BIBLIOGRAPHY LOPEZ, CHARLIE G. APRIL...
BIBLIOGRAPHY
LOPEZ, CHARLIE G. APRIL 2011. Growth and Flowering of Rose Cv. Grand
Gala as Affected by Different Kinds and Rates of Organic Fertilizer. Benguet State
University, La Trinidad, Benguet.
Adviser: Araceli G. Ladilad, Phd.
ABSTRACT
The study was conducted at the Ornamental Horticulture Research Area at
Benguet State University, La Trinidad, Benguet from June to October 2010 to determine
the growth and flowering of rose as affected by different kinds and rates of organic
fertilizers cv. Grand Gala.
Results showed that there were significant interaction effects between the kind of
organic fertilizer and rate of application on the final height at flowering duration from
pruning to flower-bud formation, flower bud development, and cutflower stem length.
Rose plants applied with plantmate and green vermicompost at 10 tons/ha had the tallest
plants, had the earliest durations from planting to flower bud formation; were the earliest
plants to reach flower-bud formation from pruning date, had the shortest days from
flower bud formation to calyx flex stage, and had the longest cutflower stems at harvest.
There were no significant interaction effect between the kind of fertilizer and rate of
application on the number of flowers produced and vase life of cutflowers.
Cost and return analysis also revealed that a favorable Return on Investments
(R.O.I) was also obtained in plants treated with plantmate at 10 tons/ha having the
highest R.O.I of 288.74%.
Rose cv. Grand Gala applied with plantmate at the rate of 10 tons/ha had the
highest R.O.I of 288.74% compared to the plants applied with chicken manure, alnus
compost, horse manure, and green vermicompost with the different rates of fertilizer
applications due to the highest number of flowers produced per plant classified as extra
long stemmed which had higher price in the market.
Based on the preceding results, it is recommended that 10 tons/ha of plantmate
should be applied in rose plants Cv. Grand Gala for cut flower production to increase cut
flower yield and produce extra long cut flower grade.
ii
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
Bibliography. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . i
Abstract. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . i
Table of Contents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . iii
INTRODUCTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
REVIEW OF LITTERATURE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
MATERIALS AND METHODS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
DOCUMENTATION OF THE STUDY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
RESULTS AND DISSCUSSION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
Final Height of the Plant at Flowering (cm) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
Final Number of Stems per Plant at Flowering . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
Number of Days from Flower Bud Formation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
Days from Flower Bud Formation
to Calyx Flex Stage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
Number of Flowers Produced per Plant . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
Stem Length (cm) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
Vase Life (days) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
Occurrence of Insect Pest and Diseases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
Cost and Return Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
24
Recommendation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
25
LITTERATURE CITED . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
26
APPENDICES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
27
INTRODUCTION
A rose is a perennial flower shrub or vine of the genus Rosa, within the family
Rosaceae that contains over 100 species and comes in a variety of colours. The species
from a group of erect shrubs, and climbing or trailing plants, with stems that are often
armed with sharp prickles. Most are native to Asia, with smaller numbers of species
native to Europe, North America, and northwest Africa. Natives, cultivars and hybrids are
all widely grown for their beauty and fragrance.
The leaves are alternate and pinnately compound, with sharply toothed oval-
shaped leaflets. The plant’s fleshly edible fruit, which ripens in the late summer through
autumn, is called a rose hip. Rose plants range in size from compact, miniature roses, to
climbers that can reach 7 meters in height. Species from different parts of the world
easily hybridize, which has given rise to the many types of garden roses.
The name rose comes from French, itself from Latin, rosa, which was borrowed
from Oscan, from Greek rhodion (Aeolic wrodion), from Old Persian wurdi “flower” (cf.
Avest. Warda, Sogdian ward, Parthian wâr).
Roses are erect, climbing, or trailing shrubs with stems that are usually copiously
armed with prickles of various shapes and sizes that are called thorns. The plant’s leaves
are alternate and pinnately compound (i.e., feather-formed). The rather oval leaflets are
sharply toothed. The rose plant’s fleshly, sometimes edible, berrylike “fruit” (actually the
floral cup) is known as a hip.
No other flower is so universally known and admired as that of the rose. Its
blossoms range in colour from white through various tones of yellow and pink to dark
crimson and maroon. Many varieties have been bred with beautiful blends of colour.
Growth and Flowering of Rose Cv. Grand Gala as Affected by Different Kinds and
Rates of Organic Fertilizer / Charlie G. Lopez 2011
2
Rose flowers’ size range from tiny miniatures 1.25 cm (0.5 inch) in diameter to flowers
measuring more than 17.5 cm (7 inches) across. Roses have a delightful fragrance, which
varies according to the variety and to climatic conditions.
Roses can become infected by a number of diseases, most of them caused by
fungi. Powdery mildew appears as a grayish white moldlike growth on the surface of
young leaves and stems. Black spot fungus appears as conspicuous black spots on the
leaves causes them to fall off. Rust is also a common disease of roses.
Organic fertilizers are derived from organic waste. Organic fertilizers have an
advantage over chemical ones because they are renewable. On the other hand, inorganic
fertilizers are not renewable and soil fertility gradually declines as a result of their
continued application.
Organic fertilizers supply some amount of nutrient requirements of the crop and
promote favourable soil properties. Thus, the study will try to find the organic fertilizers
that are favourable to the growth and yield of rose.
The study was conducted to:
1. determine the effects of the different kinds and rates of organic fertilizer on the
growth, flowering, and yield of rose; and
2. determine the best organic fertilizer/s that will promote vegetative growth,
flowering and improve yield in rose.
3. determine the economics of using Plantmate and other organic fertilizers in
rose production.
Growth and Flowering of Rose Cv. Grand Gala as Affected by Different Kinds and
Rates of Organic Fertilizer / Charlie G. Lopez 2011
3
REVIEW OF LITERATURE
Organic Fertilizers
Organic fertilizers are derived from organic waste such as plant residues and
animal waste. Organic fertilizers have an advantage over chemical ones because they are
renewable, inorganic fertilizers on the other hand are not renewable, and soil fertility
gradually declines as a result of their continued application (Balco, 1986).
Marcelino (1995) found out that organic fertilizers supplies same amount of
nutrient requirements of the crop and promote favourable soil properties such as
granulation, efficient aeration, easy root penetration and more improved water holding
capacity of the soil. He also pointed out that farm manure is available to crops because of
its nitrogen content and influence on the soil.
Bucu (1991) stated that in general, the kinds of organic materials according to
source are crop residues, green manure, swine manure, chicken manure, common
compost, used mushroom compost, municipal refuse, residues after oil extraction, and
residues from processing animal products.
The most common natural organic fertilizers in the Philippines are chicken
manure, hog manure, and sunflower compost, chicken manure is extensively used in
Benguet province than any other kind of manure (Bautista, 1983).
Importance of Organic Fertilizers
Alnus compost is abundant in the highlands that can be a perfect organic nitrogen
source. It is easy to compost and it hastens decomposition (Pandosen, 1986 as cited by
Marcelino (1995). At present, alnus compost has been discovered as a good source of
Growth and Flowering of Rose Cv. Grand Gala as Affected by Different Kinds and
Rates of Organic Fertilizer / Charlie G. Lopez 2011
4
organic fertilizer; it is also friendly to the environment and also controls some plant
disease. In addition, alnus compost is more economical to farmers than inorganic inputs
because they can plant trees for the production of their own compost, thus helping in
reforestation and restoration of the ozone layer. A study conducted by Dida (1998)
reported that population and incidence of black scurf on potato tuber with increasing
level of alnus compost applied.
Earlier findings of Mang-osan (1996) on English daisy showed that application of
two (2) tons per ha chicken manure significantly produced taller plants, higher sucker
count, promoted earlier flower development and produced more flower per plant. It also
increased soil pH significantly.
Plantmate Organic Fertilizer
Plant mate organic fertilizer product is the result of an accelerated decomposition
of biodegradable materials, both of plant and animal origin, through an advanced
biofermentation process involving more than twenty (20) naturally-occurring beneficial
microorganisms. To enhance its efficacy as a fertilizer chelated trace elements, enzymes,
growth promotants and other compounds were added to fortify the mixture.
Its chemical properties are as follows:
-Total nitrogen
2.44%
-Total magnesium
0.19%
-Total phosphorus
3.74%
-Amino acids – adequate and balance
-Total potassium
3.61%
-Micronutrients – adequate and balance
-Total calcium
4.46%
Growth and Flowering of Rose Cv. Grand Gala as Affected by Different Kinds and
Rates of Organic Fertilizer / Charlie G. Lopez 2011
5
Green V. Organic Fertilizer
Vermicompost is an organic manure (bio-fertilizer) produced as the vermicast by
earthworm feeding on biological waste materials or plant residues. This compost is an
odourless, clean, organic material containing adequate quantities of N, P, K and several
micronutrients essential for plant growth. Vermicompost is a preffered nutrient source for
organic farming. It is eco-friendly, non-toxic, consumes low energy input for composting
and is a recycled biological product. Green V is a 100% Vermicast Organic Fertilizer.
This is not mixed with compost or chemical elements. This may be directly applied to the
soil (basal application) or mixed with compost and resold as mixed organic fertilizer,
fortified with vermicast (JAIN Irrigation Systems LTD, 2010).
The study was conducted at the Ornamental Horticulture Research Area at
Benguet State University, La Trinidad, Benguet from June to October 2010.
Growth and Flowering of Rose Cv. Grand Gala as Affected by Different Kinds and
Rates of Organic Fertilizer / Charlie G. Lopez 2011
6
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Materials
The materials used in the study were rose plants (2 year old), garden soil; chicken
dung, plantmate, alnus leaves compost, and horse manure, plastic pots and labelling
materials.
Method
The study was laid out in a Randomized Complete block design (RCBD) in
factorial arrangement with six (6) replications per treatment. Factor A were the kinds of
organic fertilizers and factor B were the rates of application.
Factor A– Kind of Organic Fertilizers
T1- Chicken manure
T2 - Alnus compost
T3- Plantmate
T4- Horse manure
T5- Green V. (100% pure worm castings)
Factor B- Rate of Application (t/ha)
R0-
control
R4- 8
R1- 2
R5- 10
R2- 4
R3-6
Growth and Flowering of Rose Cv. Grand Gala as Affected by Different Kinds and
Rates of Organic Fertilizer / Charlie G. Lopez 2011
7
Data Gathered
1. Final height of the plant (cm) at flowering. This was taken by measuring the
height of the plant at the base of the tip of the flower at 50% anthesis.
2. Final number of stems per plant at flowering. The number of stems per plant
was counted for the duration of the study.
3. Number of days from planting to flower bud formation. (1 cm bud size) was
obtained by counting the number of days from planting until flower bud formation will be
observed.
4. Number of days from flower bud formation to calyx flex stage and at loose bud
size (harvesting stage). This was obtained by counting the number of days from planting
until flower bud formation to calyx flex stage and at loose bud size.
5. Number of flowers produced per plant. All the fully developed flowers during
the duration of the experiment were recorded.
6. Cutflower stem length (cm). This was obtained by measuring the stem length of
each cut flower and was classified according to grade classification of roses as follows:
Grade Stem length (cm)
Short
18-24
Medium 25-32
Long
33-42
Extra
long
43-60
7. Vaselife (days). Cut flowers were harvested at 50% anthesis where vase life
was obtained under laboratory conditions. Tap water was be used as holding solution.
Growth and Flowering of Rose Cv. Grand Gala as Affected by Different Kinds and
Rates of Organic Fertilizer / Charlie G. Lopez 2011
8
8. Cost and Return Analysis of the different treatments was taken using
the formula: ROI = Gross Sale – Total Expenses x 100
Total Expenses
9. Documentation of the study was done through pictures.
Figure 1. Overview of Rose plants at flowering
Growth and Flowering of Rose Cv. Grand Gala as Affected by Different Kinds and
Rates of Organic Fertilizer / Charlie G. Lopez 2011
9
Figure 2. Overview of Rose plants applied with plantmate organic fertilizer
Figure 3. Overview of Rose applied with horse manure and green vermicompost at
10 tons/ha.
Growth and Flowering of Rose Cv. Grand Gala as Affected by Different Kinds and
Rates of Organic Fertilizer / Charlie G. Lopez 2011
10
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Final Height of the Plant at Flowering
Effect of kind of fertilizer. Table 1 shows the final height of roses at flowering as
affected by organic fertilizers. Results revealed that there were highly significant effects
of organic fertilizers on the final height of roses at flowering. Specifically, it was revealed
that roses applied with green vermicompost were the tallest at flowering followed by
roses applied with plantmate organic fertilizer with an average height of 83.39 cm and
83.13 cm, respectively. However, roses applied with chicken manure and alnus leaves
compost were the shortest with an average height of 80.01 cm and 79.19 cm at flowering.
Effect of rate of fertilizer application. Result show that roses applied with 10 t/ha
of organic fertilizer were significantly taller with an average height of 83.24 cm as
compared to the untreated plants. Among the treated plants however, those applied with
2, 4, 6, and 8 tons/ha had comparable plant height means of 81.85, 82.45, 82.59, and
82.55 cm. The untreated plants were the shortest at 75.65 cm which shows that plant
nutrition significantly affected the final height of the rose plants.
