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BIBLIOGRAPHY COMPALAS, MARILOU ...

BIBLIOGRAPHY

COMPALAS, MARILOU ANTONIO. MAY 2011. Effect of Cooking Oils-Egg Yolk
Formulation Against Bean Rust (Uromycesappendiculatus) of Bokod Bush Bean (Phaseolus
vulgaris).Benguet State University, La Trinidad, Benguet.

Adviser: Asuncion L. Nagpala, Ph.D.





ABSTRACT
Different cooking oils-egg yolk formulation, joy dishwashing liquid and fungicide were
evaluated from January 2011 to March 2011 to determine if they can reduce rust severity of snap
beans, and their effects on yield.

Results showed that on the number of days from planting to flowering, application of the
different treatment did not significantly affect the flower production of bean plants. On the other
hand plants sprayed with the fungicide kumulus were the earliest to form flowers while the latest
were the untreated plants. The same observation was noted on the number of days from flowering
to pod formation and no significant differenceswas noted.

The application of kumulus and the different cooking oils-egg yolk formulation, joy
dishwashing liquid slightly reduced rust infection while the untreated gave the highest,66 days
after planting.

In terms of total yield, plants sprayed with kumulus produced the highest yield of 0.37
tons/ha while the lowest total yield of 0.28 tons/ha was produced from the untreated plants.
In the marketable pods there was no significant differences observed. The highest
marketable yield was obtained from plants sprayed with kumulus while the untreated gave the
lowest marketable pods. The same observation was noted in the non-marketable pods.




INTRODUCTION


Legumes are used to improve soil fertility through nitrogen fixation and are
valuable components of many crop rotation and cropping system. In addition,
incorporation of leguminous cover crops into the soil changes the microflora balance in
the rhizosphere resulting in the control of specific pathogens (Dickson, 1956). It also
improves the physical state and balance of chemical nutrients in the soil. Snap beans are
widely cultivated and grow best in areas with temperatures between 15 to 210C and can
tolerate temperatures up to 250C (Kudan, 1991). According to Ferrer (1981) snap bean is
grown in Benguet, Mountain Province and Ifugao. It is also cultivated in Urdaneta,
Pangasinan. The expected yield of pole snap beans under highland condition particularly
in Benguet ranges from 17 to 23 tons/ha.
Snap bean scientifically known as Phaseolus vulgaris is one of the vegetable
legumes grown in many parts of the Cordillera Region. It is not only grown for its
economic value but also for its nutrients as it is a good source of proteins, vitamins and
others that are important for human health (Celoy, 1999). According to Gonzales (1983)
it partly contributes to the solution of the malnutrition problem because the protein
content of snap bean is almost comparable to meat, fish and egg .Aside from protein,
beans also provide Vitamins A and B, calcium, phosphorus, iron, fat, carbohydrates and
other nutrients.
Legumes have the potential to utilize atmospheric nitrogen through symbiotic
relationship with certain soil bacteria. The bacteria reduce atmospheric nitrogen to
ammonia (NH3) by sugars and other compounds produced by their legume hosts as a
source of energy. The amount of nitrogen (N2) fixed by legume association is highly
Effect Of Cooking Oils-Egg Yolk Formulation Against Bean Rust (Uromyces Appendiculatus)
Of Bokod Bush Bean (Phaseolus Vulgaris/ Marilou A. Compalas


variable, depending on the legume, cultivar, bacteria species and strain, and growing
conditions, especially the pH and soil.
One of the constraints in legume production in the Philippines is the occurrence of
bean rust (Uromyces appendiculatus). It is a serious leaf disease severe infection of rust
of string bean, snap bean, mung bean and soybean which result to leaf drop and reduction
of pod quality (PCARRD, 1975).
The fungi causing the disease belong to Uridenales. It is an obligate parasite and
colonizes the host cheaply by intercellular mycelium with intercellular haustoria. The
uredospore is developed late in the season. The optimum temperature for uredospore
germination ranges from 16 to 24 degrees Celsius (Butler and Jones, 1961).
Fungicides which are presently used to control the disease are not only very
expensive but also harmful to human’s health and the environment. Reduction of
fungicide use is necessary and they can be attained by employing alternative measures
such as use of microbial agent and other safer methods like the use of cooking oil.
Management of disease through biological agent makes use of an approach wherein the
life cycle of the pathogens is considered in order to manipulate them to the host
advantage (Mukerji and Garg, 1988).
The trends in disease management now a days are operated towards biological
control which recognizes less health hazards and environmental pollution. With the use
of plant extracts and other forms such as cooking oil, it is hoped that problem about the
disease will be significantly reduced. It will also reduce fungicide spray application.
Effect Of Cooking Oils-Egg Yolk Formulation Against Bean Rust (Uromyces Appendiculatus)
Of Bokod Bush Bean (Phaseolus Vulgaris/ Marilou A. Compalas


The use of cooking oil if found effective will result to production of bean pods
free of fungicide. It will also help reduce the expenses of farm growers on inputs
particularly on fungicides, and lessen the water and air contamination.
Oils pose few risks to people or to most desirable species, including beneficial
natural enemies of insect pests. This allows oils to integrate well with biological controls.
Toxicity is minimal, at least compared to alternative pesticides, and oils quickly dissipate
through evaporation, leaving little residue. Oils also are easy to apply with existing spray.
The study aims to determine if cooking oil mixtures can reduce rust severity of
snap beans.
This study was conducted at the Balili Expirement Farm, Benguet State
University, La Trinidad, Benguet from January 2011 to March 2011.
















