtained from the
seeds sown applied with sunflower covered with black polyethylene. On the other hand,
the latest to emerge were the seeds applied with and not covered. This is presumably due
to the high temperature produced inside the cover as observed by Vergara (1979).

Percentage of Seedling Emergence

Effect organic fertilizers. There were no significant differences observed among
organic fertilizers used in the study. The percentage of seedling emergence in organic
fertilizers ranges from 73.25% to 78.58% (Table 2).
Effect of covering materials. Statistical analysis revealed significant differences
in terms of percentage of seedling emergence. A covering of 1 cm garden soil produced
the highest mean of 80.44 % while covering with black polyethylene produced the least
emergence of 69.00%. This could be due to the effect of all the micro-elements, dead
organic matter and nitrogen present on the garden soil which enhances the more seeds to
emerge Hiscox (2004).
Interaction effect. Significant interaction effect between the organic fertilizers
and the covering materials was observed on the percentage of emergence of rice
seedlings. Combination of sunflower application with 1 cm garden soil covering resulted
Seedling Emergence and Growth of Rice as Influenced by Organic Fertilizers and Covering
Materials Under Wet-Bed Method / Robert S. Inumpa Jr.. 2009

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e


g
enc


g
 to emer


y
s from sowin


Number of da


Covering Materials

Legend:
NC- No Cover


BP- Black Polyethylene
GS- 1 cm Garden Soil

SFS- Straw Feed Sack




Figure 1. Number of days from sowing to emergence of rice applied with organic
fertilizers and covering materials

Seedling Emergence and Growth of Rice as Influenced by Organic Fertilizers and Covering
Materials Under Wet-Bed Method / Robert S. Inumpa Jr.. 2009

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15
in higher percentage of seedling emergence which the combination of straw feed sacks
covering with control gave the lowest percent of emergence.

Percentage of Seedling Survival
Effect of organic fertilizer. Statistically, no significant differences were observed
on the percentage of survival of seedlings. But numerically, seedlings applied with
sunflower had the highest percentage of plant survival having a mean of 76.33%. This
means that application of sunflower encourages higher percentage of survival as found by
Algen (2006).And alnus gave the lowest plant survival with a mean of 67.00%.

Table 2. Percentage of emergence and survival at 12 DAS after sowing of rice as
affected by organic fertilizers and covering materials

TREATMENT
EMERGENCE (%)
SURVIVAL (%)
(12 DAS)
(35 DAS)
Organic fertilizers (O)


Control
73.25
69.58
Sunflower
78.58
76.33
Alnus
74.33
67.00
Covering Materials (C)


No cover
76.33ab
73.33
1cm garden soil
80.44a
76.44
Black polyethylene
69.00b
65.67
Straw feed sack
75.78b
68.44
O x C
*
Ns
CV (%)
13.44
15.24
* Means with the same letter are not significantly different at 5% level of DMRT
Seedling Emergence and Growth of Rice as Influenced by Organic Fertilizers and Covering
Materials Under Wet-Bed Method / Robert S. Inumpa Jr.. 2009

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Effect of covering materials. No significant differences were noted on the
percentage of plant survival. However, seeds covered with 1cm garden soil obtained the
highest percentage survival with a mean of 76.44% and black polyethylene covering
obtained the least mean of 65.67%.
Interaction effect. No significant interaction effect was observed between organic
fertilizers and covering materials on the percentage seedling survived.

Height of Seedlings at 6 DAS
Effect of organic fertilizers. Significant differences were obtained on the height of
seedlings at 6 days after emergence as affected by the different organic fertilizers. The
control had significantly taller plants with a height of 7.31 cm which could be due to the
longer effect of organic fertilizer (Table3).
Effect of covering of materials. Table 2 shows significant differences on the
height of seedlings after emergence as affected by the different covering materials. At 6
days, seedlings covered with straw feed sack had the tallest with a mean of 8.29 cm.
This, maybe because in straw feed sack there is a controlled entrance of air, thus,
controlling temperature and hastening the growth of seedlings (Table 3).
Interaction effect. It was observed that the interaction between the organic
fertilizer and the covering materials on the height of seedlings 6 days after emergence
was significant. The combination of unfertilized seedlings and straw feed sack as
covering material produced the tallest seedlings.



Seedling Emergence and Growth of Rice as Influenced by Organic Fertilizers and Covering
Materials Under Wet-Bed Method / Robert S. Inumpa Jr.. 2009

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ence 
of emerg
ge 

Percenta



Covering Materials
Legend:

NC- No Cover

BP- Black Polyethylene

GS- 1 cm Garden Soil
SFS- Straw Feed Sack



Figure 2. Percentage of emergence of rice applied with organic fertilizers and covering
materials at 12 DAS

Seedling Emergence and Growth of Rice as Influenced by Organic Fertilizers and Covering
Materials Under Wet-Bed Method / Robert S. Inumpa Jr.. 2009

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Height of Seedlings at 12 DAS
Effect of organic fertilizers. Statistical analysis showed that at 12 days, there
were no significant difference among the treatments used in the study.
Effect of covering materials. At 12 days after emergence, significant differences
were obtained on the height of seedlings as affected by the different covering materials.
Seedlings covered with straw feed sack had the highest height with a mean of 10.52 cm
followed by 1 cm garden soil with a mean of 10.43 cm. Shortest height was observed on
seedlings covered with black polyethylene and no cover with a mean of 9.2 cm and 8.89
cm, respectively. This could be due to the effect of controlled air temperature inside the
straw feed sack and heat coming from the outside environment to the inside of the cover
where it is favorable to the growth of seedlings.
Interaction effect. There is a significant interaction between the organic fertilizer
and covering materials on the height of seedlings at 12 days. The combination of straw
feed sack with sunflower appeared to have the highest height. In contrast to this, no cover
combined with either control or alnus gave the shortest plants. This means that
application of organic fertilizers significantly increases the height of seedlings (Fig. 4).

Height of Seedlings at 18 DAS
Effect of organic fertilizers. The use of organic fertilizers at day 18 shows no
significant difference after emergence. However, seedlings applied with sunflower
appeared to have the tallest seedlings with a height of 13.12 cm followed by the control
(12.92 cm) (Table 3).
Effect of covering materials. Highly significant differences were obtained on the
height of the seedlings 18 days after emergence as affected by the covering materials.
Seedling Emergence and Growth of Rice as Influenced by Organic Fertilizers and Covering
Materials Under Wet-Bed Method / Robert S. Inumpa Jr.. 2009

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19
Seeds covered with straw feed sack had the tallest seedlings with a mean of 13.53 cm,
followed by 1 cm garden soil, no cover, and black polyethylene with mean of 13.32 cm,
12.41 cm, and 12.24 cm, respectively. This means that application of covering materials
affect the height of seedlings. This is could be due to the effect of controlled passage of
air, heat and light of straw feed sack being absorbed by the seedlings (Table 3).
Interaction effect. Significant interaction effects were observed on the effect of
organic fertilizers and covering materials on the height of seedlings at 18 DAS.
Combination of the application of sunflower and covering of straw feed sack highly
increases the height of the seedlings while covering with black polyethylene in
combination with application of alnus decreases the height of seedlings. This means that
application of organic fertilizers and covering materials affect entirely the height of the
seedlings (Fig. 5).
Seedling Emergence and Growth of Rice as Influenced by Organic Fertilizers and Covering
Materials Under Wet-Bed Method / Robert S. Inumpa Jr.. 2009

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20
Height of Seedlings at 24 and 30 DAS
Effect of organic fertilizers. Results show that there are no significant differences
on the effect of organic fertilizers on the height of seedlings at 24 DAS. However,
application of sunflower appeared to have the highest height with a mean of 17.53 cm
while the control appeared to be the shortest in height with a mean of 16.73 cm. This
could be due to the nutrient content of sunflower which enhances the growth of the seeds
(Table3).
Effect of covering materials. Statistical analysis shows that there are no
significant differences on the effect of covering materials on the height of seedlings at the
24 DAS after emergence. One cm garden soil (17.62 cm) resulted in the tallest seedlings
while black polyethylene as cover resulted in the shortest height with 16.60 cm (Table3).
Interaction effect. Statistical analysis shows that there is no interaction between
the organic fertilizers and the covering materials after emergence on the height of
seedlings at 24 DAS.