Interaction effect. Statistical analysis revealed the highly significant effects on
the interaction of the different kinds of organic fertilizers and the different rates of
application on the final height of roses at flowering (figure 4). Specifically, roses that
were applied with plantmate at 10 tons/ha as well as those applied with green
vermicompost at 10 tons/ha were the tallest with an average height of 85.33 cm. On the
other hand, roses applied with alnus leaves compost only in all rates of application were
the shortest with an average height of 74.70 cm.
Growth and Flowering of Rose Cv. Grand Gala as Affected by Different Kinds and
Rates of Organic Fertilizer / Charlie G. Lopez 2011
11
Table1. Final height at flowering
TREATMENT MEAN
(cm)
Kind of Organic Fertilizer
Chicken manure 80.02c
Alnus compost 79.19c
Plantmate 83.13a
Horse manure 81.21b
Green vermicompost 83.39a
Rate of Application (tons/ha)
0 75.65d
2 81.85c
4 82.45b
6 82.60b
8 82.55b
10 83.24a
Means with the same letter are not significantly different at 5% level by DMRT
88
86
84
(
c
m 82
e
r
i
n
g
80
chicken manure
alnus compost
t
f
l
ow 78
a
plantmate
i
ght
horse manure
76
l
he
green vermicompost
f
i
na 74
72
70
68
control
2 tons/ha
4 tons/ha
6 tons/ha
8 tons/ha
10 tons/ha
rate of fertilizer application
Figure 4.Final height at flowering (cm)
Growth and Flowering of Rose Cv. Grand Gala as Affected by Different Kinds and
Rates of Organic Fertilizer / Charlie G. Lopez 2011
12
Final Number of Stems at Flowering
Effect of kind of organic fertilizer. The effect of the different kinds of organic
fertilizers applied on the number of stems of rose plants at flowering were significant as
shown in Table 2. Plants applied with plantmate and green vermicompost had the highest
number of stems at flowering, both having a mean of 7.28 stems; while plants applied
with alnus leaves compost have the least number of stems counted at flowering with a
mean of 6.67 stems per plant.
Effect of rate of fertilizer application. Again, table 2 shows significant differences
on the number of stems produced per plant at flowering as affected by the rate of organic
fertilizers applied. Plants treated with organic fertilizers at the rate of 6 tons/ha had the
highest number of stems wit a mean of 7.53, while untreated plants had the lowest
number of stems with a mean of 6.40.
Table 2. Final number of stems at flowering
TREATMENT MEAN
Kind of Organic Fertilizer
Chicken manure 7.33b
Alnus compost 6.67c
Plant mate 7.28a
Horse manure 7.33b
Green vermicompost 7.28a
Rate of Application (t/ha)
0 6.40d
2 7.07c
4 7.47b
6 7.53a
8 7.20c
10 7.40b
Means with the same letter are not significantly different at 5% level by DMRT
Growth and Flowering of Rose Cv. Grand Gala as Affected by Different Kinds and
Rates of Organic Fertilizer / Charlie G. Lopez 2011
13
Interaction effect. The combined effects of the different kinds and rates of organic
fertilizers applied in rose plants used did not significantly affected the number of stems
produced per plant at flowering.
Number of Days from Planting to Flower Bud Formation
Effect of kind of organic fertilizer. Significant differences were obtained on the
effect of the different kinds of organic fertilizers applied on the number of days from
planting to flower bud formation. As shown in Table 3 plants applied with chicken
manure, alnus leaves compost, and horse manure had significantly delayed flower bud
formation with means of 48.44, 48.61, and 48.5 days; respectively, while plants applied
with plantmate and green vermicompost had significantly earlier durations to flower bud
formation from pruning date with means of 46.90 and 46.17 days respectively.
Effect of rate of fertilizer application. Table 3 shows significant differences on the
effect of the different rates of fertilizers applied in roses on the number of days to flower
bud formation from pruning date. Plants applied with 10 tons/ha had the earliest duration
to flower bud formation with a mean of 46.87 days, while the untreated plants (contol)
took the longest durations to flower bud formation with a mean of 49.88 days from
pruning date.
Interaction effect. Statistical analysis revealed highly significant effects on the
interaction between the different kinds of organic fertilizers and the different rates of
application on the number of days to flower bud formation (figure 5). Plants applied with
plantmate and green vermicompost at 10 tons/ha were the earliest to reach flower bud
formation with a mean of 45.33 days, while the untreated plants (control) had the longest
duration to flower bud formation with a mean of 50.67 days from pruning date.
Growth and Flowering of Rose Cv. Grand Gala as Affected by Different Kinds and
Rates of Organic Fertilizer / Charlie G. Lopez 2011
14
Table 3. Days from planting to flower-bud formation
TREATMENT MEAN
Kind of Organic Fertilizer
Chicken manure 48.44a
Alnus compost 48.61a
Plant mate 46.89b
Horse manure 48.500a
Green vermicompost 46.167a
Rate of application t/ha
0 49.87a
2 47.53b
4 47.40c
6 47.13c
8 47.53b
10 46.87d
Means with the same letter are not significantly different at 5% level by DMRT
52
51
50
49
48
ys
chicken manure
da
alnus compost
47
plantmate
b
e
r
of
horse manure
n
um
green vermicompost
46
45
44
43
42
control
2 tons/ha
4 tons/ha
6 tons/ha
8 tons/ha
10 ton/ha
rate of fertilizer application
Figure 5. Number of days from planting to flower bud formation
Growth and Flowering of Rose Cv. Grand Gala as Affected by Different Kinds and
Rates of Organic Fertilizer / Charlie G. Lopez 2011
15
Days from Flower Bud Formation to Calyx Flex Stage
Effect of kind of organic fertilizer. Table 4 shows the numbers of days from
flower bud formation to calyx flex stage as affected by organic fertilizers. Results
revealed that there were significant effects of the kind of organic fertilizers applied on
rose plants on the number of days from flower bud formation to calyx flex stage. It was
observed that roses applied with green vermicompost and plantmate had the earliest
durations from flower bud formation to calyx flex stage with means of 19.57 and 19.89
days; respectively; while roses applied with chicken manure had the longest durations
from flower bud formation to calyx flex stage with a mean of 21.28 days.
Effect of rate of fertilizer application. Table 4 shows significant effects of the
different rates of fertilizer application to the number of days from flower bud formation
to calyx flex stage. Plants applied with the rate of 10 tons/ha had the fastest flower
development with a mean of 19.8 days to calyx flex stage from 0.5 cm bud size. Plants
applied with the rate of 2 tons/ha, 4 tons/ha, 6 tons/ha, and 8 tons/ha have showed
comparable results with means of 20.79, 20.33, 20.27, and 20.33 days to calyx flex stage;
respectively. Untreated plants (control) showed a significant delay in flower development
a mean of 21.20 days which was the longest duration from flower bud formation to calyx
flex stage.
Interaction effect. Table 4 shows significant interaction effects between the kinds
of organic fertilizers and different rates of fertilizer application (Figure 6). Roses applied
with plantmate and green vermicompost at 10 tons/ha had the fastest development of
flowers from flower bud formation to calyx flex stage with a mean of 18.33 days; while
Growth and Flowering of Rose Cv. Grand Gala as Affected by Different Kinds and
Rates of Organic Fertilizer / Charlie G. Lopez 2011
16
the unfertilized roses had the longest duration of flower development with a mean of
22.33 days from 1cm bud size.
Table 4. Days from flower bud formation to calyx flex stage
TREATMENT MEAN
Kind of Organic Fertilizer
Chicken manure 21.28a
Alnus compost 20.78b
Plant mate 19.89c
Horse manure 20.50b
Green vermicompost 19.56d
Rate of Application (t/ha)
0 21.20a
2 20.78b
4 20.33b
6 20.27b
8 20.33b
10 19.80c
Means with the same letter are not significantly different at 5% level by DMRT
25
20
y
s 15
chicken manure
da
alnus compost
of
er
plantmate
b
horse manure
m 10
nu
green vermicompost
5
0
control
2 tons/ha
4 tons/ha
6 tons/ha
8 tons/ha
10 tons/ha
rate of fertilizer application
Figure 6. Days from flower bud formation to calyx flex stage
Growth and Flowering of Rose Cv. Grand Gala as Affected by Different Kinds and
Rates of Organic Fertilizer / Charlie G. Lopez 2011
17
Number of Flowers Produced Per Plant
Effect of kind of organic fertilizer. Significant effects were observed on the
number of flowers produced per plant as affected by the different kinds of organic
fertilizers. Table 5 shows that plants applied with plantmate had the highest number of
flowers with an average of 3.83 flowers per plant for the duration of the study; while
plants applied with alnus leaves compost had the least number of flowers with an average
of 2.79 flowers produced per plant.
Effect of rate of fertilizer application. Results showed that there were significant
effects of the different rates of fertilizers applied to the number of flowers produced per
plant. Table 5 shows that plants applied with 10 tons/ha had the highest number of
flowers with a mean of 3.6 flowers produced per plant, while untreated plants controlled
had the least number of flowers with a mean of 3.0 flowers produced per plant.
Interaction
effect. Interaction effects between the different kinds of organic
fertilizers and different rates of application on the number of flowers produced per plant
were not significant.
Cut Flower Stem Length(cm)
Effect of kind of organic fertilizer. Table 6 shows significant effects of the
different kinds of organic fertilizers on the cut flower stem length. Plants applied with
green vermicompost had the longest cutflower stems with an average of 50.41 cm and a
grade classification of extralong cut flower stem length along with plants applied with
plantmate also having a grade classification of extra long cut flowers with a mean of
43.56 cm. Plants applied with alnus leaves compost had the shortest cut flower stem with
an average length of 25.69 cm and a grade classification of medium cut flowers.
Growth and Flowering of Rose Cv. Grand Gala as Affected by Different Kinds and
Rates of Organic Fertilizer / Charlie G. Lopez 2011
18
Table 5. Number of flowers produced per plant
TREATMENT MEAN
Kind of Organic Fertilizer
Chicken manure 3.28c
Alnus compost 2.78d
Plant mate 3.83a
Horse manure 3.33c
Green vermicompost 3.56b
Rate of Application (t/ha)
0 3.0d
2 3.33c
4 3.40b
6 3.40b
8 3.40b
10 3.60a
Means with the same letter are not significantly different at 5% level by DMRT
Table 6. Cut flowers stem length
TREATMENT MEAN GRADE CLASSIFICATION
(cm)
Kind of Organic Fertilizer
Chicken manure 29.45d Medium
Alnus compost 25.69d Medium
Plant mate 43.56b Extra long
Horse manure 34.92c Long
Green vermicompost 50.41a Extra long
Rate of Application (t/ha)
0 25.75d Medium
2 35.05c Long
4 37.59c Long
6 39.69b Long
8 40.97b Long
10 41.80a Long
Means with the same letter are not significantly different at 5% level by DMRT
Effect of rate of fertilizer application. Results revealed significant differences on
the cut flower stem length as affected by the different rates of fertilizer applied. Plants
Growth and Flowering of Rose Cv. Grand Gala as Affected by Different Kinds and
Rates of Organic Fertilizer / Charlie G. Lopez 2011
19
applied with the rate of 10 tons/ha had the longest cut flower stems with a mean of 41.8
cm. Untreated (control) plants had the shortest cut flowers with a mean of only 25.75 cm;
which only shows that plant nutrition significantly affected the stem length of rose
cutflowers. Only the untreated plants had the grade classification of medium for its
cutflowers; while all the other plants applied with the other fertilizer rates had a grade
classification of long stemmed cut flower.
Interaction
effect. Significant interaction effects were likewise observed, between
the different kinds and rates of fertilizer application on the cut flower stem length at
harvest (Figure 7). Plants applied with green vermicompost at the rate of 10 tons/ha had
the longest cut flower stems with a mean of 60.4 cm; while plants with alnus leaves
compost and the untreated plants has the shortest cut flower stem length with a mean of
23.9 cm respectively.
70
60
50
e
n
g
t
h
(
c
m
chicken manure
40
L
alnus compost
e
m
plantmate
e
r
St
horse manure
30
o
w
green vermicompost
u
t
Fl
C 20
10
0
control
2 tons/ha
4 tons/ha
6 tons/ha
8 tons/ha
10 tons/ha
Rate of Fertilizer Application
Figure 7. Cut flowers stem length at harvest (cm)
Growth and Flowering of Rose Cv. Grand Gala as Affected by Different Kinds and
Rates of Organic Fertilizer / Charlie G. Lopez 2011
20
Vaselife.
Effect of different kinds of organic fertilizer. Table 7 shows the vaselife of rose
cutflowers as affected by different kinds of organic fertilizers. Results revealed highly
significant effect of organic fertilizers on the vaselife of rose cutflowers. Cutflowers from
plants applied with green vermicompost had the longest vaselife with an average of 11.89
days; while cutflowers applied with chicken manure had the shortest vaselife with an
average of 10.94 days from harvesting at calyxflex stage.
Effect of different rates of fertilizer application. Significant differences were
observed on the vaselife of rose cutflowers applied with different rates of organic
fertilizers. Table 7 shows that cutflowers harvested from plants applied with 2 tons/ha, 6
tons/ha, and 10 tons /ha had the longest vaselife and had the same mean of 11.53 days;
while cutflowers harvested from untreated plants had the shortest vaselife with an
average of 10.80 days from holding in tap water only.
Interaction effect. Table 7 shows that there were no significant differences on the
vase life of rose cutflowers as affected by the combined effects of the different kinds of
organic fertilizers and different rates of application.
Occurrence of Insect Pests and Disease.