Effect Of Cooking Oils-Egg Yolk Formulation Against Bean Rust (Uromyces Appendiculatus)
Of Bokod Bush Bean (Phaseolus Vulgaris/ Marilou A. Compalas



REVIEW OF LITERATURE


The Host
Snap beans (Phaseolus vulgaris) belong to the family Leguminoceae. It is dwarf
or climbing plant. The leaflets that are ovate usually are compost of 3- pointed leaflets
with smooth boarders. The flowers are flat ended to sub-cylindrical upright or curved.
They may be white, yellow, bluish and purple. The inflorescence usually develops a long
period of time. The seeds are varied in size, shape and the color may be white, puff, pink,
red, blue, black depending in varietal growth (Perez, 1983).

Bean Rust
It was observed that during the early vegetative stage, the bean plants are resistant
to the attack of rust. However, as the plant matures, the leaves become more susceptible
to rust. The application of fertilizer with high nitrogen content makes the plant more
susceptible to rust (Cabilatazan, 1980).
According to Ware (1975), snap bean varieties in the United States and the
commonly grown varieties in the Philippines are susceptible to rust. The disease as
reported by PCARRD (1975) occurs during rainy season and cool nights. The first
symptoms that appear are small white speck on the underside of the leaves and on the
pods are tiny, almost white spot. Within few days, the spot break open into the rust
colored pustules, about pinhead in size. The rust develops somewhat late in the season
and is concentrated on the leaves. A seriously infected bean field looks as though it has
been burned. This disease can decrease the yield and may lead to total failure when left
uncontrolled as cited by (Pocyoy, 1980).
Effect Of Cooking Oils-Egg Yolk Formulation Against Bean Rust (Uromyces Appendiculatus)
Of Bokod Bush Bean (Phaseolus Vulgaris/ Marilou A. Compalas


Management Measures of Bean Rust
Biological Control
According to Baker et.al 1958 the inhibitory effect of the isolate Bacillus subtilis
(APPL-1) on the development of rust pustules of bean rust, provided more than 95%
reduction in the subsequent number of rust pustules when it was applied as liquid culture
to plants in the glass house two to 120 hours before inoculation with urediniospore.
Microscopic observation of B. subtilis treated leaves showed that urediniospore
germination was greatly reduced and no normal urediniospores were produced. Some
urediniospore developed abnormal cytoplasmic protusions. According to Mukerji (1988)
application per week of B. subtilis reduced rust severity by 75% in 1982 and 1983 with
three applications per week. In some trials, bacterial treatment was more effective than
the weekly Mancozeb application.
Vallez (2002) in his experiment entitled Management of Bean Rust Using Animal
Manure Extracts showed that rabbit manure extract, swine manure extract, cow manure
extract, chicken manure extract and goat manure extract significantly reduced the rust
infection on snap beans plant applied with swine manure extract gave a yield of 7.76
tons/ha.

Cultural Control
Uichanco (1959) suggested that burning of infected bean leaves just after
harvesting to destroy the rust and other leaf inhibiting fungi that cause the disease.
Plowing under the remnants of green beans after harvest and crop rotation have also been
claimed to control rust effectively. Another is by planting the beans apart to avoid
crowding, a condition that favors growth of the fungus (Leonard and Martin, 1970)
Effect Of Cooking Oils-Egg Yolk Formulation Against Bean Rust (Uromyces Appendiculatus)
Of Bokod Bush Bean (Phaseolus Vulgaris/ Marilou A. Compalas


Chokyogen (1996) suggested that the most logical solution then is to develop
resistant varieties. This can be by evaluating snap bean varieties for possible resistance.
There has been considerable interest in the past few years in identifying the
mechanisms by which bacterial and fungal antagonist suppress fungal plant pathogens. In
the search for mechanisms of biological control, is not a simple process mediated by a
single microbial metabolite. The capacity of an organism, to simply produce a fungicidal
compound in and itself is not always sufficient to explain biological control activity,
particularly antibiotics, siderophore and enzymes (Nelson, 1990).

