BIBLIOGRAPHY FARNIG, RONALD O. November...
BIBLIOGRAPHY
FARNIG, RONALD O. November 2010. Performance of Sunshine Chicken Given Job’s
Tears (Coix-lacryma jobi) as Feed Supplement. Benguet State University, La Trinidad, Benguet.
Adviser: Madeline S. Kingan, MSc
ABSTRACT
The study was conducted to evaluate the performance of Sunshine chicken given
different levels of ground Job’s Tears. Specifically, the study was conducted to determine the
effect of ground Job’s Tears in terms of gain in weight, feeds efficiency and feed consumption,
morbidity and mortality of Sunshine chicken, the profitability of raising Sunshine chicken given
Job’s Tears as feed supplement.
Following the completely randomized design, the 160 Sunshine chickens were divided
into four treatments. Each treatment was replicated four times with ten birds per replicate
making a total of forty birds per treatment. The four treatments were T0 (pure commercial feeds),
T1 (25g Coix + 1 kg commercial feeds), T2 (50g Coix + 1 kg commercial feeds), and T3 (75g
Coix + 1 kg commercial feeds).
Results showed that there were no significant differences among the treatments in all the
parameters mentioned.
Based on the results and observation it was showed that using Job’s tears as feed
supplement in Sunshine chicken raising is not recommended. However, it is still recommended
that further studies should be made using different levels, perhaps a larger amount, because there
is a possibility that the amount used in this study was too small to take effect on the experimental
birds.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
Bibliography. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . i
Abstract . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . i
Table of Contents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ii
INTRODUCTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
REVIEW OF LITERATURE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
MATERIALS AND METHODS
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
Initial Weight . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
Final Weight
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
Gain in Weight . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
Feed Consumption
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
Feed Conversion Ratio . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
Feed Cost to Produce a . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
Kg Gain in Weight
Mortality and Morbidity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
Net Returns and . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
Return On Investment
SUMMARY, CONCLUSION
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
AND RECOMMENDATION
Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
Conclusion
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
Recommendation
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
LITERATURE CITED
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
APPENDICES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
1
INTRODUCTION
Poultry is one of the world’s major and fastest growing sources of
meat. In recent years, poultry farming has increased throughout the world,
especially in developing countries. According to the projections for the year 2010,
overall world production of poultry will increase twofold, while the increase in
developing countries alone will be threefold (PCARRD and BAR, 2006).
Furthermore, livestock and poultry industries in the Philippines contributed
about one third of the Gross Value Added (GVA) in Agriculture. Although poultry
farming supplies the populations in large urban centers with animal proteins, it should be
acknowledged that this form of farming is very expensive and depends mainly on
imported inputs. This form of rearing essentially requires chicks from selected stocks
and whole feeds made from raw materials which are mainly imported.
There is a need to explore the local feedstuffs in order to reduce feed
costs and the dependence of local production on imports. Among the many
products which could be used to develop feed for poultry is Job’s tears (Coix
lacryma-jobi L).
Job’s tears are grains of tropical Asian grass, which is also referred
as Job’s tears in common nomenclature. These grains have number of uses, from
foods to ornaments, and they appear to have been harvested and cultivated for
thousands of years. Many Asian markets sell Job’s tears in their grain sections
for cooking. Craftspeople also use Job’s tears, and they may be found at beading
and craft stores for this purpose (Smith, 2009).
Performance of Sunshine Chicken Given Job’s Tears (Coix-lacryma jobi) as Feed Supplement.
FARNIG, RONALD O. November 2010.
2
Job’s tears is widely known probably because of its many uses. The
grain is a nutritious source of food not only for man but also for animals. The
berries are strung as beads for rosaries and decorative for curtains, bags,
necklaces, etc. It is also believed that Job’s Tears grains can cure or prevent
illness like cancer and arthritis.
This study was conducted to find out the effect of Job’s tears on the
performance of sunshine chickens. The result of this study can serve as a guide in
using Job’s Tears as a supplement in sunshine chicken raising.
Lastly, this research can provide data on how to enhance the performance
of sunshine chickens that can result to high net profit and income through the use of Job’s
tears.
Specifically, this study aimed to determine the growth rate, feed conversion
ratio, morbidity, mortality and the profitability of raising sunshine chicken supplemented
with Job’s tears.
This study was conducted at the Poultry Experimental Project of
Benguet State University, La Trinidad, Benguet from May 2010 to June 2010.
Performance of Sunshine Chicken Given Job’s Tears (Coix-lacryma jobi) as Feed Supplement.
FARNIG, RONALD O. November 2010.
3
REVIEW OF LITERATURE
About Job’s Tears
Job’s tears is a plant growing 1-2 meters high. The stem is stout, erect and
branched. The leaves are 10-40 cm long, 2.5-4 cm wide, with a broad chordate base. The
spikes are 6-10 cm long, erect and peduncle. The capsules enclosing the female flowers
and grains are hard, bony, white, or nearly black, shiny, ovoid and about 8 mm long.
Each seed of the plant is produced individually, enclosed in a tear-shaped shell that is
naturally a pale gray color. When this seed is ripe and the flower falls off, what is left is
perfect natural bead with naturally occurring holes in each end. Thus the plant sometimes
called the Bead Seed Plant (Smith, 2009).
Kerry (2007) stated that the presence of Job’s tears in the jewelry world is
probably its main claim to fame, certainly among tourists. For thousand of years,
necklaces, rosaries, and musical instruments, have been made using this tear-shaped
bead, most universally known as Job’s tears. Wind (2009) stated that during the Vietnam
war, Job’s Tears was staple in the South, when supplies of rice were low.
The common name for Job’s tears comes from its distinctive teardrop shape,
although the tears are sometimes ascribed to different people, such as Mary, in the case of
Mary’s tears, Christ’s tears, and so forth. The plant does not appear to have any religious
significance, despite the Biblical references in its common names, although the grains are
sometimes used as the beads in rosaries. The scientific name suggests that the plant was
originally known as Job’s tears, whatever else it might be called, since lacryma-jobi
means “Job’s Tears” (Smith, 2009).
Performance of Sunshine Chicken Given Job’s Tears (Coix-lacryma jobi) as Feed Supplement.
FARNIG, RONALD O. November 2010.
4
Economic Importance of Job’s Tears
According to Pink (2004), throughout Asia, the hulled grain of Job’s Tears is
adapted for parching or boiling like rice, it can also be milled, ground into flour and
baked into bread. The grains are also utilized in soups, porridge, drinks and pastries. In
India, the Nagas use the grain for brewing a beer called zhu or dzu. A Japanese variety
called “Ma-Yuen” is brewed into a tea and an alcoholic beverage, and roasted seeds are
made into coffee-like drink. In Korea, a thick drink called yulmu cha (Job’s tears tea) is
made from powdered Job’s tears. A similar drink, called yi mi shui, also appears in
Chinese cuisine, and is made by simmering whole polished Job’s tears in water and
sweetening the resulting thin, cloudy liquid with sugar. The grains are usually strained
from the liquid but may also be consumed separately or together. In both Korea and
China, distilled liquors are also made from the grain. One such example is the South
Korean liquor called okroju, which is made from rice and Job’s tears. In Japan, an aged
vinegar is made from its grain. In Southern Vietnam, a sweet and cold soup called sam bo
luong has Job’s Tears as one of its ingredient. In Thailand, it is often consumed in teas
and other drinks such as soy milk. According to Agnes Arber, the leaves are used as
fodder in parts of India, and are especially relished by elephants (Armstrong, 1994).
Job’s Tears as Medicine
According to Numata (1994), decoction of the Job’s tears roots has been used for
gonorrhea and menstrual disorders. The seeds have been used as anti-inflammatory
medicine. Tincture or decoction of its seed is used for catarrhal afflictions. Tea from
boiled seeds are drunk for treatment of warts. Also used for lung abscesses, appendicitis,
arthritis, etc.
Performance of Sunshine Chicken Given Job’s Tears (Coix-lacryma jobi) as Feed Supplement.