Insect pests and diseases during the study were identified. The insect pests noted
during the conduct of the study were cutworms, aphids and snout beetles and were
controlled by proper weeding and with irrigation with strong water pressure and manually
picking the insects while the disease observed was powdery mildew which was controlled
by spraying Benlate fungicide.
Growth and Flowering of Rose Cv. Grand Gala as Affected by Different Kinds and
Rates of Organic Fertilizer / Charlie G. Lopez 2011
21
Table 7. Vaselife (days)
TREATMENT MEAN
Kind of Organic Fertilizer
Chicken manure 10.94d
Alnus compost 11.6c
Plant mate 11.72b
Horse manure 11.11c
Green vermicompost 11.89a
Rate of Application (t/ha)
0 10.80c
2 11.53a
4 11.33b
6 11.53a
8 11.33b
10 11.53a
Means with the same letter are not significantly different at 5% level by DMRT
Cost and Return Analysis
The economics of using organic fertilizers at different rates in rose plants cv.
Grand Gala is shown in Table 8. Results show that the highest gross income, net income
and return of investments (R.O.I) was obtained from rose plants applied with plantmate
organic fertilizer at 10 tons/ha with an R.O.I of 288.74%. The lowest R.O.I was obtained
in the plants treated with alnus leaves compost.
Growth and Flowering of Rose Cv. Grand Gala as Affected by Different Kinds and
Rates of Organic Fertilizer / Charlie G. Lopez 2011
22
Table 8. Cost and Return Analysis
TREATMENT MARKETABLE GROSS EXPENSES NET
R.O.I
RANK
YIELD (dozens) SALES (Php)
PROFIT (%)
(Php)
(Php)
Chicken
manure
2tons/ha 4.16
249.60
162.40
87.2
53.69
17
4 tons/ha
3.75
225
162.80
62.2
38
21
6 tons/ha
4.16
249.60
163.20
86.4
52.94
18
8 tons/ha
4.16
249.60
163.60
86
52.56
19
10 tons/ha
4.16
249.60
164
85.6
52.19
20
Alnus compost
2 tons/ha
3.34
200.4
162.40
38
23.40
22
4 tons/ha
3.34
200.4
162.80
37.6
23.10
23
at 6 tons/ha
3.34
200.4
163.20
37.2
22.79
24
at 8 tons/ha
3.34
200.4
163.60
36.8
22.49
25
at 10 tons/ha
4.59
275.4
164
111.4
67.93
16
Plantmate
2tons/ha 4.59
459
165.40
293.6
177.51 10
4 tons/ha
5
600
165.80
434.2
261.88 2
6 tons/ha
5
600
166.20
433.8
261.01 3
8 tons/ha
5
600
166.60
433.4
260.14 4
10 tons/ha
5.41
649.2
167
482.2
288.74 1
Horse manure
2 tons/ha
4.59
459
162.40
296.6
182.64 11
4 tons/ha
4.16
416
162.80
253.2
155.53 12
6 tons/ha
4.16
416
163.20
252.8
154.90 13
8 tons/ha
4.16
416
163.60
252.4
154.28 14
10 tons/ha
4.16
416
164
252
153.66 15
Green
vermicompost
2 tons/ha
4.16
499.2
167.40
331.8
198.21 9
4 tons/ha
5
600
167.80
432.2
257.57 5
6 tons/ha
4.59
550.8
168.20
382.6
227.47 7
8 tons/ha
4.49
550.8
168.60
382.2
226.69 8
10 tons/ha
5
600
169
431
255.03 6
Retail prices: Short = Php 40.00/dozen, Medium = Php 60.00/dozen, Long = Php
100/dozen, Extra long = Php 120/dozen
Growth and Flowering of Rose Cv. Grand Gala as Affected by Different Kinds and
Rates of Organic Fertilizer / Charlie G. Lopez 2011
23
SUMMARY CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
Summary
The study was conducted at the Ornamental Horticulture Area at Benguet State
University, La Trinidad Benguet from January 2010 to October 2010 to determine the
effect of the different kinds of organic fertilizers applied with the different rates of
application on the growth and flowering of rose cv. Grand Gala.
Results showed that there were significant interaction effects between the kind of
organic fertilizer and rate of application on the final height at flowering duration from
pruning to flower-bud formation, flower bud development, and cutflower stem length.
Rose plants applied with plantmate and green vermicompost at 10 tons/ha had the tallest
plants, had the earliest durations from planting to flower bud formation; were the earliest
plants to reach flower-bud formation from pruning date, had the shortest days from
flower bud formation to calyx flex stage, and had the longest cutflower stems at harvest.
There were no significant interaction effect between the kind of fertilizer and rate of
application on the number of flowers produced and vase life of cutflowers.
Cost and return analysis also revealed that a favorable Return on Investments
(R.O.I) was also obtained in plants treated with plantmate at 10 tons/ha having the
highest R.O.I of 288.74%.
Conclusion
Rose cv. Grand Gala applied with plantmate at the rate of 10 tons/ha had the
highest R.O.I of 288.74% compared to the plants applied with chicken manure, alnus
compost, horse manure, and green vermicompost with the different rates of fertilizer
Growth and Flowering of Rose Cv. Grand Gala as Affected by Different Kinds and
Rates of Organic Fertilizer / Charlie G. Lopez 2011
24
applications due to the highest number of flowers produced per plant classified as extra
long stemmed which had higher price in the market.
Recommendation
Based on the preceding results, it is recommended that 10 tons/ha of plantmate
should be applied in rose plants Cv. Grand Gala for cut flower production to increase cut
flower yield and produce extra long cut flower grade. It is also further recommended that
these different kinds of organic fertilizers and different rates of fertilizer application
should be verified using other rose varieties under La Trinidad, Benguet condition.
Growth and Flowering of Rose Cv. Grand Gala as Affected by Different Kinds and
Rates of Organic Fertilizer / Charlie G. Lopez 2011
25
LITERATURE CITED
BALCO, G. R. 1986. Non-metallic minerals: Fertilizer research. Philippine Council for
Agriculture and Resources Research and Development. National Council for
Agriculture and Resource Development. National Science and Technology
Authority. Los Baños, Laguna. P. 76.
BAUTISTA, O. K. 1983. Introduction to Tropical Horticulture. University of the
Philippines, Los Banos, Laguna. P 100.
BRITANICA. 2010. Description of Rose. Retrieved January 7, 2010 from
www.britanica.com/EBchecked/topic/509710/Rose.
BUCU, G. S. 1991. Kinds and Sources of Organic Materials. Golden Root Newsletter 3
(2): 1, 2, 9.
DIDA, N. C. 1998. Management of black surf of potato using alnus compost as soil
conditioner. BS Thesis. Benguet State University, La Trinidad, Benguet. P. 6.
JAIN IRRIGATION SYSTEMS LTD. 2010. Organic Farming. Retrieved January 7,
2010 from http:jisl.co.in/Agricultural%20services/vermicompost.htm.
MANG-OSAN, J. B. 1996. Effects of organic and inorganic fertilizer on growth and
flowering of English daisy. BS Thesis. Benguet State University, La Trinidad,
Benguet. P. 5.
MARCELINO, B. C. 1995. Effect of different organic matters on the growth yield of
NCT 8 Japonica rice Benguet. P. 5.
TRADE KEY. 2010. Plantmate Organic Fertilizer. Retrieved January 7, 2010 from
http://www.tradekey.com/product_view/id/94931.htm.
WIKIPEDIA. 2010. Horticultural Description of Rose. Retrieved January 7, 2010 from
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rose.
BALCO, G. R. 1986. Non-metallic minerals: Fertilizer research. Philippine Council for
Agriculture and Resources Research and Development. National Council for
Agriculture and Resource Development. National Science and Technology
Authority. Los Baños, Laguna. P. 76.
BAUTISTA, O. K. 1983. Introduction to Tropical Horticulture. University of the
Philippines, Los Banos, Laguna. P 100.
Growth and Flowering of Rose Cv. Grand Gala as Affected by Different Kinds and
Rates of Organic Fertilizer / Charlie G. Lopez 2011
26
BRITANICA. 2010. Description of Rose. Retrieved January 7, 2010 from
www.britanica.com/EBchecked/topic/509710/Rose.
BUCU, G. S. 1991. Kinds and Sources of Organic Materials. Golden Root Newsletter 3
(2): 1, 2, 9.
DIDA, N. C. 1998. Management of black surf of potato using alnus compost as soil
conditioner. BS Thesis. Benguet State University, La Trinidad, Benguet. P. 6.
JAIN IRRIGATION SYSTEMS LTD. 2010. Organic Farming. Retrieved January 7,
2010 from http:jisl.co.in/Agricultural%20services/vermicompost.htm.
MANG-OSAN, J. B. 1996. Effects of organic and inorganic fertilizer on growth and
flowering of English daisy. BS Thesis. Benguet State University, La Trinidad,
Benguet. P. 5.
MARCELINO, B. C. 1995. Effect of different organic matters on the growth yield of
NCT 8 Japonica rice Benguet. P. 5.
TRADE KEY. 2010. Plantmate Organic Fertilizer. Retrieved January 7, 2010 from
http://www.tradekey.com/product_view/id/94931.htm.
WIKIPEDIA. 2010. Horticultural Description of Rose. Retrieved January 7, 2010 from
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rose.
Growth and Flowering of Rose Cv. Grand Gala as Affected by Different Kinds and
Rates of Organic Fertilizer / Charlie G. Lopez 2011
27
APPENDICES
Appendix Table 1. Final height at flowering (cm)
TREATMENT
REPLICATION
TOTAL
MEAN
I III
III
Chicken
manure
Control
76.3
74.7
73.1
224.1
74.70
2 tons/ha
81.2
82.3
81.7
245.2
81.73
4 tons/ha
81.3
82.4
81.3
245.00
81.67
6 tons/ha
79.7
80.1
81.3
241.1
80.37
8 tons/ha
80.2
81.00
80.3
241.5
80.50
10 tons/ha
81.2
80.2
82.00
243.4
81.13
Alnus
compost
Control
76.13
75.7
73.2
225.20
75.07
2 tons/ha
79.3
78.7
78.3
236.3
78.77
4 tons/ha
79.4
81.3
79
239.7
79.90
6 tons/ha
80
80.7
79.3
241.9
80.63
8 tons/ha
80.1
79.3
80
239.4
79.80
10 tons/ha
81.3
81.7
80
243
81.00
Plantmate
Control
74.3
78.8
75.6
228.7
76.23
2 tons/ha
83.7
83.4
83.9
251
83.67
4 tons/ha
84.2
83.6
84.7
252.5
84.17
6 tons/ha
84.3
83
84.8
252.1
84.03
8 tons/ha
84.1
85.2
85.6
254.9
84.97
10 tons/ha
85.3
85.8
86.1
257.2
85.73
Horse
manure
Control
77.4
73.3
76.7
227.4
75.80
2 tons/ha
82.3
82.7
80.1
245.1
81.70
4 tons/ha
82.2
82.4
82.3
246.9
82.30
6 tons/ha
82.3
82.7
83.2
248.2
82.73
8 tons/ha
80.3
82.7
83.4
246.4
82.13
10 tons/ha
82.3
82.8
82.7
247.8
82.60
Growth and Flowering of Rose Cv. Grand Gala as Affected by Different Kinds and
Rates of Organic Fertilizer / Charlie G. Lopez 2011
28
Appendix Table 1. Continued…
TREATMENT
REPLICATION
TOTAL
MEAN
I II III
Green
vermicompost
Control
75.3
77.3
76.7
229.3
76.43
2 tons/ha
83.7