Use of Cooking Oil in Pest Management
Various oils have been used for centuries to control insect and mite pests. Oils
remain an important tool to manage certain pest problems (e.g., scales, aphids, mites) on
fruit trees, shade trees and woody ornamental plants. Several recently developed oils
extend this usefulness to flowers, vegetables and other herbaceous plants. Oils also can
control some plant diseases, such as powdery mildew. Oils used to protect plants have
been called by many names, but perhaps horticultural oils best describes them. Oils have
different effects on pest insects. The most important is that they block the air holes
(spiracles) through which insects breathe, causing them to die from asphyxiation. In some
cases, oils also may act as poisons, interacting with the fatty acids of the insect and
interfering with normal metabolism. Oils also may disrupt how an insect feeds, a feature
that is particularly important in the transmission of some plant viruses by aphids.
Oils also are easy to apply with existing spray equipment and can be mixed with
many other pesticides to extend their performance. The main limitation of spray oils is
their small but real potential to cause plant injury (phytotoxicity) in some situations.
Effect Of Cooking Oils-Egg Yolk Formulation Against Bean Rust (Uromyces Appendiculatus)
Of Bokod Bush Bean (Phaseolus Vulgaris/ Marilou A. Compalas


The primary reason oils were developed was because of their effectiveness on
otherwise hard-to-control pest problems on fruit trees. They were used as a dormant-
season application (before bud swelling and bud break) to kill mites and insects, such as
scales and aphids, that spent the winter on the plant. Dormant oil applications also control
certain overwintered shade tree pests. Recently, improvements in refining have produced
oils with increased safety to plants and thus expanded their potential use. Summer or
foliar treatments are now possible for a variety of pests during the growing season. Oils
also can be mixed with other insecticides, providing a broader spectrum and greater
persistence of control. Spider mites, whiteflies and young stages of scales are common
pests that can be controlled by oils during the growing season. Oils are sometimes
applied to prevent transmission of viruses. Many viruses spread by aphids (nonpersistent
viruses), as well as some that are mechanically transmitted by people, can be inhibited by
oil applications. Oils used to inhibit virus transmission are sometimes called "stylet oils,"
a reference to the piercing and sucking mouthparts (stylets) of aphids that transmit these
viruses .Oils also are useful against powdery mildew. Diluted horticultural oils, often
mixed with a small amount of baking soda, can be an effective control for this common
plant disease. The neem oil products have been effective against several types of powdery
mildew and rust ( Baxendale, J.S and Cranshaw, R.V 2010).





Effect Of Cooking Oils-Egg Yolk Formulation Against Bean Rust (Uromyces Appendiculatus)
Of Bokod Bush Bean (Phaseolus Vulgaris/ Marilou A. Compalas


Chemical Control
Several fungicides have been suggested for an effective control of bean rust.
Deanon and Knott (1996) stated that the disease is controlled effectively by application of
sulfur sprays such as Kolo-100 or color carbonate applied at 7-10 days interval and
continued as long as the plants need protection.
Tarr (1972) stated that 1, 4 oxathions, a systemic fungicide, is particularly
effective against basidiomycetes rust and smuts. Plantvax, the sulphose derivative of
vitavax, shows some promise against wheat rust. Seed or soil application can give control
of Puccinia striformis for one month after sowing. Mebenil is active against a wide range
of basidiomycetes including certain rusts, smuts Exobassidium vexans and Rhizoctonia.
The amount of 2.5 to 2.7 kg/ha is used to control rust.
Marsh (1977) stated that the application of systemic fungicides to seeds can result
in some protection of the cotyledons and first leaves of some vegetables from attack of
airborne fungi. Demonstration showed that the infection of the unifoliate and trifoliate
leaves of beans by Uromyces phaseoli was largely prevented by dusting the seeds with
carboxin or oxicarboxin.
According to Pocyoy (1980) in her experiment entitled Curative Control of Bean
Rust Using EL 222 and EL 288 Naurimol showed that all the fungicides used with their
respective rate were effective against bean rust.
Infection reading varied greatly between treated plants and untreated plants. This
implies that the untreated plants were continually infected while the treated plants
protected with fungicides had reduced infection.
Effect Of Cooking Oils-Egg Yolk Formulation Against Bean Rust (Uromyces Appendiculatus)
Of Bokod Bush Bean (Phaseolus Vulgaris/ Marilou A. Compalas


Although the fungicides gave varying control, the best result was obtained from
EL 228 and EL 222.The treated plants had low foliage infection indices and no incidence
of tip burns.








































Effect Of Cooking Oils-Egg Yolk Formulation Against Bean Rust (Uromyces Appendiculatus)
Of Bokod Bush Bean (Phaseolus Vulgaris/ Marilou A. Compalas



MATERIALS AND METHODS


Field Preparation
An area of 90 sq.m was thoroughly prepared and was divided into three blocks.
Each block composed of 6 plots with a dimension of 1 x 5m. The experiment utilized the
Randomize Complete Block Design (RCBD) with three replicates. The experiment set-up
has the following treatments and are presented below.


Treatments
Rate of Application
(Cooking oils)
T0-Control
_
T1-Kumulus
5 g kumulus + four liters water
T2-Joy dishwashing liquid
7.5 ml joy + four liters water
T3-Canola Oil
35.50 ml of yolk mixture and
oil + four liters water

T4-Sunflower Oil
35.50 ml of yolk mixture and
oil + four liters water

T5 –Olive Oil
35.50 ml of yolk mixture and
oil + four liters water

Sowing of Seeds

This was done by planting two seeds per hill in a double row plot having a
distance 30 cm between hills and rows. After sowing, watering and weeding was done as
the need arises. Figure 1 shows the experimental set-up 52 days after planting.