FARNIG, RONALD O. November 2010.
5
Nutrient Analysis of Job’s Tears
A sample of the Job’s tears to be used in the study was subjected to analysis of the
DOST-CAR laboratory and the following nutrients were found:
PARAMETERS
ANALYSIS
(per 200g of Coix)
Ash
11.90
Carbohydrate
69.15
Crude Fat
2.40
Crude Protein
4.90
Moisture
11.65
Energy, kcal
318.00
Source: DOST-CAR, 2010
Performance of Sunshine Chicken Given Job’s Tears (Coix-lacryma jobi) as Feed Supplement.
FARNIG, RONALD O. November 2010.
6
MATERIALS AND METHODS
The materials used were 160 straight-run sunshine chicks, commercial feeds,
antibiotic, vaccines, brooding-rearing cages, weighing scale, old newspapers, feeding and
drinking troughs, record book, stick brooms, disinfectant, incandescent bulbs and Coix
grains.
Methodology
Pre-experimental phase. A week before the arrival of the chicks, all equipment
were cleaned and disinfected. The floor of the brooders were covered with old
newspapers that helped in conserving heat during brooding period and served as feed
receptacle during the first days of brooding. The 100 watt bulbs were installed as source
of heat to the chicks (Figure 1).
Figure 1. The experimental birds during the first days of brooding
Performance of Sunshine Chicken Given Job’s Tears (Coix-lacryma jobi) as Feed Supplement.
FARNIG, RONALD O. November 2010.
7
Upon arrival, the chicks were placed inside the brooder and were fed with chick
booster feeds. Water was available to them at all times.
After 21 days (Figure 2), the experimental birds were weighed to obtain their
initial weight (Figure 3) and were distributed at random into four treatments following
the Completely Randomized Design (CRD). Each treatment was replicated four times
with 10 birds per replication making a total of 40 birds per treatment.
The four treatments were:
T0= Pure commercial feeds
T1= 25g ground Coix + 1kg commercial feeds
T2= 50g ground Coix + 1kg commercial feeds
T3= 75g ground Coix + 1kg commercial feeds
Figure 2. The experimental birds at 21 days old
Performance of Sunshine Chicken Given Job’s Tears (Coix-lacryma jobi) as Feed Supplement.
FARNIG, RONALD O. November 2010.
8
Figure 3. Getting the initial weight of the experimental birds
Feeding and management. All the experimental birds were subjected to the same
feeding and management except the level of ground Coix that was given in accordance to
the different treatments. The ground Coix was incorporated with the feeds. The birds
were fed with chick booster for 20 days and was shifted to chick starter for another 20
days and then it was changed to finisher feeds for the following days until the end of the
study. On the 22nd day of birds, ground Coix grains was incorporated with the feeds that
were given to the experimental birds. Samples of the Coix plants and grains are shown in
Figures 4 and 5.
Performance of Sunshine Chicken Given Job’s Tears (Coix-lacryma jobi) as Feed Supplement.
FARNIG, RONALD O. November 2010.
9
Figure 4. Sample picture of Coix plants with mature grains
Figure 5. Coix grains being sun dried
Data Gathered
The data gathered were the following:
1. Initial weight (kg). This was the weight of the birds at 21 days old.
2. Final weight (kg). This refers to the weight of the birds at 45 days old after
the experimental period (Figure 6).
Performance of Sunshine Chicken Given Job’s Tears (Coix-lacryma jobi) as Feed Supplement.
FARNIG, RONALD O. November 2010.
10
3. Feed consumption of the birds (kg). This was the amount of feeds that the
birds have consumed throughout the study.
4. Cost of feed (Php). This is the cost of feeds the birds have consumed
throughout the study.
5. Morbidity. This was the number of the birds that got sick throughout the
duration of the study.
6. Mortality. This was the number of the birds died throughout the duration
of the study.
7. Production cost (Php). This includes the cost of feeds, medication, and
other expenses that were used in the study.
Figure 6. Getting the final weight of the experimental birds
Performance of Sunshine Chicken Given Job’s Tears (Coix-lacryma jobi) as Feed Supplement.
FARNIG, RONALD O. November 2010.
11
From the data above, the following were computed:
1. Total gain in weight of the birds (kg). This was obtained by subtracting the
initial weight from the final weight of the birds.
2. Feed conversion ratio. This was computed by dividing the feed intake by
the gain in weight of the birds.
3. Feed consumption. This was obtained by subtracting the total feed
leftover from the feed offered.
4. Mortality rate %. This was computed by dividing the number of birds died
by their initial number multiplied by 100.
5. Feed cost to produce a kilogram gain in weight (Php). This was obtained
by multiplying the feed cost per kilogram by the feed conversion ratio.
6. Total cost per kilogram of broiler produced (Php). This was computed by
dividing the total cost of production by the total kilogram of the birds per treatment.
7. Net profit (Php). This was obtained by subtracting the total cost of
production from the total sales.
8. Return on investment (ROI). This was obtained by dividing the net profit
by the cost of production multiplied by 100.
Data Analysis
The data were analyzed using the analysis of variance for Completely
Randomized Design and treatment means were compared using Duncans Multiple Range
Test (DMRT).
Performance of Sunshine Chicken Given Job’s Tears (Coix-lacryma jobi) as Feed Supplement.
FARNIG, RONALD O. November 2010.
12
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Initial Weight
The initial weight of the birds in the different treatments is shown in Table 1. The
average initial weights were taken when the experimental birds were 21 days old.
Statistical analysis revealed that there were no significant differences among the
treatments. While there are slight differences in the body weights of the experimental
birds as presented in the table, such difference were very minimal to cause a significant
difference among the treatments. Result also implies that the experimental birds had more
or less the same in weight at the start of the study. The average initial weight is 0.496 kg.
Final Weight
Table 2 presents the final weight of the experimental birds under the different
treatments. The final weight of the experimental birds was obtained at the end of the
study at the age of 45 days. The birds given pure commercial feeds and those birds given
Table 1. Average initial weight of the birds
TREATMENT
MEAN INITIAL WEIGHT (kg)
Pure commercial feeds
0.496a
25g Coix per kg of feeds
0.494a
50g Coix per kg of feeds
0.499a
75g Coix per kg of feeds
0.494a
Means with the same superscript are not significantly different at P<0.05 DMRT
Performance of Sunshine Chicken Given Job’s Tears (Coix-lacryma jobi) as Feed Supplement.
FARNIG, RONALD O. November 2010.
13
25g, 50g and 75g of ground Coix per kilogram of feeds had comparable final weight.
This further implies that Coix grains incorporated with the ration of the sunshine chicken
did not have an effect on the growth rate of the experimental birds.
Gain in Weight
The average gain in weight of the birds in the different treatments is shown in Table
3. Statistical analysis showed that there were no significant differences among the
treatments. This implies that the gain in weight of the different treatments were more or
less the same. This means that the Coix grains given to the birds had no effect when it
comes to the growth rate of the experimental birds. Since the average gain in weight of
the birds in all the treatments are the same, this means that all the experimental birds had
the same ability to gain weight regardless of diet.
Table 2. Average final weight of the birds
TREATMENT
MEAN FINAL WEIGHT (kg)
Pure commercial feeds
1.57a
25g Coix kg of feeds
1.57a
50g Coix per kg of feeds
1.57a
75g Coix per kg of feeds
1.56a
Means with the same superscript are not significantly different at P<0.05 DMRT
Performance of Sunshine Chicken Given Job’s Tears (Coix-lacryma jobi) as Feed Supplement.
FARNIG, RONALD O. November 2010.
