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i- .:..l.
ABSTRACT
THE INDIGENOUS MAT,ERIAL CULTUHE OF T!L!5
KALINGAS: ITS IMPLICA'llrONTO RURAL LIVII1G
Rosa Silawon PagaJlao
.
Ad.viser
...
Fel.tclana V. penera, l:~d. De.
Inst1 tution:
Baguio central Un:i.vert3 ltj7 t Ba.g~li 0 City
This
study sought to look into the .i.ndig::ncu.s
materlal cul'ture of the Kal.ingas and, its .i.mpJi,cation t ...:
rural living apeclfi.cally .in farmi.fI·/3, weav:i.ng t
a.nimal r'ai
pottery mak.lng~ kitchen uten,c3ilG, food 'gather.inc:
po
ing~
\\'/t.ne and suga.r making, house const"f.'uc tiun, I'i. tual.s 8.I~d 1.'i tea,
social gathering ceremonies t the !'c:~;Barcher nee(j,ed the opinion
and sllggesticns of the respondents to :find oU'~
;he
artif~'.:t!~;
discarded arid thf; pha.ses of :,ural l1.v,Lng affec -ced. by
:-3
ma'ter1aJ. culture.
cu,lture of the Kalingaa and .1 ts im,p) j,cati.cn
It also sought an,Gwers to tbo fol1c.(w:~ng'
ecif c que~
ons:
./
/

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r
i l i
1. What are the tools, implements or artifacts of the
Kalingas with respect to: ~o what extent have they been used?
a. Farming
b.Weavlng
c. Animal raleiIlg
d... r ottery making
--.
e. Kitchen utensils
f. iood gathering
g. Pounding rice and other things.
h. Wine and sugar making
i. House construction
j. Ri.tuals
a. Ch.ild birth and Cllild re aring
hOI Engagement and marriage
c. Death and fun;.fI:al
d. T:ribal >;.I/ar /conflict
1. Soc.tal g8therines
I
(

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..
improved on, preserved or i
Bearded?
~'. ~{hat fLr8 the pha~;es of ruraL Ji.ving tha.t are affected
by th_) c: ma't:C)
•. ri;::;:_ "\\l~"ltl! ~"e,? ;'/hat "':)" ..,e t.n' e j'
1 .
4 '
-
....
-
~......-
v
-~
.-...
.
lY -
a..;.
.'
... n1p
1 C a \\.:.1. ons?
irhe resear'cger made used of the
~scriptive norma t.1 '1(;
F '-lrvey
design in cond iJcting the [3tndy wi-ct the questiorrnaire
as the main instrw:u'<:nt ..
SDrJiMAJlY OF FINDINGS
~rhe fo.ll') :Ln~ were ·,)ffshoots Df the lnterpre-L:a:ti.\\)r)
dnaly sis of tL·.; '.lata.
'1.. RegardJ ng the f3xtent of use oftht.
all
to 01 s aT e 0 f t er.~ LU.' e d ; a£ Uw,,;.l( , 9..i ad OS, as Ga.-ar~, b at aw.i 1 , h j n,
~,y ~n 9 dan0 3"
g axr .J.D) kal n.}! c d ~ :.r~A kki 1 aW: kutaw
1
1 and 0k , 101' ;'2'-;1 ;;
S::d.UWE3n~
sigay 31'),d ta... ,:""·)<~uyo '" For Yleaving t.he followtng rna
rials are of+en us~d: ~podt
).ga, ballang J gag~o~l{.~,J an
atu ung, buklot, kag(;J~ar
;<t:~...gllngkong and :r '.lluk" For

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v
used: ,akkubak, balukag, banga, dalpong, gipan, idus, leledde_
san, leledes, pinakaw and sul,::ol'.1g. In food gathering the follo-
wing materials are often used: (F ishing) aga-id, aeal"
'bagu-
wong, bungwit,. attod, tungno, lodok and ubo1; (Huntinp;;) ilng,
and tubay; (]\\ru.l ts) damos, gaman, and sablot. For pound i ng
rige and other foods the following implements are often tH-1ed:
al-o, damos/langaya, lamnak, lusong and tal tag. Fior wine and
sugar making the following implements ar~ often used: ammoto,
astan, banga, d~nos, ga~an, l~n~, lata and martaba. In house
construction the following im~lements are often used: bulidaw,
parataktak and taga. For child. b.trth and child rearing the
following iw]lements are often used: bakakat,elap, and ob~n.
~"'or engagem3nt and marri~ge the following artifacts are often
used: ba-al, bongol,. ka-il1 and tongngaJ.i. For death and fune-
ral ri tea the fo 1.1owj.n6 artifacts are often Qsed: ba\\a!~', kiida..
mal, lobon, lungon and sangdll. In war/conflict 'the follov:ing
implements are ofteJl used: gam an , kalasag, say-ang and ~fla2:a..y.
For social gatherlngs the following artifacts ~e often useej ~
(Unlawful act and punishme!lt) gullawi; (peace~-pact agr0f.~men~,
and celebrations ) ba-al', ba~lerlghf.::'nt::, gangAa, ka-in, kub~;ub-onuIi
paluk and tapoy.

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vii
nearly every hcusehold have their own tools ,
.
aVailability of
raw materlals to make the tools, practicality in life and makes
l;ife in rural area bearable and simpler. :Educationally, tools
arid implements are adapted to folk life, even the unschooled
can use them, skilled in the m'aking of the tools and people
are used to them. Socially, it is a vehicle for helping one
anQther "Bayanihan system". Environmentally t it does not harm
natural. resources or it help in the preservation of natural
resources or env'ronment~
CONCLUSIONS
The following statement are conclusions deduced from the
findings:
1. Most of the artifacts are often ~:,sed.
2,. There are nome art.ifacts to be improved on so they
become better materialB. There are also tbose to be preservpd.
'because they are alreadJY tested to be of good materials al'!d
some must to be discal1 ded because they are no longer useful.
~The researcher pro:~>oses the followlng recommendations In
the light of the conel nsi.ons arrived at:
1. Artifacts that ;;'jh.Juld be used mtlst ha':€'
to be selocted
based on 1ts usefulness 1i1 terms of (.:;-conomic .. aneta:., educa, 1.0-

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nal and its effect on both people and natural resources.
"'"
2. This study can be ~ls'.;:d as reference ma terial in tne
ethnographic study of the Kali.ngas.
3. This stuc).y ahp.ulo. be expandea to all the Otl>::I1
sub-tribes, of the Ka11ilg?.~APayao pl'ovi.ace for a. ;lore
complete picture.

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xit
TABI..E OF COtlTENTS
Page
TITLE PAGE • .. . • • " .. . . .. .. .. . ..
.
..
.. * .. •
1
ABSTRACT
. .
. . . .
..
~
..
.. . .. .. . . . . . ..
..
i1
A.PPROYAL SHEET • • •
. . . .. .. • • • • . . . .. viii
PANEL Dr' EXAMiNERS .. .. . . ..
.
..
.. .. .. • • .. .
ix
• •
ACKNOWLEDGMENT • .. • .. .. . . . .. . .. . . . .. ~ • •
x
. . . . . .. . . . .. .. . . .. . . - xi1.
LT9T OP TABLES
..
•
..
..
•
•
•
•
•
•
..
..
..
•
..
•
0
xiv
ChApter
,
0
JNTRODUCT1.0:l o
•
..
..
•
•
..
•
..
• • • • • •
1
Background of the Study
..
•
• • •
..
..
•
1
Conceptual Framework
. . . .. .. . . ..
8
Operational Paradigm of the Study
10
4'
..
•
Statement of the Problem .. • .. • • • • •
Ba~tc A5~urnption
..... • • •
. . . . . .
12
Scope and Delimitation of th~ study
'12
Deflnit~on of Term(s)
.. ..
· .
. .. . .
~
1MPORTA..NGE OF THE STUDY • • • • .. . . '"
,.,
2 Cl
HEYIEW OF HE.LATED LITERATUHE
18
• •
30
METHODS AND PROCEDURES
· .. .. .' .. . .. . .
Research De3:1.·gn ....
" . . . . .
" •
..
• •
3B
Locale and Pbpulation of the Study
38
Data-Gather1ng Tool
· . . . ... .. . . ..

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Taltdtty of the Instrument • . .
..
0
44
Data Gathering Procedure
. . . .
.
..
~
45
~reatment of Data .. • • • •
. . .. .. . ..
46
4.
PRESENTATION, ANALYSTS AND INTERPRETATION
OF FINDINGS . . . . . .
47
0
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
• •
50
SUMMARY, CONCLUSION, RECOMME~DATION3
78
Summary of F 1nd ings •
..
•
• •
• •
• •
••
79
Conclusions
. . . . . . . . . . . .. . ..
80
Recommendations
81
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
• •
•
<)
•
BTBLTOORAPHI . . . . .. . ..
. . . .
• • •
• •
.. ..
84
Ao
Letter-Perm1ss1on to Float Questionnaire
87
B0
Let ter to Re:J'pondents
. . . . . . . . .. .
88
C.
QTJESTIONNAIRES
.. .. . . .. . . . . . .. .. .
B9
D~
Location Map of the Cordillera Adm1ni~-
trattve Regton (CAR)
0...... . .,
'19
E.
Glos3ary of Non-Engltsh Word~
120
Ltst of Reepondents • • . . .. ... . • • •
126
P.tcture3 . . . " .. . . . .... .
.
..
•
•
\\t
128
CUHRTCULUM TI1'AE .. . .. " .. . ..
.
• • .. .. It
..
149
MAP Of KALINGA SUB..;pROvnCE '• • • • • • • • • •
150
H. Solutions on how to get percentage and
weighted mean • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
151

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~ - - ~ . - - -
-
I.IST OF TABLES
TABLES
Page
Places and Number of Respondents
Per Plaoe • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
B.
Distribution of Respondents by Sex
• • •
40
Co
Age Distributton of the Respondents
41
D.
Distribution of the Respondents by
Educational Attainment • • • • • • • • • •
41
Distribution of Respondents by
Civil Status • • • • • • • • • •
•
•
•
..
n
42
F*
Distribution of Respondents by Profession/
Occupation
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
42
G~
Distribution of Respondents by Source cf
lncome/Livelihood
to.
43
Ho
Municipal Population D:'.stribution of th!l
Kal1.nK88
•
•
• •
•
•
•
•
• •
44 .
10
rndi~enous Materials Used in Farming and
Extent of Use • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
49
1080
Indigenou3 Materie15 Used in Weaving and
Extent of Use • • • • • • .. • • • • • • •
50
i 0 bo
Tndigenous Mat,er1.8ls Used in Animal Raising
and Extent of Use • • • • • • • • • • • 0
51
Indigenous Materials Used in Pottery
Making and Ex.tent of Use
• • • • • • • •
52
1ndigenous Kitchen Utensils and
E~tent of Use
•
0
•
•
•
•
r
•
•
•
1.e.
Tndigenous Metertals in Food GBther1ng~
and Extent of US~
~.........
53
1 • f..
Ind1.genous 'Implemen'ts in Pound1.ng Rlce and
Other Food3 and Extent of Use • • • • • •
55
1.g~
Indigenous Tmplements Used in Wine and
Sugar Makin!:~' and Extent of U~e • •
• •
~;5

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xv
1.ho
lnd1genou9 implements in House Construotion
and Extent of Use •
•
•
56
It
•
•
..
..
•
•
•
• •
1 • 1 •
Tmplemente in Child Birth and Child
Rearing and Extent of Use • • • • • • . . ..
57
Artifacts in Engag~ment and Marrt~ge
and Extent of Use • • • • • . • • • •
58
1.k.
Artifacts in Death and.Funeral Rite~ and
Extent o~ Usa • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 0
58
1.1~
Jmplem~nts in War/Conflict and Extent
of Use
• ~ 0 •
•
•
•
•
•
•
• •
59
Artifacts in Soctal Gatherings and
Extent ot Use
• • • • • • • • . .' . .
60
2~
Indigenous Farming Tools to be Jmproved
Preserved or Disoarded • • • • • • • • • ~
61
2cao
Indigenous Weaving Tools to be Improved
Preserved or Disoarded
• • • • ~
62
2.bD
Indigenous Material in Animal R8t~ing
to be I~proved, Preserved or Dieoarded
63
2.c~
Pottery Mak1.ng Tools to be Improved!,
Preserve or Discarded
63
2.d.
Indlg~nous Kitchen Utensils to be lmproved
Preserved or Dis08rd~d
64
2.e.
Food Gathering Tools to be Improved,
Pre3~rved or Disoarded
6;
2.!o
Tmplementsi.n PO\\L"1d1ng R~.c:e to be Im.proved.
Preserved or Discarded
66
2.go
l'mplem8tlte :tnW'ine and Suga:r- Making tc b~
Improved, Preserved or D1~carded
66
2.ho
Implements in House Construction to be
Tmproved, Preserved or Dieoarded
67
2.ic
Implement3 in Child Birth end Child
Rearing to be !mproved, Pres~rved or
D1.scarded
68

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;
xvi
2ojo
Artifacts in Engagement and Marriage to
b~ Improved, Preserved or Discarded
68
2.ko
Artifacts in Death and Funeral Rites to
be Improved, Preserved or Discarded
69
2~1.
Implements in War/Confliot to be Improved
Preserved or Discarded
70
2.m o
Arttfacts in Social Gatherings to be
Jmproved, Preserved or Discarded
71
3.
Phases of Rural Living Affected by the
Material Culture of the People
72

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Chapter 1
TlfTRODUCTIOI
backgroun~.of th§ St~
Since ti me immemorial man has 1 tved by hi-a cul tu:re 0
Tt is becouge of hiS cUltur~ that thtngs and events are
c{')nttnuouely ex1st1 ng and beoom1,ng mesn1ng!ul to him.
Culture gives taste and flavor to one's lite like salt that
makes the food palatable.
As life progresses, man finds
happiness tn every move he does to 'ftnd fulfillment in
Culture 1.3 mo~t "pure" in the core of each group
ertle, but 1.9 m1xed 8t the edges where ne1.ghborind ~roups
o! different orjgtns have borrowed extensively fr~m
each otber.
The tntermingltng of people and oultures has
aceelorated ai.n08 the mtddle of tht8 oentury.
Th1.8 1S
true 1n the Cordillera Reglon.
Prtor to 1902, inter group;
ho st 11 'i_ ty wa s more common and inter marr18ge Ie S9 oommon 0
Tn response to varying environmental faotors, groups deve-
loped very'1.ng customs, arch:tteeture, religtous beltefs t
costumes, and in somA cases were even phys1callj" d1st4f.i~pJtsh­
1
able.

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2
The oul ture of a people is the thtng that Makes thetn~:
diattnct and 1dent1f~able from all the rest.
The truth 19
that, although 1t may not be read11y apparent, culture not
only makes lite ~n society 8 pleasurable exper-ienoe.
It
also, through an appeal to 8~ oommon her1 tage or 8 stressing
of national tdent~ty, generates a stronger sense ot un~ty
among the people, a cond ~ t lon for nati,onal developmen't. 2
Culture ~n the ult1mate sense, ehows an tmpreS310n
of a speoific place wherein its tnhabitants are bound
together by their pract.c8s and beliefs.
Tt is in their
culture that they are recognized 8S members of 8 oerta1.n
ethn~o «roup.The venue of this cultural study is the Kalinga SUb-
province,1t.ii.slng 8S 1t were from the sea, from the northerr]
tip of the 1s1and of Luzon, the Grand Cordillera Central
runs 300 kilometers north to south, and spreads 60 kilo-
meters at fts broadest.
To the east It~s the Cagayan
VnIley, flanked by the S1erra Madre, to the west the rIoaos
coast and to the south the central plains of Luzon.
The
Cordillera covers an area of 15,600 8\\. Ems. or about one
twentieth of the total land area of the Phtltpptneso'
-------
2Hect~r s. d. Leon, lew Pht11pPtn~ CODstttut1on,
(QUezon City t' He~ ~ook ~tor~1 1987}, p.583'. .~
..
JRodr1go D. Perez TTI~ Ro~ario 9. Incarnactnn 1
Jt;ltnn E" Dacanay Jr. t ::.2.l1L..Al.,~"h.1..t~l1!!~..s.t~ 37 l)~Hi~~J Avonue I
Quezon Otty, Ph11tppines, Impre~e~0ns Tnc.

