BIBLIOGRAPHY SHIRLEY S. ABAD., April 2007. Analysis of Family Types...

BIBLIOGRAPHY
SHIRLEY S. ABAD., April 2007. Analysis of Family Types and Values
Formation of Freshmen Students of Benguet State University: Implication to the
Guidance and Counseling practice. Benguet State University, La Trinidad,
Benguet.
Adviser: Prof. Wilfredo B. Mina
ABSTRACT

This study inquired into the extent of how family type affect the social
values of citizenship, work, justice, service and relationship which are observed
and practiced; factors that contribute to the different family type structure; and the
relationship between the social values and some selected variables. Data were
gathered from 327 respondents.

The respondents family type structure of small nuclear family, big nuclear
family, extended, single-parent, dual-career, and blended family insignificantly
differs from each other. The big nuclear has a higher percentage compared to
other family type structure.

The social values of citizenship, work, justice, service, and relationship
insignificantly differ from each other. The respondents perceived to be often true
in their observance and practice of social values.

APPENDICES
A. Communication
Letter to the Vice President of Academic Affairs……
95
Letter to the Dean ………………………………………
96
Letter to the Respondents…………..…………………
97
B. Questionnaire…………………………...………………
98
BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCH…………………………………………
102

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INTRODUCTION

Background of the Study

Families are the foundational unit of society, and their proper
functioning is critical to societies success, progress, and peace. As such it
is often the subject of biblical admonishments. Pages of Scripture give
many examples of family tensions. The first family, that of Adam and Eve,
was disrupted by murder when Cain killed his brother. David committed
adultery. Amman raped his half sister. Despite family conflicts such as
these, the Bible says relatively little about how family should function. In
the book of Colossians, for example the family is mentioned in only four
verses out of ninety-five, and the statements are clear. “Wives, submit to
your husbands as fitting in the Lord. Husbands love your wives and do not
be harsh with them. Children obey your parents in everything for this
pleases the Lord. Father’s do not provoke children or they will become
discouraged.” Even though these references are brief, biblical teaching on
family issues appears to support several conclusions. (1) The father is the
head of the home, and his responsibilities include that of Loving his wife in
a way that demonstrates Christ’s love for us; (2) within this home there is
to be mutual submission and commitment between the husband and wife;
Analysis of Family Types and Values Formation of Freshmen Students of
Benguet State University: Implication to the Guidance and
Counseling practice / Shirley S. Abad. 2007

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and (3) parents in turn are responsible for administering discipline to their
children in such a way that they learn obedience and Godly values but are
not made bitter or discouraged through verbal abuse, physical abuse, or
neglect.

Biblical teachings about interpersonal relations such as love,
forgiveness, conflict resolution, self-denial, personal integrity, caring,
teaching of biblical principles, maturity, and spiritual growth are universal
truths which must all be applied to each member of the family unit.
Perhaps it is valid to conclude that “The whole of the Scriptures serve as a
guideline for family living."
It is still within the family that a foundation in a child’s social and
spiritual development occurs. Socialization is one of the major functions of
a family. In fact it is most important function because it transmits the
culture of the society they live in, including its patterned ways of living,
values of religion, and cultural norms. In addition, Ponopio et. al (1978)
stated that the child internalizes the value system of the society and
acquires the basics skills and basic motivations and attitudes towards
work essential for his tasks in his immediate family. So parents play a
potent role in preparing their children to perform their social roles in the
future, including their religious foundations, that will later be reinforced,
refined, and supported by other institutions.
Analysis of Family Types and Values Formation of Freshmen Students of
Benguet State University: Implication to the Guidance and
Counseling practice / Shirley S. Abad. 2007

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Furthermore, He stated that the family is the most universal and
basic of social institutions for without it society would not exist. It is
essential for its reproductive function that ensures cultural continuity. It is
also where the newborn child is reared, cultured, developed and
socialized.

In a similar note, Mc Cubin and Dabl (1985) stated that the family
has functioned throughout history as the most significant institution in
shaping human interaction. It is the primary agent of socialization where
the child’s values, attitude toward life, and himself, as well as his habits of
learning are developed.
According to the Magazine “The Futurist” (2002), beliefs and values
are shaped by what is seen and heard. The appeal of the media and
technology to the young definitely has great impact on their behavior.
News involving the young people who run into drug abuse, rape, robbery,
murder, violations of curfew hours, car napping, terror in the neighborhood
are often heard and read.
Andres (1986), a renowned Filipino author says values reflect and
define who we are. From the ethical point of view, values are intimately
related to the search for meaning in human life. Life is meaningful when a
man has found something capable of arousing his commitment, something
deserving of his efforts, something worth living for, and, if need be, worth
Analysis of Family Types and Values Formation of Freshmen Students of
Benguet State University: Implication to the Guidance and
Counseling practice / Shirley S. Abad. 2007

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dying for. (Gualdo,2000). It has been said that values are goals that man
strives for, the purpose of which is to render human existence meaningful
and to achieve the complete fulfillment of man’s personality as an
individual in the world community. Values enable man to change, to
establish self-control and instill self-discretion.