Effect Of Cooking Oils-Egg Yolk Formulation Against Bean Rust (Uromyces Appendiculatus)
Of Bokod Bush Bean (Phaseolus Vulgaris/ Marilou A. Compalas





Figure 1. Experimental set-up at Balili Experiment Station 52 days after planting


Effect Of Cooking Oils-Egg Yolk Formulation Against Bean Rust (Uromyces Appendiculatus)
Of Bokod Bush Bean (Phaseolus Vulgaris/ Marilou A. Compalas


Preparation of Oil Mixture and Application
Preparation of spray solution of cooking oil and yolk (COY) mixture was done
by mixing 60 ml of oil with one egg yolk plus one hundred ml of sterile distilled water
and then mixed thoroughly using vortex mixer. An amount of 35.50 ml mixture was
mixed with four liter water then sprayed with bean plants with rust. The spray interval
was seven days. The control plants will not be treated with any.

Data Gathered

1. Number of days from planting to appearance of flower and pods. This was
taken by counting the number of days from sowing until the plants started to develop
flowers and pods.
2. Weekly rust severity. This was done through weekly rating with 15 sample plant
in each treatment. All plants were for using identification. The arbitrary rating scale of
rating rust severity by Pocyoy 1980 was used.

Rating Scale Description
1
No rust pustules
2
1 to 10% rust pustules per leaf
3
11 to 25% of leaf area covered with rust pustules
4
26 to 50% of leaf area covered with rust pustules
5
51 to 100% of leaf area covered with rust pustules


3. Final disease severity. This was recorded before the last harvest. There were 15
sample plants rated in each treatment.

4. Crop yield (tons/ha)
Effect Of Cooking Oils-Egg Yolk Formulation Against Bean Rust (Uromyces Appendiculatus)
Of Bokod Bush Bean (Phaseolus Vulgaris/ Marilou A. Compalas


a. Marketable pods. Pods are free from diseases and insect damage.
b. Non-marketable pods. Pods that are not fitted for market (pods damage by

insects and pathogen)




























Effect Of Cooking Oils-Egg Yolk Formulation Against Bean Rust (Uromyces Appendiculatus)
Of Bokod Bush Bean (Phaseolus Vulgaris/ Marilou A. Compalas



RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Number of Days from Planting to Flowering
The application of the different treatments did not significantly affect the flower
production of bean plants as shown in Table 1. It took 35 days for the plants sprayed with
kumulus to flower and 36 days for plants sprayed with the different cooking oils. Flowers
appeared after 38 and 37 days in the untreated plants and those sprayed with joy
dishwashing liquid.

Number of Days from Flowering to Pod Formation

There was no significant difference obtained on the number of days from
flowering to pod formation (Table 1). Plants applied with fungicide were the earliest to

Table 1. Number of days from planting to flowering and pod setting of Bokod bush bean
variety



TREATMENT
DAYS FROM PLANTING TO

FLOWERING
POD SETTING
Control
38a
8a

Kumulus
35a
5a

Dishwashing liquid
37a
7a

Canola oil
36a
6a

Sunflower oil
36a
6a

Olive oil
36a
6a

CV (%)
39.48%
29.19%

Means with common letters are not significantly different at 5% level DMRT.

Effect Of Cooking Oils-Egg Yolk Formulation Against Bean Rust (Uromyces Appendiculatus)
Of Bokod Bush Bean (Phaseolus Vulgaris/ Marilou A. Compalas


form pods five days after flowering and six days by plants applied with different cooking
oils. Those applied with joy dishwashing liquid form their pods after seven days while
plants in the control were the latest to form pods after eight days.

Weekly Rust Severity Rating


Initial rust rating on bean leaves recorded before the first spray application was
slight as shown in Table 2. However, those plants in the control had higher rust severity
infection.
The rating obtained after the first spray application of different oils and the
kumulus varied significantly but higher infection (2.40) was noted on the control plants.
Rust infection in all the treatments slightly increased.

Table 2. Average of rust severity of Bokod bush bean variety for six weeks



MEAN RUST SEVERITY


TREATMENT
30DAP 38DAP 45DAP 52DAP
59DAP 66DAP
Untreated
173a
2.40a
2.45a
3.62a
4.33a
4.56a
Kumulus
1.42b
2.18b
2.40a

2.93b
4.11b
4.36b
Joy dishwashing liquid
1.42b
2.18b 2.38a
3.27 ab
4.11b
4.38b
Canola oil
1.40b
2.25b
2.53a

3.20 ab
4.13b
4.42b
Sunflower oil
1.42b
2.13b 2.44a
3.
18ab
4.20ab
4.42b
Olive oil
1.42b
2.17b
2.38a
3.31ab
4.11b
4.44ab
CV (%)
1.42
2.96%
6.84%
8.22%
2.13%
1.42%
Means with common letters are significantly different at 5% level DMRT



Effect Of Cooking Oils-Egg Yolk Formulation Against Bean Rust (Uromyces Appendiculatus)
Of Bokod Bush Bean (Phaseolus Vulgaris/ Marilou A. Compalas