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The Cordillera comprtses five provinces which is
called Cord ~ llera Adm1.n1 qtrat-tve Reg 1 0n (CAR). On- the map' onapp-
"eJ:).d:ix D~ the general outline of these' province!! suggests 8
man with a headrees seated facing west.
Kalinga Ap~yao on
the north forms h~s head, neck, shoulders and ch~st; the
Mt. Provtnce or ~ontoc h1s waist and lap; Tfugao his
buttocks and th1.ghs; ~engL1et h1_~ legs and Anrs h1~ front
Kal1nga ~8 the southern helf of the province ot Xalinga
Apq-ao. 'rt'-is'-botmded on th-e -east by"the C:a.g~an valley,
on the west by Abrs, and on the south by Mt_ Provtnoe or
~ontocot . Kal1nga Apayan hes a total land {,rea of 704~~16~
hectares, w" th the Kal tnga sub-province bf.lVttlg 311.970
hectares.
Kaltngs has wid~ p18te8u~ and flood~la~n5,
mountainous terrain, sIDall lakes. grassland suttaoJe for
pasture, r-4 oh 1'ore~t and flatlands tor farmlng..Cl-4_mate
vnr 4es from different mun 4 c'paltttes in dtfferent $ea~OnA
O.r the year.
Ka11.nga 1s barely shielded by the high
Cordtllera mountains from the winds of October to April,
and '18 more exposed to the aouthliest moonsoons 'W·t ods and
to the storms of' Augu~t t,· Aprtl.
Kel tng8 1 f' l1.nk~d to
Abra by the Abre-!a 1 bala sarlg road, to Mt It Pro~,1 nee thrrHl€~h
the ~ontoc-Lubuagan road, and to Cagayan thro~~h the
Tugue~irao-Tabuk road.
Tn ter~1 of broad ethn10 units,

---

D i
4
oz.er
postulate9 three cultural areae.
Southern
Kal-inga .; S bounded on the north by the Pssll r1.ver f on
•
the south by the Mt. Provinoe boundary, and on the east and
the west by the dra~nage valley of the Ch~co r 4 ver.
Nor-
thArn Ka11nge 1s def 4 ned as the dra 1 nage valleys of the
Mahnca r~ver and the Saltan r~ver at least as far as
TaJslang .5albalan: eastern Kallnga 18 bounded on the north
by the Ch~co r 1 ver, on the west by the eastern r~dge of
the Ch~co r 4 ver dra 1 nage system on the beg~nn1ngs of the
pla~nSt and on the south by the Mt. Province boundsry&
Tn spite of these, many barrios are 1naccess 4 ble because of
the lack of barangey roads and br~dges.
Tn many places.
one has to hike several rug~ed k1.lometers and cross
treacherous rtvers to reach one's dest1natton.
!ut the
people' s love for the 1 r
land ~.s 8S b~gh as the mourit81.ns
and a~ doep as tho r'ive:rs.
Land 1.8 Itfe; and for the
ch 11dren and the~ r ch~ loren t s ch"'.ldren to 11.ve, land must
be preserved and handed down 88 legacy_
The Ka11nga people must have ac,ufred their name
because of the"r tt'ed-4t~or. of head t8k~ng and tr1bal war.
The kel~ngas were descr~bed by the e~rly anthropologists
--_.-_.- ~.._--
-4aobert I,ewless,
X!H3 soo.t~l ~.101q~f. th~L-lI.lj n£J!s
of Northern Luzon,
(Produced by M~crof'11ms-Xeroraphy 197i
by Un~versity M4 cro-fi.lms Tnternational Ann Arbor, M~chtgan
O.• S .. A) H-igh WY'comb~t Erlp;larldc

---

5
as finer'of bone and muscled as compared to the neighboring
prov-4nces.
"ndj.v~duals often have d1st1nct1ve features not
common~n other nearby populat~on8.
The Kaltnga d-iffers 8
great deal from the other mountain peoples end hae th~
best bu'ld.
He 1S taller, larger and stronger than the
Tfugao, not so heavily muscled 8S the Bontoc taller and
1; gh ter than the Kankana 1 and not llke the To; ngg1.8n who are
inclined to a dump~ness of the body.
He is broad-shouldered
narrow-h~pped,· graceful and ·strong.
His oblor is surely tvo
full shades darker than that of the other tr4be~ and toge-
ther with h~s features, rev8ale 8 strong infusion of Indian
blood.
The nose is usually etra1ght or convey 1n prof11e
and h~gh and narrow as compared with that of the other
tr~bes.
There ,,\\s fre,uently an unusual eye-sli.t, there
would be an epicanthus tf the lower lid were straight, but
this l~d deflects downward and avo~d8 be~ng overlapped by
8
fold.
The skull ts dolichocephalic (possessing a rela-
tively long head or 8 low cephalic 1ndex) or me~et1ceph81ic
(hav1ng a head of med~um proport1.on}5.
Ka1.1.ngao were men
of th~~-{r t~ me, men add'1 c ted to gruesome heedhuntlng
pract 4 ces for the sake of w~nn~ng renown among their own
5Webster'~ New TnternationalDict1onary, Socond
Ed~t1on (0 and C., Merr~am Co., 1959)

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,
people, full of hatred toward the 1r traditional enemies,
and obst1 nate tn the"r purpose to become r1.oh by bring~.ng
home the booty which would be there for the tek 1ng ~n hostile
territory after the massacre of those who could not esc8pe~
But they were also men steeped in sincere love fer their
w~ves who exc~ted the~r husbands to f1ght bravely for them
and the·r ch~ldren; they were men and women loyal to the1r
k1n under all c~rcumstances and, if they belonged to the
h ~ ISher c1858 t p~_tted those whom they called commoners and
shared wtth them thetr r1ches tn sumptuous celebrations.
In
the vor~ published by ~illiet and Lambrecht.' it authenti-
cates the Ka11nga people of old in aetton, thus bri.ngtng
the past into the present a nd keeping alive the customs
of bygone times, organized headhunt1ng expeoted.
~he
Kal1ngss have sung of the feats ot their f1ct1tlou8 culture
heroes, thereby proc18~m1ng the bravey otthetr people tIld
their proclatm1ng the bravery of the1r people and the1r
innate pride ot belong 4 ng to that ethn1.o stock whose valor
overdomes danger and rear t' whose ambuscades d 1splay clever-
ness, and whose headhunts powerfully funct"1.on as the ful-
fillment of duty toward k 4 n and elen.
The Kelinga, as con-
'Franc1Sco H. !il1~ett C.!C.M and Prancis Lambrecht,
C.,. .C.M. f
The Kal1nga U1181111 II. (lgorot Cultu.I'(j Stud.ies,
,15aguio C1ty Ph11tpptnes)
It.F. GarC"!8 Publfshi.ng Co.,
Quez,on C1ty, Ph~.lipp1.nea.

---

7
d1tioned by h~8 own culture 18 8 nervous, vivacious indi-
vidual, ,uick add graceful in hts movemente.
He is enter-
pr ~ s-f ng and has 8 ,u~ ck, keen m1.nd and consstderable busi.ness
sense.
Hfs ~nst1tut4on8 are ingenious, relatively
eff1 cf ent and are 1n full operat1on today desp1.te the supep",,,,
tmpos1.tionof a c'hon"sl government, so that 8 Kalinga offen-
der ta punished by the government for 8 orime and by hts
own custom for 8.tort.
Baaed on the 1990 census the total population is
148, "~41.
Kaltnga has eight (8) municipalities and are
classlf1.ed 88 lover and upper Kal:1nga.
Lower Kslinga
compr~3e9:
Rtzal, Tabuk, ~albe18n and Pinukpuk and upiH,r
Kal1 nga comprises:
1.>estl, Lubuagan, T:i nglayan arId Tariudan"
Por every mun1c1paltty ft is also composed of d1fferent
tribes.
W1th the esc~pt1on of possibly one or two aress,
the tr~be speaks one language, that 18, there j.5 a leZ:1.co-
graphlcal untted though the 1.ntonet1on and pronuncletton
~ary greatly from town to town.
AR
on" looks aroun~, everyth 4 ng fa chang 4 ng 1 4 ke
cuI ture whtch '1.s t3"..~pposed to be preserved but is no".. d~ffer­
ent.at1ng.
Somfl will soon be extinot that 19 no longer
practi ced after 8 number of years.
'rhi.9 beaut1.ful cuI tur@
or folkways or the Kel1ngas are supposed to be e greet 1.n-
her 1 tsnce from our f orefa the'I's but d esp1.·tetheee cbang~ ng

---

eoo 1 etal mores, the reeearcber 1e very muoh motivated to
take thte spec1f1 c study beoause she believes tha;;whatever
1.8 the result of thte 8tudy ~11l be of great s" gn".f'" oant
value to the incoming generat 4 0ne and for local and
national development.
~ased on the constitution of the republio of the
Phi.l i .pptnes "the state shall foster the preservat1on,
enrichment and dynamtc evolution of 8 P111..p'no national
culture based on the pr1nctple of un~.ty tn dtver$tty tv. 8
climate of free 8rt1~t1c intellectual espression" vi.th
this the stUdy hopes to do 80 88 mandated.
Conceptual·rr~~§wOtk
'l'he oulture of the people is the rec1.pe for lite for
v1thout culture life would be meaningless and boring.
Man
finds happ1ness and meaning to his lite as he relates him-
self through hie culture.
Everyone needs others to share
h~8 g~fts or talants by the use ot oulture.
As the saying
goess
UNo maD is an 1.eland"
we alw8y8 need the oompany
of others.
Many vr'tter8 ssari-be to th1.s top1.c "oulture."
Culture 8S the 1nd1v~du81 views it 18 ~omething he
poe~esse8 the t he can show to get reoogni.t1on and 8 way to
make others get tnterested tn b~ris.
Culture 8S vtewed by
soc~ety is 8 thing that d 4 st 1 ngu i shes an ind 4 viduel from
all the rest.

---

9
Culture compr1.ses d i.fferent :f.deas ab!Jtrect end con-
crete or non-tangible end tangible.
Speaking of tangible
things, these are the things that man can v1S1.bly ge~.
touch and use or th1.!J compr1.ses what fs cODnDonly' ealled' the
~j
mater; a1 cuI ture.
Wh:fle non-ll\\8tertal cul ture are the th:tngs
or practlcee
and beliefs of the people that can not be seen
and tau clJed that has to do with the art of 11ving, lIke law,
government, ethics, r"ltg"on, recreation, langl?-ege, wr"t~ngt
art I1terature and moraltty.
Whatever oulture t8 all about to en, angle of lite.
thi;, 1s what one hes to possess to make 111'e worthwhtle and
pleas 4 ng to h~5 creator.
/
The operat1onal paradigm of the study is tn the next
page.
The f1rst boa tncludes the independent v8r1sbles
n~mely: the materfal cultur~ of the Kaltngs8 AS expressed
in farm~ng, weav1ng t animal rateing, pottery mak1ng. ktt-
chen utene:tls, food gathertng, pound'1ng rtce, wine and
suger mak"f.ng, house construction, r1.tual~, r:ttee andsoo 1.81
gether~ngs.
These affect the rural life of the people
along econom-4c 90C181, education and env1ro,nmental preser-
'18 ti.on d 1_menstons.
These' are the dependent variables as
repre5~nted in the second box.
The third box represents
th~ out put of the study which ts the'identtftoetton of
those to be l.mprcved on, preserved end d'i0;3cardec1o

---

r
r"-"-'--"-"'-- --- - -.-.---..--.----. _..-_.~ -"" -, ~-- ---... _.-.._--.,-..-..··-------·--1
r'''-'''''----- .._.>~._~-------"'":
rou~;-p·ut-·--·----~l
"
Independent.; Vari.ables
i
IDependent Variablesl
"
I
I
I
I
'
I
1
I fi[aterial culture of the Kali.ng.,as
I
IRural life of the
I
h<1aterial
I
I
'
I
-'
I !
i
cuI tu,re
I
I
I
As in:
1
!KalingaS affected.
I
'1
to be:'
F- !:l"t'~ml' ng
'Cl.' tu-::. 1 s
i
I a 1 '"}ng··
I
-
c;;w......
- .u.
~
I
I -_...
I
I
-
weavi.ng
Child birth and
II
i
_
I
I
I
I
I -
- Improved.
Animal raising
child rearing
I
,'- Economic
!
_ pottery making
Engagement and
I i !
_ Kitchen utensils
marriage
I . I
I ~-==->..
I - Food gathering
Death and funeral I~
I
_ Preserved
_ Pounding rice
rites
- Education.
I
and other things
Tribal war or
I
_ Wine and sugar
conflict
I
making
Social gatherings!
I! _ Discarded
House construction
I
1- Sccial
I
Unlawful act and
I
punishment
I
I
!
I
peace-pact ag~ee­
I
I
L
IE' -
ment and celebra-
.J..al
i -
nlilronmen. l<
I
tions
preservation
L----l
Figure 1
Operational paradigm of the study
_...
o

---

11
Sta~,ment 0: t~~~m
Th1.3 study sought to look into the tnd1genuou8 mater-
ial.culture of. ~ali~as and its imp11cat·,ons to rural 11~w"1ngl
It also sought answers to the following ~pecjflc,uestion8S
1.
What are the tool~t implements or erttfaQts of
the Kal1n~aa w~th respect tot
To what extent have the~ been used?
A.
Farm1.ng
~.
Weav1 ng
Co
lnimal Raising
Do
Pottery mak~ng
E.
K~.tchen utens1.1s
Fo
load gathering
G.
Poundtng r~ce
H.
Wine and sugar Making
I.
House construction
s0
Rituals
a.
Chtld blrth and child reartng
·b.
Engagement and Marriage
c.
D~ath and funeral
d.
Tribal war/confllct
Lo
Social gathertng~
a.
Unlawful act and pun1.shmeut
b.
Peace-paot agreement end celebrat 1 0n
2.
Whtch of this 1n~t!enuous m8t6r~al culture
can be improved on, preserved or d18oarded?
B S U tUtTU!U\\l UB~ARY

---

12
3.
What are the phases of rural ltv1ng that are
affected by th 4 s matertel culture?
What are the
I
tmplicat 10ns?
1.
The IBaterial culture of the Kal1..ngaB 1.9 rich
and var1ed.
2.
Some can be tmproved on, some preserved and
some d 1. 3carded •
3.
The materiel culture affects phases of rural
11.V~ ng.
~C()P' and 12eltm",tatton of the stutU
As to the area coverage, th".9 study oovered e~.ght
(B) mun" c·tpal ; t1 es of Kal inKs namely:
!albalan, Lub119gan
Pastl, P1nukpuk, R1.zal, Tabuk, Tanudan and Tinglayan with.
total populat~on or 14e.141 people broken down 8S follows:
l'tun1.cipaltty
Populat-ton
!albalan
11.e7.·
Lubuagen
11.066
Pastl
e.90o
P".nukpuk
22.-4l!\\7
R~zal
15.071
Tabuk
5S,;91
Tanudan
e.194
T.;ng18yan
15 t 1i~.....
'!:ot81
14e,141

---

Tn some of the munioipalities, p8opl~ are all
natives of the place narnnlys
Ba1balan, Lubuagan, Pastl,
l
F1 nukpuk, Tanudan and Ttngleyan while tn Tabuk and R1zal
the res-4 dents are II mtxture of tmm~.grants and some nat1.veso
The researcher largely studied the tribe ot the tsloctoa
represented by the munictpal1.ty or 'ranudan.
The terms
u8ed tn this study are those of the Taloctoc tribe.
Vhat-
~ver word{s) spelled and ~ronounced dttterentll from other
tr1bes, 19 attributed to 8 d~81ecti.c8l variant.
Th~_s study
is conf-ined to clas8i..:r'y~ng and d88cr1b-'ng the 'tndi.genuous
mater'~a1 cul tvre, end t'he 1n!luenoe to rural l"v~ng.
lt
al~oident1fted material culture that can be improved, pre-
~arved or d~scarded. A map of the 8 municipalities is in p.150
~:f"n1t~on ot:._TerWfI
Ar~"fact!!..,-
'rhti!se are S'i.mple Objdcte 88 a tool or
ornament show~ng human workmanship or modtf1catton, 8 pro-
duct of ctvtlizatton, product ot8rt~8ttc endeavor.
CuJtur!,o
'l'he eompltix whole which "inolude knowledge,
bel~ef~, arts, mor81~, laws, customs and any other capa-
b~11t{es and hab1ts 8c,u~red by man 8S e member ot 8oc1ety,
"t means the en t'~ re wa1 of' I" f e followed 07 a People and
writing learned and shared by people in society.
It in-
cludes all 80c"'811y etandardtzed vays ot living and th1.nk-
1n~ about the vcrld egt8b143b~ng preferenoe and ~oels end