According to Bustos et al. (1985) the family is the greatest agent in
the early socializing and learning process in the child’s life. It is the group
referred to by Cooley as the “nursery of human nature”. Until the child
goes to school, he is with his family most of the time. This is the primary
group where he spends almost one-third to one-half of his time even after
he goes to school. Initial knowledge, habits, values and behavior are
acquired in the home. When a young adult leaves the parental home to
marry or to seek his fortune in the larger society of work he is considered
an adult ready to assume his role as family man and citizen of the nation.

For social Psychologist, values are motivator of behaviors. They
motivate an individual to act or move according to the established patterns
of behavior. Values not only motivate behavior but also control it. As
motives, they are objectives to be attained. As controls of behavior, values
are manifested as regulators of the established patterns of behavior.
(Shaver, 1987)
Analysis of Family Types and Values Formation of Freshmen Students of
Benguet State University: Implication to the Guidance and
Counseling practice / Shirley S. Abad. 2007

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Moreover, in a typical Filipino family, the father exercises authority
with the advice and consent of the mother. Although he projects the image
of a strong disciplinarian and final decision-maker, he treats his children
with benevolence and affection, and permissiveness usually suffuses the
atmosphere.
Traditionally, the children’s role is to obey and not question, but
this is changing. Today’s children are given a voice in family decisions.
Parents still feel, however, that their age and experience better qualify
them to judge what is best for the children, especially in the selections of
careers. This then points to the fact that the role of the parents, teachers,
relatives, peers and significant others affects the learning of the child.

Morally, religiously and psychologically healthy individuals create a
healthy social structure; and it is certain that when relationships between
the children and the family are seriously impaired there cannot be healthy
individuals. Things such as alcoholism, OCW etc. deplete of the family
regulatory abilities, certainly, the family is the primary group that affects
the child’s attitudes, his standards, his values, ideals and personal
characteristics.

It is then essential to look at the relationship between the social
problems of the societies and the individual behavior and values of it’s
members. As mentioned by former President Fidel Ramos (1993), the
Analysis of Family Types and Values Formation of Freshmen Students of
Benguet State University: Implication to the Guidance and
Counseling practice / Shirley S. Abad. 2007

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weakness of Filipino citizens accounts for the problems of the nation.
Hence, even the least tribe in the Philippines affects the whole citizenry,
for as one person or family, the pain of one part affects the whole body.

One of the programs that can help a child develop his/her social
values is the guidance program. Since guidance programs in whatever
setting most provide evidence of their accomplishment and their
relevancy. Thus counseling and guidance program in schools, and non-
educational setting should be continuos. It should be developmental in
nature, should never seek to maintain the status quo, and is most effective
when it can develop and change in response to the current needs of it’s
target population.

Moreover counseling service should be established to have a more
deep understanding of the client and help in their concern such as the
spiritual, physical, emotional, social, psychological and family problem. By
providing these services, it is expected that it will contribute to the
personal development of every individual.

Analysis of Family Types and Values Formation of Freshmen Students of
Benguet State University: Implication to the Guidance and
Counseling practice / Shirley S. Abad. 2007

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Statement of the Problem

This study was focused on the family types and the social values of
freshmen students of Benguet State University.

Specifically, this study sought the answers to the following
questions:
1. What are the different family types of freshmen students of Benguet
State University?
2. What are the social values of freshmen students of Benguet State
University?
3. Are there significant differences on the social values of freshmen
students
of Benguet State University?
4. Do family types differ significantly according to family dynamic
condition in terms of:
a. The role of each member play in the family
b. Managing conflict (how they mange their problems)
c. Economic situation
d. Child-rearing practice
5. Are there significant differences on the extent of influence of one’s
family type on the social values of freshmen according to family
dynamic conditions in terms of:
Analysis of Family Types and Values Formation of Freshmen Students of
Benguet State University: Implication to the Guidance and
Counseling practice / Shirley S. Abad. 2007

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a. The role of each member play in the family
b. Managing conflict (how they mange their problems)
c. Economic situation
d. Child-rearing practice
6. Do the respondents differ significantly in their observation and
practice of social values when compared according to their
a. Family type
b. Income
c. College
d. Gender

Objectives of the Study

It is the aim of this study to analyze the family types and determine
the influence on values formation among freshmen students of Benguet
State University. Specifically it aimed to determine the following:
1. The different family types of freshmen of Benguet State University.
2. The social values of freshmen students of Benguet State
University.
3. The difference of social values of freshmen students of Benguet
State University.
Analysis of Family Types and Values Formation of Freshmen Students of
Benguet State University: Implication to the Guidance and
Counseling practice / Shirley S. Abad. 2007

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4. The difference of family types in terms of family dynamic condition
such as role of each member play in the family, managing conflict,
economic situation, and child rearing practice.
5. The difference on the extent of influence of one’s family type on the
social values of freshmen in terms of family dynamic condition such
as role of each member play in the family, managing conflict,
economic situation, and child-rearing practice.
6. The difference of the respondent’s in their practice and observation
of social values when compared according to their family type,
income, college and gender.

Significance of the Study
The research expects to provide valuable information about the
family type structure and the values formation of adolescents. This
information would help teachers, guidance counselors, parents and
guardians in understanding adolescents better in guiding them to making
reasonable adjustments in life.