83.4
83.1
250.2
83.40
4 tons/ha
83.8
84.2
84.6
252.6
84.20
6 tons/ha
84.8
85.2
85.6
255.6
85.20
8 tons/ha
85.3
85.9
84.9
256.1
85.37
10 tons/ha
85.2
85.8
86.2
257.2
85.73
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCE OF DEGREES
SUM OF
MEAN OF
COMPUTED PROB
VARIATION OF
SQUARE
SQUARE
F
FREEDOM
Factor A
4
247.919
61.980
62.3957
0.0000
Factor
B 5
608.114 121.623 122.4391 0.0000
AB 20 41.016
2.051
2.0646
0.0162
Error 60 59.600
0.993
TOTAL 89
956.649
Coefficient of variation: 1.22%
Appendix Table 2. Final number of stems at flowering
TREATMENT
REPLICATION
TOTAL
MEAN
I III
III
Chicken
manure
Control
6
6
7
19
6.33
2 tons/ha
7
8
7
22
7.33
4 tons/ha
7
8
8
23
7.67
6 tons/ha
8
8
7
23
7.67
8 tons/ha
8
7
7
22
7.33
10 tons/ha
8
7
8
23
7.67
Alnus
compost
Control
6
7
7
20
6.67
2 tons/ha
6
6
7
19
6.33
4 tons/ha
7
7
8
22
7.33
Growth and Flowering of Rose Cv. Grand Gala as Affected by Different Kinds and
Rates of Organic Fertilizer / Charlie G. Lopez 2011
29
6 tons/ha
6
7
7
20
6.67
8 tons/ha
6
6
7
19
6.33
10 tons/ha
7
7
6
20
6.67
Plantmate
Control
6
6
6
18
6.00
2 tons/ha
7
8
7
22
7.33
4 tons/ha
7
8
8
23
7.67
6 tons/ha
7
9
8
24
8.00
8 tons/ha
7
7
7
21
7.00
10 tons/ha
8
7
8
23
7.67
Horse
manure
Control
7
7
6
20
6.67
2 tons/ha
7
7
8
22
7.33
4 tons/ha
8
7
7
22
7.33
6 tons/ha
7
8
8
23
7.67
8 tons/ha
7
7
8
22
7.33
10 tons/ha
7
8
8
23
7.67
Green
vermicompost
Control
6
7
6
19
6.33
2 tons/ha
7
7
7
21
7.00
4 tons/ha
8
7
7
22
7.33
6 tons/ha
8
8
7
23
7.67
8 tons/ha
8
8
8
24
8.00
10 tons/ha
8
7
7
22
7.33
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCE OF DEGREES
SUM OF
MEAN OF
COMPUTED PROB
VARIATION OF
SQUARE
SQUARE
F
FREEDOM
Factor
A
4
5.933 1.483 4.7679 0.0021
Factor B
5
13.156
2.631
8.4571
0.0000
AB
20
7.400 0.370 1.1893 0.2949
Error 60 18.667
0.311
TOTAL 89
45.156
Coefficient of variation: 7.77%
Growth and Flowering of Rose Cv. Grand Gala as Affected by Different Kinds and
Rates of Organic Fertilizer / Charlie G. Lopez 2011
30
Appendix Table 3. Number of days from planting to flower bud formation
TREATMENT
REPLICATION
TOTAL
MEAN
I III
III
Chicken
manure
Control
51
50
51
152
50.67
2 tons/ha
48
49
49
146
48.67
4 tons/ha
48
47
48
143
47.67
6 tons/ha
47
48
47
142
47.33
8 tons/ha
50
47
48
145
48.33
10 tons/ha
49
47
48
144
48.00
Alnus
compost
Control
50
48
50
148
49.33
2 tons/ha
49
49
50
148
49.33
4 tons/ha
49
48
48
145
48.33
6 tons/ha
48
49
47
144
48.00
8 tons/ha
49
49
48
146
48.67
10 tons/ha
48
49
47
144
48.00
Plantmate
Control
51
50
50
151
50.33
2 tons/ha
47
46
46
139
46.33
4 tons/ha
47
47
46
140
46.67
6 tons/ha
46
46
47
139
46.33
8 tons/ha
47
46
46
139
46.33
10 tons/ha
45
45
46
136
45.33
Horse
manure
Control
49
50
49
148
49.33
2 tons/ha
47
49
48
144
48.00
4 tons/ha
50
49
47
146
48.67
6 tons/ha
49
48
48
146
48.67
8 tons/ha
49
48
49
146
48.67
10 tons/ha
47
48
48
143
47.67
Green
vermicompost
Control
49
50
50
149
49.67
2 tons/ha
44
46
46
136
45.33
4 tons/ha
45
46
46
137
45.67
6 tons/ha
45
45
45
136
45.33
8 tons/ha
46
45
46
137
45.67
10 tons/ha
45
45
46
136
47.33
Growth and Flowering of Rose Cv. Grand Gala as Affected by Different Kinds and
Rates of Organic Fertilizer / Charlie G. Lopez 2011
31
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCE OF DEGREES
SUM OF
MEAN OF
COMPUTED PROB
VARIATION OF
SQUARE
SQUARE
F
FREEDOM
Factor
A 4
90.556 22.639 36.3839 0.0000
Factor
B 5
87.789 17.558 28.2179 0.0000
AB 20 34.378
1.719
2.7625
0.0013
Error 60
37.33 0.622
TOTAL 89
250.056
Coefficient of variation: 1.65%
Appendix Table 4. Number of days from flower bud formation to calyx flex stage
TREATMENT
REPLICATION
TOTAL
MEAN
I III
III
Chicken
manure
Control
22
23
22
67
22.33
2 tons/ha
20
22
21
63
21.00
4 tons/ha
21
22
22
65
21.67
6 tons/ha
21
20
21
62
20.67
8 tons/ha
22
20
21
63
21.00
10 tons/ha
21
22
20
63
21.00
Alnus
compost
Control
21
20
21
62
20.67
2 tons/ha
20
21
21
62
20.67
4 tons/ha
21
20
20
61
20.33
6 tons/ha
21
21
21
63
21.00
8 tons/ha
22
21
20
63
21.00
10 tons/ha
21
21
21
63
21.00
Plantmate
Control
21
22
21
64
21.33
2 tons/ha
20
20
21
62
20.67
4 tons/ha
20
19
20
59
19.67
6 tons/ha
20
20
20
60
20.00
8 tons/ha
19
20
18
59
19.67
10 tons/ha
18
19
18
55
18.53
Horse
manure
Control
21
22
20
63
21.00
2 tons/ha
21
20
21
62
20.67
Growth and Flowering of Rose Cv. Grand Gala as Affected by Different Kinds and
Rates of Organic Fertilizer / Charlie G. Lopez 2011
32
4 tons/ha
20
20
21
61
20.33
6 tons/ha
21
20
19
60
20.00
8 tons/ha
21
20
21
62
20.67
10 tons/ha
20
20
21
61
20.33
Green
vermicompost
Control
21
21
20
62
20.67
2 tons/ha
20
20
19
59
19.67
4 tons/ha
20
19
20
59
19.67
6 tons/ha
20
20
19
59
19.67
8 tons/ha
20
19
19
58
19.33
10 tons/ha
19
18
18
55
18.33
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCE OF DEGREES
SUM OF
MEAN OF
COMPUTED PROB
VARIATION OF
SQUARE
SQUARE
F
FREEDOM
Factor A
4
34.156
8.539
19.7051
0.0000
Factor B
5
14.467
3.093
7.1385
0.0000
AB 20 15.978
0.799
1.8436
0.0358
Error 60 26.000
0.43
TOTAL 89
91.600
Coefficient of variation: 3.23%
Appendix Table 5. Number of flowers produced per plant
TREATMENT
REPLICATION
TOTAL
MEAN
I III
III
Chicken
manure
Control
3
3
4
10
3.33
2 tons/ha
3
3
4
10
3.33
4 tons/ha
3
3
3
9
3.00
6 tons/ha
4
3
3
10
3.33
8 tons/ha
4
3
3
10
3.33
10 tons/ha
3
4
3
10
3.33
Alnus
compost
Control
3
3
3
9
3.00
2 tons/ha
2
3
3
8
2.67
4 tons/ha
3
2
3
8
2.67
6 tons/ha
3
2
3
8
2.67
Growth and Flowering of Rose Cv. Grand Gala as Affected by Different Kinds and
Rates of Organic Fertilizer / Charlie G. Lopez 2011
33
8 tons/ha
3
2
3
8
2.67
10 tons/ha
3
3
3
9
3.00
Plantmate
Control
3
3
3
9
3.00
2 tons/ha
4
3
4
11
3.67
4 tons/ha
4
4
4
12
4.00
6 tons/ha
4
4
4
12
4.00
8 tons/ha
4
4
4
12
4.00
10 tons/ha
4
4
5
13
4.33
Horse
manure
Control
3
3
3
9
3.00
2 tons/ha
4
3
4
11
3.67
4 tons/ha
3
3
4
10
3.33
6 tons/ha
4
3
3
10
3.33
8 tons/ha
4
3
3
10
3.33
10 tons/ha
3
4
3
10
3.33
Green
vermicompost
Control
3
3
2
8
2.67
2 tons/ha
4
3
3
10
3.33
4 tons/ha
4
4
4
12
4.00
6 tons/ha
4
3
4
11
3.67
8 tons/ha
4
3
4
11
3.67
10 tons/ha
4
4
4
12
4.00
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCE OF DEGREES
SUM OF
MEAN OF
COMPUTED PROB
VARIATION OF
SQUARE
SQUARE
F
FREEDOM
Factor A
4
10.956
2.739
12.3250
0.0000
Factor
B
5
2.889 0.578 2.6000 0.0341
AB
20
5.444 0.272 1.2250 1.2670
Error 60 13.333
0.222
TOTAL 89
32.622
Coefficient of variation: 14.05%
Growth and Flowering of Rose Cv. Grand Gala as Affected by Different Kinds and
Rates of Organic Fertilizer / Charlie G. Lopez 2011
34
Appendix Table 6. Cut flower stem length (cm)
TREATMENT
REPLICATION
TOTAL
MEAN
I III
III
Chicken
manure
Control
24.3
28.2
25.7
78.2
26.07
2 tons/ha
29.2
22.3
28
79.5
26.50
4 tons/ha
29.7
32.8
30.1
92.6
30.87
6 tons/ha
31.3
33.2
32.8
97.3
32.43
8 tons/ha
30.3
31.2
29.2
90.7
30.23
10 tons/ha
30.3
30.2
31.3
91.8
30.60
Alnus
compost
Control
23.4
22.6
25.7
71.7
23.90
2 tons/ha
22.4
25.6
28
76
25.33
4 tons/ha
28.2
27.1
24.2
79.5
26.50
6 tons/ha
28.3
29.2
22.4
79.9
26.63
8 tons/ha
25.6
27
23.4
76
25.33
10 tons/ha
28.2
26.4
24.7
79.3
26.43
Plantmate
Control
29.3
28.7
28.3
86.3
28.77
2 tons/ha
36.4
38.7
39.5
114.6
38.20
4 tons/ha
43.1
42.3
44.7
130.1
43.37
6 tons/ha
44.5
45.6
43.7
138.8
46.27
8 tons/ha
51.3
52.4
51.67
155.37
51.79
10 tons/ha
52.6
53
53.7
159.3
53.19
Horse
manure
Control
28.3
22.6
23.9
78.4
24.93
2 tons/ha
36.3
35.7
37.8
109.8
36.60
4 tons/ha
36
29.4
37.3
102.7
34.23
6 tons/ha
38.2
32.7
37.6
108.5
36.17
8 tons/ha
36.7
39.4
41.3
117.400
38.47
10 tons/ha
37.7
39.4
38.3
115.4
38.47
Green
vermicompost
Control
22.9
27.2
25.1
75.2
25.07
2 tons/ha
48.6
49.3
47.9
145.8
48.60
4 tons/ha
51
52.3
55.6
158.9
52.97
6 tons/ha
55.3
57.2
58.3
170.8
56.93
8 tons/ha
58.3
59.4
57
175.4
58.47
10 tons/ha
58.4
60.1
62.7
181.2
60.40
Growth and Flowering of Rose Cv. Grand Gala as Affected by Different Kinds and
Rates of Organic Fertilizer / Charlie G. Lopez 2011
35
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCE OF DEGREES
SUM OF
MEAN OF
COMPUTED PROB
VARIATION OF
SQUARE
SQUARE
F
FREEDOM
Factor A
4
7412.921
1853.230
416.8934
0.0000
Factor B
5
2648.445
529.689
119.1562
0.0000
AB 20 1685.022
84.251
18.9527
0.0000
Error 60 266.720
4.445
TOTAL 89
12013.107
Coefficient of variation: 5.73%
Appendix Table 7. Vase life (days)
TREATMENT
REPLICATION
TOTAL
MEAN
I III
III
Chicken
manure
Control
11
10
11
32
10.67
2 tons/ha
11
11
12
34
11.33
4 tons/ha
10
11
11
32
10.67
6 tons/ha
12
10
11
33
11.00
8 tons/ha
10
10
12
32
10.67
10 tons/ha
30.3
30.2
31.3
34
11.33
Alnus
compost
Control
10
11
11
32
10.67
2 tons/ha
11
11
12
34
11.33
4 tons/ha
10
11
11
32
10.67
6 tons/ha
11
12
12
35
11.67
8 tons/ha
11
11
11
33
11.00
10 tons/ha
12
10
11
33
11.00
Plantmate
Control
11
12
11
34
11.33
2 tons/ha
11
12
13
36
12.00
4 tons/ha
11
12
12
35
11.67
6 tons/ha
12
12
12
36
12.00
8 tons/ha
12
11
12
35
11.67
10 tons/ha
12
11
12
35
11.67
Growth and Flowering of Rose Cv. Grand Gala as Affected by Different Kinds and
Rates of Organic Fertilizer / Charlie G. Lopez 2011
36
Horse
manure
Control
11
11
11
33
11.00
2 tons/ha
11
10
11
32
10.67
4 tons/ha
11
12
11
34
11.33
6 tons/ha
10
12
12
34
11.33
8 tons/ha
10
11
12
33
11.00
10 tons/ha
12
11
11
34
11.33
Green
vermicompost
Control
10
11
10
31
10.33
2 tons/ha
13
12
12
37
12.33
4 tons/ha
11
13
13
37
12.33
6 tons/ha
12
12
11
35
11.67
8 tons/ha
13
13
11
37
12.33
10 tons/ha
12
12
13
37
12.33
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCE OF DEGREES
SUM OF
MEAN OF
COMPUTED PROB
VARIATION OF
SQUARE
SQUARE
F
FREEDOM
Factor A
4
13.267
3.317
6.3511
0.0002
Factor
B
5
6.056 1.211 2.3191 0.0542
AB
20
9.667 0.483 0.9255 0.0000
Error 60 31.333
0.522
TOTAL 89
60.322
Coefficient of variation: 6.37%
Growth and Flowering of Rose Cv. Grand Gala as Affected by Different Kinds and
Rates of Organic Fertilizer / Charlie G. Lopez 2011
LOPEZ, CHARLIE G. APRIL 2011. Growth and Flowering of Rose Cv. Grand
Gala as Affected by Different Kinds and Rates of Organic Fertilizer. Benguet State
University, La Trinidad, Benguet.