---

"
also cons1sttng of the rules whioh generates and gUide
behavtor!
It also refers to 8 state of refinement, of belng
well versed in the arts, philosophy and the languages.
According to some var-'ous def1nit10ns, culture has been
m8d~ deacripttve with amphs918 on eooial heritage or trB-
d f t1on; normattve w1.th emphas18 on rules or ways; psyoho-
logical w1 th emphasis on the patterning or organ 1 zatton of
culture as a product or artifacts.
Acoordtng to Taylor
,e71~ culture is man's social heritage whtch has boen
tr8n8m~tted from one generatton to another through language!
The d1sttnct 1 ve way of Itfe ora people, whatever
that mi.ght be, "the 800-481 her~_tage wh1ch the tndiv"dual
rece~ves from thtIJ ~oup; a system of behavior 9hared by
members of 8 eootetYo9
Refers to 811 those- th1.ngs wh -4 ch go to the ref1 n1.tlg
7socorro
C~; Esp1r'ltu, Ch,,~ter Lo Hunt, et .. a1.,
Sog~olog1-Jq t~~ ft~w fPJliRpln§ ~e~t~qa (927 Quezon Avenue
Quezon City:
Phoen1z Publtshtng Houae !rlo., 197_) p., 32.
9Custod1.0 Anoheta Sanchez and re A.. ~erb9do 19pace,
Q.Qll.t~,gU?g.~J:L;?qql..alJ'r..Q,blemn .§.uLl~.:2~l~,,"', ..ol~L"~,b!l,,J?hJl.UAill~
~Qu'eZ"c1!l'10I-ey f::GP14en Art·pribtfiig co'rp~'" 58 ..Jral·~a&r1 st.
»lxi.a., 1'919).
. "

---

'--~
and developt~g ot man's d1Yerse m~nt81 and phY9~cal endov-
mente.
Tt encompasses all the w87~ ot living of 8 group of
people such as cU9toms, tradtttons, beliefs, ~alue8, sr-
10
t 1 sttc expresston and language.
Tt refers to the Kal1ngas' ways ot life that are
trans£n1tted from one generatlon to generatton.
la:cm"ng.
Act or bustness of cultivat1.ng land. the
conduct or management ot e farmo
folkways.
Refer to the behavtor patterns otsoctety
which the members have come to accept 99 the proper ways
of dealing wtth the1r day-to-dsy problems of living and
~nteractton with eaoh other through either trial and error.
sheer scotdent or some unknown tntluen080
Once establtshed
and accepted these patterns are endorsed by most members
of the soctety and become the way of th8 folks or thetr
.
1 1
folkways.
liural ComrpunltICI
Usuall,. small cc·mmunlty where the
occupation ot the people is usually farming, ftsh1ng or
food gather 1 ng characterized by low dens1ty of pOpulation,
pr~mary group~ng, 8sneinshaft ~nteraetion and homogentty
12
of culture.
12
. Tbido

---

15
11~1r1.oom~.
!esds, gong, jar or plate wh{ch 19
valuable (ant1\\ue)
Artifacts. These are simple object as a tool or orna-
~: ~',
'
1 ,
. l "
:. ~ . -[
.(; ">:
~ .
~.J".~
ment showing human workmanship or modification, a product of
~-,
~_
~~,.,"."
t i
-.,
_'.
.~
.~.
.
_
.",
f'
i:~ _ ,
".
'civilization~ product~of artlstfd endeavor.
l' rH11gcno~~.
Or ig1 n8 t1 ng .in 8 part1.ouler reglon;
nat'~vei)
groups 1n 8 populat·, on wh1.ch POSS~S9 and wish to prc3erve
stable ethn1c, re1 4g 1 ou9 or l1ngutsttc trad1ttons or
ch6racterist~cs markedly d~!ferent from those ot the re~t
the population (in the Ph11tpptnes) tt refers to these who
are somewhat out9~de th~ orb 4 t of the Htspan 4 0 Chr1st~an
cuI ture wh·j ch has characterized the majort ty of tnhab.( tents
of the Ph11~PP1nes.'4
~nl1catlon.
Closs oonnection.
Rural.Lfv1pso
The kind o:f life or eterA ard or 11.v1ng
in rural community.
R1tualso
The form of formd of conducting worship 8S
established by trad~t~ons or customs which have the'face
of how, they are sets of actions performed according to a
prescr-ibed set of rulef1J usually wlth symbolic meantng. 15
_ _ _. . . . - _
..._ r « ~
'4Webster'e New International Dictionary, Second
Ed1t 1 on (Q and C., Mer~lam Co.; '959) po 1250.

---

r
E~tterlo
Manufacture of earthenwar~, ceram1C8o
S\\gnj!1caOl Talu~.
The u9nfulness, tmportance,
excell~nce or worth of influence or effect of thtngs,
deserving to be conindtv1.dual results<:l
Tabq.Q.
Sacred or 80cia1 proh1b1.ttono
Xools.
These are instruments use in wcrktng~
~&v1ng.
The operatlon of business of forming threads
tnto fabrtc or cloth and also formtng some other mstertal
toto baskets, decorations etc. l'
'later1s1 Qul!ruro.
It 13 applied to the sum tntal
of all sorte that are the results of teohnology.
Such
arttfacts tnclude toole and implements and contatner9 of
all ktnds, processed foods or devioes u5ed by members of
Soc1etYo'7
A glossary of non-English wOrd(s) or Kalinga term(sO
is in appendix E (p~.-'20-125).
Implements. These are articles, tools, utensils, etc.
like apparel or furniture serving to equip for work.
1'Jb1d
17Ha !! IH lSeela and Mary )'1e ier t
A1l.." 'trr~gy,gt1on 'tr.,
AnthropololY, Thtrd Edition~ (Collier, McMillan. Carma
Ltd., Toronto Antonio:
McMillan Co., 1965) p. 29&.

---

17
Im12ortanQ~ of the ,tUtU
This study wtl1 be very useful and significant to
many people in various ways:
i t will serve as en updated record or data-bank of
th" 1nd~genou3 D1ater"al culture of the K81ingas.
Any
tnterested tndividual who wtll seek to know the matertal
culture of Kal1nga will be gUided and will ac\\utre knowledge
about ~ t.
R"-l9Jow1.ng the mater-{ a1 cuI ture will lend one to
understand and appreciate the Ka11ngas better.
'amil~ar·tt1
with the material oulture ot other people and 8ppr~ci8t1on
of them will promote better underatand"ng w~th on., another
and. wh1ch further leads to 8 her.onious relattonshtp among
neighbors and other people~
'l'hts 1.9 also in re~p01'18e to the program of the
government that 1.8 geared towards the preservat~on and
development of Pjlip 4 no culture for nattonal tdent1tyo
Th1~ will contr 1 bute to research knowledge, undoubtedly_
Thta study is Itkew1se tor other research students
of ethnography and folkways.
'tnally~ thts stUdy ts addressed to the incoming
generat10n of Kalinga tor them to know the variety and
r1chnes3 of the material oulture of their forebears.

---

18
Chapter 2
REyTEW OP RELATED LTTERATURE AND STUDJE3
This chapter presents the related studtes both
pub11shed and unpublished rn8t3r~als available tn the fore 1gn
and local setting and elsa contains the reasons 'why there
~8 8 need to review related ltterature, the researcher
de~tved the fol1ow~ng reasons:
To b8 able to have 8 background and 8dd4t~on81 tnfor-
mation about the top~c "culture-.
To gain broader knowledge
on the culture of other people.
To determine whether or
not the problems of this study have already been 1nvestt-
gated by 100a1 researchers.
'0 dt~cover related f1ndtnge
and conclustons.
And to d8termine if previous findtng3,
conclu~~ons and recommendations of prevtou3 related atud i ee
w1.11 be conftrmed by the ftndtngs of th1_s study.
So far, no 3tudy has been conducted on the same
top~ c cov-er1 ng the same geogr8ph~.c81 area, howerver rels'ted
stud~e9 on the culture of other places were rev~ewed and
prosented hera •
.
Eecause of her great des~re to know and got related
1nfo~mAt~ons, the r~searcher availed herself of as many
references 8S she could take"hold of.
Puql~d Mater1als
Culture ts that complex social ht:'r1tege cr' general

---

19
design or rec 4 pe for ltv i ng wtth1n e society wh1ch has
been transmitted by human be1ngs 1nterect~ng w~th one ano-
ther throughout the whole history of mank1nd.
Man's cul-
ture constitute his way of life, knowl~dge and techn~\\ues
that enable htm to surv1ve and overcome space.
Man ie
the only member of the animal k 4 ngdom to develop and possess
culture.
The cruc~al d1fference, thus between man and
1
2
lower an.tmals ~s culture.
.As Kroeber
wrote:
"Roughly, then, we can approximate ~hat
culture ~e by 8sy1ng i t is that which the
human specte has and other 500101 speci.es
leck.
This would ~nclude speech, knowledge,
beliefs, customs, arts and technologtes,
idea18 and rules.
That in short, 1.s what
we learn from other men, trom oUr elders
or the past, plus what we may add to tt"~
Accord 4 ng to chinoy~ 19'71
~efng both eoc1el end
cultural being, man develops h15 perfloflel1ty through socJal
1.nter8ct:ton.
As human beings fnteract1.ng w~th one anothor,
they exchange the mean~ngs ot their environment and
experiences.
These exchanges become
the foundatton of 8
soc;ally accepted way of 11~e or culture.
The continued
erlsten'ce of 8 cul tU.re depends upon the cont1nu:lng 1nt~rBct1.on
-,_._--
'1-
Op'.' cit.
2 Ybid
3Tbid

---

20
of human be1ngs in groups.
Culture is the product of
8'00 ~ 81
tn tera ct 1 on.
CuI tUZ-8 accord 1ng to Taylor an
r~n~11 sh Anthropologist .. s a "complex whole wh:4 ch includes
knowledge, beliefs, arts, law, morals. customs, end eny
other capab1.11t~es and hab~t8 8cllu1red by man 88 8 member
of soc~ety."
Culture ~s Mants soc~81 heritage which has
been tranAm1tted from one generation to another through
language, culture tells man what to do, what not to do
and how to do th-4ng9.
Tt presents him ways of relsti.ng
h 4 mself to the people end phenomena tn the world about himo
Culture represents the destgne or rec"pes for l1.vtng!
the interrelated netwol~k ot norms and roles.
,'Tt enCC!:i.pas-
gas rnodes of thinking, fee,11ng and acting corn.nlonly found
in a soc 4 ety end 1nclud~9 ever,thing. man has ac\\u1red as
a member of a soc" ety.
M~3n' s cuI ture is un".\\ue but l.t
d~ffer in various soc 1 et 1 es, at b~rth the ch~ld is heir to
th 4 R vast social heritage ot organ1zed ideas and values,
krlowledge and expected ways of behav~or.
Th~ e culture
presents him w1,th a way of making eenae of the l!lyr"'.ad of
\\
people and ph~nomena in the world about h 4 m and which ho
does ~reat cons .. ~tencyc
rurthermore. Culture accord1ng to Schwert~·, 19'~
refers to a d~fferent ideas; culture 88 real phenomena

---

21
and culture as en abstractton.
Schwartz seid that & etone
tool, a ntpa hut, and others are all real things and are
part of culture.
These th~ngs ere read1ly v1stble and
I
hAve reality as many of the other phenomena in nature,
l 1 kew 4 se, culture is an 8bstract~on from behavior and may
be observed from the act~v~t1es of the people: in what
people do and say, what they avo~d:doing, and in the tech-
n~~ues they use tn maktng artfacts.
Culture compr1ses ot
non-tangible and tangible things, and tang 4 ble 6ulture or
materiel culture refers to the concrete thtnge that man
creates and uses, they range from the prehistoric stone
tools of pr 4mitive man to the more advanced and complex
i.mplements and mach"nery of modern .1I9no
Tn some books, Philippine culturel her1tage are
d ~ scussed '" n h.; stori cal form like the one authored by ZSi.de
5
and Pr1tchard:
They discussed the houses and dwellings,
foods and drinks, mode of dresstng, famtly life, marriage
customs and laws of the anc~~nt F11ip1.nos.
According to
them, the anc 1 ent Pilipfno already have their distinct
culture before the Spaniards came to the Ph111pp1.nea.
5Gregor1.0 Zs i.de and' Sonia Pri tchard.
li.11tl.2.r:t. QJ: tlle
!i.epubl1c of the PP~.P1n...~ICo)'1~e Edition, (ICa-ttona1
~ookAtore Inc., 1ge3 , Metro Manile, Philippines.

---

22
An anc~.ent F1..11.p1no house they sa1.d was known as a
ttbahny kubo," was made of bamboo end roafed wtth ntpa, palm.
leaves, each houees was prov 4 ded with 8 ladder that could
be drown up at night or when the family ~s out.
Under the
house was kept the rice, firewood and pet animals/the
ancient ~tljptno ate rice as their staple tood supplement
v1th meat, fish, bananas and other fruit and vegeta~les
They also described the man as wearing 8 collarless ehort
sleeved jacket Xan&8n and 8 strtp of cloth 1l.ahag, ..rapped
around the waist and in between the legs.
The women 8
wide-sleeved jacket oalled bI.2 and. sktrt called flttadjgng,
a piece of cotton whtch they wrapped around their ve~9t
and let fall to the1.r feet.
The family was the basis of
society 4n anc 4 ent Phtlfpp1.nee w1th famt17 t1e~ 8S they
are today, close and 9trong.
They were trained to be
loyal to the1r ancestral gods to respect their elders,
iove their parents and to o~ey the datu and the barangay
laws.
The 1r oral lattls were the Qustoms (uga 1 i) .h1.ch had
been handed down orally from one generation to g~ner8t1on.
The aspects of the culture of the ancient 'ilipino 8S
d" scu8sed by Za1.de and Prttchard are related to that of the
Kalingas, the subject etudted.
they are 8tmtlar and relat-
ed because 1.t touches cloth·tng and honeing, fam1.1y life,
marriage praet1ces and law80
!he dtsoussion that were gtven

---

23
are s1milar to that of the present study 8S ves presented
but the former covered the ancient liliptno tn general
wh1.1e the present study 19 Itmited only to the Kelingaso
His people are the inhabitants of the Grand
Cord ~ l1era Central the rugged mounta~_ns whi.ch are at the
heart of Luzon of the Ph~11pptne largest 1s1and.
The
Cord ~ l1era people are among the few groups wh~.ch managed
through remoteness of the~r homes and tenac10us resistance
to evade Spanish rule and tnfluence.
'l'heir Itves end
relig"ous practices retain many elements ot Pre-Htepentc
Ph111 pp1 ne ways.
Their sp1r".tual and phys~ eel 1.ndepemenoe
pers 4 sted for more than three centuries after their lowland
brothers were ruled by an alien government. converted to
western relig10us and accepted many western pr8ct~cee into
the-'r cultureo'
At the beginning of the twentieth· century, however
western influences finelly permeated the mountains 8 nd
started affecting the religions and daily lives of the
people.
Chang~s have been slow i.n some arees, but they
w111 never stop or be reversed.
The old practioes hove
long gone from the mountain8 tooo

---

24
One could see that there would be a time when the
ltfe 5tyle would d18oppaar, almost everyth~ng ts changtngo
The houses for ~nst8nce are beg 4.nntng to be made of galvan-
tzed ~ron, because the old houses are hard to make.
Gather-
1ng graas for. the roof is t1me-consum".ng, and 1.t would only
last for about f1.ve years before tt had to be changed aga1.n.
Modern material are vermin-proof, less subject to five end
more convenient.
In the matter of clothes, 8 pair of
trousers was cheaper than a G-String and moreover, it had
pockets.
More people were lI1ovingto the large towna to look
for jobs.
They were st1.11 @;o1.ng to ~he rttuals
but they
f
are beg~ nn tng to adapt..
For tnstance, tn the wedd ~.ng
fest-i.vals, chr1 st1an8 ltere elso jo~_n1.ng tn, 80 they would
have the marr1age performed in the church and then have
merrymaking 4n the ethnic weyo
There were more children tn echool and going to
ohurch, the children would be taught not to follow their
customs.
Commun1.ty gatherings or 8ctiv1t1es were "nit1ated
by those whome
the peopl~ see 88 hero because of what they
have done, end what they have g6 i .ned.
Tradition is handed down from generation to g~ner8­
ttOD orally.
Kinship as well 88 rlghte and responsib1-
1"' ti 8S i.s e\\ual for both male end femel" parente 1.n th~

---

,
25
fam".l".
When 1. t comes to marr1.age "contract" or Illsk1.ng
arrengement to whom their children be Married tn the neer
'future is done by the eldere even if the1r child is still
very young or even unborn.
However if one of the party
. decided not to honor the parental commitment if he or she
reach maturity hie or her parents must pay to compensate
the family of the rejected partner.
To the people of the Cordtllera, the whole world
was 8 temple and everyth1ng in tt was saored.
One d1,d not
become reltgious; one vas born reltg4 ous.
Each culture
group considered 1teelf directly descended trom one or more
deities, and belteved that they would rejoin their ancest-
ors after deeth.
The ktn re18tionsh~p transcended deatho
L1ving people were expected to look after the des1res of
departed relatives, and the sptrtts of the decea~~d were
depended upon to assist and tnterced for their Itv1ng ktn
when properly Asked to do 80.
Yet while 8 number of the mounta'tn people have
obtained 8
university education and d';st1ngu1,shed them-
selv6s in the var 10us profe8~1on8, the ancient rttuels are
st11l p~rformed, the trad"'ttoD81 attire is st1.11 worn and
the tr 1 bal languages are still spoken~
Someth1ng tn the
Tgorot has refused to be con\\uered.