Bacungan et. Al. (1996) asserts that a person is a social being born
into a group and lives in a social group, for, associate with their fellow
monks. One is born and raised in a family, plays in the neighborhood,
goes to school, worships with others, and joins a group for work. From
Analysis of Family Types and Values Formation of Freshmen Students of
Benguet State University: Implication to the Guidance and
Counseling practice / Shirley S. Abad. 2007

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these groups, one acquires his personal habits, values, attitudes, and
ambitions, and social identity. He relies on his groups for his physical,
psychological, emotional and spiritual needs. Social interaction not only
influences one’s life, but also affects the structure of society where he
functions. He acquires social intelligence that is a crucial factor in being
accepted by others. Companionship or being with others is a vital element
of one’s life. It is that which gives shape, color and meaning to existence.
Hence, social groups are essential to a person’s existence.

Results of this study will be use to bridge the relationship of the
school and the home and bring about a more motivated program of action.
Examples include: (1) Parent and child encounters or dialogues; (2)
School and family conferences for the guidance and supervision in making
youth for reasonable choices about scholastic, vocational, and social
issues; (3) Parents, who are the first teachers and the first to influence
their children would realize their crucial role in the formation of their
children who are the assets of the society. (4) Government agencies such
as the department of social welfare and development might come up with
effective social welfare programs as interventions for strengthening and
supporting the Filipino family.

For the researcher, this study will be a very enriching endeavor as
a Guidance Counselor, a teacher, and a friend to others. The insights
Analysis of Family Types and Values Formation of Freshmen Students of
Benguet State University: Implication to the Guidance and
Counseling practice / Shirley S. Abad. 2007

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gained in this study will help her in a most special way in carrying out one
of the most important task in life-parenting her future children with genuine
sensitivity and confidence.

Moreover, these and other results might serve as basis for
guidance counselors, teachers, and social administrators in making school
policies and in identifying programs for the enhancement of social identity
of the students.

Finally, the study may be a source of information for further studies.

Scope and Delimitation of the Study
The main aim of this study is to identify the different family types of
freshmen students of Benguet State University, the social values practiced
and observed by the freshmen students, the difference of family types
according to family dynamic condition in terms of role of each member
play in the family, managing conflict, economic situation, and child rearing
practice, the extent of influence of one’s family type on the social values
of freshmen according to family dynamic condition in terms of role of
each member play in the family, managing, economic situation, and child-
rearing practice, the difference of the respondent’s in their practice and
observation of social values when compared according to their family type,
gender, and college, and income.
Analysis of Family Types and Values Formation of Freshmen Students of
Benguet State University: Implication to the Guidance and
Counseling practice / Shirley S. Abad. 2007

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This study was limited to the responses of the freshmen students
from the eight colleges of Benguet Sate University. The College of
Agriculture, College of Arts and Sciences, College of Engineering and
Applied Technology, College of Forestry, College of Home Economics and
Technology, College of Teacher Education, College of Nursing, and
College of Veterinary Medicine.
Family type Structures has been classified into six groups. These
are small nuclear, big nuclear, extended , single-parent , dual-career
and blended family. This study intend to find out the social values of the
respondents on how they interact or deal with people around them like
their family, friends, classmates and the general public. The social values
were classified into five groups. These are citizenship, work, justice,
service and relationship.

Analysis of Family Types and Values Formation of Freshmen Students of
Benguet State University: Implication to the Guidance and
Counseling practice / Shirley S. Abad. 2007

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REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

Family Structures

Family and peer relationships largely influence a child’s growing
competence and development, a child’s well being continues to depend on
the quality of family interactions. Children of today are growing up in a
variety of households and different family type structures, some with
wholesome love and corrections, some with indifference and laxity.
There are two types of families, the traditional and the modern.
Sociologist and historians believe that almost all families before industrial
times were larger in number because there was no contraception urban
congestion, or rampant poverty. Today’s families of urban and industrial
times are challenged and diminished by all of these.
Family types play an integral role in children’s development. A
number of these different families are the following:
Nuclear Family, are a family that consists of a couple and their
children living together apart from other relatives. The crisis that these
nuclear families face today is caused by the rapid changes in the society.
As pointed out by Calhoun, et. Al. (1997), family structure vary over time
as well as between and within cultures. Consequently there is no family
pattern inscribed in stone. Change in adaptation are inevitable, thus
Analysis of Family Types and Values Formation of Freshmen Students of
Benguet State University: Implication to the Guidance and
Counseling practice / Shirley S. Abad. 2007

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pertaining family structures have changed in order to accommodate the
rapid changes in the environment, changes such as like the increasing
legal rights of women and children. Today’s non-traditional families tend to
be smaller and more open to role variations than was yesterday’s rigid
ideal of bread earning husband, a stay at home wife, and submissive
children.
Extended Family, is one which parents, grandparents and
grandchildren live together under one “roof” or in close proximity. Today
the extended family is more likely to be found among third world countries
than among highly developed countries. In the Philippines, for instance,
the extended family is more likely to be found among rural dwellers than
among urban dwellers. As society changed from a largely rural to a
predominantly urban society, the structure of family has also changed.
The structural forms for fulfilling typical parental functions vary from
culture to culture. Among the Nayar of Kerala, India, the children are
raised, not by their biological father, but instead by their mother’s brother.
In the Philippines, the biological fathers typically raise the children. Further
Christian culture advocates monogamy, a marriage between one man and
one woman and its headship of the father in its typical family. (1Cor. 11:3
and Eph. 5:22-35). And the Muslim cultures permit polygamy, a marriage
involving two or more partners at the same time.
Analysis of Family Types and Values Formation of Freshmen Students of
Benguet State University: Implication to the Guidance and
Counseling practice / Shirley S. Abad. 2007