14
Table 3. Average gain in weight of the birds
TREATMENT
MEAN GAIN IN WEIGHT (kg)
Pure commercial feeds
1.07a
25g Coix per kg of feeds
1.07a
50g Coix per kg of feeds
1.07a
75g Coix per kg of feeds
1.07a
Means with the same superscript are not significantly different at P<0.05 DMRT
Feed Consumption
The average feed consumption of the birds is shown in Table 4. Statistical analysis
showed there were no significant differences among the different treatments. This means
that all the experimental birds have eaten more or less the same amount of feeds. Those
birds given 75g of ground Coix per kilogram of feeds registered numerically the highest
feed consumption followed by those birds given 25g of ground Coix per kilogram of
feeds then those birds fed pure commercial feeds and those birds given 50g of ground
Coix per kilogram of feeds. This implies that the ground Coix incorporated with the
ration of the experimental birds did not increase nor decrease the feed consumption of the
birds. It could also mean that the acceptability of the rations were not adversely affected
by the incorporation of the ground Coix grains.
Performance of Sunshine Chicken Given Job’s Tears (Coix-lacryma jobi) as Feed Supplement.
FARNIG, RONALD O. November 2010.
15
Table 4. Average feed consumption of the birds
TREATMENT
MEAN FEED CONSUMPTION (kg)
Pure commercial feeds
2.805a
25g Coix per kg of feeds
2.812a
50g Coix per kg of feeds
2.810a
75g Coix per kg of feeds
2.827a
Means with the same superscript are not significantly different at P<0.05 DMRT
Feed Conversion Ratio (FCR)
The average feed conversion ratio of the birds is shown in Table 5. Statistical
analysis showed that there were no significant differences among the treatments in the
amount of feeds to produce a unit gain in weight in Sunshine chicken. This implies that
the FCR of the different treatments are more or less the same. Results revealed that as the
amount of ground Coix incorporated into the ration of the experimental is increased the
FCR also increases numerically. This indicates that the ability of the birds to convert feed
to gain is decreased. However, it is not to a considerable degree. This may also show that
birds fed with Coix grains can be as efficient as those fed pure commercial feeds.
Performance of Sunshine Chicken Given Job’s Tears (Coix-lacryma jobi) as Feed Supplement.
FARNIG, RONALD O. November 2010.
16
Table 5. Average feed conversion ratio of the birds (FCR)
TREATMENT
FCR
Pure commercial feeds
2.62a
25g Coix per kg of feeds
2.63a
50g Coix per kg of feeds
2.63a
75g Coix per kg of feeds
2.65a
Means with the same superscript are not significantly different at P<0.05 DMRT
Feed Cost to Produce a Kg Gain in Weight (Php)
Table 6 shows the feed cost to produce a kilogram gain in weight. Statistical
analysis revealed there were no significant differences among the different treatments.
This implies that the cost to produce a kg gain in weight of the birds are more or less the
same.
Mortality and Morbidity Rate of the Birds
Out of the 160 birds that were used in the study three birds have died, however, this
was during the pre-experimental phase and these were replaced immediately with the
birds of the same age. During the feeding of the experimental ration, there were no
experimental birds that died nor got sick.
Performance of Sunshine Chicken Given Job’s Tears (Coix-lacryma jobi) as Feed Supplement.
FARNIG, RONALD O. November 2010.
17
Net Returns
The net returns and return on investment is shown in Table 9. Those birds given
pure commercial feeds had the highest ROI followed by those birds given 50g of ground
Coix per kilogram of feeds and those birds given 25g of ground Coix per kilogram of
feeds and lastly those birds given 75g of ground Coix per kilogram of feeds.
Table 6. Feed cost to produce a kg gain in weight
TREATMENT
FEED COST TO PRODUCE A KILOGRAM
GAIN IN WEIGHT (Php)
Pure commercial feeds
64.85a
25g Coix per kg of feeds
65.16a
50g Coix per kg of feeds
65.16a
75g Coix per kg of feeds
65.66a
Means with the same superscript are not significantly different at P<0.05 DMRT
Table 7. Return on investment and net returns
TREATMENT
GROSS
TOTAL COST OF NET
ROI
RETURN
PRODUCTION INCOME
(%)
Pure commercial feeds
8,494.50
5,765.80 2,728.70
47.33
25g Coix per kg of feeds
8,459.50
5,857.52 2,601.98
44.42
50g Coix per kg of feeds
8,444.25
5,937.97 2,506.28
42.21
75g Coix per kg of feeds
8,356.50
6,043.59
2,312.91
38.27
Performance of Sunshine Chicken Given Job’s Tears (Coix-lacryma jobi) as Feed Supplement.
FARNIG, RONALD O. November 2010.
18
SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
Summary
Results of the study revealed that there were no significant differences among the
treatments in all the parameters gathered in terms of initial weight, final weight, gain in
weight, feed consumption, feed conversion ratio, and feed cost to produce a kilogram
gain in weight. The results also imply that the ground Coix incorporated with the ration of
the experimental birds had more or less no effect on the performance of the Sunshine
Chickens.
Regarding the percentage of mortality and morbidity. Out of the 160 experimental
birds that were used, none had died nor got sick throughout the duration of the study.
On the net returns and return on investment (ROI), those birds given with pure
commercial feeds has the highest ROI followed by those birds given with 25g of ground
Coix per kilogram of feeds which has an ROI of 49.55 then those birds given with 50g of
ground Coix per kilogram of feeds and those birds given with 75g of ground Coix per
kilogram of feeds which has an ROI of 48.98 and 47.02 respectively.
Conclusion
Based on the results and observations, it is concluded that using Job’s Tears as
supplement for Sunshine chicken did not show any effect on all the parameters on this
study. The data gathered were homogenous for all treatments considered.
Performance of Sunshine Chicken Given Job’s Tears (Coix-lacryma jobi) as Feed Supplement.
FARNIG, RONALD O. November 2010.
19
Recommendation
Based on the findings on this study, it is therefore not recommended to use Job’s
Tears as feed supplement in sunshine chicken raising. However, it is still recommended
that further studies should be made using different levels, perhaps a larger amount,
because there is a possibility that the amount used in this study was too small to take
effect on the experimental birds. Moreover, further studies should be encouraged to know
the effect of Job’s Tears as a medicine to animals including Sunshine Chickens.
Performance of Sunshine Chicken Given Job’s Tears (Coix-lacryma jobi) as Feed Supplement.
FARNIG, RONALD O. November 2010.
20
LITERATURE CITED
ARMSTRONG, W. P. 1994. “Job’s Tears: Ornament. Vol. 16, No. 17. Pp 104-105.
DEPARTMENT OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY. 2010. Chemical Analysis of Coix
Grains
KERRY, A. 2007 Job’s Tears: Kerry’s Island Kitchen. Gabriola Island, B.C., Canada.
Retrieved February 2010 from http://www.islandfoodie.com/jobs%20tears.htm
NUMATA, M. 1994. Antitumor components isolated from the Chinese herbal medicine
Coix lacryma-jobi. Vol. 60, No. 4. Pp 356-359. Retrieved February 2010 from
http://www.jstor.org/stable/4252082
PHILIPPINE COUNCIL FOR AGRICULTURE FORESTRY AND NATURAL
RESOURCES RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT and BUREAU OF
AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH. 2006. The Philippine Recommends for Broiler
Production: Fourth Edition. Pp 15-21
PINK, A. 2004. Gardening for the Million. Project Gutenberg Literary Archive
Foundation.
Retrieved
February
2010
from
http://www.gutenberg.org/etext/11892
REIMAR, G. and SCHAAFFHAUSEN, S. 2000. Adlay or Job’s Tears: a Cereal of
Potentially Greater Economic Importance. Vol. 6, No. 3. Pp 216-227
SMITH, S. E. 2009. What are Job’s Tears (Coix lacryma-jobi). Vol. 10, No. 4. Pp 25-29.
TAYLOR, G. 1953. Some Crop Distribution by Tribes in Upland Southeast Asia;
Southwestern Journal of Anthropology, Vol. 9, No. 3.
THAILAND DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 2006. “Job’s Tears”. Retrieved
February 2010 from www.doa.go.th
WIND, D. 2009. Job’s Tears-Fascinating plant. Retrieved February 2010 from
http://davesgarden.com/guides/articles/view/1714/
Performance of Sunshine Chicken Given Job’s Tears (Coix-lacryma jobi) as Feed Supplement.
FARNIG, RONALD O. November 2010.