---

Local =,tudlo!
MgOdChO·s7 study on the Impaot of Education on the
culture of the ~ontoc9 derived the following findings:
The customs, practices and tradtttons of the
people reflected j.n the material aspeats ot their cul ture
are those related to housing, kitchen utensils, carrying
e~utp~ent, cutting e,u1pmont, farming e,uipment and type
and kind ot dress and mode of dressing.
Several customs,
practioes and traditions at the poeple are effected by
Education among the3e ares
the improvement in houae cons-
truction from the Curde Aua to the bigger and larger
19amang, manufaoture of more ~ and ~a~2nS with better
destgned for ssle and use by every member of the family,
imp'rovement in the manufaoture and IIlater1.al ot the
SalucbE2~, «tpa]l and 12ad~ngA. ~mprovement of ths els,S2 and
saloysoy, wearing ot the I-string end ~8Di~. wearing the
prescribed att1.re in mourning.
Those whi~hthe people
thought to be modtfied are:
use of !.,lago and ,JaloYsoy,
use of 9J2:£.2, ~Qong and bSlllh0...2 tub" for carrying water,
wearing the prescribed attire for mourning.
Those with
7JosePhine Kgodcho,
-The Impaot of Education o~ the
Culture of the !ontocs-
(Unpublished Master's Thesis,
~8gUto Central University, ~8gul0 Oity, 1geo).

---

27
the people thought to be preserved ares
ho12, glPID, A!-
lucb~ and wearing the tapis.
The eU9toms, practioes and tradition of the people
that have tar-reaohing implioations to eduoation are:
some cU3toms and practices should be totally discarded
through the schools beoause Q! their adverse effeot upon,
the l.t.fe of the people especially along health, technology
and eoonomy, others should be modified to ~o away with
the destructive aspeots and improved on the advantageous
83pects, this can easily be done through lessons in the
dtfferent subjects of the 3chool ourriculum, etill many
others ought to be preserved :for their human values worth
developing in the minds and charaoter ot tho youth, thls oan
be done by inoorporatlng them in the ourrioulum and maki.ng
them part of the pr~gram of study in all sohools.
Igodoho's study is related to the present study
beoause both talks of the same material cultura but the
dtf:f'erenoe 1s in the venue and ethnic group con8~.dered in
tht~ study reviewed and in the pr9sent study.
Another study conducted by Donato Pes-oyen on the
customs, praotices and tradttions of the Kankana-eys of
western Kapangan and their implication to education arrived
at the fol1owtng findtngs:

---

e
Pes-oyen's
study on the oustoms, practices and
trad1.ttons of the Kankana-eys of western Xapangsn present-
ed the customs practioes and tradttions of the Kankana-eys
of western Kapangan ~tth full desor~,t~on; he also 018381-
fi.ed these custOMS, practices and tradttions 88 to which
of them should be disoarded modtf1ed or preserved in
accordance w1. th their Sign:tt:t.cance to edl1cation:
Pes-oyen·.
findtnge:
The effects of educ3tion upon the customs, praottces
and traditions of the people are evident in the changes
and improvement of lIlany of these or1.gtnal oustoms and
pract~ce3.
There are faster changes in the customs, ,rao-
ttc63 end tr~d1tlons of the people related to the materiel
aspects of. their cuI ture thart upon the non-materiel 8:S~ ots
because of the old folks who de81re to perpetuate the
tradtt10nal pagan tribes.
They like to maintain their
leadership 8tatu3 along the non-material aspeots of their
cultures.
There are worthwhile human valuos in both the
or1.glnal and present oustorn3 f pract1.ces and trad t ttons of
the people that have far-reaching and fundamental 1mplloa-
t~ons to eduoation.
8Donato Pes-oyan,
"The customs, Pr&etic8S and !ra-
dittons of the Kankana-eys of Western Xapangan and their
Educational 'tmplications."
(Unpublished Mastar'e thests,
~eKuio Central Univers~ty. ~8guio City, 1geo)o

---

29
Pes-oyen t 8 study dealt wi th cus'toms, practtcee and
trad1t1ons, the same as that ot the present study but the
present one is on the mater tal culture and also involves
people of another place.
There would be some s1milarl-
ttes of the beliefs end pre~tlces but they are not exaotly
the same.
A study oonduoted by Suclad9., on tbe 'culture,
of the Kankana-eys of Eagulin:
Its influence to social
ee1..ence and education arr1,ved at the follo,."ing findtngs:
The customs, praotices and traditions of the
kankana-eys that influenoed their soctal life and thetr
ed ucat'1.on are those related to housing, kl tchen utens11!f,
carrying e,u1pmenta, farming e,u~pments, modes of dressing,
b~rth, marriage, s~oknes8, deeth nnd bur1.al rites and
agriculture.
These oustoms and practices are eVid~nt in
the kind~ and var1ety of their various implements and
activit1es like the construction of houses, making and
using kitchen utensils, Making end using of carrying
e~utpmen, k1nd~ and u~eB of ferm e\\uipment, kinds of
clothe3 and modes of drs881ng.
There are many primittve customs end trsdtttonel
praotices of the people which influenoed very much their
9pedro Suolad,
"The Culture of the Ksnkana-eys
Bagulin:
Its Influence to Sooi~l Science end Eduoatlon"
(UnpubJished Master's thesis, !aguio Central University.
1gee).

---

social l1fe and education that made them sooially different
and tn!ertor to other tribes.
Other praotices and customs
influenced their social life and education muoh but not so
much that they could be altered and or modified.
A. number of these custolla, praotioes snd tradttlons
have pos1.ti've influence on their soc1.al life and educat1oDo
'these customs 8]).d praotic9e. oould make the people ben~fi­
cial, produotive members of society and could make them
di~tinct but traditions whioh have negative influence
that made them eduoationally and soctally backward, unde-
velopedand hard to adjust to modern social ways of living.
The customs, practtces and tr8d~ttons have far-
reaching influences on the s6ctal life of the people;' the
customs, practioes and traditions have d~velopad among
the people strong and close faMily ties but developed
among them inferiority complex; the people have low income
because of the primitive technt,uea of farming end limt-
t8t~ons of primitive handicrafts: the child is conditioned
by the customs, practicee end traditional sets of beha.lor
or patterns of l1.vlng; the people s't111 respect the role
of the tolks especially the Itlenbunor}&, !J!!ins1R-:..9..I, man-~l()t
4
who developed the breeding of kinship leaders who generally
lorded over hts ktns; tredt ttonal types of dwsl1.1,ng,
implements, atttre and other Material posse~81on8 still
extst becau~e of the impact of the old customs, praotices

---

SdQ
and tradtt~on9J some people, espectally children are
eastly affected by diseases because of improper 8anttation
and or system of oontrolling waste disposal; the customs,
pract~ces and traditions have far-reaching influences
on the education or the people 8S 6 result of the tradi-
tional customs and praotices, the natives d$veloped
inferiority complex ins~i~e of their olnae and strong
family tie3, many cannot push through or finish their
stud.ies because of the old ballefs, customs, praottotls end
trad t ttons where much money is spend for r1. tea rather till.!l
for th~ education of t~eir children, 1nspite of~lh.
modern 1.nventions, dtaoover1es and teachings, the nattves
st1.l1 practioe 8 dual system on medical care, ignoring the
importanoe of sc1.ence and technology, the customs,
practices and tradtttona htndsr the changes in burial rites
and practices, courtsh1.p and ut8rriage rites and in 8g'r'i.-
culture, they partially and 810wly aooept the impaot of
modern civl1izatlon tntroduced by the change agents like
pr1vate schools, churches, oivic organtzatione or govern-
ment and private agencies, even educated native8 perform
the ktnds ot ltElDft.2 presoribed by the IDaQs1p-ok and the
manbunong because they believe and feer that unfulfilled
rituals would lead to 8 life time of misery and or mis!ortne.
Suclad's study i8 similar to the preeant study 1n the
sense that Suclad also talked on the material 83pect of

---

32
culture same wtth that of the present one but in different
place and d1.fferent ethnic group.
On 8 etudy on belief~ and values as reflected in
the li.fe of the Jgorote of Sag.da Mto Provinoe and their
impltcations to education by Beatrice Un09, ahe arrived
at the following findtngs:
The material culture of the typical 19orot consists
of the folloying:
houee-granary, bedroom, living room)
kitchen, dining room, space for keeping the cage of child-
ren at night; tools Bnd implemente for use in the fields
and kaingine, basket for men snd women, large and small
for lunch oontainere, carrying palsy and camotee; other
working tools like bolos and zxes. wooden bark and pieces
of red cloth for I-string and tapis for women, invariably,
8
house has a ptgpen for comfort room; weapons and other
paraphernalia useful in ell forms or rituals ceremonies;
folkwa'Y3 are expressed 1n terms of eU3toms, trad t t1on$ and
mores of the people.
The rituals praotices take plaoe ina
8
cycle with respeot to birth, marriage and death. depend-
ing upon the nature of event that ocoured in the family
household, the number of antmals sacriftced to appease the
ancestral spirits and other sn1tos, mary range from three
to 21 varied kinds of anim81s; chicken, pigs, oows and
carabaos.
Those famt11es unpreparod when an unexpected
phenomena happen~i often borroW' en:~_male from 1.mmed1.ate rela-

---

33
t1.ves, the inst itut1 on of cansg vary tn k1.nd.
The llume-
rous types that 1.8 betng performed in the drama of l1.fe
and living of the net1ve dep~nd8 primartly on the nature
of t1tulss celebrated; each ritual re,u1rtng different
ki~d of animals sacr:tficed, different sacred paraphernal~.8
uged during the ceremony and of course different ett:1.re of
the celebrants.
As 8 rule, the performance during the year
consj.sts of numerou.a activ1.t1es.
They are performed se\\uen-
t1al1y including those that normally occur during birth,
marrtage or death.
Tn the course of the lives of a family
there is no such thing 8S just butchertng of entmals for
what ~s known in English term 8S "blowouts,"
since .ny
killing of animals 18 done w1th an objective, although there
are occ8a1ons for merrymakjng and mak-tng fi.estes those are
tr~bal amenlt1es ded~cated as a sort of thanksg1v1.ng to
the good' bounty ot nature, hence to the nat1.v9 (lods,
dei.t:tes or to the appeasement of ance·etral spirits.
The
nat~ve 19orot3 are livtng in cogon-thatched houses clus-
tered in villages/barrios, this is necessary folloving the
instinct of man to. defend them8~lves against 8 common
anomy, part1cularly in the olden days when rempag:tng other
tribel groups from the aame provtnceoame to attack them,
th-l.8 bred the sptri t
of unsurpassed cooperation of the
people to help one another in t-tme of need e.g. group labor
which 1.3 common 1n bU11ding houses, workinl( 5n the f1.elds

---

34
as harvesting palsy, or any type of work which a family
may w1.sh to f1.n~.sh within a few days.
Any member of the
tr~be simply offers his destres to help w~thout payment in
return.
Some of the positive moral traits veIl fostered
and inherent among the nati,ve Tgorots of western Mt.
Province are:
hospitality and courtesy even to strangers;
intense loyalty tn their own group including obedience
and helpfulness: modesty as expressed by feminine demureness;
unsurpassed humility; pet1ence in edversity, the people
are 1ndustrtous, never known to have bean affected tn t1.mes
of adversity, they are self-reliant, never known to idling
t1m~, to gambling nor dependent.
They are self-satisfied
in all the things they do, fatalistic attitude 1s not 8
part of their v~rtue, ne~ther ere they indolent or attempt
tO,keep up w1th the Santoseso
'10
Thi~ former study by Un?~ is related t~ the present
one stnce the former study dieeussed aome aspects of the
mater1.al cuI ture but in another ethntc group and another
place.
Another study conducted by Bongyo'oD 1the
10Beatr:tce Y. Unos,
'iThe Beltefe end Talues88
, Reflected ·'n the L1.fe of the "fgorot9 Sagada Mountain Pl"\\')-
v1.nce~ the1r Impllcati.on on Educatton U
(Unpublished
MAster's thes~s, Baguio Central Un~versfty, 1ge5).

---

as harvesting palsy, or any type of work which 8 family
may wish to fin~eh within a few days.
Any member of the
tr~be simply offerB his des{res to help without payment in
return.
Some of the positive moral traits vell fostered
and 1nherent among the nati,ve Tgorots of western Mt.
Province are:
hospitality end courtesy even to strangers;
intense loyalty to their own group including obedience
and helpfulness: modesty as expressed by feminine demureness;
unsurps9sed humility; pet1ence in adversity, the people
are 1 ndufltr1,.oU8 t never known to have bean affected tn tlmes
of advere:i ty, they are self-reliant, never kno'fn to tdling
t1m~, to gambling nor dependent.
They are self-satisfied
in all the things they do, fatalistic attitude 18 not a
part 'ot their virtue, ne~ther are they indolent or attempt
to ,keep up w1th the Santoseso
'10
This former study by Un?~ is related t'O the prsaerlt
one stnce the former study dieeussed $ome aspects of the
matertal culture but in another ethnic group end another
place.
Another study conducted by Bongyo'onithe
10Beatr:tce Y. Unos,
.tThe Beltefe end Taluce8e
, Reflected ., n the L1.fe of the 'T gorots Sagada Ptounta in Prn-
v1.nce,. the1r Implicati.on on Educatton U
(Unpublished
MAster's the9~S, Baguio Central Un~vers{ty, 1ges).

---

35
Customs and Beliefs of the Mayoyao people on Health Educa-
t1.on, have.the followlng ftndingss 11
The customs and practices and beliefs of the people
that have far-reaching implications to education are the
following:
Some customs and practices should be totally
d~scarded through ed.ucat:ton because of thetr adverse
effects upon the life of the people especially along health
and economy.
Others ~hould be modifted to do away wlth
the destructive aspects end improved on the advantageous
aspects, thie can be done easlly through education end
example.
Still many others o\\~ht to be preserved for
the" r human or cultural valu(~s werth developtng in the mtnds
and tn character of the youth.
Th~s can be done by
incorporating these customs and ba11efs in the school curri.....
oulum and making them a good part of the program of study
in all schools «) •
The present study is related to that of Bongyo in tm
sense that the former presented those to be d1scarded,
modified and improved the same with the present on~ but
the present stUdy talks on the m8t~rfBl aspects of culture
while the former study is on the non-material aspect of
cultural and the venues are in different place and d~fferent
ethn1c groupo
11Jennylyn Po Bongyo,
"Customs and Beliefe of the
~ayoY8o People on Health:
fheir Implioation to health
Educatton"
(Unpublished Master· ~ thesis, BCU, ,gOt)

---

3'
The culture of the Kankana1.s of barr1.o Tagudtud by
12
Rodolfo Abast111a
talked on the following:
He traced the changes in the material and non-
matertal culture of barrto 'l'agudtud for the past four
decades.
At the same time, he endeavored to find out the
agenc1 es that are respons:tble for the rate of change.
He
centered his stud~es on the changes of the culture of the
Kankana1.s of Tagudtud whtle the present study is on the
mater~.81 cuI ture of the Kalinga80
Ab8st111a's study 18 related to the present study
.
'In the eense that they talked on the 8ame top1.c cultu.re
A.bastilla also to'ached the materi.al culture 8S the subject
of study of the present one but the present study covers
another ethnic group and another place.
1
Another study mad. by Ursula Perez ' on the social
world of the lhaloys said that "from birth, the chtld
develops 8 personality condit1oned by customs, beliefs and
pract1.oea; le61rn to adjust to livi.ng with the members of
9001 ety;
and integrate h:ts des·f.res and i.deBs w1.th the system
12RodolfO T. A'h8st:tlla,
"The Culture ot' the Kanke-
n8~.S of Barrio Tegudtud"
(Unpublished M8ster·s thesis,
Untvers1.ty of Baguio, Bagu10 City, 1977).
1'tTrsula C. Perez,
tt'rhe Social World of th~
Ibaloys",
(Unpublished Doctoral's Dissertation, Univer-
Sity of Bagnio, Baguio C1ty, 1979).

---

37
of values common to the ethnto groupo
The ch~.ld 1.8
gradually molded to respect ,and perform according to th~
traditional sets of behavtor or patterns of Itv1ng based on
age, sex and kinship relations.
Perez. tQcused_ her study on the soc~81 world of the
Ibeloys discussing in detail h~~ an indtvtdual develops and
fa affected by customs, beliefs and praotices and eo this
former study 18 related to the present one bec8u~e both
dealt on the same tOP1c, culture, but the present 18 only
on the mater1.s1 culture and it COvers another ethnic
group insnother place •
•

---

38
Chapter 3
METHODS AND PROCEDURES
Th18 chapter presents the research desfgn :followed
by locale and population of the study, data-gathering
tool, valid:tty of the i..Datrument, dfits-gathering proce-
dure and the treatment of data.
Research 12eslgn
The researcher made ~8e of the descri-pttve normat1.ve
survey design with the ~uestionnalre as the main instru-
ment tn gather1ng data end informations.
Survey was tl~ed
because the study ca11$ for f".eld tnvestlgation to the
renpondente through the ,uesttonnatre to get informatioJ:1
about the 1.ndtgenous m8terj8~ culture and the1.r 1n:flu~':'lce
to rural ltvtng.
De8cr~pt1.ve bec8nsethe researcher had
to talk tn detailed on the conditions of the people and
the places 88 they actually are.
.
~@1~ ~nd fopylat1oD 91 the ~~
The researcher conducted the ~tudy in the eight (e)
municipalities of Kalinga 8 sub-province of Kelinga-Apeyao
with a total population of 14e.i41 people.
More or le~s
ge percent of the total population possess and/or are
using the same material oulture of the Kaltngas.
The
rt'39pondents were selected from the different muntcipa11t1e8
based on their matur 1ty, experiences f
phyt!icel. ~ge 9Tld
knowledge on the subject matter.