Adviser: Araceli G. Ladilad, Phd.
ABSTRACT
The study was conducted at the Ornamental Horticulture Research Area at
Benguet State University, La Trinidad, Benguet from June to October 2010 to determine
the growth and flowering of rose as affected by different kinds and rates of organic
fertilizers cv. Grand Gala.
Results showed that there were significant interaction effects between the kind of
organic fertilizer and rate of application on the final height at flowering duration from
pruning to flower-bud formation, flower bud development, and cutflower stem length.
Rose plants applied with plantmate and green vermicompost at 10 tons/ha had the tallest
plants, had the earliest durations from planting to flower bud formation; were the earliest
plants to reach flower-bud formation from pruning date, had the shortest days from
flower bud formation to calyx flex stage, and had the longest cutflower stems at harvest.
There were no significant interaction effect between the kind of fertilizer and rate of
application on the number of flowers produced and vase life of cutflowers.
Cost and return analysis also revealed that a favorable Return on Investments
(R.O.I) was also obtained in plants treated with plantmate at 10 tons/ha having the
highest R.O.I of 288.74%.
Rose cv. Grand Gala applied with plantmate at the rate of 10 tons/ha had the
highest R.O.I of 288.74% compared to the plants applied with chicken manure, alnus
compost, horse manure, and green vermicompost with the different rates of fertilizer
applications due to the highest number of flowers produced per plant classified as extra
long stemmed which had higher price in the market.
Based on the preceding results, it is recommended that 10 tons/ha of plantmate
should be applied in rose plants Cv. Grand Gala for cut flower production to increase cut
flower yield and produce extra long cut flower grade.
ii
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
Bibliography. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . i
Abstract. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . i
Table of Contents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . iii
INTRODUCTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
REVIEW OF LITTERATURE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
MATERIALS AND METHODS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
DOCUMENTATION OF THE STUDY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
RESULTS AND DISSCUSSION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
Final Height of the Plant at Flowering (cm) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
Final Number of Stems per Plant at Flowering . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
Number of Days from Flower Bud Formation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
Days from Flower Bud Formation
to Calyx Flex Stage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
Number of Flowers Produced per Plant . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
Stem Length (cm) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
Vase Life (days) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
Occurrence of Insect Pest and Diseases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
Cost and Return Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
24
Recommendation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
25
LITTERATURE CITED . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
26
APPENDICES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
27
INTRODUCTION
A rose is a perennial flower shrub or vine of the genus Rosa, within the family
Rosaceae that contains over 100 species and comes in a variety of colours. The species
from a group of erect shrubs, and climbing or trailing plants, with stems that are often
armed with sharp prickles. Most are native to Asia, with smaller numbers of species
native to Europe, North America, and northwest Africa. Natives, cultivars and hybrids are
all widely grown for their beauty and fragrance.
The leaves are alternate and pinnately compound, with sharply toothed oval-
shaped leaflets. The plant’s fleshly edible fruit, which ripens in the late summer through
autumn, is called a rose hip. Rose plants range in size from compact, miniature roses, to
climbers that can reach 7 meters in height. Species from different parts of the world
easily hybridize, which has given rise to the many types of garden roses.
The name rose comes from French, itself from Latin, rosa, which was borrowed
from Oscan, from Greek rhodion (Aeolic wrodion), from Old Persian wurdi “flower” (cf.
Avest. Warda, Sogdian ward, Parthian wâr).
Roses are erect, climbing, or trailing shrubs with stems that are usually copiously
armed with prickles of various shapes and sizes that are called thorns. The plant’s leaves
are alternate and pinnately compound (i.e., feather-formed). The rather oval leaflets are
sharply toothed. The rose plant’s fleshly, sometimes edible, berrylike “fruit” (actually the
floral cup) is known as a hip.
No other flower is so universally known and admired as that of the rose. Its
blossoms range in colour from white through various tones of yellow and pink to dark
crimson and maroon. Many varieties have been bred with beautiful blends of colour.
Growth and Flowering of Rose Cv. Grand Gala as Affected by Different Kinds and
Rates of Organic Fertilizer / Charlie G. Lopez 2011
2
Rose flowers’ size range from tiny miniatures 1.25 cm (0.5 inch) in diameter to flowers
measuring more than 17.5 cm (7 inches) across. Roses have a delightful fragrance, which
varies according to the variety and to climatic conditions.
Roses can become infected by a number of diseases, most of them caused by
fungi. Powdery mildew appears as a grayish white moldlike growth on the surface of
young leaves and stems. Black spot fungus appears as conspicuous black spots on the
leaves causes them to fall off. Rust is also a common disease of roses.
Organic fertilizers are derived from organic waste. Organic fertilizers have an
advantage over chemical ones because they are renewable. On the other hand, inorganic
fertilizers are not renewable and soil fertility gradually declines as a result of their
continued application.
Organic fertilizers supply some amount of nutrient requirements of the crop and
promote favourable soil properties. Thus, the study will try to find the organic fertilizers
that are favourable to the growth and yield of rose.
The study was conducted to:
1. determine the effects of the different kinds and rates of organic fertilizer on the
growth, flowering, and yield of rose; and
2. determine the best organic fertilizer/s that will promote vegetative growth,
flowering and improve yield in rose.
3. determine the economics of using Plantmate and other organic fertilizers in
rose production.
Growth and Flowering of Rose Cv. Grand Gala as Affected by Different Kinds and
Rates of Organic Fertilizer / Charlie G. Lopez 2011
3
REVIEW OF LITERATURE
Organic Fertilizers
Organic fertilizers are derived from organic waste such as plant residues and
animal waste. Organic fertilizers have an advantage over chemical ones because they are
renewable, inorganic fertilizers on the other hand are not renewable, and soil fertility
gradually declines as a result of their continued application (Balco, 1986).
Marcelino (1995) found out that organic fertilizers supplies same amount of
nutrient requirements of the crop and promote favourable soil properties such as
granulation, efficient aeration, easy root penetration and more improved water holding
capacity of the soil. He also pointed out that farm manure is available to crops because of
its nitrogen content and influence on the soil.
Bucu (1991) stated that in general, the kinds of organic materials according to
source are crop residues, green manure, swine manure, chicken manure, common
compost, used mushroom compost, municipal refuse, residues after oil extraction, and
residues from processing animal products.
The most common natural organic fertilizers in the Philippines are chicken
manure, hog manure, and sunflower compost, chicken manure is extensively used in
Benguet province than any other kind of manure (Bautista, 1983).
Importance of Organic Fertilizers
Alnus compost is abundant in the highlands that can be a perfect organic nitrogen
source. It is easy to compost and it hastens decomposition (Pandosen, 1986 as cited by
Marcelino (1995). At present, alnus compost has been discovered as a good source of
Growth and Flowering of Rose Cv. Grand Gala as Affected by Different Kinds and
Rates of Organic Fertilizer / Charlie G. Lopez 2011
4
organic fertilizer; it is also friendly to the environment and also controls some plant
disease. In addition, alnus compost is more economical to farmers than inorganic inputs
because they can plant trees for the production of their own compost, thus helping in
reforestation and restoration of the ozone layer. A study conducted by Dida (1998)
reported that population and incidence of black scurf on potato tuber with increasing
level of alnus compost applied.
Earlier findings of Mang-osan (1996) on English daisy showed that application of
two (2) tons per ha chicken manure significantly produced taller plants, higher sucker
count, promoted earlier flower development and produced more flower per plant. It also
increased soil pH significantly.
Plantmate Organic Fertilizer
Plant mate organic fertilizer product is the result of an accelerated decomposition
of biodegradable materials, both of plant and animal origin, through an advanced
biofermentation process involving more than twenty (20) naturally-occurring beneficial
microorganisms. To enhance its efficacy as a fertilizer chelated trace elements, enzymes,
growth promotants and other compounds were added to fortify the mixture.
Its chemical properties are as follows:
-Total nitrogen
2.44%
-Total magnesium
0.19%
-Total phosphorus
3.74%
-Amino acids – adequate and balance
-Total potassium
3.61%
-Micronutrients – adequate and balance
-Total calcium
4.46%
Growth and Flowering of Rose Cv. Grand Gala as Affected by Different Kinds and
Rates of Organic Fertilizer / Charlie G. Lopez 2011
5
Green V. Organic Fertilizer
Vermicompost is an organic manure (bio-fertilizer) produced as the vermicast by
earthworm feeding on biological waste materials or plant residues. This compost is an
odourless, clean, organic material containing adequate quantities of N, P, K and several
micronutrients essential for plant growth. Vermicompost is a preffered nutrient source for
organic farming. It is eco-friendly, non-toxic, consumes low energy input for composting
and is a recycled biological product. Green V is a 100% Vermicast Organic Fertilizer.
This is not mixed with compost or chemical elements. This may be directly applied to the
soil (basal application) or mixed with compost and resold as mixed organic fertilizer,
fortified with vermicast (JAIN Irrigation Systems LTD, 2010).
The study was conducted at the Ornamental Horticulture Research Area at
Benguet State University, La Trinidad, Benguet from June to October 2010.
Growth and Flowering of Rose Cv. Grand Gala as Affected by Different Kinds and
Rates of Organic Fertilizer / Charlie G. Lopez 2011
6
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Materials
The materials used in the study were rose plants (2 year old), garden soil; chicken
dung, plantmate, alnus leaves compost, and horse manure, plastic pots and labelling
materials.
Method
The study was laid out in a Randomized Complete block design (RCBD) in
factorial arrangement with six (6) replications per treatment. Factor A were the kinds of
organic fertilizers and factor B were the rates of application.
Factor A– Kind of Organic Fertilizers
T1- Chicken manure
T2 - Alnus compost
T3- Plantmate
T4- Horse manure
T5- Green V. (100% pure worm castings)
Factor B- Rate of Application (t/ha)
R0-
control
R4- 8
R1- 2
R5- 10
R2- 4
R3-6
Growth and Flowering of Rose Cv. Grand Gala as Affected by Different Kinds and
Rates of Organic Fertilizer / Charlie G. Lopez 2011
7
Data Gathered
1. Final height of the plant (cm) at flowering. This was taken by measuring the
height of the plant at the base of the tip of the flower at 50% anthesis.
2. Final number of stems per plant at flowering. The number of stems per plant
was counted for the duration of the study.
3. Number of days from planting to flower bud formation. (1 cm bud size) was
obtained by counting the number of days from planting until flower bud formation will be
observed.
4. Number of days from flower bud formation to calyx flex stage and at loose bud
size (harvesting stage). This was obtained by counting the number of days from planting
until flower bud formation to calyx flex stage and at loose bud size.
5. Number of flowers produced per plant. All the fully developed flowers during
the duration of the experiment were recorded.
6. Cutflower stem length (cm). This was obtained by measuring the stem length of
each cut flower and was classified according to grade classification of roses as follows:
Grade Stem length (cm)
Short
18-24
Medium 25-32
Long
33-42
Extra
long
43-60
7. Vaselife (days). Cut flowers were harvested at 50% anthesis where vase life
was obtained under laboratory conditions. Tap water was be used as holding solution.
Growth and Flowering of Rose Cv. Grand Gala as Affected by Different Kinds and
Rates of Organic Fertilizer / Charlie G. Lopez 2011
8
8. Cost and Return Analysis of the different treatments was taken using
the formula: ROI = Gross Sale – Total Expenses x 100
Total Expenses
9. Documentation of the study was done through pictures.
Figure 1. Overview of Rose plants at flowering
Growth and Flowering of Rose Cv. Grand Gala as Affected by Different Kinds and
Rates of Organic Fertilizer / Charlie G. Lopez 2011
9
Figure 2. Overview of Rose plants applied with plantmate organic fertilizer
Figure 3. Overview of Rose applied with horse manure and green vermicompost at
10 tons/ha.
Growth and Flowering of Rose Cv. Grand Gala as Affected by Different Kinds and
Rates of Organic Fertilizer / Charlie G. Lopez 2011
10
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Final Height of the Plant at Flowering
Effect of kind of fertilizer. Table 1 shows the final height of roses at flowering as
affected by organic fertilizers. Results revealed that there were highly significant effects
of organic fertilizers on the final height of roses at flowering. Specifically, it was revealed
that roses applied with green vermicompost were the tallest at flowering followed by
roses applied with plantmate organic fertilizer with an average height of 83.39 cm and
83.13 cm, respectively. However, roses applied with chicken manure and alnus leaves
compost were the shortest with an average height of 80.01 cm and 79.19 cm at flowering.
Effect of rate of fertilizer application. Result show that roses applied with 10 t/ha
of organic fertilizer were significantly taller with an average height of 83.24 cm as
compared to the untreated plants. Among the treated plants however, those applied with
2, 4, 6, and 8 tons/ha had comparable plant height means of 81.85, 82.45, 82.59, and
82.55 cm. The untreated plants were the shortest at 75.65 cm which shows that plant
nutrition significantly affected the final height of the rose plants.
Interaction effect. Statistical analysis revealed the highly significant effects on
the interaction of the different kinds of organic fertilizers and the different rates of
application on the final height of roses at flowering (figure 4). Specifically, roses that
were applied with plantmate at 10 tons/ha as well as those applied with green
vermicompost at 10 tons/ha were the tallest with an average height of 85.33 cm. On the
other hand, roses applied with alnus leaves compost only in all rates of application were
the shortest with an average height of 74.70 cm.