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Children of large families obviously experience different conditions
from those in smaller or one-child families. Children in large families have
the advantage of having relationships with multiple siblings. These
relationships and interactions give them the opportunity to have
companionship, emotional support, and, diversity of experience while they
are growing up. Children in large families often experience degrees of
rivalry resulting in “ fights” for parental attention. The positive interactions
that naturally occur between siblings raised together contribute to
perspective taking, moral maturity, and competence in relating to other
people (Berk 2000).
In the Philippines, the traditional extended families have lost favor
due to several factors, first of which is the growing importance of
education in determining a career rather than a career inherited from
parent. Secondly, economic changes have brought about rapid
urbanization of society. Thus, Filipinos living in rural areas expect greener
pastures in the cities. Thirdly, a parent’s job is transferred to another
location, and the whole family moves to that location resulting in fewer ties
with grandparents and other relatives. Finally a shift in values puts more
emphasis on individualism and independence rather than on family ties.
Filipinos do however expect the help and support of other relatives in
times of trouble, particularly those who live in the squatter areas. Among
Analysis of Family Types and Values Formation of Freshmen Students of
Benguet State University: Implication to the Guidance and
Counseling practice / Shirley S. Abad. 2007

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urban dwellers, close relationships with other relatives are kept, but in
limited function because of locality and urban population.
Single parent Families. The number of one parent families has
increased in recent years. There are number of varieties of one-parent
families; those resulting from divorce, a parent who never-married, or the
widowed parent. In single parent families the other parent not living with
the family may have little or no involvement in the child’s life or he/she
may be highly involved.
At present, women giving birth out of wedlock are accepted in
society and account for a large percentage of single parent families. The
increased of children with an absentee parent has created multiple
stresses in society.
Blended
Family is one in which one parent brings him/her children
from a previous marriage. “For some children, this expanded family
network is a positive turn of events that brings with it greater adult
attention. But for most, it presents difficult adjustments” (Berk, 2000). It is
clear that there are many difficulties in accepting a stepparent into the
family, especially one who may have different child raising practices, from
the ones which the child were used to. Research found that children of
remarriage are likely to experience difficulty in accepting the marriage.
This extends from some children having to deal with the loss of a primary
Analysis of Family Types and Values Formation of Freshmen Students of
Benguet State University: Implication to the Guidance and
Counseling practice / Shirley S. Abad. 2007

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parent to the need to accept a stranger as a parent. Other feelings
experienced may include divided loyalties, confusion in terms of
belonging, confusion due to membership in a different household, and
unreasonable expectations due to the whole adjustment process. But how
well children adapt is related to the overall quality of the parental and the
sensitivity of the parents to their children’s struggles and needs.
This type of family is one of today’s non-traditional families that is
very common in western cultures and that has increased popularity here in
the Philippines. In the United States, blended families were mostly
occasioned by high divorce and remarriage rates. In the Philippines,
annulment, separation or death of a partner typically opens the option for
blended family. Mostly blended families experienced some difficulties in
stabilizing kinship. However, several factors can ease the adjustments or
transition. Cherlin and Fursteberg (1994) found out that it is much easier
for preschoolers to accept a stepparent as a “real” parent than for older
children to do so. It helps if stepchildren do not see both their non-
resident stepparent and resident parent. Unfortunately, there are no
generally accepted norms or written document for preventing this
occurrence. Most recorded child abuse and spouse abuse is related to a
stepparent or second husband/wife inflicting its physical, psychological,
and/or sexual abuse.
Analysis of Family Types and Values Formation of Freshmen Students of
Benguet State University: Implication to the Guidance and
Counseling practice / Shirley S. Abad. 2007

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Dual- Career family is one in which both husband and wife hold
jobs that offer opportunities for advancement. In this family structure, the
family has had to become resourceful in facing the growing needs and
difficulties in life such as inflation, economic insecurity, technological
advancement, and luxuries in life. In dual-career families the children from
low-income families are most likely to be cared for by a relative or friend,
mostly grandparents. Whereas, children from a higher income families are
more likely to use non-family sources of care such as day care centers,
or private institutions.
In all families, problems arise causing changes in the status quo.
One common problem is when parents need to take care of their sick
child. Generally, mothers are more likely to give way to stay home and
miss work in this situation. According to Russel et al. (1989), more
employed women work a second shift at home after a full day at their jobs.
In addition, Scarr. et. al. (1986) said that employed mothers of children
under the age of three put up to ninety hours a week of combined work
and child care responsibilities. Hence, mothers experience more stress
than their husbands. Moreover, the stress, fatigue, and role conflict that
the mother experiences may negatively affect the quality of her interaction
with her child. There’s an increased possibility for abuse to their children,
weather verbal, physical, psychological, or social abuse.
Analysis of Family Types and Values Formation of Freshmen Students of
Benguet State University: Implication to the Guidance and
Counseling practice / Shirley S. Abad. 2007