21
APPENDICES
Appendix Table 1. Average initial weight of the birds (kg)
TREATMENT
REPLICATIONS
TOTAL
MEAN
I II III IV
Pure commercial feeds 0.495 0.497 0.495 0.498 1.985 0.496
25g Coix/kg of feeds 0.495 0.494 0.496 0.492 1.977 0.494
50g Coix/kg of feeds 0.496 0.500 0.500 0.499 1.995 0.499
75g Coix/kg of feeds 0.492 0.497 0.493 0.495 1.977 0.494
GRAND TOTAL
7.934
GRAND MEAN
0.496
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCE OF DEGREES OF SUM OF MEAN OF COMPUTED TABULATED
VARIATION FREEDOM SQUARES SQUARES F F
0.05 0.01
Treatment
3
0.000055 0.000018 0.00006ns
3.49 5.95
Error
12
3.934313 0.327859
TOTAL
ns= not significant
Coefficient of variation= 1.15%
Performance of Sunshine Chicken Given Job’s Tears (Coix-lacryma jobi) as Feed Supplement.
FARNIG, RONALD O. November 2010.
22
Appendix Table 2. Average final weight of the birds (kg)
TREATMENT
REPLICATIONS
TOTAL
MEAN
I II III IV
Pure commercial feeds 1.59 1.59 1.54 1.56 6.28 1.57
25g Coix/kg of feeds 1.60 1.58 1.52 1.56 6.26 1.57
50g Coix/kg of feeds 1.57 1.58 1.54 1.58 6.27 1.57
75g Coix/kg of feeds 1.54 1.55 1.57 1.59 6.25 1.56
GRAND TOTAL
25.06
GRAND MEAN
1.57
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCE OF DEGREES OF SUM OF MEAN OF COMPUTED TABULATED
VARIATION FREEDOM SQUARES SQUARES F F
0.05 0.01
Treatment
3
0.000125 0.00004167 0.06ns
3.49 5.95
Error
12
0.00785 0.00004167
TOTAL
15
ns= not significant
Coefficient of variation= 1.63%
Performance of Sunshine Chicken Given Job’s Tears (Coix-lacryma jobi) as Feed Supplement.
FARNIG, RONALD O. November 2010.
23
Appendix Table 3. Average gain in weight of the birds (kg)
TREATMENT
REPLICATIONS
TOTAL
MEAN
I II III IV
Pure commercial feeds 1.095 1.093 1.045 1.062 4.295 1.07
25g Coix/kg of feeds 1.105 1.086 1.024 1.068 4.283 1.07
50g Coix/kg of feeds 1.074 1.080 1.040 1.081 4.275 1.07
75g Coix/kg of feeds 1.048 1.053 1.077 1.095 4.273 1.07
GRAND TOTAL
17.127
GRAND MEAN
4.28
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCE OF DEGREES OF SUM OF MEAN OF COMPUTED TABULATED
VARIATION FREEDOM SQUARES SQUARES F F
0.05 0.01
Treatment
3
0.002063 0.00068767 1.04ns
3.49 5.95
Error
12
0.007951 0.00066258
TOTAL
15
ns= not significant
Coefficient of variation= 0.6%
Performance of Sunshine Chicken Given Job’s Tears (Coix-lacryma jobi) as Feed Supplement.
FARNIG, RONALD O. November 2010.
24
Appendix Table 4. Average feed consumption of the birds (kg)
TREATMENT
REPLICATIONS
TOTAL
MEAN
I II III IV
Pure commercial feeds 2.798 2.801 2.812 2.809 11.22 2.805
25g Coix/kg of feeds 2.840 2.779 2.817 2.812 11.24 2.812
50g Coix/kg of feeds 2.805 2.856 2.790 2.790 11.24 2.810
75g Coix/kg of feeds 2.817 2.845 2. 821 2.823 11.31 2.827
GRAND TOTAL
45.01
GRAND MEAN
2.814
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCE OF DEGREES OF SUM OF MEAN OF COMPUTED TABULATED
VARIATION FREEDOM SQUARES SQUARES F F
0.05 0.01
Treatment
3
0.0011687 0.00038957 0.001ns
3.49 5.95
Error
12
4.910417 0.4092
TOTAL
15
ns= not significant
Coefficient of variation= 1.1%
Performance of Sunshine Chicken Given Job’s Tears (Coix-lacryma jobi) as Feed Supplement.
FARNIG, RONALD O. November 2010.
25
Appendix Table 5. Average feed conversion ratio of the birds (FCR)
TREATMENT
REPLICATIONS
TOTAL
MEAN
I II III IV
Pure commercial feeds 2.56 2.56 2.69 2.65 10.46 2.62
25g Coix/kg of feeds 2.57 2.56 2.75 2.63 10.51 2.63
50g Coix/kg of feeds 2.61 2.64 2.68 2.58 10.51 2.63
75g Coix/kg of feeds 2.69 2.70 2.62 2.58 10.59 2.65
GRAND TOTAL
42.07
GRAND MEAN
2.63
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCE OF DEGREES OF SUM OF MEAN OF COMPUTED TABULATED
VARIATION FREEDOM SQUARES SQUARES F F
0.05 0.01
Treatment
3
0.0021687 0.0007229 0.17ns
3.49 5.95
Error
12
0.051125 0.00426042
TOTAL
15
ns= not significant
Coefficient of variation= 2.48%
Performance of Sunshine Chicken Given Job’s Tears (Coix-lacryma jobi) as Feed Supplement.
FARNIG, RONALD O. November 2010.
26
Appendix Table 6. Feed cost to produce a kilogram gain in weight (Php)
TREATMENT
REPLICATIONS
TOTAL
MEAN
I II III IV
Pure commercial feeds 63.49 63.49 66.71 65.72 259.41 64.85
25g Coix/kg of feeds 63.74 63.49 68.20 65.22 260.65 65.16
50g Coix/kg of feeds 64.73 65.47 66.46 63.98 260.64 65.16
75g Coix/kg of feeds 66.71 66.96 64.98 63.98 262.63 65.66
GRAND TOTAL
1043.33
GRAND MEAN
65.21
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCE OF DEGREES OF SUM OF MEAN OF COMPUTED TABULATED
VARIATION FREEDOM SQUARES SQUARES F F
0.05 0.01
Treatment
3
1.331215 0.44374 0.17ns
3.49 5.95
Error
12
31.406825 2.617235
TOTAL
15
ns= not significant
Coefficient of variation= 2.48%
Performance of Sunshine Chicken Given Job’s Tears (Coix-lacryma jobi) as Feed Supplement.
FARNIG, RONALD O. November 2010.
27
Appendix Table 7. Return On Investment
ITEM
T0
T1
T2
T3
A. Sales
1. Sunshine Chickens 8,494.50 8,459.50 8,444.25 8,356.50
TOTAL SALES
8,494.50 8,459.50 8,444.25 8,356.50
B. Expenses
1. Cost of stock
1, 800.00 1,800.00 1,800.00 1,800.00
2. Cost of feeds
3,623.30 3,630.72 3,628.87 3,646.09
3. Cost of Coix grains 0.00
84.30 168.60 254.40
4. Medication
121.25 121.25 121.25 121.25
5. Bulbs
150.00 150.00 150.00 150.00
6. Disinfectant
71.25 71.25 71.25 71.25
TOTAL EXPENSES
5,765.80 5,857.52 5,937.97 6,043.59
C. Net Income
2,728.70 2,601.98 2,506.28 2,312.91
ROI (%)
47.33 44.42 42.21 38.27
Performance of Sunshine Chicken Given Job’s Tears (Coix-lacryma jobi) as Feed Supplement.
FARNIG, RONALD O. November 2010.
28
Appendix Table 8. Nutrient analysis of Job’s tears
Performance of Sunshine Chicken Given Job’s Tears (Coix-lacryma jobi) as Feed Supplement.
FARNIG, RONALD O. November 2010.
FARNIG, RONALD O. November 2010. Performance of Sunshine Chicken Given Job’s
Tears (Coix-lacryma jobi) as Feed Supplement. Benguet State University, La Trinidad, Benguet.