---

39
Table A
Places end lumber of Respondent!! Per Place
Mun'c1pal Restdenc§
s l're.uency
: P,rC§.!itD&, (~)
Balbalan
s
15
:
e.Oe
Lubuagan
t
3.
:
1e.2e
Pestl
..
21
•
11.29
•
•
Pinukpuk
•
19
I
10.22
•
R1.zal
••
:5
t
1.'1
Tabuk
2
1e
:
9.'e
Tanudan
t
4'
•
2A\\.1;
•
T1nglayan.
:
_~
:
l ' .1)...
Total
:
16,
:
100,.00
=:-::::::_====:u~===:=::t:=;;:,;=====c:.==:C:===::,::::-:::,:::,:======:::=~~===:;;::::"=~::;,~=e::
Prominent of the respondents are those from the
r
mun1 cipali ty of 'l'anudan wbtch cons1.st of . , re8Pondent~t·hOe . h~~v\\"-it"~
1,
24.73 percent of the total percentage.
_ ~~
A list of some of the respondents are found at
a ppe nd h .
/)j-, Oo"vt.:J.
The matn source of data are the ,e' respondents vh
answered the ~ueations 1n both English and 10 tho native I
Wj'V-
tongue.
ilhe respOndSl"lts yere taken based on the"r 8g~ ,/
[~
matur1ty, exp~nce8 and educntjonBl~.
-
These 1~' respondent~ are believed by the researcher
to be enough representat1. veA of the whole "Kal1.nga populatIon
becau~e they are pure and natiYe Kslingas who grew ard

---

'.
40
developed in the place and are mostly from the m1.ddle age
who are mentally mature enough and knowledgeable of the
mater1al culture of the people.
The researcher referred to the proYinc1al office
ot Kalings-Apayao to check on the current population ot
the province.
! t W88 found out that the totel population
of the whole province 19 239,'64 and out ot these,
, .
14e,141 are I{al ingas.""
Table B shows the dtstribution of the respondents
_ by sex, on the table there are more male than femal~ res-
pondents.
The di..fference on the percentage ta only 4.30
wh~ch implies a more or less evsndt3trtbut~on of sexes.
Table :a
D1stributt~n of Respondents by Sex
.
_
3e~
2 "r~!uency
• Peroentagg (~)
Male
••
97
r
52.15
Female
:
eg
:
47.es
, ...................
Table C presents the age distribution ot the res-
pondAnts whose ages fallon 40 and above is ~ore promthont
./".
than those fall between 20 to 40 and 20 and below.
This
means that mo~t ot the respondents sre adult and maturedo
This makes 8190 their responses moreeredible.

---

41
Table C
Age D1.str1.but!on of the Respondents
Age
:l're,u,ncy
:Percentage (~)
20 and below
s
9
•
•
4.a4
20 and 40
••
7'
s
.o.e'
!to and above
•
_10 1
:
24,~
-
•
fable D
Distribution of the Respondent~ by EducBttonal
Atta1A.meIlt Edugt1.t1on
:'retu.ency
sPero~n.tag~..J.!l
Elementary
•
•
44
••
23."
Htgh School
•
5'
•
30 0 11
•
•
,
focattonal
s
:
3.22
Col.lege
•
71
:
•
3e.17
9'1t of School
•
_ ..2
•
4.t\\4
•
·
As shown in the table above, moet of the respondents
fi.n:t~hed college follolfedby high school anti those who
reached Elementary level only, out of school and tho~e who
fintshed e vocational course.
Therefore most or almost all
of the respondente are l~terate.
The degrees thftY have
fi ntshed are found at the appendi.%
P <1r-1t8)
,t

---

42
Table E
D1~tr1bution of Respondent3 by Civil Status
============~=======::=======~=====2============:===~~====
Civ~,l Status
:rr~Juency
sPercentaltELU'.l
Marrled
•
•
Single
:
:!j,dow!Y1.dower
:
1~
!. . _... '::..22
fotal
1 6 ' :
100.00
===:=======~~=D:====~=~==:~=.~==========~2==:=a===~=~~=~~~
On the table above, most of the re9pondent~ are
married whtch means that they have their own fam11tes fol-
lowed by ~ingle then wtdow or w~dower wherein they 81so
have the1r own fam1ltes.
Table 1
Di. stri button of Respondents by Profe381.on/OcOUptd tton
Pro:f e 831 onLOcc·upa t 10n
:Prstuenq!: .
I
~~r C§ n.l.~&LJ!)
1
Farming
•
•
78
•
..
41.94
Teach1..ng
:
39
••
20.97
Oftice Work and other
government employee
•
.,
..
37
..
19.89
Students
•..
15
•
6 O.
0
•
.others
_ . _ :
11_
s
.•.9_•.14 _
.
Total
:
1e'
t
100(\\00
==:=====;========~======:==~~========S~S==-=====.======$===
As $hown in the table above, prominent among the
respondents are those whose occupat1on 1s farming followed
by teaching, oftice ~orker and other government employee t

---

4'
then represented by others and students.
Degree fint.had
and pres~nt profession are at the appendix.
Table •
Di.strtbution of Respondents by Source of lnoome/Livel1hood
~.ource of IncomeLLive1 1hood
:f..r§!ye..n.cy
SP§l:cgnlag§...J1l
,
Salary
:
7'
40.e'
.
Farming
78
..•
41094
Others
:
32
:
'7~~
'fotal
:
16'
·
100 0 00
•
As shown on the table 41.94 percent of the
respondents get their jsily living in farming followed by
the rest.
Those represented by others are discussed in
tl1e appendixo
Table H shows the municipal distribution of popu-
latton of Kalinga only whtch 1..9 8 sub-provinoe of 1telinga-
Apayao.
A~ shown in the table, Tab\\Ut muntctpality com-
pr~ se the b 1.ggest number of the total population beoause
restdent~ in Tabuk are immigrants to the place.
People
~o there to seek ~eener pastures, Tabuk at present
18
bne of the rice productng places 1n Luzon6

---

44
Table H
Muntcipal Populatton D1.strtbution of the Kaltngas
·1990
Muntct.Q~li.ty
:Frl!Uency
:P§rc,ntag§ (~l
Balbalan
:
11,874
•
8.02
•
Lubuagan
:
11,Otl'
•
..
7.47
Pagil
·
8,900
•
6 01
0
·
•
Ptnukpuk
·
22,487
•
15. 18
·
•
Rtzal
·
15,071
•
10. 17
·
·
Tabuk
••
55,391
••
37.39
Tanudon
·..
8,194
·
5."
The researcher used the ,uesttonnaire 8S the main
tnstrument ~upplement by the observ8t1.on partlc1.patton
techn1~ue and readings on related studies.
In the preparation of the ,uestionnalre, the
researcher read books, unpublfshed master's thests,
Diasertat10ns and other educational materials that have
bearing on the ~tudy.
W~th the help and 8ssistance of her
adviser and other concerned indtv1.duale the improved
~uesttonnatre was ftnally prepared for dtstributton.
lal1d1ty of thfl Jt1!ilr..Ym~nt
After the oon~truct1on of the ~uest1onnaira. 1.t was

---

44
Table H
Mun:tcipal Populatton Dfstrtbution of the Kal1ngas
·1990
l!IuntctR~li.~y
:Frl!uency
:P~rg~ntage (~l
Balbalan
:
11,874
..
..
8.02
Lubuagan
:
11,O~'
..
7 •• 7
•
Pastl
·
8,900
..
6 0 01
·
•
Ptnukpuk
·
22,487
..
15.18
·
·
Rtzal
· 15,071
:
10.17
·
Tabuk
•
55,391
..
37.39
*
·
Tanudan
·..
8,194
-0
5."
·
The researcher used the ,uesttonna1re 89 the main
tnstrument 9upplement by the observ8tton p81.. ttcl!Jat1on
techn1~ue and readings on related studies.
in the preparation of the \\uestionnatre, the
re3earcher read books, unpubltshed master's thesls,
Diasertat10ns and other educational materials that have
bearing on the ~tudy.
With the help and assistance or her
adviser and other concerned indtv1duale the improved
~uesttonnatre was ftnally prepared for distribution.
After the oon~truct1on of the ~uest~onnaira. 1.t was

---

if:."
Q
45
subjected to internal and external validatton.
The
internal validity was done with the edtttng of the mater-
tals by the researcher under the dtrection of her adv1~r
and the external val i_dation was done by proof readlng and
edit~ng by those conoerned and knowledgeable townmatee
and fr~ends.
So the improved ~uesttonn8tre thereby
established valid~ty that paved the way to a semi-final
construct 1 on and admin5strat1.on of the ,uesttonnatre to
15 respondents of the mun1.c1.paltty of 'l'abuk for a drY'- run.
Some revisions were made for the final edttton of the
,\\uest ~.onna ire 0 See appendices B and C.
Data ~athering Proc~dt~§
Before the researcher floated the ~uesttonnaire, she
i.nformed and secured first 8 permission and re\\iuest from
the office of the provtnctal eovernor for the conduct of
the at udy.. See appendix A.
The di stributton of the tluesttonns1.re was done by
the researcher herself gofnR from one place to place since
the respondents are from the d~fferent muniotpalities and
she can not just g1ve them to any concerned head like en
i..nstitui;ton.
When the researcher retrtevad the t\\uesti.on-
nAtres she had to go again from house to house but she was
not able to get back all the ~ue~ttonna1ree at once beaau~a
soma of the respondents d1d not accomplish the materials

---

yet.
So the researcher made another round up for those
~uest1onna1re9 that needed to be followed up and retrieved
except for 14 \\u8sttonna1res, 186 therefore became the
baS 1 s of the data of th1S study.
}r~tment of Data
The data supplied by ;the 18. respondents were
categorized, tallied, tabulated and presented in a ser1ss
of tables in Chapter 40
In this way it was easisr for
the researcher and the reader to analyze and understand the
flnd lngs of the study_
1'"'01'
purposes of analyzing end
interprettng the data gathered, the fre~uency counts, per-
centage were used in the tables and some of the tables
used the descrtptive analysis of the number and percentage.
Arbttrary rattng p01.nts were assigned, 3 po1.n.ta f~:)r often
used, 2 points for moderately used and 1 pOint for
~lightly used lnorder to determtne the extent of thetr
U9~g.
Wh:tle tables 2-A to 2-L wore to determine wh1ch were
those to be improved on, to be preserved and those to be
dtscarded.
Table 3 determined the ~mplication~ ~nd phases
of rural living that were 8~fected by this ~aterial
culturec
Picture of some of the indigenous materials and places
is in appendix G (PP. 128-148).

---

47
Chapter 4
PRBSElfTATTON t ANALYSIS AND INrrER.PRETATION OF FINDI1.lGS
This chapter presents the analysts and tnterpreta-
t';.on of the findtngs of the 5tudy.
One can not deny the tact that culture is one of
man t 8 valna ble pO~3essiQns.beeause:-he· can actualize his
aspi.rations tn life through oulture.
If there is n.o
culture, man would be like 8 non-living betng that"notbing
happens to his God given life more'SO with the m8t~r1al
culture that he u~es to earn his daily l"Vinp;.
The thtngs or matertals that man uses 1n hts dB~.ly
livtng are consi.dered relevant whlch 13 the subject of
this study specially the 1ndtgenous oneso
The opinion and
su~p;e5ti"ons of the respondents on the ind 1 genous material
cuI t ure could con tr t but~ to the 1mprovement of de 11,Y l1.vtng
and to the culture at large.
The indigenous Materials or tools and implements as
the subject of thtsstudy are·dete:rm1nedto find 'out are
\\th-<ch are oftenly u3ed tmo,.:ierately llsed and. sl ightl J!' used
wh1ch ere to be tmproved ON preserved 6r d1.sC8?ded and how
they affect rursl I1vtng" As such the researcher consolida-
~,
. ' , . '
~. ".",
" , . - t ; ' .
" .",
.f
\\
r,
,
"":' ,
.,1'
.."
'
_ '-.
ted the "'datal in tabular" presentation and: statisticali. compu-
, _ .
{,I {
"
\\.
(
. ' .: '\\
tations for "analysis. Moreover, aside from the indigenous materials
'l,,~0l.
.... I '
• • ) .
ii,

---

48
be1ng op1~ed by the respondents, soma personal data, back-
ground of the respondents, related studieS as well as
fectors that added facts for the development of this study
were also d~scus~ed in the prevtous chapter.
A pictorial
appendix is presented on the different artifacts of the
mater~8l culture.
The succeeding tables shows the extent of use of
the 1ndtgenoue materjals, they are presented and tabulated
as such.
In the tabul~tion, the weighted mean was d.er1v,d
through B solut1on,
sample of whiCh 1.8 at the append i x H.
A3~3hown in Table 1, almost all of the ~ndlgenous
mRteri.a~s ore often used except for one that 4S moderately
used.
Almost 011 of the mater1.81~ ere often used because
they are aV8tlable and adaptable to them except for one that
is iimata because it 1.9 no longer used due to the irltro-
duct10n of modern tools.

---

49
Table 1
Indigenous Materials Used in Farming and
the Extent of Use
I = 18'
Aguwak
: 133 : 42 : 1 1 :
2.7
: Often Ueed
Aladoy
.. 172 · 14 : - :
2.9
• Often Used
•
·
•
Aleng
.. 178
8 : -
3-D
• Often Used
•
·
Ase-An
•.. 17' · 8 : 1.
·
·
a- O
~
Often Used
•
Bataw~l
•.. 1')f •.. 44 •..
4
·•
2.7
: Often Used
Bin-;yan
• 1 21 : 42 f 23
•
2.5
• Often Ufied
•
•
..
.,
Danog
•
..
13' : 44 •
2.7
: Often Used
·
•
II
<lamen
: 18' •• - -.. -
a-o
.. Often Used
·
Gi.mata
·.. B8 .. 52
·
· 46 :
2.2
• Moderately U!W.
·
·
Kaluyod
130 •,. 4'1 t
9
:
2 .. 7
.... Often Used
K1kk"law
• 17g <10
0 •
2
..
'S-o
· Often Used
·
•
..
..
·
Kutaw
• '7~ •
'l · 3 •
2.9
: Often Used.
-
-
•
•
LAndok
• 166 · - ·
S-O
: Often Ueed
-
·
·
Lokom
·.. 135 : 44 .... ~ ••
2.7
s Often Used
Saluwan
·.. 133 : 44 •.. 9 •
2r.7
.. Often Used
·
·
Sigay
•.. 120 ·.. 4! ·.. 23 :
2.5
•
.. Ofte!~ Used
1angkuyo
130 : i'l ·
..
..
II
a
..
,.I
207
.. Often Ueed
====::':==::':::",~====:z::~'=:::;.::::: ..-:~=:;,,:·===s::=====::::r: ~:~~~et=::=:=====e===·~=~~=:::==r:=:
Legend:
NUll1er -4 ca 1 Equi-valent
Stat. Id.m1.ts
Descriptive
Ettu1.va1B nt
3
2.5 - '3.49
Often Used
2
1.5 - 2.49 Moderately Used
1
.')
- 1.49 Sligh.tly U5ed

---

50
Table 1-0
lnd1fenou~ Materials Used in Weaving and the Extent
of
Use
If ::: 186
================Fr~qu~~~y====~===~====·======c==c.:==~~~==
Materials
O.U-
MU,
SU:
Weighted
1Descr'tpt1on
:
,
s
2 :
1 :
Mean
Equi valen~_
ABOL
Apod
· 1B6 ·
· - :
3
• Often Used
•
•
·
•
Baliga
· 186 •
•
.
- :
3
: Often Used
·
•
·
Ballang
• 18' •
·
·
3
• Often Used
·
·
•
•
·
Gaganayan · 186 : - ·
:
3
• Often Used
·
·
·
Tolin
• 18' • - ·
•
3
s Often Used
•
•
·
•
Tapawan
• 186 •
•
3
• Often Used
·
.-
•
•
,LAGA
Do-ot
· 186 :- •
·
•
3
: Often Used
Gaman
· 186 :- •
·
•
3
: Often Used
G5pan
• 186 : - •
•
•
·•
3
: Often Used
A~ shown on the table above, all of the materials
in both weav1ng cloth (abel) and weaving non-cloth (laga)
are often used.
The matertal~ are all often used because
they are still good materials to be used, no better
mater~als can substttute them and these materials are
very much available in their surroundlngs and the people
are accustomed with these materials.