Height of Seedlings at the 30 DAS
Effect of organic fertilizers. Results revealed that there are no significant
differences on the effect of organic fertilizers to the height of seedlings at the 30th day
after emergence. This means that application of sunflower, alnus and control did not
solely affect the height of seedlings. Nevertheless, application of obtained the highest
height with a mean of 26.91 cm while no application gave the shortest height with a mean
of 25.20 cm. This could be due to the effect of nitrogen content of sunflower and organic
matter that was deposited on the soil that serve as food for the plant.
Seedling Emergence and Growth of Rice as Influenced by Organic Fertilizers and Covering
Materials Under Wet-Bed Method / Robert S. Inumpa Jr.. 2009

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21
Effect of covering materials. It was observed that on the statistical analysis, there
are no significant differences on the effect of covering materials on the height of
seedlings after emergence.
Interaction effect. There was no significant interaction observed between the
organic fertilizes and the covering materials on the height of seedlings at 30 DAS.

Height of Seedlings at the 35 DAS
Effect of organic fertilizers. Results revealed that there are no significant
differences on the effect of organic fertilizers on the height of seedlings. It appears that
seedling height is not affected by organic fertilizer application after six days of sowing
until a month later (Table 3).
Effect of covering materials. At 35 DAS no significant differences were noted on
the height of the seedlings as affected by covering materials. Covering the plants 1 cm
garden soil appeared to have the tallest seedlings with a mean of 34 cm while black
polyethylene resulted in the shortest plants which were more than 3 cm shorter (Table 3).
Apparently, this is influenced by organic matter deposited in the soil by plants and
animals that were decomposed by soil organisms. The resulting released nutrients were
absorbed and stored by the plants (Hiscox, 2004).
Interaction effect. It was observed that there is an interaction effect between the
organic fertilizers and covering materials on the height of seedlings at 35 DAS.
Combining 1 cm garden soil as covering method with either application of sunflower or
alnus significantly increased the height of seedlings. In contrast to this, combination of
black polyethylene as covering with no application control depressed the height of
seedlings (Fig. 6).
Seedling Emergence and Growth of Rice as Influenced by Organic Fertilizers and Covering
Materials Under Wet-Bed Method / Robert S. Inumpa Jr.. 2009

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Table 3. Height of seedlings after emergence at 6, 12, 18, 24, 30 and 35 DAS (final
height) as affected by organic fertilizers and covering materials




DAYS AFTER SOWING
TREATMENT
6
12
18
24
30
35
(cm)
(cm)
(cm)
(cm)
(cm)
(cm)

Organic Fertilizers (O)






Control
7.31a
9.68
12.92
16.73
25.20
31.02
Sunflower
7.23a
9.80
13.12
17.53
26.91
32.29
Alnus
6.14b
9.68
12.58
17.01
26.34
32.24
Covering
Materials(C)
No cover
6.06b
8.89b
12.41bc
16.67
26.61
31.39ab
1cm garden soil
6.74b
10.43a
13.32ab
17.62
26.66
34.01a
Black Polyethylene
6.47b
9.02b
12.24c
16.60
24.81
30.14b
Straw Feed Sack
8.29a
10.52a
13.53a
17.46
26.52
31.85ab

O x C






*
*
*
ns
ns
*
CV
(
%)
15.02
9.89 7.86 7.14 8.43 8.55
*means with the same letter (s) are not significantly different at 5 % level of DMRT







Seedling Emergence and Growth of Rice as Influenced by Organic Fertilizers and Covering
Materials Under Wet-Bed Method / Robert S. Inumpa Jr.. 2009

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23













Covering Materials
Legend:
NC- No Cover

BP- Black Polyethylene

GS- 1 cm Garden Soil
SFS- Straw Feed Sack


Figure 3. Seedling height of rice applied with organic fertilizers and covering materials
at 6 DAS

.





Seedling Emergence and Growth of Rice as Influenced by Organic Fertilizers and Covering
Materials Under Wet-Bed Method / Robert S. Inumpa Jr.. 2009

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24


























Covering Materials
Legend:

NC- No Cover

BP- Black Polyethylene

GS- 1 cm Garden Soil
SFS- Straw Feed Sack





Figure 4. Seedling height of rice applied with organic fertilizers and covering materials at
12 DAS
Seedling Emergence and Growth of Rice as Influenced by Organic Fertilizers and Covering
Materials Under Wet-Bed Method / Robert S. Inumpa Jr.. 2009

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25











Seedling height at 18 DAS (cm) 


Covering Materials
Legend:


NC- No Cover

BP- Black Polyethylene

GS- 1 cm Garden Soil
SFS- Straw Feed Sack



Figure 5. Seedling height of rice applied with organic fertilizers and covering materials
at 18 DAS



Seedling Emergence and Growth of Rice as Influenced by Organic Fertilizers and Covering
Materials Under Wet-Bed Method / Robert S. Inumpa Jr.. 2009

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26










Seedling height at 35 DAS (cm) 



Covering Materials
Legend:

NC- No Cover

BP- Black Polyethylene
GS- 1 cm Garden Soil
SFS- Straw Feed Sack



Figure 6. Seedling height of rice applied with organic fertilizers and covering materials
at 35 DAS


Seedling Emergence and Growth of Rice as Influenced by Organic Fertilizers and Covering
Materials Under Wet-Bed Method / Robert S. Inumpa Jr.. 2009

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27
Length of Roots at 14 Days

Effect of organic fertilizer. Statistically, there were no significant differences on
the effect of organic fertilizers to the length of roots although the application of sunflower
produced roots that were about one cm longer (Table 4). This is because sunflower is the
best source of nitrogen which the roots penetrate.
Effect of covers. No significant differences were observed on the length of root as
affected by the different covering materials. Nevertheless, the length of roots increased
from 6.03 cm to 7.30 cm. No cover appeared to have the lowest length while black
polyethylene cover obtained the longest length. This could be due to effect of high
temperature inside the cover which increases the activities inside the seed and grow faster
at warm temperature than a cooler temperature (Vergara, 1979).
Interaction effect. There is no interaction effect between the organic fertilizer and
the covering materials on length of roots.

Length of Root at 35 DAS

Effect of organic fertilizer. The length of the roots at the 35 DAS is shown in
Table 4. Results revealed that there were significant differences among the treatments
used in the study. Application of sunflower obtained the longest roots with a mean of
13.85 cm while the shortest roots were observed on the control with a mean of 12.26 cm.
This is probably due to the faster decomposition of sunflower that allows earlier release
of nutrients. This is in addition to its effect on loosening the soil resulting in better
aeration, root growth, drainage, improved soil property and increased compaction
resistance (PCCARD, 2006).

Seedling Emergence and Growth of Rice as Influenced by Organic Fertilizers and Covering
Materials Under Wet-Bed Method / Robert S. Inumpa Jr.. 2009

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28

Table 4. Length of the roots at 14 and 35 DAS as affected by organic fertilizers and
covering materials


LENGTH OF ROOTS AT:


TREATMENT
14 DAS
35 DAS
(cm)
(cm)
Organic Fertilizers (O)


Control
6.11
12.26b
Sunflower
7.09
13.85a
Alnus
6.78
13.33ab
Covering Materials (C)


No cover
6.03
12.07
1 cm garden soil
6.64
13.07
Black Polyethylene
7.30
13.82
Straw feed sack
6.67
13.63
O x C
ns
*
CV ( %)
18.6
13.06
* Means with the same letter are not significantly different at 5% level of DMRT

Effect of covers. Statistical analysis show that at 35 DAS no significant
differences among the covering materials on the length of roots. But numerically, black
polyethylene covering gave the longest length with a mean of 13.82 cm while no cover
appeared to have the lowest length of root with a mean of 12.07 cm. This means that non-
covering of the seeds may produce shorter roots, which is in accordance to the findings of
(Balaoas, 2006).

Seedling Emergence and Growth of Rice as Influenced by Organic Fertilizers and Covering
Materials Under Wet-Bed Method / Robert S. Inumpa Jr.. 2009

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S
A




Length of roots at 35 D


Covering Materials

Legend:

NC- No Cover

BP- Black Polyethylene
GS- 1 cm Garden Soil
SFS- Straw Feed Sack



Figure 7. Length of roots of rice applied with organic fertilizers and covering materials
at 35 DAS

Seedling Emergence and Growth of Rice as Influenced by Organic Fertilizers and Covering
Materials Under Wet-Bed Method / Robert S. Inumpa Jr.. 2009

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30
Interaction effect. There is an interaction effect between the organic fertilizers
and the covering materials on the length of root. Combining of sunflower and
black polyethylene significantly increased the length of roots, unlike the combination of
control and no cover which depressed the length of root. This means that application of
organic fertilizers and covering materials affect the length of roots of rice seedlings
(Fig.7).