Adviser: Madeline S. Kingan, MSc
ABSTRACT
The study was conducted to evaluate the performance of Sunshine chicken given
different levels of ground Job’s Tears. Specifically, the study was conducted to determine the
effect of ground Job’s Tears in terms of gain in weight, feeds efficiency and feed consumption,
morbidity and mortality of Sunshine chicken, the profitability of raising Sunshine chicken given
Job’s Tears as feed supplement.
Following the completely randomized design, the 160 Sunshine chickens were divided
into four treatments. Each treatment was replicated four times with ten birds per replicate
making a total of forty birds per treatment. The four treatments were T0 (pure commercial feeds),
T1 (25g Coix + 1 kg commercial feeds), T2 (50g Coix + 1 kg commercial feeds), and T3 (75g
Coix + 1 kg commercial feeds).
Results showed that there were no significant differences among the treatments in all the
parameters mentioned.
Based on the results and observation it was showed that using Job’s tears as feed
supplement in Sunshine chicken raising is not recommended. However, it is still recommended
that further studies should be made using different levels, perhaps a larger amount, because there
is a possibility that the amount used in this study was too small to take effect on the experimental
birds.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
Bibliography. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . i
Abstract . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . i
Table of Contents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ii
INTRODUCTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
REVIEW OF LITERATURE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
MATERIALS AND METHODS
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
Initial Weight . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
Final Weight
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
Gain in Weight . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
Feed Consumption
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
Feed Conversion Ratio . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
Feed Cost to Produce a . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
Kg Gain in Weight
Mortality and Morbidity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
Net Returns and . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
Return On Investment
SUMMARY, CONCLUSION
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
AND RECOMMENDATION
Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
Conclusion
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
Recommendation
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
LITERATURE CITED
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
APPENDICES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
1
INTRODUCTION
Poultry is one of the world’s major and fastest growing sources of
meat. In recent years, poultry farming has increased throughout the world,
especially in developing countries. According to the projections for the year 2010,
overall world production of poultry will increase twofold, while the increase in
developing countries alone will be threefold (PCARRD and BAR, 2006).
Furthermore, livestock and poultry industries in the Philippines contributed
about one third of the Gross Value Added (GVA) in Agriculture. Although poultry
farming supplies the populations in large urban centers with animal proteins, it should be
acknowledged that this form of farming is very expensive and depends mainly on
imported inputs. This form of rearing essentially requires chicks from selected stocks
and whole feeds made from raw materials which are mainly imported.
There is a need to explore the local feedstuffs in order to reduce feed
costs and the dependence of local production on imports. Among the many
products which could be used to develop feed for poultry is Job’s tears (Coix
lacryma-jobi L).
Job’s tears are grains of tropical Asian grass, which is also referred
as Job’s tears in common nomenclature. These grains have number of uses, from
foods to ornaments, and they appear to have been harvested and cultivated for
thousands of years. Many Asian markets sell Job’s tears in their grain sections
for cooking. Craftspeople also use Job’s tears, and they may be found at beading
and craft stores for this purpose (Smith, 2009).
Performance of Sunshine Chicken Given Job’s Tears (Coix-lacryma jobi) as Feed Supplement.
FARNIG, RONALD O. November 2010.
2
Job’s tears is widely known probably because of its many uses. The
grain is a nutritious source of food not only for man but also for animals. The
berries are strung as beads for rosaries and decorative for curtains, bags,
necklaces, etc. It is also believed that Job’s Tears grains can cure or prevent
illness like cancer and arthritis.
This study was conducted to find out the effect of Job’s tears on the
performance of sunshine chickens. The result of this study can serve as a guide in
using Job’s Tears as a supplement in sunshine chicken raising.
Lastly, this research can provide data on how to enhance the performance
of sunshine chickens that can result to high net profit and income through the use of Job’s
tears.
Specifically, this study aimed to determine the growth rate, feed conversion
ratio, morbidity, mortality and the profitability of raising sunshine chicken supplemented
with Job’s tears.
This study was conducted at the Poultry Experimental Project of
Benguet State University, La Trinidad, Benguet from May 2010 to June 2010.
Performance of Sunshine Chicken Given Job’s Tears (Coix-lacryma jobi) as Feed Supplement.
FARNIG, RONALD O. November 2010.
3
REVIEW OF LITERATURE
About Job’s Tears
Job’s tears is a plant growing 1-2 meters high. The stem is stout, erect and
branched. The leaves are 10-40 cm long, 2.5-4 cm wide, with a broad chordate base. The
spikes are 6-10 cm long, erect and peduncle. The capsules enclosing the female flowers
and grains are hard, bony, white, or nearly black, shiny, ovoid and about 8 mm long.
Each seed of the plant is produced individually, enclosed in a tear-shaped shell that is
naturally a pale gray color. When this seed is ripe and the flower falls off, what is left is
perfect natural bead with naturally occurring holes in each end. Thus the plant sometimes
called the Bead Seed Plant (Smith, 2009).
Kerry (2007) stated that the presence of Job’s tears in the jewelry world is
probably its main claim to fame, certainly among tourists. For thousand of years,
necklaces, rosaries, and musical instruments, have been made using this tear-shaped
bead, most universally known as Job’s tears. Wind (2009) stated that during the Vietnam
war, Job’s Tears was staple in the South, when supplies of rice were low.
The common name for Job’s tears comes from its distinctive teardrop shape,
although the tears are sometimes ascribed to different people, such as Mary, in the case of
Mary’s tears, Christ’s tears, and so forth. The plant does not appear to have any religious
significance, despite the Biblical references in its common names, although the grains are
sometimes used as the beads in rosaries. The scientific name suggests that the plant was
originally known as Job’s tears, whatever else it might be called, since lacryma-jobi
means “Job’s Tears” (Smith, 2009).
Performance of Sunshine Chicken Given Job’s Tears (Coix-lacryma jobi) as Feed Supplement.
FARNIG, RONALD O. November 2010.
4
Economic Importance of Job’s Tears
According to Pink (2004), throughout Asia, the hulled grain of Job’s Tears is
adapted for parching or boiling like rice, it can also be milled, ground into flour and
baked into bread. The grains are also utilized in soups, porridge, drinks and pastries. In
India, the Nagas use the grain for brewing a beer called zhu or dzu. A Japanese variety
called “Ma-Yuen” is brewed into a tea and an alcoholic beverage, and roasted seeds are
made into coffee-like drink. In Korea, a thick drink called yulmu cha (Job’s tears tea) is
made from powdered Job’s tears. A similar drink, called yi mi shui, also appears in
Chinese cuisine, and is made by simmering whole polished Job’s tears in water and
sweetening the resulting thin, cloudy liquid with sugar. The grains are usually strained
from the liquid but may also be consumed separately or together. In both Korea and
China, distilled liquors are also made from the grain. One such example is the South
Korean liquor called okroju, which is made from rice and Job’s tears. In Japan, an aged
vinegar is made from its grain. In Southern Vietnam, a sweet and cold soup called sam bo
luong has Job’s Tears as one of its ingredient. In Thailand, it is often consumed in teas
and other drinks such as soy milk. According to Agnes Arber, the leaves are used as
fodder in parts of India, and are especially relished by elephants (Armstrong, 1994).
Job’s Tears as Medicine
According to Numata (1994), decoction of the Job’s tears roots has been used for
gonorrhea and menstrual disorders. The seeds have been used as anti-inflammatory
medicine. Tincture or decoction of its seed is used for catarrhal afflictions. Tea from
boiled seeds are drunk for treatment of warts. Also used for lung abscesses, appendicitis,
arthritis, etc.
Performance of Sunshine Chicken Given Job’s Tears (Coix-lacryma jobi) as Feed Supplement.
FARNIG, RONALD O. November 2010.