---

51
Table 1-b
TndlgenouB Materials Used in Animal Ra~s~ng and
the extent of Use
Ii :: 18'
============.==========:~======~===================%======
Frequency
Ma ter1.al s
..
:We1.ghted
· oy- --MU - SU
Mean:Description
•
•
3
.... 2 .. 1 •
E..Q..uiv¥.ent
- •
•
An~lan
.. 186 ..
..
•
.. -
• - ....
a-o
.... Often Ustl
Atutung
..
.. 135 ..• 51 •
•
2.7
·
•
·• Often Used
Buklot
..
96 f' 81 •
9
:
2.5
.. Often Used
·
..
..
·
K8r:;aban
·.. ge ..· '9 •.. 9 •• 2.5
: Often Used
Xagungkong
•..
95 •.. 84 :
't
•
•
2.5
: Often Used
Pulok
2
186 • - •
•
..
a-o
·• Often Used
•
•
A~ shown on the table above all of the materials
used 1n An ~.ma 1 ra ~ s tng are often used.
All of the ma ter 1.818
are often used because they are still good ones and
always avai.lable and adaptable and they are used as usual.
1n Table 1-0 allot the materials ~sed in Pottery
making are often used because they are still prect1cai and
~ood ones available and adapts'ble too and people are used
to them.

---

52
Table 1-0
lndigenous Materials Used in Pottery Making and Extent Usa
M =186
~===c=====~=~==~=======:===~=======~===================
===
Mater1al~
..
Frequency
<t
..
W'ei,;hted
.. Description
-OU.
IVfU
SU ..
..
•
..
3
• 2
:
1
..
----...-...-.....---
•
M§sn
•
EQ.u1vS&lent
-
Akkubak
133 .... 53 .... - ....
2.7
J
Often Used
Al -
..
0
.. 186 :
..
..
..
..
~.o
: Often Used
Damos
..
.. ,~"
.. 50
201
.. Often Used
·
•
G-tg11~
..
.. 173
1-~
..
)
..
:
2.9
..
.. Often Used
ldi-1.d
..~ 1Sb :
..
----. '"
g.O
:
•
Often
•
Used
Kilk11
..
.. 186 : - .... - :
5·oi
: Often Used
Lamnak
: 134 t 52 ..
..
..
..
2.7
s Often Used
L1bo
:
186
s
-a·C
: Often Ueed
..
Lupidas
.. 186 :
Often Used
- ..
:
~. 0
:
•.
Saga-eng
.. lal .... 5; ..
..
..
..
2.7
..
.. Often Used
Table I-d shows the mater:tele or kltchen utenc11s
are often used because they are cheap end raw mater1als
for making them are alwayg ava~lable.
They are e180 sate
to u~e and used as usual by· the people.
Table 1-e presents the materj~ls are often used
becau~~ they are home made, materta18 used to make :them
are always available end safe to be used, except for bung-
wit, lodak, palsj-1t.
Some parts of them are bought and
can be dangevous tt not properly used.

---

Table 1-d
JndigAnous Materials Used in the Kitchen Utensils and Ex-
tent of Use
N :: 186
==c==.=~==-=:=====:::::======-=:=:'::::==::====================:c::====-::
==
UtenR11s
· Fre(luen~y
..
SU
: Weigh ted Means Descrlpt10n
gU·· ; MU v·
·..
2
~
1
•..
:&guivfllent
Akkubak
..
.. 121 .... .:il) ..• 23
:
205
% Often Used
Balukag
..
.. 121 -.. 42 .... 23 :
2.5
: Often Used
Bange
:
185 ·
..
:
g.p
• Often Used
· - •
..
Dalpong
:
186 •
•
•
g.O
• Often Used
'" -
..
..
..
Gipan
•.. 173 ·.. 13 •
..
..
•
2.9
.... Often Used
Tdus
•
..
.. 186 .. -
....
'S-o
: Often Used
Leleddesan
..
.. 186 ..• - ·• - •..
8·0
• Often Used
•
Leledes
..
.. 186 •-- .... - s
8-0
s Often Ueed
Pinaksw
..
.. 186 : - ..
<J
..
..
8-Q
•
.. Often Used
Table 1-e
Indigenous Matertals in Food Gathering and Extent of Use
If == 186
==:':===C=========frequency=:::::===~::=ca::::::======.:-~:..====~======~=
M8ter~.a15
:
oU
_ MU
SU
:Welghted Meen: Description
_ _ _ _ _ _
:
_
3
_
• _ _ :
. . . . . . . 2
: 1
Jf;~ :
•Eq.ui
. . .
val
. . .
ent
.~;....
FTSHT.NI
:
186 : -
:
-
.S
3
: Often Used
Asel
: 178:
8 : - :
3
, Ofter\\ Used
Baguwong : 17S :
15 :
3
% often Used
-
s
_B.:;.._un;;..;.lg~.w_J;.;..·.t
:__1,1P.._LJ..!--:..:---.........
:--".-.J,-,,-!-Qft!D_P~tP ..

---

54
Table 1-e Cant'n
Attod
"
178
"
· 8 ..
•
"
"
•
3
t Often Used
Tungno
:
17' ·" '1 :
•
3
I
"
Often Ueed
Lodok
178
8
- "..
3
· Often Used
·
Ubol
...
.
161
17 •
8
:
"
~
l·e
•
" Often Used
HUNTTNG
.
Ilug
.
• 175 . 11
·· - .
:5
: Often Used
-
t,"
\\,;
TUbay
:
..
186 .. -
:
3
•
I'
Often Used
FRlJTTS
Damos
:
178 :
8
•
+
- •
3
• Often Uset,\\
·
til
GamarJ
:
186 "" - ·•
"
•
3
•
e'
Often Used
3ablot
. 162- :
· 8 •
" "
•
2.~
•
• Often Used
Table 1-f preeents the implements in pounding rice
'-'
and other foods are often used because of the~r ~V8f18btl1ty
and ease ~n uSing them. and people are accustomed to them.
Table 1-g shows all the implements in Y~n8 and
sugar mak1ng
are often used because of their availability
and are adaptable to tile folks) and are used by the people
as usual..

---

55 :
Table 1-f
Tndigenous Implements in Pounding Rice and Other Foods and
Extent of Use
N == 186
•..
:
..
•
• - ..
•
•
·
..
Table 1-g
lnd1genous Implements Used in Wine and Suga~ Making and
Extent o! Use
If == 186
==::=::o."===========::=====~==St%r.:==:=====-==:C='==::::'::======='==Je:e=z::::==:
Frequency
Implements
: ~U· .
MU.-
'SU: Weighted
:D,scl:Vaii0Pt
_ _ _ _.._ _..........:_~
......_ .....:__....2;;."._L_J.__L
M!t!p
••
.
.~UJ."·
en
Ammato
:
186 : -
- :
3
sOften Used
A~tan
:
186 : -
:
-
:
3
: Often Used
Benge
:
178 : 8
: - :
':I;
: Often Used
Damos
:
17G : ['0
t
:
3
-: Oft~n Used
..
Gaman
.. 186
3
.. Often Used
· - •
..
·
~
•
•
Lemnak
-.. 161 :17 ... 8 :
2.-6
· Often Used
·..
Lata
3
Often Used
· 17g • n :
·
·
·
•
·
Martaba
:
18t »
..
•
•
3
• Otten Used
•
--
..

---

'fable 1-h
!ndigenous Tmplements in House Construction and Extent of Uee
If ,. 1B6
::::==========:=:=-====:s:= =1I::::.::=,,·::e:====ca:::••_=c=====::=:=:=c:a===c====
Frequency
TmPlement~,~ 3U~ i ~~:' ~u_M: we~:~~_e_d
:_D.....~...~..~...~.....~.....Pa..\\..1ellG<~..n:t........
Bul~daw
· 9' • 90 •
t
2.5
• Often Used
•
·
•
•
Parataktak
: 133 • 53 •
•
2.7
: Oft49n Used
•
.,
•
Saklang
• 107 • 52 •
26 •
2.4
: Moderately Used·
·
•
•
·
Tags
: 18' : - :
:
3-0
: Often Used
A~ ehown in the table above almost 811 the 1mple-
mente tn house construotion are of ted used except for one
which t~ moderately used.
All the others that are otten
used are practical or 81w8y~ availahle.
There 18 no need
to buy these~
Those moderately used which is saklang e8
op 4 ned by the respondent9 as moderate used because 1t can
be substitute by better one.
Saklang 19 dBngerous if not
use properly.
AS
shown in the table 1-1 three are often used
. because they are safe ~nd available wh11e the two are mode-
rately used because they are not De6e598r~J·to used end
these are used in e pagan 1 st 1.c way or beltefo

---

'fable 1-t
lmplements in Child Birth and Child Rearing and Extant 6f Use
Ii = 18~
=======================~=~===========~===========~=~==~===
Tmplements
o.xlreqM5DCY
2
SU
-
~
,
~-
...
...
•
• Weighted s Description
t
3
· 2 :
••
Mean
Equ!y_alent
Amof)g
s
59 •
62 • 65 •
1 97
0
:Moderately Used
·
•
•
Bakakat
• 178 t
8
•
s - :
~.O
•
• Often Us~d
Elap
• 11' ·
11 : - ·
~.O
: Often Used
·
·
·
Tgad
•
52 :
62 · 71 •
1.9
tJioderately Used
·
·
•
.
Oben
• 186
•
•
- :
-.
~·O
•• Often Used
======::::::=:::=-===::::;::====~::=::::-:=====:s=======:=========-==::==:~=ft=:=!I
On table 1-j one (1) of them is moderately used that
i9 kullttong because of' the presence of modern instruments
ltke gU-'.tar and one 1.5 sl1.ghtly used that is ul11m.QM
because of modern substttuteso
. A~ shown on table 1-k almost allot the erttfact~ in
death and funeral rites are often used .exoept for one that
is 3angadl1 because of its adverse effect to the people.
This will spread disease if u8ed because the dead pers6n is
exposed to the public.
All the others are for trie good of
the deceased person and those aroundo

---

58
Table 1-J
Artifacts in Engagement and Marriage and Extent of Use
If = 18'
Artifacts
..
au _&MU
SU :
Weighted: Desor1p-t1.on
·
..
3
· 2 t 1 .-
Mel!.P
Equivalent
·
•
•
'f
"
Be-al
• 186
•
".
s ..:.- :
•
3
: Often Used
Bongol
• 18b •
•
• -
: - ••
3
•.. Often Used
Ka-:i.n
: 186 : - •
•
3
: Oft"n Used
•
•
----
Kull1.tong
· 9' • 35 • 55 •
~
2.,?- : Moderate-Iy
·
,
•
•
Used
Tongngali
• 181 •
5 : - t
3
: Often Used
·
•
Ull1.mon~
t - • - : 186:
1
: S11.ghtly
•
Used
Table 1-k
Arttfacts tn Death. and Funeral Rttes and Extent of Use
N = 186
-
========:=:::=:::=::::==:::=c::::===::.::=======:===::::t==::z:===::,,:~~=:::==::t'-~,
...~=:
Frequency
Art1facts
t
..oU _
MU
SD: Wetghted t Descr1.ption
:
3
:
2
:
1 L--lk,an
.. ECJqj.!a,J.~nt
Bawi
• 178
•
:
8
:
:
3
• Of"ten Used
•
J{adamal
.. 161 • 17 r 8 t
2-0 t Often Used
·
..
I.lobon
•
.. 18S : - t -:
3
t
Often Used
IJungon
·.. 186 t - t - ·•
3
• Of-ton Uead
"
Sangadtl
· .78 •
~ 186 ·
1
• Slightly
·
·
·
4>
Used
Sangdtl
.. '7~ : If> : - •
J
• Often Used
·
.-
•

---

59
Table 1-1
'Implements in W81-/Conflict and. Exten~t of Use
K = 18'
=============~=====n=='requency====~=============~==~=====
Tmplements
:
OU--~- -MU
SU :We1ghted
t
Descri.ption
:
3
s
2
:
1 !
~~an
_~g~ivalent
-anson
.. 178 : 8 : - • ;.0 : Often Used
·
..
Idaw
•
73
•
"'.. 66
: 42 •
2.2
:
•
Mod cratel.r
Used
Kalasag
:
186 s
•
..
:
3-0
• Often Us~d
•
Say-ang
.. 18t} :
•
- •.. - ..
~·O
·
·~ Often Used
Wasey
1
161
: 17
•
8 ~
2.8
.. Often Used
•
..
===:===:.-:===:==-=:=='===============:===================:====
:::~==~
As shown :tn table 1-1 almost ell of the tmplements
used tn war or confllct are of ted used extJept for one that
is mod~rately used becau~e it is in consonance with the
Buperst-t.t-tous beliefa, while the rest are often used be-
c"u~e they are still pr8et1oal~
In table 1-m almost' all of the artifacts in unlawful
act and punishment ere mOderately used ~xcept for one that
is gullav1.
It is otten used beoause this shows victory
like a medal and this has no bad effect to anyone but the
others are all paganistic practiceso
~he artifacts in
peace-pact agreement and cel~br8t1ons are all often used
because they ere used in 9 good way doing no harm to ~ny
ind1v i dual.
They are use for the good of all more on ~he
celebrattoCio

---

60
'Table 1-=
Art" facts in Soc~81 lather1ngs and Extent of Use
N = 186
========~=============~eq~ncy=====================~=====
Artifacts
:' :'OU _ MU.,.
SU: \\rIe~hed Mesn:Descrtp(-
al
t)
:3
:
2 ' :
1 : ·
: .-!1.qn
~quiv
en
UHLAYlFUL ACT AND PUH T9HMENT
Ammoto
·.. 78 -: '6 •• 42 •
2.2
.. Moderately
•
..
Used
Pilak
..
.. 7&,
..
• 'Ii
• 42
·
·
2.2
• Moderately
•
• Used
ltilabay
: 7~
: " •• 42 : 2.2 I Moderately
Used
~ullawt
: 161
:
17
:
8 •
2<)8
• Often Used
-
-
PEACE-PACT A&REEMENT AND CELEBRATTOHS
!
Be-al
• 186 t
S
•
-~
a·o
: Often Used
Ballenbeng
.. 178 t
8
s
•
- •..
~,o
t
Often Used
Bayas
t
186 s -
· - s
a-o
: Often Used
&angsA
.. 186 •
•
•
~.o
• Often Used
-
•
..
·
•
Kain
.... 186 •..
• - :
0. 0
: Often Used
·
Kubkub-ong
..
.. 161 : 17
•
..
8 :
208
.. Often Used
"
Paluk
: 186 ..
•
•
;.0
• Often Used
•
..
..
'"
T8POY
1
186 t -
: - :
S·o
s Often Used

---

61
Table 2
Indigenous Farming Tools to be lmproved, Preserved or
Di~c8rded
N = 186
======~=====~T~b~~==========~o·~e========~~€======~==
Tools
_ : T(plfVl!ld, <c<t;l)
:~rrt1rv~-m :~~Sflf(;)Des.cr;Pt1on
To
e
AKuwak
:
186 :
100 • 00
: -
..
:
-
~ -1 ! mproved
Aladoy
:
108 :
58 .. 06
:
78 : 41.94: -
~ - t Iraproved
Alang
35 :
18 18
0
:
151
·
..
: 81 18: -
~ - : Preserved
0
Ass-an
8
:
4.30
1
178 : 95.70:'-
: -
% Preserved
Batawil
:
101
:
54.30
:
85 : 4; .. 7 0 : - : - : Improv'ed
Bin-iyan
t
4. ~4
17'1 : 95.1G:-
: -
: PretIJerved
Danog
80 :
43.01
1
10~ : 56.9'3:-
Prese:ryed
iamarl
'"•
t
186 s100.,00, -
: - : Preserved
·
-
Ii-mata
:
'01
:
54.30
:
85:
: - : 'I mpro "i.red
Kaluyod
: '86 s 100.00
•
•
:
: - :
•
-
Improved
·
Klkki.law
:
8,1
::
43.55
105 : 56.45:- : - : Pregerved
Kutaw
:
8 :
4.30
: 178 : 950 70: -
: -
t
Preserved
•
Landok
•
:
186
1100 00 \\ -
•
-
0
• --... s Preserved
•
I;okom
:
10 %
5".!'C
~ 11~ t 94.~1:­ ·-: Preserved
Salu'-tan
135 :
..
71!..58
51:2;,,42:-
lmpr,")ved
•
Tangkuyo
:
186 :
100,00
.
.- .- : !mprofed
•
•
•
=========~====:=~~===:=========~~=:=~=~=~=~~======~~~==
As showrl in table 2 t most of the too15 tn farm-
tng must be preserved, those to be be improved on are:
aguwak, alsdoy, batewtl, gimata, kaluyod, saluwan and
tangkuyo, they are to be improved en because when used they
are time con3um1ng and more effort is exerted so 1norder to
save time and effort, these are to be improved on~
~'hey are ttme consumtng tn the 8en8~ that tndolng
these tool~, so much time 1.9 consumed like in,.do1ng aladoy,

---

keluyod and tangkuyoo
There are other matf:!rtals that
one can use to save time.
They are 9180 energy co.ouming
because 1n us~ng them one must have to exert more effort
i.norder to carry 11.ke the batew1.1, glolsta, kalllyod and
tangkuyo, they ere very heavy if use to ~t~ purpose.
Table 2-a prss60ts th~ tools in weaving are to be
.preserved because of their availabtlity, and people are
accustomed to them.
Table 2-8
Tndigenous Weaving Tools to be Tmproved, Preserved or
Discarded
.
. = 186
===s=======~==TO:~e--~=JL====Toub=e======~=To~e:==~======~
Tools
:tmproved
(~) :Preserved("):Dlscard-tDe5crtp-
(f)
(2')
(f)
(%) : ed . (~)
. _ ~ton ..
ABOL
To be
Apod
•
••
:
186
· -
: 100.00: - : -
sPreserved
Baltga
:
186
·
-
: 100 0 00: -
: -
sPres8rved
Ballang :
:
186 :100.00: -
~ -
:Preserved
•
iaganayart
:
186 '100
· -
0 00: -
: -
'Preserved
Tolin
1
t
186 : 100.00: -
:
:Preserved
Tapawan :
,
: 186 :100.00:- •
-
.- :Preserved
LAfJA
Do-ot
•·
••
: 186 : 100.00:- ~ -
:PrBsarved
~aman
••
s 186 : 1oo.00s -
: -
tPreserved
Table 2-b, presents the mater1.a15 in antmal raising that
are to be 1.mproved one
They are to be 1mp~ov8d ~o that
animals to be rai~ed will be taken cared vell and the
surroundings would be clean.