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Factors that contribute to differences of family structure
Economic
Situation: Because of the industrial Revolution and the
resulting growth of suburbs and urban areas, the kind of labor force
needed has also changed from agriculture to machine or professional
work. People today are aiming to get jobs in the cities for more
opportunities, resulting in fewer ties to traditional parental based
employment, thus, this has created nuclear, multigenerational and dual-
career and other family structures. Moreover, women today are accepted
in the labor market. In general, however, men have a greater opportunity
for higher status and high-paying careers, like law or business, than
women do because women are more likely to give way to child-care
responsibilities. (Keller, 1997)
Managing
Conflict. Marital conflicts or fights among husbands and
wives have many causes. Many social problems are caused by poverty.
According to Panopio (1984) most families living below the poverty line
have frequent conflicts that often lead to more serious problems like the
breaking up of the family. The possibility that fathers, and even mothers,
will shrink their responsibilities or their parental roles are high, especially,
among unemployed or underpaid fathers and mothers. Thus they neglect
the well being of their children. In trying to sustain finances and solve their
problems with money, parents are more likely to experience emotional and
Analysis of Family Types and Values Formation of Freshmen Students of
Benguet State University: Implication to the Guidance and
Counseling practice / Shirley S. Abad. 2007

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physical stress and fatigue, which often negatively affect their relationship
with their children. Most low-income families are coming from those whose
parents did not attain any education or finish college. Hence, they cannot
hold a job that offers a reasonable wage. Instead most of them land jobs
offering low compensation.
Alcoholism. Drinking too much alcohol causes conflict in the family.
The incidence of drunkenness in the family is higher among husbands
than wives. A parent who is drunk oftentimes goes out of control.
Unknowingly, the parent inflicts emotional, physical, as well as social pain
in the family, thus, resulting in marital conflicts.
Drug-abuse. A drug dependent person often hallucinates while
using drugs. Drug users are prone to commit dreadful crimes while partly
or totally unconscious. Sexual abuse of children and wife, parricide, and
other related crimes are common. This problem frequently led to severe
conflicts and could be a ground for annulment or separation.
Commitment. It is difficult to build family togetherness and to deal
with problems when one or more members of the family have no desire or
time to be involved. Some career-motivated people work for companies
that expect 100 percent commitment from their employees. The job
requires a willingness to work long and hard for the company “family”.
Analysis of Family Types and Values Formation of Freshmen Students of
Benguet State University: Implication to the Guidance and
Counseling practice / Shirley S. Abad. 2007

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Employees often have little energy or desire to build rapport at home or
deal with evolving problems.(Faulkner,1988)

Lack of role clarity. Each family assigns roles to its members. Some
of these roles involve activities; like who takes out the garbage, cooks the
meals, or takes the kids to the dentist. Other roles are emotional; some
family members become encouragers, jokers, problem solvers, or
etiquette advisers. Usually these roles evolve over who does what. These
conflicts are especially acute when roles are held rigidly or when there is
role confusion.

Women and children have more rights today than before, and when
couples disagree about basic goals or values this will often destroy the
solidarity of marriage. When their basic role expectations are not met, and
neither of them wants to step down or eat their pride, then they will
always quarrel until they decide to put their marriage to an end, resulting
in an annulment or separation.
Religion. The Bible warns of problems when a believer and an
unbeliever try to live together in marriage. (1 Cor. 7:12-16) When a
husband and wife differ from each other in their denominational
preferences, their degree of commitment to spiritual things their interest in
religion, or their expectations about the religious education of their
children there is frequently strife. Sometimes these differences create
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Benguet State University: Implication to the Guidance and
Counseling practice / Shirley S. Abad. 2007

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tension in other areas such as choice of friends, view of ethics, the use of
time on Sunday’s etc. Religion can be a binding or strengthening force in a
marriage, but when a husband and wife have different viewpoints, religion
can also be a destructive cause of marital tensions.(Collins,1988).

Child –rearing practice: In the Bible, children are seen as gifts from
God that can bring both joy and sorrow. Young people are to be loved,
honor, and respected as persons. They are important in God’s kingdom
and they are not to be harmed. Children are also given responsibilities: to
honor and respect parents, care for them, listen to them and be obedient.
In Ephesians 6:1-3 we read “Honor your father and mother that it may go
well with you and that you may enjoy long life on the earth.”

Mothers and fathers have the responsibility to model mature
Christian behavior, to love their children, to care for their needs, to teach
the young, and to discipline fairly. According to Getz (1976) “we
exasperate children when we abuse them physically, abuse them
psychologically, (by humiliating them and failing to treat them with
respect), neglect them, don’t try to understand them, expect too much
from them, withhold love unless they perform, force them to accept our
goals or ideas, and refuse to admit our mistakes. In contrast, we “bring
them up” by being examples to our children and by giving instruction and
encouragement. All of these things are most easily discussed than
Analysis of Family Types and Values Formation of Freshmen Students of
Benguet State University: Implication to the Guidance and
Counseling practice / Shirley S. Abad. 2007

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accomplished.” Children, like parents, have different personalities and the
biblical directives for child rearing are not as specific as many people
might be.