Growth and Flowering of Rose Cv. Grand Gala as Affected by Different Kinds and
Rates of Organic Fertilizer / Charlie G. Lopez 2011
11
Table1. Final height at flowering
TREATMENT MEAN
(cm)
Kind of Organic Fertilizer
Chicken manure 80.02c
Alnus compost 79.19c
Plantmate 83.13a
Horse manure 81.21b
Green vermicompost 83.39a
Rate of Application (tons/ha)
0 75.65d
2 81.85c
4 82.45b
6 82.60b
8 82.55b
10 83.24a
Means with the same letter are not significantly different at 5% level by DMRT
88
86
84
(
c
m 82
e
r
i
n
g
80
chicken manure
alnus compost
t
f
l
ow 78
a
plantmate
i
ght
horse manure
76
l
he
green vermicompost
f
i
na 74
72
70
68
control
2 tons/ha
4 tons/ha
6 tons/ha
8 tons/ha
10 tons/ha
rate of fertilizer application
Figure 4.Final height at flowering (cm)
Growth and Flowering of Rose Cv. Grand Gala as Affected by Different Kinds and
Rates of Organic Fertilizer / Charlie G. Lopez 2011
12
Final Number of Stems at Flowering
Effect of kind of organic fertilizer. The effect of the different kinds of organic
fertilizers applied on the number of stems of rose plants at flowering were significant as
shown in Table 2. Plants applied with plantmate and green vermicompost had the highest
number of stems at flowering, both having a mean of 7.28 stems; while plants applied
with alnus leaves compost have the least number of stems counted at flowering with a
mean of 6.67 stems per plant.
Effect of rate of fertilizer application. Again, table 2 shows significant differences
on the number of stems produced per plant at flowering as affected by the rate of organic
fertilizers applied. Plants treated with organic fertilizers at the rate of 6 tons/ha had the
highest number of stems wit a mean of 7.53, while untreated plants had the lowest
number of stems with a mean of 6.40.
Table 2. Final number of stems at flowering
TREATMENT MEAN
Kind of Organic Fertilizer
Chicken manure 7.33b
Alnus compost 6.67c
Plant mate 7.28a
Horse manure 7.33b
Green vermicompost 7.28a
Rate of Application (t/ha)
0 6.40d
2 7.07c
4 7.47b
6 7.53a
8 7.20c
10 7.40b
Means with the same letter are not significantly different at 5% level by DMRT
Growth and Flowering of Rose Cv. Grand Gala as Affected by Different Kinds and
Rates of Organic Fertilizer / Charlie G. Lopez 2011
13
Interaction effect. The combined effects of the different kinds and rates of organic
fertilizers applied in rose plants used did not significantly affected the number of stems
produced per plant at flowering.
Number of Days from Planting to Flower Bud Formation
Effect of kind of organic fertilizer. Significant differences were obtained on the
effect of the different kinds of organic fertilizers applied on the number of days from
planting to flower bud formation. As shown in Table 3 plants applied with chicken
manure, alnus leaves compost, and horse manure had significantly delayed flower bud
formation with means of 48.44, 48.61, and 48.5 days; respectively, while plants applied
with plantmate and green vermicompost had significantly earlier durations to flower bud
formation from pruning date with means of 46.90 and 46.17 days respectively.
Effect of rate of fertilizer application. Table 3 shows significant differences on the
effect of the different rates of fertilizers applied in roses on the number of days to flower
bud formation from pruning date. Plants applied with 10 tons/ha had the earliest duration
to flower bud formation with a mean of 46.87 days, while the untreated plants (contol)
took the longest durations to flower bud formation with a mean of 49.88 days from
pruning date.
Interaction effect. Statistical analysis revealed highly significant effects on the
interaction between the different kinds of organic fertilizers and the different rates of
application on the number of days to flower bud formation (figure 5). Plants applied with
plantmate and green vermicompost at 10 tons/ha were the earliest to reach flower bud
formation with a mean of 45.33 days, while the untreated plants (control) had the longest
duration to flower bud formation with a mean of 50.67 days from pruning date.
Growth and Flowering of Rose Cv. Grand Gala as Affected by Different Kinds and
Rates of Organic Fertilizer / Charlie G. Lopez 2011
14
Table 3. Days from planting to flower-bud formation
TREATMENT MEAN
Kind of Organic Fertilizer
Chicken manure 48.44a
Alnus compost 48.61a
Plant mate 46.89b
Horse manure 48.500a
Green vermicompost 46.167a
Rate of application t/ha
0 49.87a
2 47.53b
4 47.40c
6 47.13c
8 47.53b
10 46.87d
Means with the same letter are not significantly different at 5% level by DMRT
52
51
50
49
48
ys
chicken manure
da
alnus compost
47
plantmate
b
e
r
of
horse manure
n
um
green vermicompost
46
45
44
43
42
control
2 tons/ha
4 tons/ha
6 tons/ha
8 tons/ha
10 ton/ha
rate of fertilizer application
Figure 5. Number of days from planting to flower bud formation
Growth and Flowering of Rose Cv. Grand Gala as Affected by Different Kinds and
Rates of Organic Fertilizer / Charlie G. Lopez 2011
15
Days from Flower Bud Formation to Calyx Flex Stage
Effect of kind of organic fertilizer. Table 4 shows the numbers of days from
flower bud formation to calyx flex stage as affected by organic fertilizers. Results
revealed that there were significant effects of the kind of organic fertilizers applied on
rose plants on the number of days from flower bud formation to calyx flex stage. It was
observed that roses applied with green vermicompost and plantmate had the earliest
durations from flower bud formation to calyx flex stage with means of 19.57 and 19.89
days; respectively; while roses applied with chicken manure had the longest durations
from flower bud formation to calyx flex stage with a mean of 21.28 days.
Effect of rate of fertilizer application. Table 4 shows significant effects of the
different rates of fertilizer application to the number of days from flower bud formation
to calyx flex stage. Plants applied with the rate of 10 tons/ha had the fastest flower
development with a mean of 19.8 days to calyx flex stage from 0.5 cm bud size. Plants
applied with the rate of 2 tons/ha, 4 tons/ha, 6 tons/ha, and 8 tons/ha have showed
comparable results with means of 20.79, 20.33, 20.27, and 20.33 days to calyx flex stage;
respectively. Untreated plants (control) showed a significant delay in flower development
a mean of 21.20 days which was the longest duration from flower bud formation to calyx
flex stage.
Interaction effect. Table 4 shows significant interaction effects between the kinds
of organic fertilizers and different rates of fertilizer application (Figure 6). Roses applied
with plantmate and green vermicompost at 10 tons/ha had the fastest development of
flowers from flower bud formation to calyx flex stage with a mean of 18.33 days; while
Growth and Flowering of Rose Cv. Grand Gala as Affected by Different Kinds and
Rates of Organic Fertilizer / Charlie G. Lopez 2011
16
the unfertilized roses had the longest duration of flower development with a mean of
22.33 days from 1cm bud size.
Table 4. Days from flower bud formation to calyx flex stage
TREATMENT MEAN
Kind of Organic Fertilizer
Chicken manure 21.28a
Alnus compost 20.78b
Plant mate 19.89c
Horse manure 20.50b
Green vermicompost 19.56d
Rate of Application (t/ha)
0 21.20a
2 20.78b
4 20.33b
6 20.27b
8 20.33b
10 19.80c
Means with the same letter are not significantly different at 5% level by DMRT
25
20
y
s 15
chicken manure
da
alnus compost
of
er
plantmate
b
horse manure
m 10
nu
green vermicompost
5
0
control
2 tons/ha
4 tons/ha
6 tons/ha
8 tons/ha
10 tons/ha
rate of fertilizer application
Figure 6. Days from flower bud formation to calyx flex stage
Growth and Flowering of Rose Cv. Grand Gala as Affected by Different Kinds and
Rates of Organic Fertilizer / Charlie G. Lopez 2011
17
Number of Flowers Produced Per Plant
Effect of kind of organic fertilizer. Significant effects were observed on the
number of flowers produced per plant as affected by the different kinds of organic
fertilizers. Table 5 shows that plants applied with plantmate had the highest number of
flowers with an average of 3.83 flowers per plant for the duration of the study; while
plants applied with alnus leaves compost had the least number of flowers with an average
of 2.79 flowers produced per plant.
Effect of rate of fertilizer application. Results showed that there were significant
effects of the different rates of fertilizers applied to the number of flowers produced per
plant. Table 5 shows that plants applied with 10 tons/ha had the highest number of
flowers with a mean of 3.6 flowers produced per plant, while untreated plants controlled
had the least number of flowers with a mean of 3.0 flowers produced per plant.
Interaction
effect. Interaction effects between the different kinds of organic
fertilizers and different rates of application on the number of flowers produced per plant
were not significant.
Cut Flower Stem Length(cm)
Effect of kind of organic fertilizer. Table 6 shows significant effects of the
different kinds of organic fertilizers on the cut flower stem length. Plants applied with
green vermicompost had the longest cutflower stems with an average of 50.41 cm and a
grade classification of extralong cut flower stem length along with plants applied with
plantmate also having a grade classification of extra long cut flowers with a mean of
43.56 cm. Plants applied with alnus leaves compost had the shortest cut flower stem with
an average length of 25.69 cm and a grade classification of medium cut flowers.
Growth and Flowering of Rose Cv. Grand Gala as Affected by Different Kinds and
Rates of Organic Fertilizer / Charlie G. Lopez 2011
18
Table 5. Number of flowers produced per plant
TREATMENT MEAN
Kind of Organic Fertilizer
Chicken manure 3.28c
Alnus compost 2.78d
Plant mate 3.83a
Horse manure 3.33c
Green vermicompost 3.56b
Rate of Application (t/ha)
0 3.0d
2 3.33c
4 3.40b
6 3.40b
8 3.40b
10 3.60a
Means with the same letter are not significantly different at 5% level by DMRT
Table 6. Cut flowers stem length
TREATMENT MEAN GRADE CLASSIFICATION
(cm)
Kind of Organic Fertilizer
Chicken manure 29.45d Medium
Alnus compost 25.69d Medium
Plant mate 43.56b Extra long
Horse manure 34.92c Long
Green vermicompost 50.41a Extra long
Rate of Application (t/ha)
0 25.75d Medium
2 35.05c Long
4 37.59c Long
6 39.69b Long
8 40.97b Long
10 41.80a Long
Means with the same letter are not significantly different at 5% level by DMRT
Effect of rate of fertilizer application. Results revealed significant differences on
the cut flower stem length as affected by the different rates of fertilizer applied. Plants
Growth and Flowering of Rose Cv. Grand Gala as Affected by Different Kinds and
Rates of Organic Fertilizer / Charlie G. Lopez 2011
19
applied with the rate of 10 tons/ha had the longest cut flower stems with a mean of 41.8
cm. Untreated (control) plants had the shortest cut flowers with a mean of only 25.75 cm;
which only shows that plant nutrition significantly affected the stem length of rose
cutflowers. Only the untreated plants had the grade classification of medium for its
cutflowers; while all the other plants applied with the other fertilizer rates had a grade
classification of long stemmed cut flower.
Interaction
effect. Significant interaction effects were likewise observed, between
the different kinds and rates of fertilizer application on the cut flower stem length at
harvest (Figure 7). Plants applied with green vermicompost at the rate of 10 tons/ha had
the longest cut flower stems with a mean of 60.4 cm; while plants with alnus leaves
compost and the untreated plants has the shortest cut flower stem length with a mean of
23.9 cm respectively.
70
60
50
e
n
g
t
h
(
c
m
chicken manure
40
L
alnus compost
e
m
plantmate
e
r
St
horse manure
30
o
w
green vermicompost
u
t
Fl
C 20
10
0
control
2 tons/ha
4 tons/ha
6 tons/ha
8 tons/ha
10 tons/ha
Rate of Fertilizer Application
Figure 7. Cut flowers stem length at harvest (cm)
Growth and Flowering of Rose Cv. Grand Gala as Affected by Different Kinds and
Rates of Organic Fertilizer / Charlie G. Lopez 2011
20
Vaselife.
Effect of different kinds of organic fertilizer. Table 7 shows the vaselife of rose
cutflowers as affected by different kinds of organic fertilizers. Results revealed highly
significant effect of organic fertilizers on the vaselife of rose cutflowers. Cutflowers from
plants applied with green vermicompost had the longest vaselife with an average of 11.89
days; while cutflowers applied with chicken manure had the shortest vaselife with an
average of 10.94 days from harvesting at calyxflex stage.
Effect of different rates of fertilizer application. Significant differences were
observed on the vaselife of rose cutflowers applied with different rates of organic
fertilizers. Table 7 shows that cutflowers harvested from plants applied with 2 tons/ha, 6
tons/ha, and 10 tons /ha had the longest vaselife and had the same mean of 11.53 days;
while cutflowers harvested from untreated plants had the shortest vaselife with an
average of 10.80 days from holding in tap water only.
Interaction effect. Table 7 shows that there were no significant differences on the
vase life of rose cutflowers as affected by the combined effects of the different kinds of
organic fertilizers and different rates of application.
Occurrence of Insect Pests and Disease.
Insect pests and diseases during the study were identified. The insect pests noted
during the conduct of the study were cutworms, aphids and snout beetles and were
controlled by proper weeding and with irrigation with strong water pressure and manually
picking the insects while the disease observed was powdery mildew which was controlled
by spraying Benlate fungicide.