---

6;
Table 2-b
indigenous Mater1.als in Animal Ra1.sing to be Tmproved,
Preserved or Discarded
N = 186
====:===~=~==~B~~e==========!O=n~~~=====~=~~=~=~=~~====-
Materials
:lmrroved (~l
:pr.eeerved(_):Di~card-.:De~.crtP­
_ _ _ _ _~.lf_.)r._.._(~%_c.l_ _(fL . . . {%):ed (f)(!'):
-\\~onbe
Anglen
r
: 13':
73. ""
~ ..~ : 2 b.B4 : -
~ -
t!mproved
Atutung
: 135:
72.5B
: 51
: 27.42 t - : -
:Improved
Buklot
: , 3~:
71.51
: 50s : 20.49 s _: -
:lmproved
Kagaban
: 132..:
7t>."
: 54 : 2' .03 .: -
I
-
t Improved
Kafw;ungkong : 135:
72')58
: 51 : 27 .. 42 : - ' -
:Improvad
Pulok
; 108:
58,;06
: 78 ~ 41.94 : - 1 -- ~Irnpro~'ed
Table 2-0
Pot tt-'l'Y Making Tools to be Tmproved, Preserved or'~.Di~carded
=~==~============~:=====a=~==1~~==~===========~==========
To be
!o be
To be
Tools
:Jm~ro1'ed (~~
tPl_.eee1\\Ved('~.):1Ji~Card-:De3..criP-
lD..__{%l
(f)
~l:.ed
(!l:
~ork-
_ _ _ _
o _ _
o
e
Akkubak
: 3! :
, !J .'14
% 1 5 ~ : 82. -z.t>: -
: -
fP r e 3e l"ved
A,l--o
35 :
18.82
s 151 : 81.1St---: ~ :Pre~erved
·..
Damo~
• 14 :
7.53
:
172 : 92 c 47t -
l
-
sPressrved
·
iigtlt
'"
..
4 :
2 15
0
:: 182 : 97 ~85: - '
sPreserved
Tdi-id
: 5tr :
1~.8~
: aD., 1t : -
: -
:Pre5erv~d
'+'
t
Ktlki.l
• 51 1
27.42
•
.. 13:) : 72.58: -
, -
:Pre8el"",ed
·
Lamnal<:
14 :
7.53
..
: 92 47:--- s
0
- - :Preserved
·..
· 172
Ltbo
•.. 35 :
18.82
•.. 151 : 81 ~ 18:- c -
:Pre~fjrved
Luptdas
:
:
~t> : 2.~.-er
13f> ~ 7~.f": -
\\ -
1Preserved
Saga-ang
..
.. 5l> :
26.ee
..
:: 7g •.1i2.: -
~ -
:Preser"~d
· 13b
Table 2-c ShOW3 the tool~ in pottery mak1ng are
to be preserved because they ere easy to ~ake and rAW

---

64
Table 2-d
lndigenous Kitchen Utenstls to be Improved, Preserved or
Discarded
N = 186
=== =:::-=-=;;-;1);==:::::::::-:::-
t:::- : , : ::::::-::
==~~·Yobe==::;====::T8=yj'e:'~=ll'.::='=ll::===-=Z:
Ute~sns _t~~ffV~~¢ti.
:Pff?~rved~f~~~(f)'(~l::e~!~%:~
Akkubak
:
11:
q. 14
: 169 : 9Dtoe~: -
: -
:Preserved
Balukag
: 18:
1,.'9
s 178 : 9&.er:- : -
:Prsserved
Banga
: _
:
:
1£36 :100 0 00: -
-
:Pr6served
Dalpong
: l,8:
3~ ••n
: 123 : Cb.rS: - : - :Preserved
Duyog
: 14:
7'>53
: 172 : 92.47: -
I
-
:Preserved
Tdu8
:
1 " :
'.60
: 1'1tJ : 9t .40 : -
: -
:Preserved
Leleddesan : 56:
31.1H
: 128 : 68.82:- :
:Preserved
Leledes
: 58 1
31. 18
s 128 : 68082:-.
"Preserved
Plnakew
: "
~
~ .. 60
t
1t'i't): 91.iO: ---: -
:}')reserved
SukonK
: 65 ~
34.95
1
121 : 65.05: - .
"
.
-
:Preserved
rnater~als are always 8vajlable aroundo
They are adaptable
to folk ways f'
As 9hown on the table above all of the kitchen
utensils are to be preserved because they are stmply made
from the 8va~lRble raw mntertalA that are always cheap and
easily made and people are used to these utensils.
As shown in table 2-e, some of the tools in food
gatheri.ng are to be preserved because they are cheaply made
and do not harm any and are not ttme end effort consuming,
whtle others are to be improved becau~e they are hard to
make And sometimes it may harm people or other 1~v1ng
th~nRS if not properly uA~do
Those to be preserved are:
aga-td, tungno, damas, gaman, sablot and up1to

---

65 .
Tsble 2-e
Food Gather:ing Tools to be Improved, Preserved or D1sca:rded
N= 186
====:=~e=~====T~=1)e=======~~lfo1f~=~=====~B=U§======~~==
Tools
:J~p~)oved «(~)
:PTf~erved6fj:Di$08rd-:DascriP-
_ _ _ _ _ _ _
\\:r_,_~._.
\\.}
t§.d
<2'):
tton
To be
FTSHING
Ap;)3-id
.
: 119'
91>.2..4=-: -
:Preserved
•
A~1al
: 178 : 95.70
•
8 •
•
•
4 co 30: -
-
~Improvod
Baguwong: 18·1 ·• 97.31
·.. 5 s
,
Bungwit : 183 · 9eo~9
·
.3 J
l.61 : - : -:Improvet.!.
Attod
•
• 179- •• 9b~ 2.1-
·.. '1 •• 3.'1":-: - :Improved
Tungno
· 8 •
•
•
4.30
· 178 •
•
•
95.70: -
: -
:Preserv~d
Ilodok
..
.. 184 : geoq1.
:
1.- :
9'l ~00: -
: -
1improved
Ubel
• 183 : 98*39
·
•
:3 •
•
•
1 . 6 1 : - : -
:!mproved
HUNT1.N1
Ilug
· 180 :
•
9(,. l '
· b : 3:02..3:- ~ - :Improved
·
.
'
"':"'';'"'1
J
\\.1
._
..
.
Tubay
.. 181 :
•
97,,31
· 5 :
2.69:- .- :lm.proved
FRUITS
Damos
:
'78: 41.94
: 108· ~
58.06:- t -:Presf!'rved
Gaman
:
78: 41.94
; 108:
58.06s -
: -:Preserved
3C1blot
·
:
10,~b s
5".'9:-. -:Preserved
•
===~=~===~=~===========~==t~~L~~===~~C:=====~==~=C==~~=:~
Table 2-f presents the implements in pourd1ng r1.ce
are to be preserved.
They are 8ate and eV811Bble~

---

§
66
rmplements in Pound~ng R~ee to be Improved, Preserved or
Discarded
N= 186
=============lfoife:=======~~~i========TB=fie============
Implements sImproved (%) :Preserved (% :Di5carded ~1:De5cr1p-
f
f
%
f
%):t1on
Al-o
•
· 8 •• 4. :~O : 178 : 95.70 :-
Damos/
Langaya
.... O' •• 4~.5S- : 105 ~.. 5". 4·5"" ~
- :Preserved,
Lamnal
: 58
: 31. Ie .. 126 : h8Gez... •
•
•
· - :Preserved
·
Lusong
.. 5""2- .. 2.1.91, •.. 134 t ']1.,.°4 t'.. - ·
:Preserved
'"
"
·
Taltag
•
..
J ,
•
..
5· q, • 17S- J
•
94· Q9 ·•
•
:Preserved
- •
Table 2-g
Implements in Wtne and Sugar Making to be Improved, Preservod
or Discarded
==============Tol)e======JlT8=k~~~===c==To=B~===:======~~
Implements :IIrflfved 00 :l(frerved t~, :D:t~r,rd- :DeS?Tip .-.
.
. . ted
. (!) .L..1j..?1L-
To be
Anun0 to
•
•
5
:
? ~ 69: 181 :
97.31: -
: -
:Preserved
Astan
t
'!81
· 97.31:
5 ·
2.69: -
- :Improvet,,\\
·
•
Banga
••
5\\
:
2.69: 181 '*..
97.'. : -
- :Preserved
Damos
· 0
•
·~ 4.30: ,tJ t3 s 95070~ - · - :Pr~aerved
,
.amen
:
·#, 8.2.3: 180 • 9"0)'1; :
·
·
:Preservod
•
Lamnak
· ~ .. f·~1: PI'] · 95. l": --- ~
:PreDerved
•
...
•
Lata
· tj • {t~i1 1~'7 • 9)". f61 t
·
:Preserved,
•
·
•
·
Martaba
•
If-
1
~q" : 1!l) •
94·09 :
:l'reserv{I!d
·
4
'I"ungo
·..
-
: 186 lit 100.00 :
'"
-
-:Preserved
===::a::=::::=~===~==~"!:=::~::.~====-==s::,,~;:;:====.,;===:::;=t===,::::======::::~::==~'::==::

---

67
As shown on the Table 2-g, almost all of the imple-
menta in wine and sugar making are to be preserved except
for one (1) to be improved that ie astan.
This is to be
improved on so the work would be easier and faster and
this might cause d i ee85es if not washed well for the
succeed-'ng user.
As shown on the table below, all of the implement~
in house construction ere to be improved on
because there
j
are.better too13 to VAe nowo
'I'able 2-h
Tmplements in House Construotion to be Improve4, Preserved
or Discarded
N = 186
=============~o-~=======:iro=D=ec=c-======f~4)~==~===~=·
lmplements :Improved <_> :Preserved (_)sDlscard-:De~cr1p-
__.__._--C!.>.
(~l
(f)
• (~) t§d_<!)
.. t10n _
To be
:
181
: 97031 :
5 : 2.69
:: -
: -
f!mprov~d
Bulidaw
:
183 : ge.39 :
..
:3 :
,·.6'
: -
:Imprcved
.-
Par a t a k t a k :
183
: 9'00 39:
S : I. 6f'
: -
~ -:Improve~i.
Saklang
:
1 35 t
72.58 : 51 : 27.42
: -
~ -
:ImproYed
Table 2-1 shows the lmplem~nts in child birth and
chi Id reartng ere to be improved some to 'oe d.~.scerded· and
one (1)
to be preserved.
Those to be improved ere:
bakakat end obanso that the child is surely Bate w1.th that
(jf the mother who p;i.ve btrth.
Those to be d~.~carded are
am,.Q.!11!; and ~ .beceuee they do not give any meaning and

---

68
Table 2-1
Implements in Child Birth and Child Rearing to be Improved.
Preserved or Diecsrded
N =186
=c============~~~===.===~=~==m=.==~~~=-c==.===~=
1mplement~ sImproved (~) :Preserved(~):D1sc8rded(~):D8scrip-
( f )
.'(% 1
(f) .
(~ )
, f 1
. {%) t 1on. _
" T O oe
Among
:
3 :
f. 6,. : -
:
-'-.:: 18.! : 9f>.39: D1.scarded
.
Bakakat
: 181
• 97.31 •
5
:
2.69:
:Improved
•
•
•
Elop
•
•
5 t
2.69 t 181
•• 97031:
- sPreserved
19ad
••
·
•
•
• 186 :100.00:Di5carded
•
•
· -
•
Oban
: 184 It• 90.92- :
l.
:
., .Oe~
•
- Jlmproved
·
Table 2-j
Artif'acts in Engagement and Marriage to be Improved, P.re-
served or Diao'rted
=====~~===~·==~=be-=-~~c~~i~=-====lro1)e===~~~==~~=c~~
Artifacts
tlm~yye~ ~~tPr(f!~~ve~~:Dft'f8rded(~1D~~~:.~~-
To be
Ba-al
:
78:
41.94: 108 : 58.06: -
----:' tPresorY'{i)d
Bongol
:
7~:
40 .a~: 11 f : 59'o~f>: -
:
-
:Preserved
Ka-tn
:
78:
41.94: 108 : 58.06 t -
-
:Presel·ved
Kulliton,;
:
88 s
4' .3 (:
-9~8 ': 5t." I -
:
:PreserYed
Tongngalt
90 :
4; .0 , s 10£ 1 5'.9.9 1 - :
:Preserved
·•
Ullimong
7':
·
40 .el>: 1·10
:
5fl./1-: - .
-
:Preserved
·
====c:=::====:~=.:===a:=:-====:=::;t=::=====::===~~=::::-===~===::=·4::=-==a:~
wortb, they are purely superbtitiou~ beliefs while _lap is
to be preserved becau~e it is sefe for ~utting the intee-
t·j ne of the newly born baby from ·the mother not 11k!' other
1mplements that m'lght has rusty 8r,(1 th~.3 cause di ~e8se~

---

69
or germ6 for both mother and babyo
As shown in table 2-j allot the artifacts in
engagement and marriage are to be preserved because they
are nice, adaptable and available.
They are valuable and
has 8 sentimental value to the Ka11ngaso
As shown on the table below two (2) are to be d~9-
carded bec8u~e of the:Lr edverse effect to the heal th of
the peopl~ especially sangadil that 18 ~xpos1ng the
deceased person to the public and this epr~ad diseases or
germs and also sangadil which te not 'necessary for it 18
super~t~tious belief.
One is to be improved that is bew1
becau~e t t 1.8 8 pIece lthere the people could etay to pray
end condole, an opportunity for them to shsre. help for
the family.
The rest are to be preserved.
'fable 2-k
Artifact3 in Death and Funeral Rites to be Improved.Preserved
or Disoarded
Ii = 186
===~=======e:=~~===~==~~======~~===~==:=====~=
~1'~i~_80tft JI(~)o~ed ~~)JPrtf~erved.~~~~~Mc8rdedIJJ tD;i1€~-
Bawj
: 158 :84095 : 28 :
15.05:~
- - lImpro'~"ed
Kadamal
•
2B :15.05 : 158 : 84.95 : - ..
sP.reserved
·
•
Lohon
•
38 ': 20.\\''3 : '48 s 1q.51 : -
1PresI!rved
•
Sangadtl
:
: -
·
•
,'86 : 100 00
10
tD:tscarded
· - .
Sangdil
·.. 1.8 •• 9 .. be •• - '
: 15' : 84
•
-4'[ sDj.scarded