Functions of the Family

Family, like education, can be viewed in different terms. Its
definitions vary depending on the prevailing culture that is present in every
society. However, a family typically consists of a husband, a wife and
several children.

The workbook (1991) defines family as a core group of persons
related by birth, marriage, or by adoption. Anthropologists and sociologists
speak about the basic function and the importance of family in the society.
However, functions and roles of families may differ from one society to the
next. According to Encyclopedia Americana (2000), family roles are
related to sexual, reproductive, economic and educational issues. The
child’s immediate setting for growth and development is the family. Added
to this is his natural environment such as the school and community. But
still the family remains the most important natural environment for the
young child. Therefore physical, emotional, and intellectual growth, as well
as the social development of a child, all begin at home. In addition,
Popenoe (1991) claimed that, in many ways, the family is well suited to
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the task of early socialization. It is a small group in which the members
have a great deal of face-to-face contact. The children’s progress can be
closely watched and any adjustment in their behavior can be made as
necessary. One of the major functions of family that is universal and true
in all kinds of family in different societies today, aside from what have
been enumerated earlier, is to provide love and affection for its members.
Love and affection are as important to children as learning is, and they
remain important throughout life.

For lack of love, children sometimes even die. If not they may
resort to suicidal attempts or may linger in depressions. Family is one of
the few ongoing sources of affection and companionship in modern
societies because there are fewer opportunities for friendship and support
from relatives outside the immediate family.
According to Andres (1983), in apparent accord, the family is the
basic social institution and primary group responsible for the promotion
and protection of their children. He went further to narrate the key tasks of
parents namely: a) the goal-set of values, b) shaping the character of the
children, c) maintaining values and distinctive identify of each child, and d)
resolving conflict among competing interests, particularly as regards the
codes of values.
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Similarly, Pervin (1980) declared that parents influence their
children’s behavior in at least three important ways:

1. Through their own behavior they present situations that elicit
behavior in their children.

2. They serve as role models for identification.

3. They selectively reward behaviors.

Family relationships during Adolescence

When the relationship of young adolescents with members of their
families deteriorate as adolescence progresses, the fault usually lies on
both sides. Parents far too often refuse to modify their preconceived
notions of their children’s abilities, as they grow older. As a result, they
treat their adolescent’s sons and daughters much as they did when they
were younger. In spite of this, they expect them ”to act their age”,
especially when it comes to assuming responsibilities.(Hurlock,1982).

Hurlock added that the so called ”generation gap” between
adolescents and their parents is partly the result of rapidly changing
culture, and partly the result of the fact that many young people now have
greater educational, social and cultural opportunities than most of their
parents had when they were adolescents. George (1997) concluded that
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it is more correctly a “cultural gap,” not due to differences in chronological
age.

Parents cannot be blamed for all the friction that develops between
them and their adolescent children. According to Goudy (1975) no one is
more irresponsible, more difficult to live with, more unpredictable, or more
exasperating than young adolescents, but with the possible exception of
pre adolescents. Their inability or unwillingness to communicate with their
parents helps to widen the gap between them.

Parents likewise find it difficult to accept their adolescent children’s
objections to the restraints they regard as necessary. And they may be
impatient with their failure to assume responsibilities they feel are
appropriate for their age. These sources of irritation generally reach their
peak between fourteen and fifteen years, after which there is generally an
improvement in parent-child relationships. Weller (1977)

Moreover many adolescents feel that their parents do not
“understand them” and that their standards of behavior are old fashioned.
This is due more to the cultural gap than to differences in age. But this
partially contradicts the opinion of Kuehn (2006), who claimed in an
interview that if the family functioned according to what the Bible instructs,
there would be less adolescent/parent conflict and more love, joy and
understanding among all family members.
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Socializing Agencies

Various groups or institutions play a significant role in the
socialization of an individual and in shaping his personality. Foremost
among them is the family. But as the child grows older, other socializing
agencies like friends, school, church, and culture influence him.

The family plays a unique role in personality development for the
first few years of life since the family is responsible for initiating the child
into the culture of the group. Here, the child gains his first experiences of
love, affection, kindness, sympathy, courtesy, and other truths. Generally,
members set examples for the child, who learns the habits, attitudes and
values of the group through some system of reward and punishment. The
child either conforms to the rules of rebels against them.

The family acts as a social Laboratory which prepares the child for
life in the bigger society. It is the first closest and most influential social
group in the child’s life. (Medina, 1991). Filipino’s influence individual
future behaviors by setting examples. Parents have the primary right and
obligation to provide for the upbringing of their children and to discipline
them as necessary for the formation of their good character. (Child &Youth
Welfare Code, 1996). The kind of interaction they experience may
eventually determine their relationships with others.
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In the rural communities, parents live close to their children and this
brings closeness among the members of the family. In the urban
communities, work activity is usually distinctive from other activities. To
some, parents leave their family at dawn for work and arrive when their
children are in bed. This affects the family relationships, which in return
affects their dealing with other people outside the family. The training at
home is carried out as they interact with others outside the family.

Children continue their interaction with other children more or less
of the same age coming from the kin group, neighborhood, or school.
Membership in the peer group continues until adulthood or even old age,
and tends to form a kind of subculture.

During adolescence, parental authority declines because peer
group serves as the role model and source of values and attitudes
(Medina, 1991). Children learn to develop self-sufficiency as their outlook
and perspectives differ from their parents (Shepard, 1984).