Seedling Culm Diameter (mm)
Effect of organic fertilizers. No significant differences were observed among the
organic fertilizers on the diameter of the seedlings. Nevertheless, application of
sunflower gave the thickest diameter with a mean of 7.77 mm while control gave the
thinnest with a mean of 6.82 mm. Maybe the sunflower gave the highest height and
longest roots which makes large culm.
Effect of covering materials. No significant differences were observed on the
diameter of the seeds as affected by the different covers. However, straw feed sack as a
cover appeared to have the thickest diameter of 8.04 mm while no cover was found to
have the thinnest diameter of 6.73 mm. Maybe this could be due to the effect of soil
moisture and protection from wind and pest (Hanaida , 2000).
Interaction effect. There was no interaction observed on the effect of organic
fertilizers and the covering materials on the diameter of the seeds.






Seedling Emergence and Growth of Rice as Influenced by Organic Fertilizers and Covering
Materials Under Wet-Bed Method / Robert S. Inumpa Jr.. 2009

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31
Table 5. Seedling culm diameter after emergence at as affected by organic fertilizers and
covering materials



TREATMENT
DIAMETER OF CULM
(mm)
Organic Fertilizers (O)

Control
6.82
Sunflower
7.77
Alnus
7.43
Covering Materials (C)

No cover
6.73
1 cm Garden Soil
7.33
Block Polyethylene 7.24


Straw feed sack
8.04


O x C
ns
(CV %)
30.78
*Means with the same letter (s) are not significantly different at 5 % level of DMRT

Total Number of Leaves

Effect of organic fertilizers. No significant differences were observed on the
effect of organic fertilizers on the total number of leaves. Numerically, application of
sunflower appeared to have the highest number of leaves while the control produced the
least number of leaves. This could be due to the effect of longer roots, wider culms and
leaves which increases the number of leaves of seedlings. Hence, the longer the roots and
leaves the more the number of leaves.
Seedling Emergence and Growth of Rice as Influenced by Organic Fertilizers and Covering
Materials Under Wet-Bed Method / Robert S. Inumpa Jr.. 2009

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32
Table 6. Total number of leaves after emergence as affected by organic fertilizers and
covering materials




NUMBER OF
LENGTH OF
TREATMENT
LEAVES
LEAVES
Organic Fertilizers (O)


Control
7.02
22.54
Sunflower
7.84
24.16
Alnus
7.86
23.92
Covering Materials(C)


No Cover
6.72
22.99
1cm Garden Soil
7.31
24.87
Black Polyethylene
8.51
22.41
Straw Feed Sack
7.74
23.89
O x C
ns
ns
(CV %)
23.17
11.55
*Means with the same letter (s) are not significantly different at 5 % level of DMRT

Effect of covering materials. No significant differences were observed on the
number of leaves as affected by the different covers. However, covering of black
polyethylene produced the highest number of leaves with a mean of 8.51 while no cover
gave the least number. This means that without covering materials, the number of leaves
is lesser.
Interaction effect. It was observed that the interaction of organic fertilizers and
covering materials did not significantly affect the number of leaves of seedlings.
Seedling Emergence and Growth of Rice as Influenced by Organic Fertilizers and Covering
Materials Under Wet-Bed Method / Robert S. Inumpa Jr.. 2009

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33
Length of Leaves
Effect of organic fertilizers. Statistical analysis showed that no significant
differences among the organic fertilizers on the length of leaves. But numerically, the
longest leaves obtained was found on the application of sunflower with 24.16 cm while
the shortest leaves were observed on control with 22.54 cm. This could be the effect of
height of the seedling which affects the length of the leaves.
Effect of covering materials. No significant differences on the effect of covers to
the length of leaves of seedlings. However, 1 cm garden soil covered seedlings appeared
to have the longest leaves with a mean of 24.87 cm while black polyethylene covered
seedlings registered the shortest leaves of 22.41 cm. This may due to the effect of
decayed plants and animals, nutrients and beneficial microorganisms that makes up the
garden soil (Hiscox, 2005) which helps in the elongation of length of leaves of rice
seedlings.
Interaction effect. Results revealed that there is no interaction among the organic
fertilizers and the covering materials on the length of leaves of the seedlings.

Color of the Leaves

Effect of organic fertilizers. No significant differences were observed on the
effect of organic fertilizers to the color of leaves. Both the sunflower and alnus applied
seedlings appeared to have the dark green color unlike the control which showed the light
green leaves. This means that the seedlings may have absorbed all the nutrients which
made the color of the leaves darker.



Seedling Emergence and Growth of Rice as Influenced by Organic Fertilizers and Covering
Materials Under Wet-Bed Method / Robert S. Inumpa Jr.. 2009

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34
Table 7. Color of the leaves after emergence as affected by fertilizers and covering
materials

TREATMENT SCALE REMARKS
Organic Fertilizes (O)


Control
3
Light green
Sunflower
1
Dark green
Alnus
1
Dark green
Covering Materials (C)


No Cover
3
Light green
1 cm Garden Soil
1
Dark green
Black Polyethylene
1
Dark green
Straw Feed Sack
1
Dark green
Color of the leaves: 1-dark green, 3-yellow, 5-yellow, 7-brown, 9-dead


Effect of covering materials. It was observed that application of covering
materials did not affect the color of the leaves of seedlings. No cover appeared to have
light green leaves while the others had dark green leaves.

Leaf Area

Effect of organic fertilizers. No significant differences were observed among the
organic fertilizers on the leaf area of the seedlings. However, sunflower applid seedlings
obtained the widest leaves of 41.70 cm2, alnus applied obtained 37.72 cm2 and the least
area of 32.93 cm2 was obtained from the control (Table 8).
Effect of covering materials. Statistical analysis shows that there are no
significant differences on the effect of covers on the area of leaves (Table 8).
Seedling Emergence and Growth of Rice as Influenced by Organic Fertilizers and Covering
Materials Under Wet-Bed Method / Robert S. Inumpa Jr.. 2009

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35
Table 8. Leaf area after emergence as affected by organic fertilizers and covering
materials



TREATMENT
LEAF AREA
(cm2)
Organic Fertilizer (O)

Control
32.93
Sunflower
41.70
Alnus
37.72
Covering Materials (C)
No Cover
36.70
1 cm Garden Soil
40.70
Black Polyethylene 31.40
Straw Feed Sack
40.99
O x C
ns
CV (%)
38.67
*Means with the same letter(s) are not significantly different at 5% level of DMRT

Interaction
effect. It was observed that there is a significant interaction between
the organic fertilizers and covering materials. Combination of black polyethylene
covering and sunflower application produced very vigorous seedlings than the other
combinations. This means that application of sunflower and block polyethylene may help
in maintaining the vigor of seedlings.
Interaction effect. It was observed that there is no interaction effect of the organic
fertilizers and covering materials on the leaf area of seedlings.

Seedling Emergence and Growth of Rice as Influenced by Organic Fertilizers and Covering
Materials Under Wet-Bed Method / Robert S. Inumpa Jr.. 2009

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36
Seedling Vigor

Effect of organic fertilizers. Table 9 shows the effect of organic fertilizers on the
seedling vigor of seedlings. Sunflower applied seedlings appeared to be more vigorous
than those of control and alnus applied. Sunflower application resulted in the highest
number of leaves and widest culm diameter which made the seeds vigorous.
Effect of covering materials. Table 10 shows the different effect of covers on the
seedling vigor of the seeds. The use of black polyethylene as cover appeared to have
resulted in more vigorous seeds than the other treatments.

Table 9. Seedling vigor after emergence as affected by organic fertilizers and covering
materials
TREATMENT SCALE REMARKS
Organic Fertilizers (O)


Control
3
Vigorous
Sunflower
1
Very Vigorous
Alnus
3
Vigorous
Covering Materials


No Cover
3
Vigorous
1 cm Garden Sol
3
Vigorous
Black Polyethylene
1
Very Vigorous
Straw Feed Sack
3
Vigorous
Seedling vigor: 1=very vigorous, 3=vigorous, 5-normal, 7-week, 9-very weak




Seedling Emergence and Growth of Rice as Influenced by Organic Fertilizers and Covering
Materials Under Wet-Bed Method / Robert S. Inumpa Jr.. 2009

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37
Rice Blast Incidence

Effect of organic fertilizers. Table 10 shows the rice blast incidence as affected by
the different organic fertilizer treatments. Application of organic fertilizers made the
seedlings resistant to blast but alnus made seedlings more resistant to blast.
Effect of covering materials. In Table 11, results revealed that there were
differences among the covers on the blast resistance of seedlings. It shows that the
covering of black polyethylene and straw feed sack may help the seedlings become more
resistant to blast than those of with no cover and 1 cm garden soil.