5
Nutrient Analysis of Job’s Tears
A sample of the Job’s tears to be used in the study was subjected to analysis of the
DOST-CAR laboratory and the following nutrients were found:
PARAMETERS
ANALYSIS
(per 200g of Coix)
Ash
11.90
Carbohydrate
69.15
Crude Fat
2.40
Crude Protein
4.90
Moisture
11.65
Energy, kcal
318.00
Source: DOST-CAR, 2010
Performance of Sunshine Chicken Given Job’s Tears (Coix-lacryma jobi) as Feed Supplement.
FARNIG, RONALD O. November 2010.
6
MATERIALS AND METHODS
The materials used were 160 straight-run sunshine chicks, commercial feeds,
antibiotic, vaccines, brooding-rearing cages, weighing scale, old newspapers, feeding and
drinking troughs, record book, stick brooms, disinfectant, incandescent bulbs and Coix
grains.
Methodology
Pre-experimental phase. A week before the arrival of the chicks, all equipment
were cleaned and disinfected. The floor of the brooders were covered with old
newspapers that helped in conserving heat during brooding period and served as feed
receptacle during the first days of brooding. The 100 watt bulbs were installed as source
of heat to the chicks (Figure 1).
Figure 1. The experimental birds during the first days of brooding
Performance of Sunshine Chicken Given Job’s Tears (Coix-lacryma jobi) as Feed Supplement.
FARNIG, RONALD O. November 2010.
7
Upon arrival, the chicks were placed inside the brooder and were fed with chick
booster feeds. Water was available to them at all times.
After 21 days (Figure 2), the experimental birds were weighed to obtain their
initial weight (Figure 3) and were distributed at random into four treatments following
the Completely Randomized Design (CRD). Each treatment was replicated four times
with 10 birds per replication making a total of 40 birds per treatment.
The four treatments were:
T0= Pure commercial feeds
T1= 25g ground Coix + 1kg commercial feeds
T2= 50g ground Coix + 1kg commercial feeds
T3= 75g ground Coix + 1kg commercial feeds
Figure 2. The experimental birds at 21 days old
Performance of Sunshine Chicken Given Job’s Tears (Coix-lacryma jobi) as Feed Supplement.
FARNIG, RONALD O. November 2010.
8
Figure 3. Getting the initial weight of the experimental birds
Feeding and management. All the experimental birds were subjected to the same
feeding and management except the level of ground Coix that was given in accordance to
the different treatments. The ground Coix was incorporated with the feeds. The birds
were fed with chick booster for 20 days and was shifted to chick starter for another 20
days and then it was changed to finisher feeds for the following days until the end of the
study. On the 22nd day of birds, ground Coix grains was incorporated with the feeds that
were given to the experimental birds. Samples of the Coix plants and grains are shown in
Figures 4 and 5.
Performance of Sunshine Chicken Given Job’s Tears (Coix-lacryma jobi) as Feed Supplement.
FARNIG, RONALD O. November 2010.
9
Figure 4. Sample picture of Coix plants with mature grains
Figure 5. Coix grains being sun dried
Data Gathered
The data gathered were the following:
1. Initial weight (kg). This was the weight of the birds at 21 days old.
2. Final weight (kg). This refers to the weight of the birds at 45 days old after
the experimental period (Figure 6).
Performance of Sunshine Chicken Given Job’s Tears (Coix-lacryma jobi) as Feed Supplement.
FARNIG, RONALD O. November 2010.
10
3. Feed consumption of the birds (kg). This was the amount of feeds that the
birds have consumed throughout the study.
4. Cost of feed (Php). This is the cost of feeds the birds have consumed
throughout the study.
5. Morbidity. This was the number of the birds that got sick throughout the
duration of the study.
6. Mortality. This was the number of the birds died throughout the duration
of the study.
7. Production cost (Php). This includes the cost of feeds, medication, and
other expenses that were used in the study.
Figure 6. Getting the final weight of the experimental birds
Performance of Sunshine Chicken Given Job’s Tears (Coix-lacryma jobi) as Feed Supplement.
FARNIG, RONALD O. November 2010.
11
From the data above, the following were computed:
1. Total gain in weight of the birds (kg). This was obtained by subtracting the
initial weight from the final weight of the birds.
2. Feed conversion ratio. This was computed by dividing the feed intake by
the gain in weight of the birds.
3. Feed consumption. This was obtained by subtracting the total feed
leftover from the feed offered.
4. Mortality rate %. This was computed by dividing the number of birds died
by their initial number multiplied by 100.
5. Feed cost to produce a kilogram gain in weight (Php). This was obtained
by multiplying the feed cost per kilogram by the feed conversion ratio.
6. Total cost per kilogram of broiler produced (Php). This was computed by
dividing the total cost of production by the total kilogram of the birds per treatment.
7. Net profit (Php). This was obtained by subtracting the total cost of
production from the total sales.
8. Return on investment (ROI). This was obtained by dividing the net profit
by the cost of production multiplied by 100.
Data Analysis
The data were analyzed using the analysis of variance for Completely
Randomized Design and treatment means were compared using Duncans Multiple Range
Test (DMRT).
Performance of Sunshine Chicken Given Job’s Tears (Coix-lacryma jobi) as Feed Supplement.
FARNIG, RONALD O. November 2010.
12
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Initial Weight
The initial weight of the birds in the different treatments is shown in Table 1. The
average initial weights were taken when the experimental birds were 21 days old.
Statistical analysis revealed that there were no significant differences among the
treatments. While there are slight differences in the body weights of the experimental
birds as presented in the table, such difference were very minimal to cause a significant
difference among the treatments. Result also implies that the experimental birds had more
or less the same in weight at the start of the study. The average initial weight is 0.496 kg.
Final Weight
Table 2 presents the final weight of the experimental birds under the different
treatments. The final weight of the experimental birds was obtained at the end of the
study at the age of 45 days. The birds given pure commercial feeds and those birds given
Table 1. Average initial weight of the birds
TREATMENT
MEAN INITIAL WEIGHT (kg)
Pure commercial feeds
0.496a
25g Coix per kg of feeds
0.494a
50g Coix per kg of feeds
0.499a
75g Coix per kg of feeds
0.494a
Means with the same superscript are not significantly different at P<0.05 DMRT
Performance of Sunshine Chicken Given Job’s Tears (Coix-lacryma jobi) as Feed Supplement.
FARNIG, RONALD O. November 2010.
13
25g, 50g and 75g of ground Coix per kilogram of feeds had comparable final weight.
This further implies that Coix grains incorporated with the ration of the sunshine chicken
did not have an effect on the growth rate of the experimental birds.
Gain in Weight
The average gain in weight of the birds in the different treatments is shown in Table
3. Statistical analysis showed that there were no significant differences among the
treatments. This implies that the gain in weight of the different treatments were more or
less the same. This means that the Coix grains given to the birds had no effect when it
comes to the growth rate of the experimental birds. Since the average gain in weight of
the birds in all the treatments are the same, this means that all the experimental birds had
the same ability to gain weight regardless of diet.
Table 2. Average final weight of the birds
TREATMENT
MEAN FINAL WEIGHT (kg)
Pure commercial feeds
1.57a
25g Coix kg of feeds
1.57a
50g Coix per kg of feeds
1.57a
75g Coix per kg of feeds
1.56a
Means with the same superscript are not significantly different at P<0.05 DMRT
Performance of Sunshine Chicken Given Job’s Tears (Coix-lacryma jobi) as Feed Supplement.
FARNIG, RONALD O. November 2010.
14
Table 3. Average gain in weight of the birds
TREATMENT
MEAN GAIN IN WEIGHT (kg)
Pure commercial feeds
1.07a
25g Coix per kg of feeds
1.07a
50g Coix per kg of feeds
1.07a
75g Coix per kg of feeds
1.07a
Means with the same superscript are not significantly different at P<0.05 DMRT
Feed Consumption
The average feed consumption of the birds is shown in Table 4. Statistical analysis
showed there were no significant differences among the different treatments. This means
that all the experimental birds have eaten more or less the same amount of feeds. Those
birds given 75g of ground Coix per kilogram of feeds registered numerically the highest
feed consumption followed by those birds given 25g of ground Coix per kilogram of
feeds then those birds fed pure commercial feeds and those birds given 50g of ground
Coix per kilogram of feeds. This implies that the ground Coix incorporated with the
ration of the experimental birds did not increase nor decrease the feed consumption of the
birds. It could also mean that the acceptability of the rations were not adversely affected
by the incorporation of the ground Coix grains.