Growth and Flowering of Rose Cv. Grand Gala as Affected by Different Kinds and
Rates of Organic Fertilizer / Charlie G. Lopez 2011
21
Table 7. Vaselife (days)
TREATMENT MEAN
Kind of Organic Fertilizer
Chicken manure 10.94d
Alnus compost 11.6c
Plant mate 11.72b
Horse manure 11.11c
Green vermicompost 11.89a
Rate of Application (t/ha)
0 10.80c
2 11.53a
4 11.33b
6 11.53a
8 11.33b
10 11.53a
Means with the same letter are not significantly different at 5% level by DMRT
Cost and Return Analysis
The economics of using organic fertilizers at different rates in rose plants cv.
Grand Gala is shown in Table 8. Results show that the highest gross income, net income
and return of investments (R.O.I) was obtained from rose plants applied with plantmate
organic fertilizer at 10 tons/ha with an R.O.I of 288.74%. The lowest R.O.I was obtained
in the plants treated with alnus leaves compost.
Growth and Flowering of Rose Cv. Grand Gala as Affected by Different Kinds and
Rates of Organic Fertilizer / Charlie G. Lopez 2011
22
Table 8. Cost and Return Analysis
TREATMENT MARKETABLE GROSS EXPENSES NET
R.O.I
RANK
YIELD (dozens) SALES (Php)
PROFIT (%)
(Php)
(Php)
Chicken
manure
2tons/ha 4.16
249.60
162.40
87.2
53.69
17
4 tons/ha
3.75
225
162.80
62.2
38
21
6 tons/ha
4.16
249.60
163.20
86.4
52.94
18
8 tons/ha
4.16
249.60
163.60
86
52.56
19
10 tons/ha
4.16
249.60
164
85.6
52.19
20
Alnus compost
2 tons/ha
3.34
200.4
162.40
38
23.40
22
4 tons/ha
3.34
200.4
162.80
37.6
23.10
23
at 6 tons/ha
3.34
200.4
163.20
37.2
22.79
24
at 8 tons/ha
3.34
200.4
163.60
36.8
22.49
25
at 10 tons/ha
4.59
275.4
164
111.4
67.93
16
Plantmate
2tons/ha 4.59
459
165.40
293.6
177.51 10
4 tons/ha
5
600
165.80
434.2
261.88 2
6 tons/ha
5
600
166.20
433.8
261.01 3
8 tons/ha
5
600
166.60
433.4
260.14 4
10 tons/ha
5.41
649.2
167
482.2
288.74 1
Horse manure
2 tons/ha
4.59
459
162.40
296.6
182.64 11
4 tons/ha
4.16
416
162.80
253.2
155.53 12
6 tons/ha
4.16
416
163.20
252.8
154.90 13
8 tons/ha
4.16
416
163.60
252.4
154.28 14
10 tons/ha
4.16
416
164
252
153.66 15
Green
vermicompost
2 tons/ha
4.16
499.2
167.40
331.8
198.21 9
4 tons/ha
5
600
167.80
432.2
257.57 5
6 tons/ha
4.59
550.8
168.20
382.6
227.47 7
8 tons/ha
4.49
550.8
168.60
382.2
226.69 8
10 tons/ha
5
600
169
431
255.03 6
Retail prices: Short = Php 40.00/dozen, Medium = Php 60.00/dozen, Long = Php
100/dozen, Extra long = Php 120/dozen
Growth and Flowering of Rose Cv. Grand Gala as Affected by Different Kinds and
Rates of Organic Fertilizer / Charlie G. Lopez 2011
23
SUMMARY CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
Summary
The study was conducted at the Ornamental Horticulture Area at Benguet State
University, La Trinidad Benguet from January 2010 to October 2010 to determine the
effect of the different kinds of organic fertilizers applied with the different rates of
application on the growth and flowering of rose cv. Grand Gala.
Results showed that there were significant interaction effects between the kind of
organic fertilizer and rate of application on the final height at flowering duration from
pruning to flower-bud formation, flower bud development, and cutflower stem length.
Rose plants applied with plantmate and green vermicompost at 10 tons/ha had the tallest
plants, had the earliest durations from planting to flower bud formation; were the earliest
plants to reach flower-bud formation from pruning date, had the shortest days from
flower bud formation to calyx flex stage, and had the longest cutflower stems at harvest.
There were no significant interaction effect between the kind of fertilizer and rate of
application on the number of flowers produced and vase life of cutflowers.
Cost and return analysis also revealed that a favorable Return on Investments
(R.O.I) was also obtained in plants treated with plantmate at 10 tons/ha having the
highest R.O.I of 288.74%.
Conclusion
Rose cv. Grand Gala applied with plantmate at the rate of 10 tons/ha had the
highest R.O.I of 288.74% compared to the plants applied with chicken manure, alnus
compost, horse manure, and green vermicompost with the different rates of fertilizer
Growth and Flowering of Rose Cv. Grand Gala as Affected by Different Kinds and
Rates of Organic Fertilizer / Charlie G. Lopez 2011
24
applications due to the highest number of flowers produced per plant classified as extra
long stemmed which had higher price in the market.
Recommendation
Based on the preceding results, it is recommended that 10 tons/ha of plantmate
should be applied in rose plants Cv. Grand Gala for cut flower production to increase cut
flower yield and produce extra long cut flower grade. It is also further recommended that
these different kinds of organic fertilizers and different rates of fertilizer application
should be verified using other rose varieties under La Trinidad, Benguet condition.
Growth and Flowering of Rose Cv. Grand Gala as Affected by Different Kinds and
Rates of Organic Fertilizer / Charlie G. Lopez 2011
25
LITERATURE CITED
BALCO, G. R. 1986. Non-metallic minerals: Fertilizer research. Philippine Council for
Agriculture and Resources Research and Development. National Council for
Agriculture and Resource Development. National Science and Technology
Authority. Los Baños, Laguna. P. 76.
BAUTISTA, O. K. 1983. Introduction to Tropical Horticulture. University of the
Philippines, Los Banos, Laguna. P 100.
BRITANICA. 2010. Description of Rose. Retrieved January 7, 2010 from
www.britanica.com/EBchecked/topic/509710/Rose.
BUCU, G. S. 1991. Kinds and Sources of Organic Materials. Golden Root Newsletter 3
(2): 1, 2, 9.
DIDA, N. C. 1998. Management of black surf of potato using alnus compost as soil
conditioner. BS Thesis. Benguet State University, La Trinidad, Benguet. P. 6.
JAIN IRRIGATION SYSTEMS LTD. 2010. Organic Farming. Retrieved January 7,
2010 from http:jisl.co.in/Agricultural%20services/vermicompost.htm.
MANG-OSAN, J. B. 1996. Effects of organic and inorganic fertilizer on growth and
flowering of English daisy. BS Thesis. Benguet State University, La Trinidad,
Benguet. P. 5.
MARCELINO, B. C. 1995. Effect of different organic matters on the growth yield of
NCT 8 Japonica rice Benguet. P. 5.
TRADE KEY. 2010. Plantmate Organic Fertilizer. Retrieved January 7, 2010 from
http://www.tradekey.com/product_view/id/94931.htm.
WIKIPEDIA. 2010. Horticultural Description of Rose. Retrieved January 7, 2010 from
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rose.
BALCO, G. R. 1986. Non-metallic minerals: Fertilizer research. Philippine Council for
Agriculture and Resources Research and Development. National Council for
Agriculture and Resource Development. National Science and Technology
Authority. Los Baños, Laguna. P. 76.
BAUTISTA, O. K. 1983. Introduction to Tropical Horticulture. University of the
Philippines, Los Banos, Laguna. P 100.
Growth and Flowering of Rose Cv. Grand Gala as Affected by Different Kinds and
Rates of Organic Fertilizer / Charlie G. Lopez 2011
26
BRITANICA. 2010. Description of Rose. Retrieved January 7, 2010 from
www.britanica.com/EBchecked/topic/509710/Rose.
BUCU, G. S. 1991. Kinds and Sources of Organic Materials. Golden Root Newsletter 3
(2): 1, 2, 9.
DIDA, N. C. 1998. Management of black surf of potato using alnus compost as soil
conditioner. BS Thesis. Benguet State University, La Trinidad, Benguet. P. 6.
JAIN IRRIGATION SYSTEMS LTD. 2010. Organic Farming. Retrieved January 7,
2010 from http:jisl.co.in/Agricultural%20services/vermicompost.htm.
MANG-OSAN, J. B. 1996. Effects of organic and inorganic fertilizer on growth and
flowering of English daisy. BS Thesis. Benguet State University, La Trinidad,
Benguet. P. 5.
MARCELINO, B. C. 1995. Effect of different organic matters on the growth yield of
NCT 8 Japonica rice Benguet. P. 5.
TRADE KEY. 2010. Plantmate Organic Fertilizer. Retrieved January 7, 2010 from
http://www.tradekey.com/product_view/id/94931.htm.
WIKIPEDIA. 2010. Horticultural Description of Rose. Retrieved January 7, 2010 from
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rose.
Growth and Flowering of Rose Cv. Grand Gala as Affected by Different Kinds and
Rates of Organic Fertilizer / Charlie G. Lopez 2011
27
APPENDICES
Appendix Table 1. Final height at flowering (cm)
TREATMENT
REPLICATION
TOTAL
MEAN
I III
III
Chicken
manure
Control
76.3
74.7
73.1
224.1
74.70
2 tons/ha
81.2
82.3
81.7
245.2
81.73
4 tons/ha
81.3
82.4
81.3
245.00
81.67
6 tons/ha
79.7
80.1
81.3
241.1
80.37
8 tons/ha
80.2
81.00
80.3
241.5
80.50
10 tons/ha
81.2
80.2
82.00
243.4
81.13
Alnus
compost
Control
76.13
75.7
73.2
225.20
75.07
2 tons/ha
79.3
78.7
78.3
236.3
78.77
4 tons/ha
79.4
81.3
79
239.7
79.90
6 tons/ha
80
80.7
79.3
241.9
80.63
8 tons/ha
80.1
79.3
80
239.4
79.80
10 tons/ha
81.3
81.7
80
243
81.00
Plantmate
Control
74.3
78.8
75.6
228.7
76.23
2 tons/ha
83.7
83.4
83.9
251
83.67
4 tons/ha
84.2
83.6
84.7
252.5
84.17
6 tons/ha
84.3
83
84.8
252.1
84.03
8 tons/ha
84.1
85.2
85.6
254.9
84.97
10 tons/ha
85.3
85.8
86.1
257.2
85.73
Horse
manure
Control
77.4
73.3
76.7
227.4
75.80
2 tons/ha
82.3
82.7
80.1
245.1
81.70
4 tons/ha
82.2
82.4
82.3
246.9
82.30
6 tons/ha
82.3
82.7
83.2
248.2
82.73
8 tons/ha
80.3
82.7
83.4
246.4
82.13
10 tons/ha
82.3
82.8
82.7
247.8
82.60
Growth and Flowering of Rose Cv. Grand Gala as Affected by Different Kinds and
Rates of Organic Fertilizer / Charlie G. Lopez 2011
28
Appendix Table 1. Continued…
TREATMENT
REPLICATION
TOTAL
MEAN
I II III
Green
vermicompost
Control
75.3
77.3
76.7
229.3
76.43
2 tons/ha
83.7
83.4
83.1
250.2
83.40
4 tons/ha
83.8
84.2
84.6
252.6
84.20
6 tons/ha
84.8
85.2
85.6
255.6
85.20
8 tons/ha
85.3
85.9
84.9
256.1
85.37
10 tons/ha
85.2
85.8
86.2
257.2
85.73
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCE OF DEGREES
SUM OF
MEAN OF
COMPUTED PROB
VARIATION OF