Table 10. Rice blast after emergence as affected by organic fertilizers and covering
materials

TREATMENT RATING REMARKS
Organic Fertilizers (O)


Control
2
Intermediate
Sunflower
2
Intermediate
Alnus
1
Resistant
Covering Materials


No cover
2
Intermediate
1 cm Garden Soil
2
Intermediate
Black Polyethylene
1
Resistant
Straw Feed Sack
1
Resistant
1-resistant, 2-intermediate, 3-susceptible

Seedling Emergence and Growth of Rice as Influenced by Organic Fertilizers and Covering
Materials Under Wet-Bed Method / Robert S. Inumpa Jr.. 2009

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38
Insect Pest Evaluation

Effect of organic fertilizers. Table 11 shows the insect pest evaluation as affected
by the different organic fertilizers. Result revealed that alnus covered seedlings are more
resistant to insect than those applied with sunflower and control. This means that
application of organic fertilizer affects the resistance of seedlings to insects.
Effect of covers. Seedlings with covering of 1 cm garden soil and black
polyethylene appeared to be more resistant to insect than those with no cover and straw
feed sack. This means that without covering makes the seeds more susceptible to insect
attack (Table 11).

Table 11. Insect pest after emergence as affected by organic fertilizers and covering
materials

TREATMENT RATING
REMARKS
Organic Fertilizers O)


Control
3
Moderately Resistant
Sunflower
3
Moderately Resistant
Alnus
1
Resistant
Covering Materials


No cover
3
Moderately Resistant
1 cm Garden Soil
1
Resistant
Black Polyethylene
1
Resistant
Straw Feed Sack
3
Moderately Resistant
1-resistant, 3-moderate resistant, 5-intermidiate, 9-susceptible

Seedling Emergence and Growth of Rice as Influenced by Organic Fertilizers and Covering
Materials Under Wet-Bed Method / Robert S. Inumpa Jr.. 2009

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39
Fresh Weight of Seedlings

Effect of organic fertilizers. Table 12 shows the fresh weight of seedlings as
affected by the different organic fertilizers. Statistical analysis shows no significant
differences among the treatments. However, application of sunflower appeared to have
the heaviest seedlings with a mean of 5.28 g while the lightest was observed in the
control with a mean of 4.23 g. This could be due to the effect of number of leaves, longer
length of roots, and length of leaves and thick culm diameter makes the seeds heavier.
Effect of covering materials. No significant differences were observed on the
fresh weight of seedlings as affected by the covering materials. However, using of black
polyethylene covering gave the heaviest seedlings with a mean of 5.2 g while straw feed
sack gave the lightest with a mean of 4.64 g.
Interaction effect. Result show that there is no significant interaction between the
treatments. Nevertheless, the combination of black polyethylene covering and sunflower
application significantly increased the fresh weight of seedlings. In contrast to this, straw
feed sack covering combined with control decreased the fresh weight of the seedlings.

Dry Weight of Seedlings
Effect of organic fertilizes. Significant differences were observed on the effect of
organic fertilizers to the dry weight of seedlings. Sunflower applied seedlings obtained
the heaviest with a mean o f 1.11 g while control gave the lightest with a mean of
0.82g. This means that application of organic fertilizers affects the entire weight of
seedlings. This could be due to the effect of more leaves, longer roots, longer leaves and
thicker culms which makes the weight of seedlings heavier.

Seedling Emergence and Growth of Rice as Influenced by Organic Fertilizers and Covering
Materials Under Wet-Bed Method / Robert S. Inumpa Jr.. 2009

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40
Table 12. Final fresh weight and dry weight of seedlings as affected by organic fertilizers
and covering materials




TREATMENT
FRESH WEIGHT
DRY WEIGHT
(g)
(g)
Organic Fertilizers (O)


0.22b
Control
4.23
Sunflower
5.28
1.11a
Alnus
5.11
0.96ab
Covering Materials (C)


No cover
4.97
0.98
1cm garden soil
4.86
0.94
Black polyethylene
5.02
1.00
Straw feed sack
4.64
0.91
O x C
Ns
*
(CV %)
21.87
27.81
*means with the same letter are not significantly different at 5% of DMRT

Effect of covering materials. It was observed that there are no significant
differences on the dry weight of seedlings as affected by the different covering materials.
However, black polyethylene covered seedlings appeared to have the heaviest (1.00 g)
while the lightest appeared on straw feed sack covered seedlings with a mean of 0.91 g.
Interaction effect. There was an interaction effect between the organic fertilizers
and covering materials on the dry weight of seedlings. Combination of lack polyethylene
covering and sunflower application increased the dry weight of seedlings. This means
that application of both organic fertilizers and covering materials affect the weight of rice
Seedling Emergence and Growth of Rice as Influenced by Organic Fertilizers and Covering
Materials Under Wet-Bed Method / Robert S. Inumpa Jr.. 2009

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41
seedlings. This could be due to the effect of the warm temperature and high nutrients
which helps in the elongation of leaves, roots and multiplication of tillers which made the
seedling heavy (Fig. 8).

Final pH of the soil

The pH content of the soil as affected by the different organic fertilizers revealed
that there is a difference among the treatments used in the study. Alnus applied seedlings
gave the highest level of soil pH compared with sunflower applied and control. Results
indicate that initial soil pH increased from 5.67 to 6.10. This means that soil is slightly
acidic which indicates that application of organic fertilizer decreased the acidity of the
soil (Brady, 1985).

Final Organic Matter of the Soil

The organic matter of the soil as affected by the different organic fertilizers is
shown in Table 13. Results revealed that there is no difference among the treatments used
in the study.
Seedling Emergence and Growth of Rice as Influenced by Organic Fertilizers and Covering
Materials Under Wet-Bed Method / Robert S. Inumpa Jr.. 2009

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42







 


o
f seedling


Dry weight 


NC GS BP SFS


Covering Materials

Legend:

NC- No Cover
BP- Black Polyethylene
GS- 1 cm Garden Soil
SFS- Straw Feed Sack


Figure 8. Dry weight of seedlings of rice applied with organic fertilizers and covering
materials


Seedling Emergence and Growth of Rice as Influenced by Organic Fertilizers and Covering
Materials Under Wet-Bed Method / Robert S. Inumpa Jr.. 2009

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43
Table 12. pH, OM, NPK content of the soil as affected by organic fertilizers and
covering materials




N
P
K
TREATMENT
pH
OM
(%)
(ppm)
(ppm)

Organic Fertilizers (O)




Initial Soil
5.67
4.0
20
100
160
Control
5.61
4.0
20
100+
172
Sunflower
5.93
4.0
20
100+
224
Alnus
6.10
4.0
20
100+
500

Final Nitrogen of the Soil

Result shows that the application of organic fertilizers did not affect the nitrogen
content of the soil. This means that the nitrogen content of organic fertilizers had
absorbed by rice seedlings. This indicates that the organic fertilizers that was applied
provides the amount of nitrogen needed by rice seedlings.

Final Phosphorous of the Soil

Table 12 shows that there is no difference on the phosphorous content of the soil
being affected by the different organic fertilizers. The sunflower and alnus increases the
phosphorous content of the soil.

Final Potassium of the Soil

The final potassium content of the soil as affected by the different organic
fertilizers is shown on Table 14. Results showed that there is a difference among the
treatments used. From initial soil with a potassium content of 160 ppm increases to 500
Seedling Emergence and Growth of Rice as Influenced by Organic Fertilizers and Covering
Materials Under Wet-Bed Method / Robert S. Inumpa Jr.. 2009

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44
ppm in alnus to 224 ppm in sunflower while it decreases to 172 ppm in control. This
means that application of organic fertilizers helps in the increase of potassium content of
the soil. Ebbes (2000) stated that alnus promotes an increase on the potassium content of
the soil.













Seedling Emergence and Growth of Rice as Influenced by Organic Fertilizers and Covering
Materials Under Wet-Bed Method / Robert S. Inumpa Jr.. 2009

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45
SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION


Summary
The study was conducted to determine the effect of organic fertilizers on the
seedling emergence and growth of rice, determine the effect of covering materials on the
seedling emergence and growth of rice and determine the combination of organic
fertilizers and covering materials on the seedling emergence and growth of rice seedlings.

Result revealed that seedlings applied with sunflower were the earliest to emerge,
had the longest roots, had dark green leaves, very vigorous and had the highest weight.
The alnus application increased the number of days of rice seedling. However, alnus
application appeared to have dark green in color, vigorous and resistant to blast and
insect pests.