More often than not, every member of the peer group understands
one another and shares ways of solving their problems even unknown to
their parents. The members influence each other with their personal
views, which in turn motivates others and affects their aspirations and
ambitions. From these, they develop a strong attachment and loyalty with
their peers.
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In the Philippines, parents bring their children to the church as early
as infancy for the baby to know his guardian angel and for the baby to be
a God-fearing individual, as he grows old. Children are encouraged to
pray and form a notion of God. Children learn the norms of conduct and
codes of behavior set forth by the church. Expectations of what would
result from doing good, fear of sin, a concept of life after death, and the
heaven/hell concept motivate an individual to do what is good.
Involvement in church activities usually affects the individuals outlook and
attitudes.

The school provides a formal of weaning of children from home and
introducing them into the society (Panopio et. al; 1994). it is in school
where their emotional and intellectual growth is forged. Knowledge,
discipline, and training on their responsibilities are prepared for their future
role in the society. The culture of the group is being transmitted also,
giving a glance into their cultural heritage that can also guide their
behavior. In modern societies, mass media or technology is considered
another socializing agency. Whatever they observe in television is
manifested in their way of dressing, haircuts and even imitate their favorite
actors.
Culture also helps in the development of an individual. One is born
into a social world with its ready-made culture. The people around him
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instruct him what to do, what to believe in, how to behave, and even how
to feel through a system of rewards and punishments. The cultures
symbols and ways of classifying experiences are taught to children
through the medium of language. Children learn to conform to the norms
of the group, acquire a status, play a role, and emerge with a personality.
Teaching and learning and culture enable the child to become part of the
society, to interact smoothly with others, to share in the culture’s common
standards of symbols, norms, and knowledge (Clark and Kebby, 1988).
One has to adapt to the norms of requirements of the group if one is to be
a functioning member of that group. One may have to drop the unsuitable
old patterns, acquire new codes, regulations and sanctions, or learn the
rulers of the game so to speak.

Social Values of Adolescence

The positive social values, which should be present and be molded
in an individual, are not being nurtured due to some social factors
mentioned in the works of Arud (1996) and Samonte (1993). According to
these authors, negative values are influenced by bad social environment
because people are more interested in finances in all their ventures than
in due concern for discipline. Due to crises, like the increase of energy
needs and other basic needs, the fast growing population that causes the
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shortage of our limited resources, pollution, and the need to survive
diseases, people disregard traditional values standards like upholding
honesty, decent labor, and temperance.

Purungganan (1997) stated that some of the Filipino values,
particularly those of the Tuinguians, were chased out, e.g. the stereotype
responsibilities of women and men. Men, according to culture are for
mechanical works, for police etc. but generally should not wash dishes or
clothes, sit babies. Women are to stay at home, care for children, and
cook for the family. The social cultures of today that women can even
wear pants, a circumstance largely due to education and religion taught by
the Americans and Spaniards.

Accordingly revision of the culture caused the folks to claim that
education lead the youth to become lazy. They forget their duty to their
parents and home. They can shout at their elders claiming that they need
to fight for their rights even to the extent of arguing with them. There are
no more taboos, and almost no fear of God. They prefer to experiment
rather than obey prohibitions.

Flores (1992) worked on the influence of Guidance counseling of
students in order to aid in their academic performances. He postulated
that the immediate person to lead these students would be the teacher
who has direct contact with the students most of the day. The teachers’
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function would be to teach and act as a guidance counselor too. Flores
further added that in order for this molder of dreams to guide the youth
from their undesirable values, the teacher should adopt functional and
academic guidance programs, and be emphatic so as to attain the
objectives of education, and enable the child to adjust to his changing
world.

The research of Balino’s (1991) on habitual self-reflection and
analysis of one’s values revealed that values are the result of experiences
and the influences of people that surround us. According to Balino,
teachers as second parents, understand the behavior of students by
leading them to habitual self-reflection and analysis which can strongly
influence their rationality in valuing.

Values are only strengthened in school because development of
values starts at home, which supports the above mentioned findings.
According to Pedrajas, home is a community of love and life and is a
laboratory of personality growth and development. It is a laboratory for it
gives love by nourishing, approving, recognizing, and accepting your
uniqueness as a person. Parents and other siblings are the models that
influence the development of the child in which this imitation is
strengthened with the approval of the standards in the community. As
concluded in his research, the children imitate most of the behaviors at
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home. When they get out of the home, they reflect that training as they
mingle with other people. Hence we say, like father like son, like mother
like daughter.

Thus the children imitate examples, and it is useless cautioning
them without personal application, for action speaks louder than words. It
is, then, the role of the parents to give a Godly example if they want their
children to grow up to be good citizens.

Gender Difference on Social Values

Gender roles in the family are certainly changing. But men and
women are still likely to enter relationships with vastly different
expectations, desires and goals. Gender explains a variety of
phenomenon in intimate relationships, such as the way people talk to one
another, how they express themselves sexually, how they deal with
conflict, and what they feel their responsibilities are. As a result, gender
influences how men and women go about family relationships.