On the third week, plants sprayed with dishwashing liquid and olive oil gave the
lowest rust infection with means of 2.38, while the control showed the highest mean rust
of 2.45. Further observation shows rust infection slightly increased in the other
treatments.
On the fourth week, rust infection continued to increase on the different
treatments but with varying severity. The lowest mean rust severity was incurred in plants
sprayed with the kumulus having a severity of 2.93 and differed significantly with the
other treatments. During the fifth rating, still the control had the highest rust severity of
4.33 while plants sprayed with the kumulus, joy dishwashing liquid and olive oil had the
lowest severity rating of 4.11 followed by those sprayed with canola and sunflower oils
with a rust severity of 4.13 and 4.20.
Finally, during the final rating, Table 2 shows that the application of canola oil
and sunflower oil to manage rust of bush bean was similar. Plants sprayed with kumulus
had the lowest rust rating of 4.36 followed by plants sprayed with joy dishwashing liquid
with mean rust severity of 4.38, olive oil and canola oil with rust rating of 4.42 compared
to the control which is 4.56 (Figure 2).

According to Grossman (1990), oils are considered as one of the oldest natural
pesticides as documented by a Roman scholar in the 1st century. This is probably the
reason why bean plants sprayed with oils have lower rust infection as seen in the lower
rating.

Statistical analysis showed a significant difference of rust severity in plants
sprayed with different oils, dishwashing liquid and fungicide.

Effect Of Cooking Oils-Egg Yolk Formulation Against Bean Rust (Uromyces Appendiculatus)
Of Bokod Bush Bean (Phaseolus Vulgaris/ Marilou A. Compalas






Untreated Fungicide(Kumulus)
Joy dishwashing liquid




Canola oil
Sunflower oil
Olive oil



Uredospores(40x) from rusted beans

Figure 2. Rust pustules of Bokod bush bean from different treatments
Effect Of Cooking Oils-Egg Yolk Formulation Against Bean Rust (Uromyces Appendiculatus)
Of Bokod Bush Bean (Phaseolus Vulgaris/ Marilou A. Compalas


Total Yield

Yield obtained from plants sprayed with different oils and fungicide kumulus
produce similar yield. Numerically, plants sprayed with kumulus gave a yield of 0.37
tons/ha followed by 0.36, 0.33 and 0.30 from plants applied with olive oil, canola oil and
sunflower oil. The lowest yield of 0.29 and0.28 tons/ha was obtained from plants sprayed
with joy dishwashing liquid and that of the control.

Table 3. Average weight of total yield marketable and non-marketable pods


MARKETABLE
NON-MARKETABLE

TOTALYIELD
PODS
PODS
TREATMENT
(tons/ha)
(tons/ha)
(tons/ha)




Control
0.28a
0.21a 0.09a
Kumulus
0.37a
0.33 a 0.04a
Dishwashing liquid
0.29a
0.23a 0.07a
(joy)
Canola oil
0.33a


0.2 7a 0.05a
Sunflower oil
0.30 a
0.25a 0.06a
Olive oil
0.36 a
0.27a 0.05a
CV (%)
108.58%
29.19% 39.48%
Means with common letters are not significantly different at 5% level DMRT.






Effect Of Cooking Oils-Egg Yolk Formulation Against Bean Rust (Uromyces Appendiculatus)
Of Bokod Bush Bean (Phaseolus Vulgaris/ Marilou A. Compalas


Marketable Pods

Significant difference was observed on the marketable pods of bush bean plant.
The highest marketable pods with a mean of 0.33 tons/ha was obtained from those plants
sprayed with kumulus while the lowest mean marketable pods of 0.21 tons/ha was
recorded from plants in the control.

Non-marketable Pods

Few non-marketable pods were recorded. The highest mean non-marketable pods
was 0.09 tons/ha and came from the control plants while the lowest non-marketable pods
was recorded from plants sprayed with the fungicide kumulus with a mean of 0.04
tons/ha. This was followed by plants sprayed with canola oil and sunflower oil with a
mean of 0.05 tons/ha.






















Effect Of Cooking Oils-Egg Yolk Formulation Against Bean Rust (Uromyces Appendiculatus)
Of Bokod Bush Bean (Phaseolus Vulgaris/ Marilou A. Compalas



SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION

Summary

This study was conducted at Balili, La Trinidad, Benguet from January to March
2011 to determine if cooking oil mixture can reduce rust severity of snap bean.

Plant sprayed with the fungicide, different cooking oils and dishwashing liquid
showed lower rust severity compared to the untreated.

In terms of total yield plants sprayed with fungicide produced the highest yield of
0.37 tons/ha. This was followed by the plants sprayed with olive and canola oils. The
lowest total yield of 0.28 tons/ha was came from the plants in the control.

In the marketable pods, there was no significant difference observed. However the
highest was obtained from plants sprayed with kumulus, while the control showed the
lowest marketable pods. The same observation was noted in the non-marketable pods.


Conclusion

Based on the results of the study, fungicide is the most effective to suppress rust
infection that resulted to better yield performance than the control.

The effect of cooking oil spray against rust started to show up 59 days
transplanting that lasted up to 66 days.