Results indicate that application of covering materials made the seedling earlier to
emerge, but without covering materials the seeds results in longer emergence. Using
block polyethylene, the seeds took shorter days to emerge, dark green in color, very
vigorous and resistant to blast and insect pest. Garden soil used as cover produced the
highest percent emergence, dark green leaves, vigorous and resistant to insect. Straw feed
sack as a cover produced the tallest seedlings at 6, 12, and 18 DAS, dark green leaves,
vigorous and resistant to blast. Significant differences were obtained between organic
fertilizers and covering materials. The combination of sunflower and black polyethylene
made the seeds earlier to emerge and made the seedling very vigorous. The sunflower or
any covering materials made dark green leaves. It shows also that the combination of
alnus and block polyethylene or straw feed sack made the seedlings resistant to blast. The
application of sunflower and alnus decreased the acidity of the soil.
Seedling Emergence and Growth of Rice as Influenced by Organic Fertilizers and Covering
Materials Under Wet-Bed Method / Robert S. Inumpa Jr.. 2009

---

46
Conclusions
In conclusion, application of organic fertilizers and covering materials affects the
seedling emergence and growth of rice under wet-bed method. In terms of choosing the
best combination, it was found out that sunflower application coupled with black
polyethylene covering produced the best rice seedlings.

Recommendation
1. Sunflower as an organic fertilizer is the best for rice seedling production.
2. Black polyethylene as a covering material is the best for rice seedling
production.
3. The combination of black polyethylene and sunflower is the best for rice
seedling production.






Seedling Emergence and Growth of Rice as Influenced by Organic Fertilizers and Covering
Materials Under Wet-Bed Method / Robert S. Inumpa Jr.. 2009

---

47
LITERATURE CITED

ADCHAK, C. L. 1993. Effect of different rates of inorganic nitrogen in combination with
wild sunflower of cabbage. BS Thesis. BSU, La Trinidad Benguet. Pp. 20 – 21.

ALGEN, J. 2006. Response of” kintoman” Rice (Oryza sativa) seedling to different
organic fertilizers in La Trinidad, Benguet. BS Thesis. BSU, La Trinidad,
Benguet. Pp. 17-18.

BALAOAS, S. A. 2006. Effect of plot height and covering materials on the seed
emergence and seedling growth of rice. BS Thesis. BSU, La Trinidad, Benguet.
P.12.

BALAOING, J. 2006. Performances of Potato cultivars as Influenced by Lime and
Organic Fertilizer Application. Benguet State University, La Trinidad, Benguet.

BALAKI, E. T. 1992. Research Results and Cultural Management Studies on Strawberry.
A Research Report, B.S.U. L.T.B. Unique Printing Press. P. 98.

BALLANG, T. 2006. Effect of covering materials on seed germination and seedling
growth of rice grown in dry seedbed. BS Thesis. BSU La Trinidad, Benguet. P.19.

BAUTISTA, O. K., N.V. VALMAYOR, P.G. TABORA and P.C. ESPINO. 1983.
Introduction to Horticultural (Tropical). Los Baňos, Laguna, Department of
Horticulture. University of the Philippines 98.

BRADY, N.C.1985 The Nature and Properties of Soils.10th ed. New York: Mc Millan
Publishing Company Inc. P. 294.

DIDA, N. C. 1998. Management of black scurf (Rhizobia solani) on potato using
compost as a soil conditioner. BS Thesis. BSU, La Trinidad Benguet P. 21.

EBBES, M. 2000. Influence of alnus compost on the growth and yield of potato. BS
Thesis. BSU, La Trinidad Benguet. Pp. 5 – 9.

HISCOX, J. 2005. Properties of Soil. Retrieved from 1993-2004 from Microsoft
corporation. All right reserved.

MABAZZA, F. B. 1997. Production of six promising garden pea lines as affected by
organic fertilizers. BS Thesis. BSU, La Trinidad Benguet.

PAROCHA, N. 2001.Effect of different rates of alnus compost on the growth and yield
performance of garden pea. BS Thesis. BSU, La Trinidad Benguet. Benguet. P.12.


Seedling Emergence and Growth of Rice as Influenced by Organic Fertilizers and Covering
Materials Under Wet-Bed Method / Robert S. Inumpa Jr.. 2009

---

48
PCARRD. 2006. The Philippines Recommends for Organic Fertilizer Production and
Utilization. P. 118.

PHILRICE. 1996. Rice Production Technoguide. Pp. 32-43.

HANADA, T.C, 2000.Plastic Polyethylene. Retrieved November 20, 2000 from
http://www.Agri. Exp. Stn. Veno 200/ Index.html.

VERGARA, B. S. 1979. A Farmer’s Primer on Growing Rice. Los Baños, Laguna,
Philippines. Pp. 12-16.

YANGO, V. P. 1998. Time and rate of wild sunflower application on the growth and
yield of Bontoc rice. BS Thesis. BSU, La Trinidad, Benguet. Pp. 20-27.

Seedling Emergence and Growth of Rice as Influenced by Organic Fertilizers and Covering
Materials Under Wet-Bed Method / Robert S. Inumpa Jr.. 2009

---

49
APPENDICES


Appendix Table 1. Number of days from sowing to emergence as affected by organic
fertilizer and covering materials


REPLICATION

TREATMENT
I II
TOTAL
III
MEAN
O0C0
12
11
9
32
10.66
C1
9
9
6
24
8.00
C2
6
6
5
17
5.66
C3
8
6
6
20
6.00
O1C1
9
11
9
29
9.66
C1
6
6
6
18
6.00
C2
5
6
5
16
5.33
C3
6
4
5
15
5.00
O2C0
12
12
9
33
11.00
C1
9
6
6
21
7.00
C2
11
5
5
21
7.00
C3
9
6
6
21
7.00



TOTAL 102 88 77 267 88.97


ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCE OF DEGREES OF
SUM OF
MEAN OF COMPUTED TABULAR F
VARIATION
FREEDOM
SQUARES
SQUARE
F
0.05 0.01
Replication
2
26.17
13.08
4.69*
0.05
5.72







Treatment
11
135.42
12.31
4.41*
2.26
3.18







O - Organic






fertilizers
2
15.50
7.75
2.78
3.44
5.72







C - Covering






materials
3
114.97
38.32
13.74*
3.05
4.82







O x C
(6)
4.94
0.82
0.29*
2.55
3.76




Error
22
61.33
2.79
TOTAL 35
358.33



* = Significant





Cv (%) = 21.55
Seedling Emergence and Growth of Rice as Influenced by Organic Fertilizers and Covering
Materials Under Wet-Bed Method / Robert S. Inumpa Jr.. 2009

---

50
Appendix Table 2. Seedling height at 6 DAS as affected by organic fertilizer and
covering materials


REPLICATION

TREATMENT
I II
TOTAL
III
MEAN
O0C0
6.30
5.40
4.40
16.10
5.36
C1
5.90
8.10
7.30
21.30
7.10
C2
8.45
5.55
9.50
23.50
7.83
C3
8.40
8.90
9.50
26.80
8.93
O1C1
6.80
7.10
8.80
22.70
7.56
C1
5.35
5.70
7.00
18.05
6.02
C2
6.00
6.10
7.50
19.60
6.53
C3
8.65
8.60
9.10
26.35
8.78
O2C0
5.00
4.65
6.10
15.75
5.25
C1
6.00
6.30
9.05
21.35
7.12
C2
5.40
4.80
4.90
15.10
5.03
C3
7.25
7.20
7.00
21.45
7.15





TOTAL
79.50
78.40
90.15
248.05
613.30


ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCE OF DEGREES OF
SUM OF
MEAN OF COMPUTED TABULAR F
VARIATION
FREEDOM
SQUARES
SQUARE
F
0.05 0.01
Replication
2
7.02
3.51
3.00*
0.05
5.72







Treatment
11
55.85
5.08
4.35*
2.26
3.18







O - Organic






fertilizers
2
10.24
5.12
4.38*
3.44
5.72







C - Covering






materials
3
25.60
8.53
7.30*
3.05
4.82







O x C
(6)
20.01
3.34
2.86*
2.55
3.76




Error
22
25.70
1.17
TOTAL 35
144.42



* = Significant





Cv (%) = 15.02
Seedling Emergence and Growth of Rice as Influenced by Organic Fertilizers and Covering
Materials Under Wet-Bed Method / Robert S. Inumpa Jr.. 2009

---

51
Appendix Table 3. Percentage of emergence at 12 DAS as affected by organic fertilizers
and covering materials


REPLICATION

TREATMENT
I II
TOTAL
III
MEAN
O0C0
59
85
83
227
75.66
C1
70
88
85
243
81.00
C2
65
70
50
185
61.66
C3
69
70
85
224
74.66
O1C1
80
85
90
255
85.00
C1
80
80
70
230
76.67
C2
70
75
78
223
74.33
C3
80
70
85
235
78.33
O2C0
70
65
70
205
68.33
C1
90
86
75
251
83.67
C2
70
90
53
213
71.00
C3
60
88
75
223
74.33

