BSU RESEARCH JOURNAL No. 60 and 61 ...
BSU RESEARCH JOURNAL
No. 60 and 61
September and December 2008
ISSN 0117-5297
EDITORIAL BOARD
Editor-in-Chief:
Wilma L. Marquez
Technical Editors:
Percival B. Alipit
Ma. Klondy T. Dagupan
Johnny G. Dati
Carlito P. Laurean
Valentino L. Macanes
Julia A. Solimen
Luciana M. Villanueva
Lay-out Artist/Circulation Assistant:
Bryan T. Lidua
Editorial Consultants:
Sonwright B. Maddul
Vice President for Research and Extension
Rogelio D. Colting
University President
OUR COVER: Research and Extension Complex, BSU Compound,
Balili Road, La Trinidad, Benguet
Photo by: Jamesly T. Andres, Office of Extension Services
Printing Press: CHG Tangib, 451 Upper Quarry, Baguio City
BSU RESEARCH JOURNAL
No. 60 and 61 September and December 2008
AGRI-ECOLOGICAL APPRAISAL OF TRADITIONAL
RICE-BASED ECOSYSTEM: THE KAPANGAN EXPERIENCE
Junalynne B. Ingosan, Jane Rachelle S. Labaro, Judith Ann L. Sally, and Romeo A. Gomez, Jr.
POINTS OF POLLUTION OF THE CHICO RIVER IN BONTOC, MOUNTAIN
PROVINCE AS PERCEIVED BY THE RESIDENTS OF BARANGAYS BONTOC ILI,
POBLACION BONTOC, CALUTTIT, AND SAMOKI
Aloha Freia F. Diaz and Vicente T. Wacangan
FERN DIVERSITY OF THE MOSSY FOREST REMNANTS OF THE
BSU-AGROFORESTRY PROJECT, BEKTEY, WANGAL, LA TRINIDAD, BENGUET
Roxanne A. Mulang and John G. Tacloy
THE ISRAELI DAIRY FARMING: A DOCUMENTATION
Bart A. Wallang and Myrna B. Walsiyen
MANIPULATING NITROGEN RELEASE FROM ORGANIC FERTILIZERS AS
AFFECTED BY ORGANIC BIOLOGICAL WASTE IN SOIL
May Ann C. Tuba-ang and Carlito P. Laurean
DOCUMENTATION OF THE INDIGENOUS EDIBLE MUSHROOM
VARIETIES IN SABANGAN, MOUNTAIN PROVINCE
Emely W. Tingcawa and Cunegunda D. Abellera
AGRI-ECOLOGICAL APPRAISAL OF TRADITIONAL
RICE-BASED ECOSYSTEM: THE KAPANGAN EXPERIENCE1
Junalynne B. Ingosan2, Jane Rachelle S. Labaro2,
Judith Ann L. Sally2, and Romeo A. Gomez, Jr.3
ABSTRACT
The study dealt with the characterization of soil fertility, level of crop productivity, floral
diversity assessment, and indigenous knowledge system and traditional rice farming practices in
two of the few remaining traditional rice-based ecosystems, Sitio Gadang Proper, Gadang and
Sitio Malagyao, Cuba, Kapangan, Benguet. The study revealed soil fertility was quite low in
both sites since there was an alteration in rice farming practices. Floral diversity was observed
to have considerable differences in the two ecosystem sites being composed since that in Sitio
Gadang Proper, Gadang was undergoing the planting season while that in Sitio Malagyao, Cuba
was in a fallow period. As expected, therefore, a generally more diverse ecosystem was observed
in the latter site. The indigenous knowledge system and farming practices in both sites were
similar though they just differed in the terminologies or local terms used. The introduction of new
farming technologies, formal education and Christian religion affected the beliefs and practices
done on the traditional farming practices in the study area. Apparently, these may be seen as
threats that might further impinge on the already fragile traditional ecosystems.
KEYWORDS: Agri-ecology, ecosystem, indigenous practice, rice
1Part of an undergraduate thesis titled “Characterization of the Traditional
Rice-Based Ecosystem in Kapangan, Benguet”
2Bachelor of Science in Environmental Science Students,
major in Resource Management
3Adviser, College of Arts and Sciences and Associate Dean, Graduate School,
Benguet State University, La Trinidad, Benguet
POINTS OF POLLUTION OF THE CHICO RIVER IN BONTOC, MOUNTAIN
PROVINCE AS PERCEIVED BY THE RESIDENTS OF BARANGAYS BONTOC ILI,
POBLACION BONTOC, CALUTTIT, AND SAMOKI
Aloha Freia F. Diaz1 and Vicente T. Wacangan2
ABSTRACT
Many of the respondents are aware of the water pollution issues concerning the Chico
River. The pollutants come from the households, busineses/industries, agricultural enterprises,
and some naturally occur.