Performance of Sunshine Chicken Given Job’s Tears (Coix-lacryma jobi) as Feed Supplement.
FARNIG, RONALD O. November 2010.
15
Table 4. Average feed consumption of the birds
TREATMENT
MEAN FEED CONSUMPTION (kg)
Pure commercial feeds
2.805a
25g Coix per kg of feeds
2.812a
50g Coix per kg of feeds
2.810a
75g Coix per kg of feeds
2.827a
Means with the same superscript are not significantly different at P<0.05 DMRT
Feed Conversion Ratio (FCR)
The average feed conversion ratio of the birds is shown in Table 5. Statistical
analysis showed that there were no significant differences among the treatments in the
amount of feeds to produce a unit gain in weight in Sunshine chicken. This implies that
the FCR of the different treatments are more or less the same. Results revealed that as the
amount of ground Coix incorporated into the ration of the experimental is increased the
FCR also increases numerically. This indicates that the ability of the birds to convert feed
to gain is decreased. However, it is not to a considerable degree. This may also show that
birds fed with Coix grains can be as efficient as those fed pure commercial feeds.
Performance of Sunshine Chicken Given Job’s Tears (Coix-lacryma jobi) as Feed Supplement.
FARNIG, RONALD O. November 2010.
16
Table 5. Average feed conversion ratio of the birds (FCR)
TREATMENT
FCR
Pure commercial feeds
2.62a
25g Coix per kg of feeds
2.63a
50g Coix per kg of feeds
2.63a
75g Coix per kg of feeds
2.65a
Means with the same superscript are not significantly different at P<0.05 DMRT
Feed Cost to Produce a Kg Gain in Weight (Php)
Table 6 shows the feed cost to produce a kilogram gain in weight. Statistical
analysis revealed there were no significant differences among the different treatments.
This implies that the cost to produce a kg gain in weight of the birds are more or less the
same.
Mortality and Morbidity Rate of the Birds
Out of the 160 birds that were used in the study three birds have died, however, this
was during the pre-experimental phase and these were replaced immediately with the
birds of the same age. During the feeding of the experimental ration, there were no
experimental birds that died nor got sick.
Performance of Sunshine Chicken Given Job’s Tears (Coix-lacryma jobi) as Feed Supplement.
FARNIG, RONALD O. November 2010.
17
Net Returns
The net returns and return on investment is shown in Table 9. Those birds given
pure commercial feeds had the highest ROI followed by those birds given 50g of ground
Coix per kilogram of feeds and those birds given 25g of ground Coix per kilogram of
feeds and lastly those birds given 75g of ground Coix per kilogram of feeds.
Table 6. Feed cost to produce a kg gain in weight
TREATMENT
FEED COST TO PRODUCE A KILOGRAM
GAIN IN WEIGHT (Php)
Pure commercial feeds
64.85a
25g Coix per kg of feeds
65.16a
50g Coix per kg of feeds
65.16a
75g Coix per kg of feeds
65.66a
Means with the same superscript are not significantly different at P<0.05 DMRT
Table 7. Return on investment and net returns
TREATMENT
GROSS
TOTAL COST OF NET
ROI
RETURN
PRODUCTION INCOME
(%)
Pure commercial feeds
8,494.50
5,765.80 2,728.70
47.33
25g Coix per kg of feeds
8,459.50
5,857.52 2,601.98
44.42
50g Coix per kg of feeds
8,444.25
5,937.97 2,506.28
42.21
75g Coix per kg of feeds
8,356.50
6,043.59
2,312.91
38.27
Performance of Sunshine Chicken Given Job’s Tears (Coix-lacryma jobi) as Feed Supplement.
FARNIG, RONALD O. November 2010.
18
SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
Summary
Results of the study revealed that there were no significant differences among the
treatments in all the parameters gathered in terms of initial weight, final weight, gain in
weight, feed consumption, feed conversion ratio, and feed cost to produce a kilogram
gain in weight. The results also imply that the ground Coix incorporated with the ration of
the experimental birds had more or less no effect on the performance of the Sunshine
Chickens.
Regarding the percentage of mortality and morbidity. Out of the 160 experimental
birds that were used, none had died nor got sick throughout the duration of the study.
On the net returns and return on investment (ROI), those birds given with pure
commercial feeds has the highest ROI followed by those birds given with 25g of ground
Coix per kilogram of feeds which has an ROI of 49.55 then those birds given with 50g of
ground Coix per kilogram of feeds and those birds given with 75g of ground Coix per
kilogram of feeds which has an ROI of 48.98 and 47.02 respectively.
Conclusion
Based on the results and observations, it is concluded that using Job’s Tears as
supplement for Sunshine chicken did not show any effect on all the parameters on this
study. The data gathered were homogenous for all treatments considered.
Performance of Sunshine Chicken Given Job’s Tears (Coix-lacryma jobi) as Feed Supplement.
FARNIG, RONALD O. November 2010.
19
Recommendation
Based on the findings on this study, it is therefore not recommended to use Job’s
Tears as feed supplement in sunshine chicken raising. However, it is still recommended
that further studies should be made using different levels, perhaps a larger amount,
because there is a possibility that the amount used in this study was too small to take
effect on the experimental birds. Moreover, further studies should be encouraged to know
the effect of Job’s Tears as a medicine to animals including Sunshine Chickens.
Performance of Sunshine Chicken Given Job’s Tears (Coix-lacryma jobi) as Feed Supplement.
FARNIG, RONALD O. November 2010.
20
LITERATURE CITED
ARMSTRONG, W. P. 1994. “Job’s Tears: Ornament. Vol. 16, No. 17. Pp 104-105.
DEPARTMENT OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY. 2010. Chemical Analysis of Coix
Grains
KERRY, A. 2007 Job’s Tears: Kerry’s Island Kitchen. Gabriola Island, B.C., Canada.
Retrieved February 2010 from http://www.islandfoodie.com/jobs%20tears.htm
NUMATA, M. 1994. Antitumor components isolated from the Chinese herbal medicine
Coix lacryma-jobi. Vol. 60, No. 4. Pp 356-359. Retrieved February 2010 from
http://www.jstor.org/stable/4252082
PHILIPPINE COUNCIL FOR AGRICULTURE FORESTRY AND NATURAL
RESOURCES RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT and BUREAU OF
AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH. 2006. The Philippine Recommends for Broiler
Production: Fourth Edition. Pp 15-21
PINK, A. 2004. Gardening for the Million. Project Gutenberg Literary Archive
Foundation.
Retrieved
February
2010
from
http://www.gutenberg.org/etext/11892
REIMAR, G. and SCHAAFFHAUSEN, S. 2000. Adlay or Job’s Tears: a Cereal of
Potentially Greater Economic Importance. Vol. 6, No. 3. Pp 216-227
SMITH, S. E. 2009. What are Job’s Tears (Coix lacryma-jobi). Vol. 10, No. 4. Pp 25-29.
TAYLOR, G. 1953. Some Crop Distribution by Tribes in Upland Southeast Asia;
Southwestern Journal of Anthropology, Vol. 9, No. 3.
THAILAND DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 2006. “Job’s Tears”. Retrieved
February 2010 from www.doa.go.th
WIND, D. 2009. Job’s Tears-Fascinating plant. Retrieved February 2010 from
http://davesgarden.com/guides/articles/view/1714/
Performance of Sunshine Chicken Given Job’s Tears (Coix-lacryma jobi) as Feed Supplement.
FARNIG, RONALD O. November 2010.