TOTAL
863
952
899
2,714
904.64


ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCE OF DEGREES OF
SUM OF
MEAN OF COMPUTED TABULAR F
VARIATION
FREEDOM
SQUARES
SQUARE
F
0.05 0.01
Replication
2
334.05
167.03
1.49*
0.05
5.72







Treatment
11
1388.56
126.23
1.23
2.26
3.18







O - Organic






fertilizers
2
190.72
95.36
0.85
3.44
5.72







C - Covering






materials
3
606.78
202.26
1.81
3.05
4.82







O x C
(6)
591.05
98.51
0.88
2.55
3.76




Error
22
2,464.00
112.00

TOTAL 35
5,575.16



* = Significant





Cv (%) = 13.44
Seedling Emergence and Growth of Rice as Influenced by Organic Fertilizers and Covering
Materials Under Wet-Bed Method / Robert S. Inumpa Jr.. 2009

---

52
Appendix Table 4. Seedling height at 12 DAS as affected by organic fertilizers and
covering materials


REPLICATION

TREATMENT
I II
TOTAL
III
MEAN
O0C0
9.0
8.0
8.4
25.40
8.46
C1
9.2
11.0
1.0
30.20
10.06
C2
8.8
9.0
10.5
28.30
9.43
C3
10.5
9.4
12.3
32.20
10.73
O1C1
10.0
10.0
9.0
29.00
9.66
C1
10.1
8.9
11.0
30.00
10.00
C2
8.5
8.4
10.0
26.90
8.96
C3
10.3
10.4
11.0
31.70
10.56
O2C0
8.0
8.3
9.3
25.60
8.53
C1
9.2
11.5
13.0
33.70
11.23
C2
8.6
9.0
8.4
26.00
8.66
C3
9.8
10.0
11.0
30.80
10.26

TOTAL 112 113.9 123.9 349.8 116.54


ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCE OF DEGREES OF
SUM OF
MEAN OF COMPUTED TABULAR F
VARIATION
FREEDOM
SQUARES
SQUARE
F
0.05 0.01
Replication
2
6.81
3.41
3.38*
0.05
5.72







Treatment
11
27.82
2.53
2.51*
2.26
3.18







O - Organic






fertilizers
2
0.13
0.06
0.06
3.44
5.72







C - Covering






materials
3
20.97
6.99
6.93**
3.05
4.82







O x C
(6)
6.72
1.12
1.11
2.55
3.76



Error
22
22.19
TOTAL 35
84.64
1.01



* = Significant





Cv (%) = 9.89
Seedling Emergence and Growth of Rice as Influenced by Organic Fertilizers and Covering
Materials Under Wet-Bed Method / Robert S. Inumpa Jr.. 2009

---

53
Appendix Table 5. Seedling height at 18 DAS as affected by organic fertilizers and
covering materials


REPLICATION

TREATMENT
I II
TOTAL
III
MEAN
O0C0
13.4
10.7
11.8
35.9
11.96
C1
11.2
14.1
14.00
39.3
13.1
C2
11.2
12.9
13.05
37.15
12.38
C3
14.6
13.7
14.4
42.7
14.38
O1C1
12.7
13.1
14.6
40.4
14.23
C1
12.2
12.4
14.45
38.95
13.46
C2
11.5
13.0
13.15
37.65
12.98
C3
13.6
13.35
13.5
40.45
12.55
O2C0
11.7
11.1
12.6
35.4
13.48
C1
13.0
13.3
15.3
41.6
11.8
C2
12.12
12.3
10.9
35.32
13.86
C3
12.3
13.2
13.15
38.65
11.77

12.88
TOTAL 149.42 153.15 160.9 463.47 154.45


ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCE OF DEGREES OF
SUM OF
MEAN OF COMPUTED TABULAR F
VARIATION
FREEDOM
SQUARES
SQUARE
F
0.05 0.01
Replication
2
5.71
2.86
2.56*
0.05
5.72







Treatment
11
21.46
1.95
1.75
2.26
3.18







O - Organic

1.79
0.89
0.80


fertilizers
2



3.44
5.72


11.27
3.75
3.36


C - Covering






materials
3
8.39
1.40
1.25
3.05
4.82






O x C
(6)
24.58
1.12
2.55
3.76


Error
22
TOTAL 35
73.20



* = Significant





Cv (%) = 7.86


Seedling Emergence and Growth of Rice as Influenced by Organic Fertilizers and Covering
Materials Under Wet-Bed Method / Robert S. Inumpa Jr.. 2009

---

54
Appendix Table 6. Seedling height at 24 DAS as affected by organic fertilizers and
covering materials


REPLICATION

TREATMENT
I II
TOTAL
III
MEAN
O0C0
16.30
16.80
14.50
47.60
15.76
C1
14.72
17.99
18.08
50.79
16.93
C2
15.80
16.20
18.10
50.10
16.70
C3
17.05
17.39
18.10
52.54
17.51
O1C1
17.92
17.10
18.49
53.51
17.83
C1
15.97
17.08
19.35
52.40
17.46
C2
15.77
15.70
17.65
49.12
16.37
C3
18.08
16.22
19.97
54.27
18.09
O2C0
16.00
17.10
16.10
49.20
16.40
C1
18.32
17.85
19.20
55.37
18.45
C2
15.78
17.85
15.55
49.18
16.39
C3
15.71
17.36
17.30
50.37
16.79



TOTAL 197.42 204.64 212.39 614.45 204.68
.


ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCE OF DEGREES OF
SUM OF
MEAN OF COMPUTED TABULAR F
VARIATION
FREEDOM
SQUARES
SQUARE
F
0.05 0.01
Replication
2
9.34
4.67
2.79*
0.05
5.72







Treatment
11
20.94
1.90
1.14
2.26
3.18







O - Organic






fertilizers
2
2.91
1.46
0.87
3.44
5.72







C - Covering






materials
3
8.36
2.79
1.67
3.05
4.82







O x C
(6)
9.66
1.61
0.96
2.55
3.76




Error
22
36.88
1.67
TOTAL 35
88.09



ns = Not significant




Cv (%) = 7.14
Seedling Emergence and Growth of Rice as Influenced by Organic Fertilizers and Covering
Materials Under Wet-Bed Method / Robert S. Inumpa Jr.. 2009

---

55
Appendix Table 7. Seedling height at 30 DAS as affected by organic fertilizers and
organic materials


REPLICATION

TREATMENT
I II
TOTAL
III
MEAN
O0C0
22.05
26.01
23.95
72.01
24.00
C1
23.5
25.25
28.60
77.35
25.78
C2
25.2
26.8
23.95
75.95
25.31
C3
25.8
25.15
26.08
77.03
25.67
O1C1
27.6
29.0
27.01
83.61
27.87
C1
26.35
27.4
26.85
80.6
26.86
C2
24.05
25.01
26.35
75.41
25.13
C3
28.85
28.12
26.35
83.32
27.77
O2C0
34.1
27.0
22.75
83.85
27.95
C1
26.9
25.65
29.4
81.95
27.31
C2
22.9
25.65
23.35
71.9
23.96
C3
25.4
27.90
25.05
78.35
26.12


TOTAL 312.7 318.94 309.69 313.73


ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCE OF DEGREES OF
SUM OF
MEAN OF COMPUTED TABULAR F
VARIATION
FREEDOM
SQUARES
SQUARE
F
0.05 0.01
Replication
2
3.71
1.86
0.35*
0.05
5.72







Treatment
11
66.49
6.04
1.14
2.26
3.18







O - Organic

18.33
9.16
1.73


fertilizers
2



3.44
5.72


21.67
7.22
1.36


C - Covering






materials
3
26.49
4.42
0.83
3.05
4.82






O x C
(6)
11.67
5.30
2.55
3.76


Error
22
TOTAL 35
148.36
148.36



ns = Not significant




Cv (%) = 8.43
Seedling Emergence and Growth of Rice as Influenced by Organic Fertilizers and Covering
Materials Under Wet-Bed Method / Robert S. Inumpa Jr.. 2009

---

56
Appendix Table 8. Seedling height at 35 DAS as affected by organic fertilizers and
covering materials


REPLICATION

TREATMENT
I II
TOTAL
III
MEAN
O0C0
30.44
29.05
29.10
88.59
29.53
C1
27.58
35.56
38.59
101.73
33.91
C2
30.20
27.87
29.10
87.17
29.05
C3
33.30
28.78
32.70
94.78
31.59
O1C1
34.80
33.56
34.57
102.93
34.31
C1
32.22
30.12
34.75
97.09
32.36
C2
30.20
29.43
31.30
90.93
30.31
C3
33.36
34.80
28.47
96.63
32.18
O2C0
29.75
33.63
27.63
91.01
30.33
C1
37.68
33.07
36.55
107.30
35.76
C2
28.94
35.07
29.15
93.16
31.05
C3
29.72
33.63
32.00
95.35
31.78