---

70
Table 2-1 .
Jmplement5 in War/Conflict to be lmproved. Preserved or
Di~carded
N =186
·============~oi)e--=c=x1rolDe=·"'-~~~e~===~===----··
1mplements :I(~fved(~tPr~rved~j:DttY8rded(*}:De~cr1P­
t _.on
Kalasag
: 178 : 95. 70: 8 : 4.30 : -
:
:Improved
Say-eng
:
178
95.70: 8 : 4.30 : -
~
:Iroproved
wa~ay
: 1el.: 91.~g~ 4 : 2 •. 15" : -
:
sImproved
==,=::-=a:::==z=s;;z:===:::==.=====:::====~
':==================-====-_"==:':=:1J:
Ae ehown on the table above one (1) of th~ impl~-
ment~ in war or conflict are to be dtscsrded because tt 1e
a result of purel)" p8~an1et:te or super~titious belleff~->
Some are to be improved because of the introductton of
modern weapons like ~o
As shown in Table 2-m, elmost all of the artifacts
jn unlawful act and plmishment are to be disoarded because
they are pu.rely pagantst~c or ungodly pract1.ces 8S the
respondents optned yh~.le one (1) of them is to be impro\\"ed
on becBu~H' th1.s shows vtctory like 8 medal, 1 t do{'s not
harm any, this one to be improved on is gullewt.
In the
peace-pact agreement and celebra"tion!ij all of the art1.fact~
are to be pre~erved because they fire 81ways aV811abll5, not
harmful to living be1ng antI free from ~Fl.perstit'10uS beltef,st
They are used 83 objects for merrymaktng 1n the celebratlono

---

71
Table 2-m
..~.rt·tfacts
tn 30c".81 Gatherings to be Improved, Preserved
or Discarded
N = 186
====:=====~===~~=~===:==~~~s==~-=~~====~=~~~===~~~======
Art ifectl'l
: Tm'lj,~obve"d (~) : pr't~e~~ed (,,) :Dt~cg~ded(,,) :Descr ip-
_ _ _ _ _ _.~(_f__) _........
(%__
):, . (f)
,
<2f2 (f)
{~l._tto;;..;;n_
To be
UNLAWFUL ACT AND PUN~3HMENT
.
Ammoto
•
186:100QOO:Diso8rded
· ..
-
•
•
-- - • - - ·
P1.1ak
· •
•
• 186:100.00:Diaoarded
.- •
: - • - •
Nilabay •
•
•
•
s 186:100000sDi9carded
.- 0 - · - • -
tullaw1 :178:95070
.. - •
•
8:
4 • 30 : 1: nrproved
•
•
•
PEACE-PACT A-REEMENT AND CELEBRATIONS
Be-a}
, 78 : 41094 :108: 58.06 : - :
-
:Pre3erved.
Balleng-
I
ben~
•
• ~l. :
4a .. S-~ : 105'2 5~. ,is'" •• -
tPreservtld
Bayes
· '7~, : 42·41 : 10~: r;Josa : - ,
:Preaerved
·
lang~a
· 58 • 31 .18 : 128: 68 82 •
0
•
sPreserved
·
·
.-
Ra-in
• 78 : 41094 : 108: 681)82 • -- , - .,Pre3arved
•
•
Kubkub-ong 83 •• 44.62.. : 103: SS' .30 ·· - •· --- :Preserved
Paluk
: 58 • 3' • '8 :128: 68082 : -
•
- :Pre5arved,
•
•
Tapoy
· 00 t A3.0( : 10&,.t 51>.f1 t
•
tPra,~ervi2id
·
- • -
.===:::;z======:::::==:::==~:::======:=====:.=:==-:=u=~:::==t==:_"1:~====:::=::=::.=='::'3t~

---

72
Table 3
Phases of Rural Liv1n~ Affected by the Matertal Culture
of the People
If =: 186
======'=:==============~=:::~==::;a==:::s=:::==:.."S===::::=::s=-=::=====::::-::=~========
:Agree(~) :Disagree(~):Descrip­
--_. -----
..t~qD_
ECONOM1C3
1"
Source of income or live-
lihood
:178: 95.70: 8:4.30 : Agree
2.
No need of buying tools!
implements trom other
places because they have
the ir own
: 161: 86. ~6: 25: 13.44: Agree
30
Tools and implements are
cheaply made
: 186: 100.00:- ~ - - : A.gree
4.
Nearly every hougehold has
thetr own tool~
:186:100 00:-:
-
0
t
Agree
5.
Availabtlity of raw mater-
ials to make the tools
:186:100.00:-:
- : Agree
6.
PT'8cticali.ty in l:tfe
: 186: 100000:-~ -
t
A~ree
70
Makes life in rural area
bearable ·and 5.tmpler
: 186: 100.00~-: -
: Agr-ee
EDUCATTONAL
8
Tools and implements are
0
adapted to folk life
:186: 'OOoOO~- ~
: Agree
90
Even the un~chooled can use
t h e m : 186: 100.00~-:
-
s A({ree
10
Skilled 1n the mak1ng of
0
the tools
: 179:( 9"'·'2!~:1 :3. ~fo : Agree
11. People are used to them
: 186: 100 0 00 : - : -
: AKree
.c=====::::===:==::::====:::==:::=~=:==:::::==::.:~":-=-=====..;==:::.=::======:r:t:-:':==
::::.===~'::

---

73
Qont'n.of Table'
SOCTAL
120
It is a vehicle of helping
one another "Bayanihan
System. H
:178: 95.70: 8 :4.30: Agree
ENfTRONMENTAL PRESER'ATIOK
'30
It does not harm natural
resources or it help in
the preservation of
natural resources/
environment
t1a6s100.00: __ ~ - - : Agree
The matertal culture of the people could be 8 source
of 1ncome or meane of livelihood in the eense that the pro-
ducts of whAt they could make is sold in and out~1de of
the plece like in weavtng of cloth, ratn coat, baekets,
pottery, ~o it is from there where they ~6t an inoomeo
There ts No Need of BUJL1ng ToolsL
1mplem~nts from o~her places
pecause ~hey hav~_!~~ir own
Since the people can make thetr own tools and imple-
ments why should they 5pend just to bUy thetr tools!tmple-
ments.
With the money they can bUy other need~.
Tools/Jm~lements are C~e8Jtly Mad~
The materials they use to make are not to be bought
bec~u~e they make use of those raw materials that are
available in place which megns that the compo31tton or
component parts of these tools/implements are not those

---

74
bought in the market that are very expensive but they
are mad~ or slmple anc adaptable materialso
~early Ev,ry Housfthold .~~_ Th~r Own Tool~
Since the people can make their own too18/i~ple­
ments tt :is understood that they also have the tools 1n
the1.r own homes so th4.$ mtnt.m1ze borrowi-ng from neighbors
unless necessary or buyingo
Availab111ty of ~aw Mat~r181s to Make the Tool~
The matertals they use in making the tools ere
always available tn the place that is why the elders had
oar11.er known how to make the tools beo8u~e to make use of
the resources around.
'fhere is no need to buy th~ raw
mater1als in making the toolso
Practlcal1 ty in..~J"..,J.f~
} . II
,The. people hRve the raw Mater1.als in Maktng
the1r own tools, they w~ll not spend Bny a_aunt for thetr
tools, thts ts only betn~ praotical.
They can live ag long as they know where to get the
resource~, how to make them and use them advsntageOU$ly
Makes l1.fe 1.n r1..~ral area are bearable end 9'tmple.
Lt!e or standard of Ltvin~ of the people 113 ea~y 1.nthe
gen~e th9t i t t~ not nec83sary to have so MAny thtngs or to
know so many th1n~s..
There is no 5ubstttute for ltvtng
u91n~ what ta made locally and slways available.

---

75
Tools and implements ere adaptable to folk life.
The making of the tools/~mplements 18 learned at home
th~re ~s no need for a formal schooling because each new
~enBration can learn from their old folks at home.
Every-
one tn the family can u~e them beC8ugethe tool~ are etmple
and adaptable.
Everyth1n~ ts exposed at home where one
Ret to know the skills and knowledRe on how to make and
us~ them.
Even the unschooled can use thp~.
As said earli~r
there ts no need for formal schooling to learn how to
make and use the tools because it can be learned at home~
Any
.~ nd tvtdual ltterate or ill iterate, y.:.)ung and old for
a~ lon~ as he is wtlling can learn the craft.
Skilled in th~ making of the tool~o
Since they have
been making the tool:-} since time immemorial, they have now
perfected thetr sk1.11s in the ar-t of. the crafto
It 18
not hard to use the tools beoause they ere familiar or has
alwnys been used, the more they use them the better they
can make use of themo
It is a vehicle of helping one another ~Bayanth8n
Sy~tem".
10 the process of making at the same time u~tnR
the tools in work1n~, the people come together end help
one who t~ tn need called "cooperative work."
This
111u'.'itrate$ the Fili.pino tratts that 18 ilBfJyaoihan."
The more people come together to work for one in need,

---

76
the more they become united.
Jt does not harm natural resouroes or it helps in
the pre3ervation of natural environment.
The use of the
tools8and implement3 or artifacts helps preserve the
natural resources.
i t helps in the preservation of natural
resources in the sense that by using the raw materials,
they tend to mult"ply.
Nature replaces what ~.3 gathered
for AS long as the roots ere not hurt.
But 1f there i.8
want on destructton then mother nature gets hurt like
tho8~ that are gathered tn very large tluent"'tleso
The ind i~enou~ tool,' and implements or arttfec'tf!'
are still the best j,n their place.
They greatly affect
the rural 11.v1ng of the Ka11ngas because most of them
depend on these materials for getting their daily living.
Not all can go to ~chool to get formal education ~o 8 few
do not depend so much on the~e materta18 and even thos~
who Bre sending the1r ch11dren to school, they ettll
depond
on these mater 4 a18.
Schooled or professionals
stlll use some of these mater1.81~ since these are sttll
convenient for themo
The ind~~enoU9 mater~81 culture of the KeltnRa~
attract~ nearby populatton and even fore~gnAr3 wherein they
like to bUy their products for 50uvenirso
They are in
demand for both prIvate and public consumptton.
If a
thin~ 1.8 saleable then the source must produce more, so

---

77
there is 1ncome in 1.t.
The matertal culture of the Kal1ngas 8S 8 whole
can pave the way for progress and development of th~ place
in varlous Kays as d 4scu9sed earl~er.
Jt is i.n the mater-
ial culture of the people that life could continue
moving ..

---

78
Chapter 5
SUM~~Rl, CONCLUSTONS, RECOM~~NDATiONS
This chapter presents the summary of find1.nge,
conclu3tons and recornmendati.on3o
Sine., thi.s studjl" sought to look :toto the Indigenous
motertal cultur~ of the Ka11ng8~ and its implicatton to
rurHl l.1.ving specifically i.n ]'armlng,. Weavin~, Animal
Ralsing, Pottery Maktng, Kitchen [Jten~tle, Fo,jd &3th~ring
Pounding rice and other thi.ng~, Wi.ne arld Sugar Maktng,
Houge Con~truct1_on, R1.tual~ and R1.tes, 3001.81 gathertnga
or ceremoni..es, the researoher needed' the "pinion and'sugges-
tton~ of the respondents to find cut th~ artifacts and
which of the art1.facts are to be 1.mproved, pre3erved or
dtscarded and the phases of rural living affected by this
material culture~
'I'hts study sought to look into the ind1genous
matertal culture of the Kal1.ngas end 1ts implication to
rural ltvlng.
! t also sought anewers to the following
RPAC 4 f1c que9tton~:
1.
What are the tools, implements or artifaots of
the Kalingas wtth respect to: To what extent have they been used?
A.
Farmtng
B.
We8\\'ing
C.
Animal Rai9ing
Do
Pottery ~9king

---

79
Eo
Kitchen Utenstle
Fn
Food Gather~ng
. . 0
POl1Y:d.ing ri ce and other thtngs to be pounded
Ho
Wine and su~ar making
10
House con~truct1on
J.
Rituals
a.
Child birth and child rear1ng
b.
Engagement and marriage
c.
Death and funeral rites
d.
Tribal war/conflict
K.
soc~ 81 ~a th'er~,ngs
a.
Unlawful act and puntshment
b.
Peace-pact agreement and celebratton
2.
Which of this indigenous mater1el culture can
be improved on, preserved or d~scarded?
30
Whet are the phR~~S of rural livtn~ that are
affected by th~s material culture?
WhAt are the implica-
tions?
The researcher made used of the descriptive norma-
t-tve ~urvey desiKn 1n conducting the study wi,th the
quest~onn&1re as the main tnstruinent.
SUMMARY OF Irr NDINIS
The fol1owin~ were offshoots of the interpretation
end anoJys1s of the dat81
RegBrdjng th6 extent of us~ of the artjfAct~t most

---

eo
i
of the artifacts are often used. For farming the following
tools are often used: aguwak, aladoy, as a-an , batawil,
bin-iyan, danog, gaman, kaluyod, kikkilaw, kutaw, landok,
lokom, saluwan, sigay and tangkujro. For weaving the following
materials are o~ten used: apod, baliga, ballang, gaganayan,
tolin and tapawan (Laga) do-ot, gaman, and gipan. For animal
raising the following materials are often used: anglan,
atutung t bUklot, kagaban, kagungkong and pC/,1 uk. For pottery
making the followlng materials are often used: akkubak. al-o,
damas, gigili, idi-id, kilkil, lamnak, libo, lupidas and
s~a-ang. For the kitchen utensils the following are often
I
used: akkubak, balukag, banga,· dalpong, gipan, idus, leledde-
san, leledes, pinakaw and sukong. In food gathering the follo-
-
wing materials are often used: (Fishing) aga-id, aSal, bagu-
wong, bungwit, att&d, tungno'llodok and ubol; (Hunting) ilug,
a.nd tubay ; (Fruits) damos, gaman, and sablot. For pounding
rice and other foods the following implements are often used:
al-o, damosjlangaya, lamnak
lusong and taltag. For wine and
t
sugar making the following implements are often used:ammoto,
astan, banga, damas, gaman, lamnak, lata and martaba. In house
construction the following implements are often used: bulidaw.
paratpktak, and taga. For. child birth and child rearing the

---

81
following implements are often used: bakakat, elap and obane
For engager;ent and marriage the following artifacts are
often used: ba-al, bongol, ka-ln, and tongngali. For death
and funeral rites the follcwing artifacts are often used:
bawi, kadamal, laban, lungoD and sangail. In war/conflict the
followlng i.mplements are o,:'ten used: gaman, kalasag, say-ang
and wasay. For social gatherings the following artifacts are
often used: (Unlawful act and punisLment) g-lJ.llawi; (peace-pact
agreement and celebrations) ba-e.l, ballenb~ng, gangsa, ka-in,
kubkub-ong, paluk and tapoy.
2. Trose artifacts~ tools or implements to be improved
on are: aguwak, a.ladoy, batawil, gimata, kaluyod s saluwan,
tangkuyc in farming. In animal raising: anglan, atutung,
buklot, kagaban, kagungkong and pulok. For food gathering~
asal, baguwang, bungw1~, a:ttoo., lac.ok, ubal, 11 ug f tttbay ..
Astan in wine and sugar maki~g~ In hotlseconstrncti,on: gaman,
bulidaw, parataktak, saklang I
taga. E'or child birth and. child
rearing the following are to be improved 01):. bakakat and oban.
Bawi in death
and funeral rites; badang, kalasag, say-ang,
wasay in war or· conflict; gullawi in social gatherings spe-
cifically in unlawful act and punishment. Those to be discar-
ded are~ among, igad in child birth and child rearing ritual:);

---

,
82
sangadil in death and funeral rites; idaw in war or conflict;
ammoto, pilak and nilabay in social gatherings specifically
in unlawful act and punishment. fhe rest are to be preserved.
3. The dimensions of living that these artifacts greatly
affected are economic, education, social and environment.
They affect the peoples· living economically, they become
sources of income, they do no~ need to buy tools/implements
from other places, tools and implements' are cheaply made,
nearly every household have 'their own tools, availabili ty of
raw materials to make the tools, practicality in life and
m~{es life in rural area bearable and simpler. Educationally,
tools and implements are adapted' to folk life, even the
un'schooled can use them, skilled in the making of the tools
and' people are used to them. Socially, it is a vehicle for
helping one another "Bayanihan system n. Environmentally, it
does not harm natural resources or it help in the preserva-
tion of natural resources or environment.
"
CONCLUSIONS
The following statement are conclusions 'deduced from
the findings:
1. Most of the artifacts are often used.

---

become better materials. There are also those to be preserved
because they are already tested to be of good materials and
some must have to be discarded because they are no longer
useful.
RECOMMENDATIONS
The researcher proposes ~he following recommendations
..
in the light of the concl usioris arrived at:
1. Artifacts that should be used must have to be selec-
ted based on its usefulness in terms of economic, social,
educational and its effect on both people and natural resour-
ces.
2. This study can be used as reference material in the
ethnographic study of the Kalingas.
3. This study should be expanded to all the other
sub-tribes of the Kalinga-Apayao province for a more complete
picture.

---

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---

85
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Document Outline

• The Indigenous Material Culture of the Kalingas: Its Implication to Rural Living
  • ABSTRACT
  • TABLE OF CON TENTS
  • INTRODUCTION
  • REVIEW OP RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES
  • METHODS AND PROCEDURES
  • PRBSENTATTON, ANALYSIS AND INTER PRETATION OF FINDINGS
  • SUMMARY, CONCLUSTONS, RECOMMENDATI ONS
  • BIBLIOGRAPHY

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