21
APPENDICES
Appendix Table 1. Average initial weight of the birds (kg)
TREATMENT
REPLICATIONS
TOTAL
MEAN
I II III IV
Pure commercial feeds 0.495 0.497 0.495 0.498 1.985 0.496
25g Coix/kg of feeds 0.495 0.494 0.496 0.492 1.977 0.494
50g Coix/kg of feeds 0.496 0.500 0.500 0.499 1.995 0.499
75g Coix/kg of feeds 0.492 0.497 0.493 0.495 1.977 0.494
GRAND TOTAL
7.934
GRAND MEAN
0.496
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCE OF DEGREES OF SUM OF MEAN OF COMPUTED TABULATED
VARIATION FREEDOM SQUARES SQUARES F F
0.05 0.01
Treatment
3
0.000055 0.000018 0.00006ns
3.49 5.95
Error
12
3.934313 0.327859
TOTAL
ns= not significant
Coefficient of variation= 1.15%
Performance of Sunshine Chicken Given Job’s Tears (Coix-lacryma jobi) as Feed Supplement.
FARNIG, RONALD O. November 2010.
22
Appendix Table 2. Average final weight of the birds (kg)
TREATMENT
REPLICATIONS
TOTAL
MEAN
I II III IV
Pure commercial feeds 1.59 1.59 1.54 1.56 6.28 1.57
25g Coix/kg of feeds 1.60 1.58 1.52 1.56 6.26 1.57
50g Coix/kg of feeds 1.57 1.58 1.54 1.58 6.27 1.57
75g Coix/kg of feeds 1.54 1.55 1.57 1.59 6.25 1.56
GRAND TOTAL
25.06
GRAND MEAN
1.57
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCE OF DEGREES OF SUM OF MEAN OF COMPUTED TABULATED
VARIATION FREEDOM SQUARES SQUARES F F
0.05 0.01
Treatment
3
0.000125 0.00004167 0.06ns
3.49 5.95
Error
12
0.00785 0.00004167
TOTAL
15
ns= not significant
Coefficient of variation= 1.63%
Performance of Sunshine Chicken Given Job’s Tears (Coix-lacryma jobi) as Feed Supplement.
FARNIG, RONALD O. November 2010.
23
Appendix Table 3. Average gain in weight of the birds (kg)
TREATMENT
REPLICATIONS
TOTAL
MEAN
I II III IV
Pure commercial feeds 1.095 1.093 1.045 1.062 4.295 1.07
25g Coix/kg of feeds 1.105 1.086 1.024 1.068 4.283 1.07
50g Coix/kg of feeds 1.074 1.080 1.040 1.081 4.275 1.07
75g Coix/kg of feeds 1.048 1.053 1.077 1.095 4.273 1.07
GRAND TOTAL
17.127
GRAND MEAN
4.28
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCE OF DEGREES OF SUM OF MEAN OF COMPUTED TABULATED
VARIATION FREEDOM SQUARES SQUARES F F
0.05 0.01
Treatment
3
0.002063 0.00068767 1.04ns
3.49 5.95
Error
12
0.007951 0.00066258
TOTAL
15
ns= not significant
Coefficient of variation= 0.6%
Performance of Sunshine Chicken Given Job’s Tears (Coix-lacryma jobi) as Feed Supplement.
FARNIG, RONALD O. November 2010.
24
Appendix Table 4. Average feed consumption of the birds (kg)
TREATMENT
REPLICATIONS
TOTAL
MEAN
I II III IV
Pure commercial feeds 2.798 2.801 2.812 2.809 11.22 2.805
25g Coix/kg of feeds 2.840 2.779 2.817 2.812 11.24 2.812
50g Coix/kg of feeds 2.805 2.856 2.790 2.790 11.24 2.810
75g Coix/kg of feeds 2.817 2.845 2. 821 2.823 11.31 2.827
GRAND TOTAL
45.01
GRAND MEAN
2.814
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCE OF DEGREES OF SUM OF MEAN OF COMPUTED TABULATED
VARIATION FREEDOM SQUARES SQUARES F F
0.05 0.01
Treatment
3
0.0011687 0.00038957 0.001ns
3.49 5.95
Error
12
4.910417 0.4092
TOTAL
15
ns= not significant
Coefficient of variation= 1.1%
Performance of Sunshine Chicken Given Job’s Tears (Coix-lacryma jobi) as Feed Supplement.
FARNIG, RONALD O. November 2010.
25
Appendix Table 5. Average feed conversion ratio of the birds (FCR)
TREATMENT
REPLICATIONS
TOTAL
MEAN
I II III IV
Pure commercial feeds 2.56 2.56 2.69 2.65 10.46 2.62
25g Coix/kg of feeds 2.57 2.56 2.75 2.63 10.51 2.63
50g Coix/kg of feeds 2.61 2.64 2.68 2.58 10.51 2.63
75g Coix/kg of feeds 2.69 2.70 2.62 2.58 10.59 2.65
GRAND TOTAL
42.07
GRAND MEAN
2.63
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCE OF DEGREES OF SUM OF MEAN OF COMPUTED TABULATED
VARIATION FREEDOM SQUARES SQUARES F F
0.05 0.01
Treatment
3
0.0021687 0.0007229 0.17ns
3.49 5.95
Error
12
0.051125 0.00426042
TOTAL
15
ns= not significant
Coefficient of variation= 2.48%
Performance of Sunshine Chicken Given Job’s Tears (Coix-lacryma jobi) as Feed Supplement.
FARNIG, RONALD O. November 2010.
26
Appendix Table 6. Feed cost to produce a kilogram gain in weight (Php)
TREATMENT
REPLICATIONS
TOTAL
MEAN
I II III IV
Pure commercial feeds 63.49 63.49 66.71 65.72 259.41 64.85
25g Coix/kg of feeds 63.74 63.49 68.20 65.22 260.65 65.16
50g Coix/kg of feeds 64.73 65.47 66.46 63.98 260.64 65.16
75g Coix/kg of feeds 66.71 66.96 64.98 63.98 262.63 65.66
GRAND TOTAL
1043.33
GRAND MEAN
65.21
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCE OF DEGREES OF SUM OF MEAN OF COMPUTED TABULATED
VARIATION FREEDOM SQUARES SQUARES F F
0.05 0.01
Treatment
3
1.331215 0.44374 0.17ns
3.49 5.95
Error
12
31.406825 2.617235
TOTAL
15
ns= not significant
Coefficient of variation= 2.48%
Performance of Sunshine Chicken Given Job’s Tears (Coix-lacryma jobi) as Feed Supplement.
FARNIG, RONALD O. November 2010.
27
Appendix Table 7. Return On Investment
ITEM
T0
T1
T2
T3
A. Sales
1. Sunshine Chickens 8,494.50 8,459.50 8,444.25 8,356.50
TOTAL SALES
8,494.50 8,459.50 8,444.25 8,356.50
B. Expenses
1. Cost of stock
1, 800.00 1,800.00 1,800.00 1,800.00
2. Cost of feeds
3,623.30 3,630.72 3,628.87 3,646.09
3. Cost of Coix grains 0.00
84.30 168.60 254.40
4. Medication
121.25 121.25 121.25 121.25
5. Bulbs
150.00 150.00 150.00 150.00
6. Disinfectant
71.25 71.25 71.25 71.25
TOTAL EXPENSES
5,765.80 5,857.52 5,937.97 6,043.59
C. Net Income
2,728.70 2,601.98 2,506.28 2,312.91
ROI (%)
47.33 44.42 42.21 38.27
Performance of Sunshine Chicken Given Job’s Tears (Coix-lacryma jobi) as Feed Supplement.
FARNIG, RONALD O. November 2010.
28
Appendix Table 8. Nutrient analysis of Job’s tears
Performance of Sunshine Chicken Given Job’s Tears (Coix-lacryma jobi) as Feed Supplement.
FARNIG, RONALD O. November 2010.
Document Outline
- Performance of Sunshine Chicken Given Job�sTears (Coix-lacryma jobi) as Feed Supplement
- BIBLIOGRAPHY
- TABLE OF CONTENTS
- INTRODUCTION
- REVIEW OF LITERATURE
- MATERIALS AND METHODS
- RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
- SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
- LITERATURE CITED