TOTAL 378.19 384.57 383.91
1,146.67 382.16


ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCE OF DEGREES OF
SUM OF
MEAN OF COMPUTED TABULAR F
VARIATION
FREEDOM
SQUARES
SQUARE
F
0.05 0.01
Replication
2
2.05
1.03
0.13*
0.05
5.72







Treatment
11
133.74
12.06
1.50
2.26
3.18







O - Organic






fertilizers
2
12.40
6.20
0.77
3.44
5.72







C - Covering






materials
3
70.32
23.44
2.90
3.05
4.82







O x C
(6)
51.01
8.50
1.05
2.55
3.76




Error
22
178.11
8.09
TOTAL 35
447.63



* = Significant





Cv (%) = 8.55


Seedling Emergence and Growth of Rice as Influenced by Organic Fertilizers and Covering
Materials Under Wet-Bed Method / Robert S. Inumpa Jr.. 2009

---

57
Appendix Table 9. Length of roots at 14 DAS as affected by organic fertilizers and
covering materials


REPLICATION

TREATMENT
I II
TOTAL
III
MEAN
O0C0
6.20
5.30
4.60
16.10
5.37
C1
15.30
6.20
6.00
17.50
5.83
C2
7.40
6.32
9.31
23.03
7.68
C3
5.90
5.65
5.16
16.71
5.57
O1C1
7.30
6.58
5.40
19.28
6.43
C1
4.80
9.16
7.13
21.09
7.03
C2
6.25
7.20
8.53
21.98
7.33
C3
6.4
9.52
6.76
22.68
7.56
O2C0
6.6
5.90
6.4
18.90
6.30
C1
6.3
9.40
5.47
21.17
7.06
C2
6.4
7.9
6.35
20.65
6.88
C3
6.7
7.2
6.75
20.65
6.88


TOTAL 75.55 86.33 77.86 239.74 79.92


ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCE OF DEGREES OF
SUM OF
MEAN OF COMPUTED TABULAR F
VARIATION
FREEDOM
SQUARES
SQUARE
F
0.05 0.01
Replication
2
5.37
2.68
1.60*
0.05
5.72







Treatment
11
19.23
1.75
1.04
2.26
3.18







O - Organic

5.96
2.98
1.77


fertilizers
2



3.44
5.72


7.19
2.40
1.43


C - Covering






materials
3
6.07
1.01
0.60
3.05
4.82






O x C
(6)
36.96
1.68
2.55
3.76


Error
22
TOTAL 35
80.78



ns = Not significant




Cv (%) = 18.60
Seedling Emergence and Growth of Rice as Influenced by Organic Fertilizers and Covering
Materials Under Wet-Bed Method / Robert S. Inumpa Jr.. 2009

---

58
Appendix Table 10. Length of roots at 35 DAS as affected by organic fertilizers and
covering materials


REPLICATION

TREATMENT
I II
TOTAL
III
MEAN
O0C0
11.25
12.40
9.69
31.34
10.45
C1
11.25
12.05
12.1
35.35
11.78
C2
13.25
12.65
17.7
43.6
14.53
C3
12.25
11.65
12.94
36.84
12.28
O1C1
13.15
14.8
12.65
40.6
13.53
C1
10.85
17.35
13.01
41.21
13.74
C2
12.27
13.7
15.20
41.17
13.72
C3
12.3
16.9
14.00
43.20
14.4
O2C0
12.9
11.5
12.30
36.70
12.23
C1
13.21
15.57
12.25
41.03
13.68
C2
13.15
14.16
12.30
39.61
13.20
C3
14.70
12.45
15.44
42.59
14.20

TOTAL 150.48 163.18 159.58 473.24 157.74


ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCE OF DEGREES OF
SUM OF
MEAN OF COMPUTED TABULAR F
VARIATION
FREEDOM
SQUARES
SQUARE
F
0.05 0.01
Replication
2
7.14
3.57
1.11*
0.05
5.72







Treatment
11
49.33
4.48
1.39
2.26
3.18







O - Organic






fertilizers
2
15.71
7.86
2.44
3.44
5.72







C - Covering






materials
3
16.61
5.54
1.72
3.05
4.82







O x C
(6)
17.00
2.83
0.88
2.55
3.76




Error
22
70.76
3.22
TOTAL 35
176.55



ns = Not significant




Cv (%) = 13.06
Seedling Emergence and Growth of Rice as Influenced by Organic Fertilizers and Covering
Materials Under Wet-Bed Method / Robert S. Inumpa Jr.. 2009

---

59
Appendix Table 11. Percent survival of the seedlings as affected by organic fertilizers
and covering materials


REPLICATION

TREATMENT
I II
TOTAL
III
MEAN
O0C0
59
83
80
222
74
C1
70
86
70
226
75.33
C2
58
70
48
176
58.00
C3
60
70
81
211
70.33
O1C1
78
85
90
253
84.33
C1
75
77
70
222
74.00
C2
66
75
74
215
71.67
C3
80
66
80
226
75.33
O2C0
60
65
60
185
61.67
C1
85
80
75
240
80.00
C2
60
90
50
200
66.67
C3
49
80
50
179
59.67

TOTAL 800 927 828 804 851.00


ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCE OF DEGREES OF
SUM OF
MEAN OF COMPUTED TABULAR F
VARIATION
FREEDOM
SQUARES
SQUARE
F
0.05 0.01
Replication
2
742.06
371.03
2.91*
0.05
5.72







Treatment
11
2104.97
191.36
1.50
2.26
3.18







O - Organic






fertilizers
2
557.39
278.69
2.18
3.44
5.72







C - Covering






materials
3
630.53
210.18
1.65
3.05
4.82







O x C
(6)
917.06
152.84
1.20
2.55
3.76




Error
22
2808.00
127.64
TOTAL 35
7,760.01



ns = Not significant




Cv (%) = 15.24
Seedling Emergence and Growth of Rice as Influenced by Organic Fertilizers and Covering
Materials Under Wet-Bed Method / Robert S. Inumpa Jr.. 2009

---

60
Appendix Table 12. Seedling culm diameter as affected by organic fertilizers and
covering materials


REPLICATION

TREATMENT
I II
TOTAL
III
MEAN
O0C0
9.40
9.20
6.40
25.00
8.33
C1
8.00
5.60
5.20
18.80
6.26
C2
4.80
5.30
6.90
17.00
5.67
C3
6.10
9.20
5.70
21.00
7.00
O1C1
6.50
8.10
5.50
20.10
6.70
C1
5.90
9.90
6.60
22.40
7.47
C2
6.00
10.00
6.20
22.20
7.40
C3
10.90
8.00
9.63
28.53
6.51
O2C0
4.80
5.30
5.40
15.50
5.17
C1
10.80
4.30
9.70
24.80
8.27
C2
9.40
10.60
6.00
26.00
8.67
C3
6.80
12.40
3.60
22.80
7.60


TOTAL 89.40 97.90 76.83 264.13 88.05


ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCE OF DEGREES OF
SUM OF
MEAN OF COMPUTED TABULAR F
VARIATION
FREEDOM
SQUARES
SQUARE
F
0.05 0.01
Replication
2
18.73
9.36
1.68
0.05
5.72







Treatment
11
52.81
4.80
0.86
2.26
3.18







O - Organic






fertilizers
2
5.58
2.79
0.50
3.44
5.72







C - Covering






materials
3
7.76
2.59
0.47
3.05
4.82







O x C
(6)
39.46


2.55
3.76



6.58
1.18
Error
22
122.39
TOTAL 35
246.73
5.56



ns = Not significant




Cv (%) = 30.78
Seedling Emergence and Growth of Rice as Influenced by Organic Fertilizers and Covering
Materials Under Wet-Bed Method / Robert S. Inumpa Jr.. 2009

---

61
Appendix Table 13. Total number of leaves as affected by organic fertilizers and
covering materials


REPLICATION

TREATMENT
I II
TOTAL
III
MEAN
O0C0
6.50
5.2
6.9
18.6
6.2
C1
9.00
7.1
5.1
21.2
7.07
C2
9.00
8.4
6.5
23.9
7.97
C3
8.7
7.6
4.2
20.5
6.83
O1C1
9.1
6.9
6.9
22.9
7.63
C1
6.0
7.4
6.3
19.7
6.57
C2
8.7
10.2
10.1
29.0
9.67
C3
7.4
7.9
7.2
22.5
7.50
O2C0
8.7
5.5
4.8
19.0
6.33
C1
9.2
10.6
5.1
24.9
8.33
C2
9.3
7.8
6.6
23.7
7.90
C3
12.1
7.7
6.9
26.7
8.90