SQUARE
SQUARE
F
FREEDOM
Factor A
4
247.919
61.980
62.3957
0.0000
Factor
B 5
608.114 121.623 122.4391 0.0000
AB 20 41.016
2.051
2.0646
0.0162
Error 60 59.600
0.993
TOTAL 89
956.649
Coefficient of variation: 1.22%
Appendix Table 2. Final number of stems at flowering
TREATMENT
REPLICATION
TOTAL
MEAN
I III
III
Chicken
manure
Control
6
6
7
19
6.33
2 tons/ha
7
8
7
22
7.33
4 tons/ha
7
8
8
23
7.67
6 tons/ha
8
8
7
23
7.67
8 tons/ha
8
7
7
22
7.33
10 tons/ha
8
7
8
23
7.67
Alnus
compost
Control
6
7
7
20
6.67
2 tons/ha
6
6
7
19
6.33
4 tons/ha
7
7
8
22
7.33
Growth and Flowering of Rose Cv. Grand Gala as Affected by Different Kinds and
Rates of Organic Fertilizer / Charlie G. Lopez 2011
29
6 tons/ha
6
7
7
20
6.67
8 tons/ha
6
6
7
19
6.33
10 tons/ha
7
7
6
20
6.67
Plantmate
Control
6
6
6
18
6.00
2 tons/ha
7
8
7
22
7.33
4 tons/ha
7
8
8
23
7.67
6 tons/ha
7
9
8
24
8.00
8 tons/ha
7
7
7
21
7.00
10 tons/ha
8
7
8
23
7.67
Horse
manure
Control
7
7
6
20
6.67
2 tons/ha
7
7
8
22
7.33
4 tons/ha
8
7
7
22
7.33
6 tons/ha
7
8
8
23
7.67
8 tons/ha
7
7
8
22
7.33
10 tons/ha
7
8
8
23
7.67
Green
vermicompost
Control
6
7
6
19
6.33
2 tons/ha
7
7
7
21
7.00
4 tons/ha
8
7
7
22
7.33
6 tons/ha
8
8
7
23
7.67
8 tons/ha
8
8
8
24
8.00
10 tons/ha
8
7
7
22
7.33
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCE OF DEGREES
SUM OF
MEAN OF
COMPUTED PROB
VARIATION OF
SQUARE
SQUARE
F
FREEDOM
Factor
A
4
5.933 1.483 4.7679 0.0021
Factor B
5
13.156
2.631
8.4571
0.0000
AB
20
7.400 0.370 1.1893 0.2949
Error 60 18.667
0.311
TOTAL 89
45.156
Coefficient of variation: 7.77%
Growth and Flowering of Rose Cv. Grand Gala as Affected by Different Kinds and
Rates of Organic Fertilizer / Charlie G. Lopez 2011
30
Appendix Table 3. Number of days from planting to flower bud formation
TREATMENT
REPLICATION
TOTAL
MEAN
I III
III
Chicken
manure
Control
51
50
51
152
50.67
2 tons/ha
48
49
49
146
48.67
4 tons/ha
48
47
48
143
47.67
6 tons/ha
47
48
47
142
47.33
8 tons/ha
50
47
48
145
48.33
10 tons/ha
49
47
48
144
48.00
Alnus
compost
Control
50
48
50
148
49.33
2 tons/ha
49
49
50
148
49.33
4 tons/ha
49
48
48
145
48.33
6 tons/ha
48
49
47
144
48.00
8 tons/ha
49
49
48
146
48.67
10 tons/ha
48
49
47
144
48.00
Plantmate
Control
51
50
50
151
50.33
2 tons/ha
47
46
46
139
46.33
4 tons/ha
47
47
46
140
46.67
6 tons/ha
46
46
47
139
46.33
8 tons/ha
47
46
46
139
46.33
10 tons/ha
45
45
46
136
45.33
Horse
manure
Control
49
50
49
148
49.33
2 tons/ha
47
49
48
144
48.00
4 tons/ha
50
49
47
146
48.67
6 tons/ha
49
48
48
146
48.67
8 tons/ha
49
48
49
146
48.67
10 tons/ha
47
48
48
143
47.67
Green
vermicompost
Control
49
50
50
149
49.67
2 tons/ha
44
46
46
136
45.33
4 tons/ha
45
46
46
137
45.67
6 tons/ha
45
45
45
136
45.33
8 tons/ha
46
45
46
137
45.67
10 tons/ha
45
45
46
136
47.33
Growth and Flowering of Rose Cv. Grand Gala as Affected by Different Kinds and
Rates of Organic Fertilizer / Charlie G. Lopez 2011
31
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCE OF DEGREES
SUM OF
MEAN OF
COMPUTED PROB
VARIATION OF
SQUARE
SQUARE
F
FREEDOM
Factor
A 4
90.556 22.639 36.3839 0.0000
Factor
B 5
87.789 17.558 28.2179 0.0000
AB 20 34.378
1.719
2.7625
0.0013
Error 60
37.33 0.622
TOTAL 89
250.056
Coefficient of variation: 1.65%
Appendix Table 4. Number of days from flower bud formation to calyx flex stage
TREATMENT
REPLICATION
TOTAL
MEAN
I III
III
Chicken
manure
Control
22
23
22
67
22.33
2 tons/ha
20
22
21
63
21.00
4 tons/ha
21
22
22
65
21.67
6 tons/ha
21
20
21
62
20.67
8 tons/ha
22
20
21
63
21.00
10 tons/ha
21
22
20
63
21.00
Alnus
compost
Control
21
20
21
62
20.67
2 tons/ha
20
21
21
62
20.67
4 tons/ha
21
20
20
61
20.33
6 tons/ha
21
21
21
63
21.00
8 tons/ha
22
21
20
63
21.00
10 tons/ha
21
21
21
63
21.00
Plantmate
Control
21
22
21
64
21.33
2 tons/ha
20
20
21
62
20.67
4 tons/ha
20
19
20
59
19.67
6 tons/ha
20
20
20
60
20.00
8 tons/ha
19
20
18
59
19.67
10 tons/ha
18
19
18
55
18.53
Horse
manure
Control
21
22
20
63
21.00
2 tons/ha
21
20
21
62
20.67
Growth and Flowering of Rose Cv. Grand Gala as Affected by Different Kinds and
Rates of Organic Fertilizer / Charlie G. Lopez 2011
32
4 tons/ha
20
20
21
61
20.33
6 tons/ha
21
20
19
60
20.00
8 tons/ha
21
20
21
62
20.67
10 tons/ha
20
20
21
61
20.33
Green
vermicompost
Control
21
21
20
62
20.67
2 tons/ha
20
20
19
59
19.67
4 tons/ha
20
19
20
59
19.67
6 tons/ha
20
20
19
59
19.67
8 tons/ha
20
19
19
58
19.33
10 tons/ha
19
18
18
55
18.33
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCE OF DEGREES
SUM OF
MEAN OF
COMPUTED PROB
VARIATION OF
SQUARE
SQUARE
F
FREEDOM
Factor A
4
34.156
8.539
19.7051
0.0000
Factor B
5
14.467
3.093
7.1385
0.0000
AB 20 15.978
0.799
1.8436
0.0358
Error 60 26.000
0.43
TOTAL 89
91.600
Coefficient of variation: 3.23%
Appendix Table 5. Number of flowers produced per plant
TREATMENT
REPLICATION
TOTAL
MEAN
I III
III
Chicken
manure
Control
3
3
4
10
3.33
2 tons/ha
3
3
4
10
3.33
4 tons/ha
3
3
3
9
3.00
6 tons/ha
4
3
3
10
3.33
8 tons/ha
4
3
3
10
3.33
10 tons/ha
3
4
3
10
3.33
Alnus
compost
Control
3
3
3
9
3.00
2 tons/ha
2
3
3
8
2.67
4 tons/ha
3
2
3
8
2.67
6 tons/ha
3
2
3
8
2.67
Growth and Flowering of Rose Cv. Grand Gala as Affected by Different Kinds and
Rates of Organic Fertilizer / Charlie G. Lopez 2011
33
8 tons/ha
3
2
3
8
2.67
10 tons/ha
3
3
3
9
3.00
Plantmate
Control
3
3
3
9
3.00
2 tons/ha
4
3
4
11
3.67
4 tons/ha
4
4
4
12
4.00
6 tons/ha
4
4
4
12
4.00
8 tons/ha
4
4
4
12
4.00
10 tons/ha
4
4
5
13
4.33
Horse
manure
Control
3
3
3
9
3.00
2 tons/ha
4
3
4
11
3.67
4 tons/ha
3
3
4
10
3.33
6 tons/ha
4
3
3
10
3.33
8 tons/ha
4
3
3
10
3.33
10 tons/ha
3
4
3
10
3.33
Green
vermicompost
Control
3
3
2
8
2.67
2 tons/ha
4
3
3
10
3.33
4 tons/ha
4
4
4
12
4.00
6 tons/ha
4
3
4
11
3.67
8 tons/ha
4
3
4
11
3.67
10 tons/ha
4
4
4
12
4.00
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCE OF DEGREES
SUM OF
MEAN OF
COMPUTED PROB
VARIATION OF
SQUARE
SQUARE
F
FREEDOM
Factor A
4
10.956
2.739
12.3250
0.0000
Factor
B
5
2.889 0.578 2.6000 0.0341
AB
20
5.444 0.272 1.2250 1.2670
Error 60 13.333
0.222
TOTAL 89
32.622
Coefficient of variation: 14.05%
Growth and Flowering of Rose Cv. Grand Gala as Affected by Different Kinds and
Rates of Organic Fertilizer / Charlie G. Lopez 2011
34
Appendix Table 6. Cut flower stem length (cm)
TREATMENT
REPLICATION
TOTAL
MEAN
I III
III
Chicken
manure
Control
24.3
28.2
25.7
78.2
26.07
2 tons/ha
29.2
22.3
28
79.5
26.50
4 tons/ha
29.7
32.8
30.1
92.6
30.87
6 tons/ha
31.3
33.2
32.8
97.3
32.43
8 tons/ha
30.3
31.2
29.2
90.7
30.23
10 tons/ha
30.3
30.2
31.3
91.8
30.60
Alnus
compost
Control
23.4
22.6
25.7
71.7
23.90
2 tons/ha
22.4
25.6
28
76
25.33
4 tons/ha
28.2
27.1
24.2
79.5
26.50
6 tons/ha
28.3
29.2
22.4
79.9
26.63
8 tons/ha
25.6
27
23.4
76
25.33
10 tons/ha
28.2
26.4
24.7
79.3
26.43
Plantmate
Control
29.3
28.7
28.3
86.3
28.77
2 tons/ha
36.4
38.7
39.5
114.6
38.20
4 tons/ha
43.1
42.3
44.7
130.1
43.37
6 tons/ha
44.5
45.6
43.7
138.8
46.27
8 tons/ha
51.3
52.4
51.67
155.37
51.79
10 tons/ha
52.6
53
53.7
159.3
53.19
Horse
manure
Control
28.3
22.6
23.9
78.4
24.93
2 tons/ha
36.3
35.7
37.8
109.8
36.60
4 tons/ha
36
29.4
37.3
102.7
34.23
6 tons/ha
38.2
32.7
37.6
108.5
36.17
8 tons/ha
36.7
39.4
41.3
117.400
38.47
10 tons/ha
37.7
39.4
38.3
115.4
38.47
Green
vermicompost
Control
22.9
27.2
25.1
75.2
25.07
2 tons/ha
48.6
49.3
47.9
145.8
48.60
4 tons/ha
51
52.3
55.6
158.9
52.97
6 tons/ha
55.3
57.2
58.3
170.8
56.93
8 tons/ha
58.3
59.4
57
175.4
58.47
10 tons/ha
58.4
60.1
62.7
181.2
60.40
Growth and Flowering of Rose Cv. Grand Gala as Affected by Different Kinds and
Rates of Organic Fertilizer / Charlie G. Lopez 2011
35
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCE OF DEGREES
SUM OF
MEAN OF
COMPUTED PROB
VARIATION OF
SQUARE
SQUARE
F
FREEDOM
Factor A
4
7412.921
1853.230
416.8934
0.0000
Factor B
5
2648.445
529.689
119.1562
0.0000
AB 20 1685.022
84.251
18.9527
0.0000
Error 60 266.720
4.445
TOTAL 89
12013.107
Coefficient of variation: 5.73%
Appendix Table 7. Vase life (days)
TREATMENT
REPLICATION
TOTAL
MEAN
I III
III
Chicken
manure
Control
11
10
11
32
10.67
2 tons/ha
11
11
12
34
11.33
4 tons/ha
10
11
11
32
10.67
6 tons/ha
12
10
11
33
11.00
8 tons/ha
10
10
12
32
10.67
10 tons/ha
30.3
30.2
31.3
34
11.33
Alnus
compost
Control
10
11
11
32
10.67
2 tons/ha
11
11
12
34
11.33
4 tons/ha
10
11
11
32
10.67
6 tons/ha
11
12
12
35
11.67
8 tons/ha
11
11
11
33
11.00
10 tons/ha
12
10
11
33
11.00
Plantmate
Control
11
12
11
34
11.33
2 tons/ha
11
12
13
36
12.00
4 tons/ha
11
12
12
35
11.67
6 tons/ha
12
12
12
36
12.00
8 tons/ha
12
11
12
35
11.67
10 tons/ha
12
11
12
35
11.67
Growth and Flowering of Rose Cv. Grand Gala as Affected by Different Kinds and
Rates of Organic Fertilizer / Charlie G. Lopez 2011
36
Horse
manure
Control
11
11
11
33
11.00
2 tons/ha
11
10
11
32
10.67
4 tons/ha
11
12
11
34
11.33
6 tons/ha
10
12
12
34
11.33
8 tons/ha
10
11
12
33
11.00
10 tons/ha
12
11
11
34
11.33
Green
vermicompost
Control
10
11
10
31
10.33
2 tons/ha
13
12
12
37
12.33
4 tons/ha
11
13
13
37
12.33
6 tons/ha
12
12
11
35
11.67
8 tons/ha
13
13
11
37
12.33
10 tons/ha
12
12
13
37
12.33
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCE OF DEGREES
SUM OF
MEAN OF
COMPUTED PROB
VARIATION OF
SQUARE
SQUARE
F
FREEDOM
Factor A
4
13.267
3.317
6.3511
0.0002
Factor
B
5
6.056 1.211 2.3191 0.0542
AB
20
9.667 0.483 0.9255 0.0000
Error 60 31.333
0.522
TOTAL 89
60.322
Coefficient of variation: 6.37%
Growth and Flowering of Rose Cv. Grand Gala as Affected by Different Kinds and
Rates of Organic Fertilizer / Charlie G. Lopez 2011
Document Outline
- Growth and Flowering of Rose Cv. GrandGala as Affected by Different Kinds and Rates of Organic Fertilizer
- BIBLIOGRAPHY
- ABSTRACT
- TABLE OF CONTENTS
- INTRODUCTION
- REVIEW OF LITERATURE
- MATERIALS AND METHODS
- RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
- SUMMARY CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
- LITERATURE CITED