There are various effects of pollution to the residents of the different barangays, to the
community, and also to the Chico River. Environmental degradation is the most common effect.
It also caused health problems among the residents. Fishes are also killed so fishermen loose their
source of income.
According to the residents, there are many possible solutions to the pollution of the river.
A great majority of the respondents recommended recycling of wastes, responsible disposal of
wastes and strict implementation of barangay or municipal ordinances regarding garbage dis-
posal. It is suggested that the government should prioritize the selection of a suitable dumping site
since the current dumping site is situated near the river and adds to the water pollution. It should
also build a municipal sewage treatment plant and conduct Information Education Campaigns
(IEC’s) regarding water pollution.
KEYWORDS: Bontoc, Mt. Province, Chico River, River pollution
1Student of Bachelor of Science in Forestry, Major in Agroforestry
2Adviser, College of Forestry, Benguet State University, La Trinidad, Benguet
FERN DIVERSITY OF THE MOSSY FOREST REMNANTS OF THE
BSU-AGROFORESTRY PROJECT, BEKTEY, WANGAL, LA TRINIDAD, BENGUET
Roxanne A. Mulang1 and John G. Tacloy2
ABSTRACT
The study identified the fern species existing in the mossy forest remnants of BSU
Agroforestry Project, Bektey, Wangal, La Trinidad, Benguet and determined their abundance
(density), dominance rank and economic importance. A total of 18 species of ferns were recorded
in the study site.
In terms of number, Pneumatopteris nitidula is the most abundant, followed in descending
order by Pteridium aquilinum, Dicranopteris spp., Davallia solida, Dicranopteris linearis,
Pneumatopteris glabra, Amphineuron terminans, Dipteris cojugata, Christella parasitica,
Cyathea contaminans, Angiopteris palmiformis, Pteris glaucoverins, Araiostegia davalloides,
X (unindentified), Blechnum spp., and Angiopteris evecta. Dryopteris costalisora and X
1
2
(unindentified)have the least density. In terms of the overall sum dominance ratio (SDR) Cyathea
contaminans is the most dominant, followed in descending order by Pteridium aquilinum,
Pneumatopteris nitidula, Dicranopteris spp., Christella parasitica, Davallia solida, Angiopteris
evecta Dicranopteris linearis, Blechnum spp., Amphineuron terminans, Araiostegia davalloides,
Angiopteris palmiformis, Pneumatopteris glabra and Dipteris cojugata. The non-dominant species
are X (unindentified), X (unindentified), Pteris glaucoverins, and Dryopteris costalisora.
2
1
The identified economic importance of ferns includes the following: used as food, medicine,
ornamental plants, materials for stage decorations, raw materials in posts, and poles. Weaving
and novelty industries.
Follow up study to validate the identity of the encountered species, identify the two unidentified
species, and further determine the economic importance of the species is recommended.
KEYWORDS: Ferns, Mossy Forest Remnants
1Student, Bachelor of Science in Forestry
2Adviser, College of Forestry, Benguet State University, La Trinidad, Benguet
THE ISRAELI DAIRY FARMING: A DOCUMENTATION
Bart A. Wallang1 and Myrna B. Walsiyen2
ABSTRACT
This study was conducted to document the Israeli dairy farming which includes dairy
farmers, their operations and management practices, milk production performance, and milking
procedures at Kefar Vitkin, Kibbutz Hama’apil, Kibbutz Ma’abarot, Kibutz Eyal dairy farms and
some Kibbutz farm in the northern part of Israel.
The data gathered were based on the researcher’s observations, personal interview with the
dairy farm owners and workers including Mr. Adin from the Ministry of Agriculture, Israel.
Dairy farming in Israel is operated by two large sectors, the Moshav (private owned)
and the Kibbutz (communal). Each dairy farm, may it be controlled by a Moshav or a Kibbutz,
is given a quota by the government as to the volume of milk that it should produce. All the milk
produced by the different dairy farms are monitored by the government. Any excess milk produce
over the farm quota is bought at 75% lower than the regular price.
There is only one dairy breed maintained by the farmers. The Israeli Holstein breed was
developed by the Israeli Breeders Association from a cross between the German Holstein bull and
the Israeli Damascus cow.
Dairy farmers breed their heifers at 15 months old for these heifers to have their first
calving at 24 to 25 months old. Cows are bred 70 days after calving, however, for second timers,
breeding is done 80 days after calving. This is to have a continuous milk supply. Cows are milked
for a period of seven months from calving, after which, they are allowed to dry off for a period of
80 days for the second timers and 70 days for older cows.