TOTAL 103.7 92.3 76.6 272.60


ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCE OF DEGREES OF
SUM OF
MEAN OF COMPUTED
TABULAR F
VARIATION
FREEDOM
SQUARES
SQUARE
F
0.05 0.01
Replication
2
30.86
15.43
4.59*
0.05
5.72







Treatment
11
36.54
3.32
0.99
2.26
3.18







O - Organic






fertilizers
2
5.56
2.78
0.83
3.44
5.72







C - Covering






materials
3
15.32
5.11
1.52
3.05
4.82







O x C
(6)
15.67
2.61
0.78
2.55
3.76




Error
22
73.91
3.36
TOTAL 35
177.86

272.60 90.90
ns = Not significant




Cv (%) = 23.17
Seedling Emergence and Growth of Rice as Influenced by Organic Fertilizers and Covering
Materials Under Wet-Bed Method / Robert S. Inumpa Jr.. 2009

---

62
Appendix Table 14. Length of leaves as affected by organic fertilizers and covering
materials


REPLICATION

TREATMENT
I II
TOTAL
III
MEAN
O0C0
19.60
19.50
21.45
60.55
20.18
C1
19.32
25.70
28.50
73.52
24.50
C2
22.60
23.32
21.45
67.37
22.45
C3
23.32
21.98
23.76
69.06
23.02
O1C1
24.05
25.32
21.45
70.82
23.60
C1
26.70
24.30
30.16
81.16
27.05
C2
20.10
24.30
20.92
65.32
21.77
C3
22.98
25.68
23.89
72.55
24.18
O2C0
24.35
25.32
25.90
75.57
25.19
C1
26.31
17.92
24.92
69.15
23.05
C2
20.82
22.02
26.16
69.00
23.00
C3
21.70
28.98
22.7
73.38
24.26


TOTAL 271.85 284.34 291.26 847.45 282.45


ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCE OF DEGREES OF
SUM OF
MEAN OF COMPUTED TABULAR F
VARIATION
FREEDOM
SQUARES
SQUARE
F
0.05 0.01
Replication
2
16.13
8.06
1.00
0.05
5.72







Treatment
11
100.89
9.17
1.14
2.26
3.18







O - Organic






fertilizers
2
18.26
9.13
1.13
3.44
5.72







C - Covering






materials
3
31.19
10.40
1.29
3.05
4.82







O x C
(6)
51.43
8.57
1.06
2.55
3.76




Error
22
177.52
8.07
TOTAL 35
395.42



ns = Not significant




Cv (%) = 11.55

Seedling Emergence and Growth of Rice as Influenced by Organic Fertilizers and Covering
Materials Under Wet-Bed Method / Robert S. Inumpa Jr.. 2009

---

63
Appendix Table 15. Leaf area of seedlings as affected by organic fertilizers a covering
materials


REPLICATION

TREATMENT
I II
TOTAL
III
MEAN
O0C0
36.00
19.00
26.16
81.16
27.05
C1
31.29
33.49
51.5
116.28
38.76
C2
39.38
20.86
45.42
105.66
35.22
C3
30.60
17.73
13.7
92.03
30.68
O1C1
57.00
55.64
64.5
177.14
59.04
C1
47.00
41.99
52.04
141.03
47.01
C2
30.40
30.15
39.92
100.47
33.49
C3
21.56
30.68
29.49
81.73
27.24
O2C0
29.00
18.00
25.00
72.00
24.00
C1
17.53
39.03
52.40
708.96
36.32
C2
25.99
20.64
29.86
76.49
25.50
C3
36.00
49.77
109.36
195.13
65.54

TOTAL 401.75 378.98 569.35
1,348.08
499.35


ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCE OF DEGREES OF
SUM OF
MEAN OF COMPUTED TABULAR F
VARIATION
FREEDOM
SQUARES
SQUARE
F
0.05 0.01
Replication
2
1825.26
912.63
3.99*
0.05
5.72







Treatment
11
5774.33
524.94
2.30*
2.26
3.18







O - Organic






fertilizers
2
462.77
231.39
1.01
3.44
5.72







C - Covering






materials
3
541.75
180.58
0.79
3.05
4.82







O x C
(6)
4769.81
794.97
3.48*
2.55
3.76




Error
22
5028.21
228.55
TOTAL 35
18402.13



ns = Not significant




Cv (%) = 38.67
Seedling Emergence and Growth of Rice as Influenced by Organic Fertilizers and Covering
Materials Under Wet-Bed Method / Robert S. Inumpa Jr.. 2009

---

64
Appendix Table 16. Fresh weight of the seedlings as affected by organic fertilizers and
covering materials


REPLICATION

TREATMENT
I II
TOTAL
III
MEAN
O0C0
3.6
4.2
3.8
11.6
8.87
C1
5.1
3.2
5.2
13.5
4.5
C2
5.0
3.5
4.0
12.5
4.17
C3
5.0
3.0
5.2
13.2
4.4
O1C1
5.5
6.7
5.0
17.2
5.73
C1
6.5
4.6
6.0
17.1
5.7
C2
5.0
6.9
4.0
15.9
5.3
C3
4.3
5.8
3.0
13.1
4.37
O2C0
5.2
6.7
4.0
15.9
5.3
C1
5.1
5.0
3.0
13.1
4.37
C2
6.5
5.1
5.2
16.8
5.6
C3
4.5
5.9
5.1
15.5
5.17


TOTAL 61.3 60.6 53.5 175.4 58.748


ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCE OF DEGREES OF
SUM OF
MEAN OF COMPUTED TABULAR F
VARIATION
FREEDOM
SQUARES
SQUARE
F
0.05 0.01
Replication
2
3.10
1.55
1.25
0.05
5.72







Treatment
11
14.37
1.31
1.05
2.26
3.18







O - Organic






fertilizers
2
7.51
3.76
3.03
3.44
5.72







C - Covering






materials
3
0.75
0.25
0.20
3.05
4.82







O x C
(6)
6.10
1.02

2.55
3.76




0.82
Error
22
27.26
1.24
TOTAL 35
59.09



ns = Not significant




Cv (%) = 15.24

Seedling Emergence and Growth of Rice as Influenced by Organic Fertilizers and Covering
Materials Under Wet-Bed Method / Robert S. Inumpa Jr.. 2009

---

65
Appendix Table 17. Dry weight of the seedlings as affected by organic fertilizers and
covering materials


REPLICATION

TREATMENT
I II
TOTAL
III
MEAN
O0C0
0.53
0.69
0.49
1.71
0.57
C1
1.00
0.80
1.00
2.80
0.93
C2
0.95
0.90
0.66
2.51
0.84
C3
0.89
0.87
1.00
2.76
0.92
O1C1
1.30
1.50
0.90
3.70
1.23
C1
1.46
0.66
1.36
3.48
1.16
C2
0.80
1.55
1.00
3.35
1.12
C3
0.64
1.00
1.14
2.78
0.93
O2C0
0.93
1.60
0.89
3.42
1.14
C1
0.73
0.89
0.58
2.20
0.73
C2
1.30
0.87
1.00
3.17
1.06
C3
0.77
1.20
0.72
2.69
0.90


TOTAL 3.73 4.56 3.19 11.48


ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCE OF DEGREES OF
SUM OF
MEAN OF COMPUTED TABULAR F
VARIATION
FREEDOM
SQUARES
SQUARE
F
0.05 0.01
Replication
2
0.14
0.07
0.89
0.05
5.72







Treatment
11
1.22
0.11
1.43
2.26
3.18







O - Organic






fertilizers
2
0.52
0.26
3.34
3.44
5.72







C - Covering






materials
3
0.04
0.01
0.18
3.05
4.82







O x C
(6)
0.66
0.11
1.14
2.55
3.76





Error
22
1.71
0.07


TOTAL 35
4.29



ns = Not significant




Cv (%) = 11.55


Seedling Emergence and Growth of Rice as Influenced by Organic Fertilizers and Covering
Materials Under Wet-Bed Method / Robert S. Inumpa Jr.. 2009

---

Document Outline

• Seedling Emergence and Growth of Rice as Influenced by Organic Fertilizers and Covering Materials Under Wet-Bed Method.
  • BIBLIOGRAPHY
  • ABSTRACT
  • TABLE OF CONTENTS
  • INTRODUCTION
  • REVIEW OF LITERATURE
  • MATERIALS AND METHODS
  • RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
  • SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
  • LITERATURE CITED
  • APPENDICES

---