Recommendation

Cooking oils can be used to minimize rust disease rather than using fungicide for
organically grown beans especially for small scale production.



Effect Of Cooking Oils-Egg Yolk Formulation Against Bean Rust (Uromyces Appendiculatus)
Of Bokod Bush Bean (Phaseolus Vulgaris/ Marilou A. Compalas




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Of Bokod Bush Bean (Phaseolus Vulgaris/ Marilou A. Compalas


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TARR, S. A. 1972. Principles of Plant Pathology. London: The McMillan Press. P456.

UICHANCO, L. B. 1959. Field Crops. Philippine Agriculture. University of the
Philippines at Los Banos, Laguna.Vol. 1. P572.

VALLEZ, V. B. 2002. Management of bean rust using animal manure extracts. BS
Thesis. Benguet State University, La Trinidad, Benguet. Pp. 2-7.

WARE G. W. 1975. Producing Vegetable Crop. The Interstate Printers and Publishers,
Inc. Printed in the United States of America. Pp. 183-186.









Effect Of Cooking Oils-Egg Yolk Formulation Against Bean Rust (Uromyces Appendiculatus)
Of Bokod Bush Bean (Phaseolus Vulgaris/ Marilou A. Compalas



APPENDICES
Appendix Table 1. Number of days from planting to flowering


REPLICATION


TREATMENT
I
II
III
TOTAL
MEAN
Control
38
38
38
114
38.00
Kumulus (Fungicide)
35
35
35
105
35.00
Joy dishwashing liquid
37
37
37
111
37.00
Canola oil
36
36
36
108
36.00
Sunflower oil
36
36
36
108
36.00
Olive oil
36
36
36
108
36.00
TOTAL 218 218 218 654 36.33





ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE


DEGREES
SUM OF MEAN OF COMPUTED
TABULAR F
SOURCE OF
OF
SQUARES SQUARE
F
0.05
0.01
VARIATION
FREEDOM
Treatment
5
0
0
0ns
3.33
5.64
Block
2
16
320
Errot
10
0
0
TOTAL
17





ns - Not significant Coefficient of Variation = 108.58%





Effect Of Cooking Oils-Egg Yolk Formulation Against Bean Rust (Uromyces Appendiculatus)
Of Bokod Bush Bean (Phaseolus Vulgaris/ Marilou A. Compalas


Appendix Table 2. Number of days from flowering to pod setting


REPLICATION


TREATMENT
I
II
III
TOTAL
MEAN
Control
8
8
8
24
8
Kumulus (Fungicide)
5
5
5
15
5
Joy dishwashing liquid
7
7
7
21
7
Canola oil
6
6
6
18
6
Sunflower oil
6
6
6
18
6
Olive oil
6
6
6
18
6
TOTAL 38 38 38 114 6.33





ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE


DEGREES
SUM OF MEAN OF COMPUTED
TABULAR F
SOURCE OF
OF
SQUARES SQUARE
F
0.05
0.01
VARIATION
FREEDOM
Treatment
5
0
0
0ns
3.33
5.64
Block
2
16
320
Errot
10
0
0
TOTAL
17





*- Not significant Coefficient of Variation = 29.19%









Effect Of Cooking Oils-Egg Yolk Formulation Against Bean Rust (Uromyces Appendiculatus)
Of Bokod Bush Bean (Phaseolus Vulgaris/ Marilou A. Compalas


Appendix Table 3. Disease severity (initial rating before the first spray application)


REPLICATION


TREATMENT
I
II
III
TOTAL
MEAN
Control
1.67
1.73
1.80
5.20
1.73
Kumulus (Fungicide)
1.47
1.27
1.53
4.27
1.42
Joy dishwashing liquid
1.53
1.40
1.33
4.26
1.42
Canola oil
1.40
1.47
1.33
4.20
1.40
Sunflower oil
1.33
1.53
1.40
4.26
1.42
Olive oil
1.27
1.40
1.60
4.27
1.42
TOTAL 8.67 8.80 1.89 26.46 1.40





ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE


DEGREES
SUM OF MEAN OF COMPUTED
TABULAR F
SOURCE OF
OF
SQUARES SQUARE
F
0.05
0.01
VARIATION
FREEDOM
Treatment
5
0.2508
0.0502
3.50*
3.33
5.64
Block
2
0.0086
0.0043
Errot
10
0.1432
0.0143
TOTAL
17
0.4026




* - Significant Coefficient of Variation = 8.14%









Effect Of Cooking Oils-Egg Yolk Formulation Against Bean Rust (Uromyces Appendiculatus)
Of Bokod Bush Bean (Phaseolus Vulgaris/ Marilou A. Compalas


Appendix Table 4. Disease severity (second rating)


REPLICATION


TREATMENT
I
II
III
TOTAL
MEAN
Control
2.40
2.53
2.27
7.20
2.40
Kumulus (Fungicide)
2.20
2.13
2.20
6.53
2.18
Joy dishwashing liquid
2.13
2.27
2.13
6.53
2.18
Canola oil
2.27
2.27
2.20
6.74
2.25
Sunflower oil
2.20
2.13
2.07
6.40
2.13
Olive oil
2.23
2.20
2.07
6.50
2.17
TOTAL 13.43 13.63 12.94 39.90 2.17





ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE


DEGREES




SOURCE OF
OF
SUM OF MEAN OF COMPUTED
TABULAR F
VARIATION
FREEDOM SQUARES SQUARE
F
0.05
0.01
Treatment
5
0
0.0283
6.56**
3.33
5.64
Block
2
16
0.0166
Errot
10
0
0.0043
TOTAL
17
0.2178




** - Highly significant Coefficient of Variation = 2.96%








Effect Of Cooking Oils-Egg Yolk Formulation Against Bean Rust (Uromyces Appendiculatus)
Of Bokod Bush Bean (Phaseolus Vulgaris/ Marilou A. Compalas


Appendix Table 5. Disease severity (third rating)


REPLICATION


TREATMENT
I
II
III
TOTAL
MEAN
Control
2.47
2.07
2.80
7.34
2.45
Kumulus (Fungicide)
2.27
2.40
2.53
7.20
2.40
Joy dishwashing liquid
2.33
2.47
2.33
7.13
2.38
Canola oil
2.40
2.53
2.67
7.60
2.53
Sunflower oil
2.40
2.53
2.40
7.33
2.44
Olive oil
2.33
2.33
2.47
7.13
2.38
TOTAL 14.20 143 15.20 14.73 2.43





ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE


DEGREES
SUM OF MEAN OF COMPUTED
TABULAR F
SOURCE OF
OF
SQUARES SQUARE
F
0.05
0.01
VARIATION
FREEDOM
Treatment
5
0.0532
0.0106
0.38ns
3.33
5.64
Block
2
0.0985
0.0423
Errot
10
0.2764
0.0276
TOTAL
17
0.4281




ns - Not significant Coefficient of Variation = 6.84%









Effect Of Cooking Oils-Egg Yolk Formulation Against Bean Rust (Uromyces Appendiculatus)
Of Bokod Bush Bean (Phaseolus Vulgaris/ Marilou A. Compalas


Appendix Table 6. Disease severity (fourth rating)


REPLICATION


TREATMENT
I
II
III
TOTAL
MEAN
Control
3.47
3.73
3.67
10.87
3.62
Kumulus (Fungicide)
3.33
3.13
3.07
9.53
3.18
Joy dishwashing liquid
3.33
3.20
3.27
9.80
3.27
Canola oil
3.20
3.13
3.27
9.60
3.20
Sunflower oil
2.27
3.33
3.20
8.80
2.93
Olive oil
3.40
3.20
9.93
9.93
3.31
TOTAL 19.00 19.85 19.68 50.53 3.25





ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE


DEGREES
SUM OF
MEAN
COMPUTED
TABULAR F
SOURCE OF
OF
SQUARES SQUARE
F
0.05
0.01
VARIATION
FREEDOM
Treatment
5
0.7542
0.1508
2.11ns
3.33
5.64
Block
2
0.0674
0.0337
Errot
10
0.7140
0.0714
TOTAL
17
1.5337




ns - Not significant Coefficient of Variation = 8.22%


Effect Of Cooking Oils-Egg Yolk Formulation Against Bean Rust (Uromyces Appendiculatus)
Of Bokod Bush Bean (Phaseolus Vulgaris/ Marilou A. Compalas


Appendix Table 7. Disease severity (fifth rating)


REPLICATION


TREATMENT
I
II
III
TOTAL
MEAN
Control
4.27
4.40
4.33
13.00
4.33
Kumulus (Fungicide)
4.07
4.07
4.20
12.34
4.11
Joy dishwashing liquid
4.13
4.13
4.07
12.33
4.11
Canola oil
4.00
4.20
4.20
12.40
4.13
Sunflower oil
4.20
4.27
4.13
12.60
4.20
Olive oil
4.07
4.00
4.27
12.34
4.11
TOTAL 24.74 25.07 25.20 75.01 4.17





ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE


DEGREES
SUM OF
MEAN
COMPUTED
TABULAR F
SOURCE OF
OF
SQUARES SQUARE
F
0.05
0.01
VARIATION
FREEDOM
Treatment
5
0.1167
0.0233
2.90ns
3.33
5.64
Block
2
0.0187
0.0094
Errot
10
0.0791
0.0079
TOTAL
17
0.2146




ns - Not significant Coefficient of Variation = 2.13%








Effect Of Cooking Oils-Egg Yolk Formulation Against Bean Rust (Uromyces Appendiculatus)
Of Bokod Bush Bean (Phaseolus Vulgaris/ Marilou A. Compalas


Appendix Table 8. Disease severity (sixth rating)


REPLICATION


TREATMENT
I
II
III
TOTAL
MEAN
Control
4.47
4.67
4.53
13.67
4.56
Kumulus (Fungicide)
4.40
4.40
4.27
13.07
4.36
Joy dishwashing liquid
4.33
4.47
4.33
13.13
4.38
Canola oil
4.40
4.40
4.47
13.27
4.42
Sunflower oil
4.47
4.40
4.33
13.27
4.42
Olive oil
4.47
4.40
4.40
13.33
4.42
TOTAL 26.54 2.88 26.33 78.74 4.33





ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE


DEGREES
SUM OF
MEAN
COMPUTED
TABULAR F
SOURCE OF
OF
SQUARES SQUARE
F
0.05
0.01
VARIATION
FREEDOM
Treatment
5
0.0739
0.0148
3.73ns
3.33
5.64
Block
2
0.0257
0.0128
Errot
10
0.00393
0.0039
TOTAL
17
0.1389




ns - Not significant Coefficient of Variation = 108.58%








Effect Of Cooking Oils-Egg Yolk Formulation Against Bean Rust (Uromyces Appendiculatus)
Of Bokod Bush Bean (Phaseolus Vulgaris/ Marilou A. Compalas


Appendix Table 9. Total yield (tons/ha)


REPLICATION


TREATMENT
I
II
III
TOTAL
MEAN
Control
0.13
0.40
0.32
0.85
0.28
Kumulus (Fungicide)
0.28
0.27
0.55
0.10
0.37
Joy dishwashing liquid
0.29
0.26
0.32
0.87
0.29
Canola oil
0.36
0.28
0.34
0.98
0.33
Sunflower oil
0.33
0.30
0.27
0.90
0.30
Olive oil
0.36
0.29
0.43
1.08
0.36
TOTAL 1.75 1.80 2.23 4.78 0.32





ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE


DEGREES
SUM OF
MEAN
COMPUTED
TABULAR F
SOURCE OF
OF
SQUARES SQUARE
F
0.05
0.01
VARIATION
FREEDOM
Treatment
5
0.383
0.192
0.8699ns
3.33
5.64
Block
2
1.153
0.231
Errot
10
2.203
0.220
TOTAL
17
3.739




ns - Not significant Coefficient of Variation = 108.58%








Effect Of Cooking Oils-Egg Yolk Formulation Against Bean Rust (Uromyces Appendiculatus)
Of Bokod Bush Bean (Phaseolus Vulgaris/ Marilou A. Compalas


Appendix Table 10. Marketable pods (tons/ha)


REPLICATION


TREATMENT
I
II
III
TOTAL
MEAN
Control
0.23
0.16
0.25
0.64
0.21
Kumulus (Fungicide)
0.26
0.24
0.49
0.99
0.33
Joy dishwashing liquid
0.11
0.32
0.26
0.69
0.23
Canola oil
0.29
0.23
0.30
0.82
0.27
Sunflower oil
0.26
0.25
0.23
0.74
0.25
Olive oil
0.30
0.20
0.31
0.81
0.27
TOTAL 1.45 1.40 1.84 4.69 0.26





ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE


DEGREES
SUM OF
MEAN
COMPUTED
TABULAR F
SOURCE OF
OF
SQUARES SQUARE
F
0.05
0.01
VARIATION
FREEDOM
Treatment
5
0.019
0.010
1.6718ns
3.33
5.64
Block
2
0.025
0.005
Errot
10
0.058
0.006
TOTAL
17
0.102




ns - Not significant Coefficient of Variation = 29.19%

Effect Of Cooking Oils-Egg Yolk Formulation Against Bean Rust (Uromyces Appendiculatus)
Of Bokod Bush Bean (Phaseolus Vulgaris/ Marilou A. Compalas


Appendix Table 11. Non-marketable pods (tons/ha)


REPLICATION


TREATMENT
I
II
III
TOTAL
MEAN
Control
0.07
0.09
0.12
0.28
0.09
Kumulus (Fungicide)
0.02
0.03
0.06
0.11
0.04
Joy dishwashing liquid
0.06
0.10
0.06
0.22
0.07
Canola oil
0.07
0.05
0.04
0.16
0.05
Sunflower oil
0.08
0.05
0.04
0.17
0.06
Olive oil
0.02
0.08
0.06
0.16
0.05
TOTAL 0.32 0.50 0.38 1.10 0.06





ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE


DEGREES
SUM OF
MEAN
COMPUTED
TABULAR F
SOURCE OF
OF
SQUARES SQUARE
F
0.05
0.01
VARIATION
FREEDOM
Treatment
5
0.001
0.000
0.4962ns
3.33
5.64
Block
2
0.006
0.001
Errot
10
0.006
0.001
TOTAL
17
0.012




ns - Not significant Coefficient of Variation = 39.48%








Effect Of Cooking Oils-Egg Yolk Formulation Against Bean Rust (Uromyces Appendiculatus)
Of Bokod Bush Bean (Phaseolus Vulgaris/ Marilou A. Compalas

Document Outline

  • Effect of Cooking Oils-Egg YolkFormulation Against Bean Rust (Uromycesappendiculatus) of Bokod Bush Bean (Phaseolusvulgaris)
    • BIBLIOGRAPHY
    • ABSTRACT
    • INTRODUCTION
    • REVIEW OF LITERATURE
    • MATERIALS AND METHODS
    • RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
    • SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
    • LITERATURE CITED
    • APPENDICES
    • WAIVER