Calves are separated from the cows immediately after birth and are subjected to dehorning
at two months old.
Milking of cows is done twice a day but some milk their cow three times a day. Cows are
milked using milking machines particularly the claw type milking machine. The volume of milk
produced by the Israeli Holstein cow per day can be as high as 46 liters particularly during the
winter season. During summer, milk production is reduced by 15%. On the average, the Israeli
Holstein cow produces 36 liters of milk per day or 11,118 kg of milk per year containing 3.14%
protein and 3.58% fats. The peak of milk production is reached on the third week of second month
of lactation and start to decline on the third month.
The different dairy farms have to maintain good milk quality to get a good price. To do
this, each farm has its own nutritionist who are responsible in formulating the ration of the dairy
farm animals.
Each farm has also its own veterinarian who visits the farm twice a week to look into the
health of the animals and to perform insemination. Furthermore, the dairy farmers keep abreast
with the Dairy Industry for new information or disease warning on dairy farming through the
internet.
KEYWORDS: Dairy Farming, Israel
1Student, Bachelor of Science in Agriculture major in Animal Science
2Adviser, College of Agriculture, Benguet State University, La Trinidad, Benguet
MANIPULATING NITROGEN RELEASE FROM ORGANIC FERTILIZERS AS
AFFECTED BY ORGANIC BIOLOGICAL WASTE IN SOIL
May Ann C. Tuba-ang1 and Carlito P. Laurean2
ABSTRACT
The experiment was conducted at the Department of Soil Science Laboratory Room,
College of Agriculture, Benguet State University, La Trinidad, Benguet from November 2006 to
May 2007 to determine the effect of organic fertilizers as affected by organic biological waste in
the release of nitrogen and some chemical properties of the soil.
The pH of the soil, organic matter content, available nitrogen content and nitrogen
mineralized were all significantly affected by the different kinds and combinations of organic
fertilizers and organic biological waste. The application of chicken manure with cabbage refuse
or wild sunflower significantly resulted to the highest pH value, organic matter content, amount
of available nitrogen and nitrogen mineralized during the six different incubation periods.
The pH, organic matter content and amount of available nitrogen in the soil was observed
to exhibit an increase and then a decrease of values. The pH and organic matter content values
continuously increase until the 5th, 7th, or 10th week and would then gradually decrease up to the
end of the incubation period. Release of available nitrogen in the soil was significantly increasing
until the end of the incubation period. The continuous increase suggests that applying different
kinds of organic fertilizers supplemented with fresh organic biological wastes (OBW) is enough
to satisfy the nitrogen requirement of crops for their growth and development. This is in particular
with those that require large amount of nitrogen. Among those applied, chicken manure combined
with cabbage refuse or wild sunflower are the best materials.
KEYWORDS: Nutrient release, organic fertilizer, organic biological waste
1Student, Bachelor of Science in Agriculture major in Soil Science
2Adviser, College of Agriculture and Director, Office of Research Services,
Benguet State University, La Trinidad, Benguet
DOCUMENTATION OF THE INDIGENOUS EDIBLE MUSHROOM
VARIETIES IN SABANGAN, MOUNTAIN PROVINCE
Emely W. Tingcawa1 and Cunegunda D. Abellera2
ABSTRACT
This study was conducted in four barangays of Sabangan, Mt. Province to identify edible
and non-edible mushrooms which are familiar to the respondents; determine the indicators in
identifying edible and non-edible mushroom; to find out what months and areas are these avail-
able; and, to know the common uses of the mushrooms.
The data was gathered through personal interviews from forty (40) respondents. Majority
of the respondents are married and had formal education.
All the respondents identified various indigenous mushrooms in the study area. These are:
damilohan, kentegan, hedlan, kodi, o-ong, lamlam-ing, ul-ulling, tagtaga, and binungbungian
which usually grow under pinestand, grassy field, laws, dead logs, and animal manure.
The only considered indicators used by the respondents to identify edible and non-edible
mushrooms is that non-edible ones grow on animal manure while edible ones are those that have
been tried and tested by some to not have adverse effect on the stomach.
The respondents claimed that the mushrooms were used for decoration, thermos stopper,
ash tray, souvenir items and as fly killer.
KEYWORDS: indigenous mushroom, edible mushroom
1Student, Bachelor of Science in Agriculture major
in Extension Education
2Adviser, College of Agriculture, Benguet State University,
La Trinidad, Benguet
Document Outline
- 60-61