Traditional gender role socialization encourages women to be
sensitive, express affection, and reveal weakness, whereas men are
taught to be competitive, strong and emotionally inexpressive. These
stereotypes have some basis in fact research has consistently shown that
women have more close friends than men and are more romantic in their
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intimate relationships (Perlman and Fehr, 1987). Furthermore, women
have been shown to be more concerned about, attentive to, and aware of
the dynamics of their relationships than men do. (Acitelli, 1988)

Ironically, such attentiveness and concern do not necessarily mean
that women get more out of family relationships than men do. In fact, the
opposite maybe true. According to Bernard (1972) – sociologists, every
marriage actually contains two marriages: “his” and “hers” seems to be the
better deal. Married men derive more satisfaction from marriage than
married women do (Skolnick, 1981). Marriage even seems to benefit
men’s health and well-being. Married men get sick less, live longer, and
have fewer emotional problems than single men (Gove et.al, 1990).
Women’s family experiences can be quite different.

Because of the continued pressures of gender-typed family type
responsibilities, women than men, are likely to experience the stresses
associated with parenthood and running the household. Men have
historically been able to feel they are fulfilling their family obligations by
simply being financial providers. Most people still interpret a man’s long
hours on the job as an understandable sacrifice for his family’s sake.
Moreover boys’ interests differ significantly from those of girls in
such areas as sports, clothes, current events and machines. Nearly twenty
times as many teenage girls as boys mention clothes as one of their
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principal interest. In general, girls are more feminine in their interest and
boys are masculine. Masculinity comes from the fathers participation in
the growing boys’ interest and activities. There is also a matter of the
adolescent girls social adjustment, in early childhood, boys and girls play
together but after the age of six one usually see a certain degree of
separation between the sexes. Boys do not want girls hanging around and
getting involved in their games. Girls as a rule are interested in playing
with each other. At adolescent there is a beginning of a new relationship
between the sexes. (Schmiedeler, 1971)

Filipino parents instill norms and values in their children according
to the expectations of society. They do this by direct supervision and
control of their children’s activities and associations. Children on the other
hand, are expected to be obedient to their parents. The result of the “study
on influence of family on lifestyle of adolescents” (Cruz et al. (2003) states
that female adolescents are more likely to claim their parents to be more
strict than their male counterpart. This mirrors the gender differentials in
the upbringing of Filipino children where females are generally more
protected. Parents are more lenient with their adolescent boys than their
girls in their participation of social activities. Such behavior finds support in
a culture which continues to give a premium on feminine virtues like
virginity implying the need to protect girls more. Philippine society also
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continues to uphold the value of “hiya” or shame which impinges more on
women than men. An experience of premarital pregnancy for instance, is
more likely to bring shame and loss of face for the woman compared to
the man.

Conceptual Framework

Human behavior and its causality are viewed, approached and
explained by psychologists via divergent theoretical viewpoints. These
points of view and their respective approaches in explaining human
behavior “overlap somewhat and should not necessarily be considered as
competitors.” Rather they represent different angles and complementary
methods of understanding behavior.(Roediger,1987).Briefly, humanistic
psychology says that behavior is largely controlled by unconscious
“thought processes;” processes that we are not aware of and that we
cannot control. These theories focus on what goes on inside the person,
with the internal structures and dynamics underlying observable behavior
patterns. Conversely, behaviorist concern themselves with “the person’s
overt actions determined by his or her life experiences.” They see no need
to speculate about mental structures and process buried away in the mind.
Instead, they emphasized the external environment as the key
determinant of the person’s behavior.
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Defined, the family is a group of persons united by ties of blood or
adoption constituting a single household interacting and communicating
with each other in their respective social roles of husband and wife,
mother and father, son and daughter, brother, and sister and creating and
maintaining a common culture.” (Andres,1983).Precisely, parents of a
family are morally obliged to care for their children and to ensure their
individual welfare. This responsibility and obligation is found in Article 209
of 1988 Family Code of the Philippine to wit: (Nolledo,1988)

“Pursuant to the natural right and duty of parents over the person
and property of their un-emancipated children, parental authority and
responsibility shall include the caring for and rearing them for civic
consciousness and efficiency and the development of their moral mental
and physical character and well being”.

This general provision implies the recognition by the Philippine
government of the important role parents have over their children. Parents
provide the fundamental apprenticeship for life, since they are expected to
prepare the young people to realize their potential and assume useful role
as adults in society.

The family headed by the parents, is the basic educational
institution. Andres (1983) believes that parents greatly influence the
spiritual, intellectual, and physical growth of their children through the kind
of home environment they create. Moreover Ventura (1981) conjectured
that parents are the first persons children look up to and the main people
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to whom they subscribe for the satisfaction of almost all their needs. The
parental function of promoting and protecting the children relates to the
various steps of their growth that can either be supportive or destructive in
the development of their children’s character and personality.

The Filipino family is a patriarchal type, hence, the father/husband
is the head of the home, The “Haligi ng Tahanan,” and as such he has the
duty of meeting the financial needs of the family. Likewise, he is the main
source of discipline. On the other hand, the mother is the light of the home
or the “ilaw ng tahanan”. Most children remain dependent and need some
parental care at least until they reach college. Robles (1986) stated that
aside from tending home, another important concern for her is helping the
children with school assignments. Comparatively, the father may bring the
children to school but leaves the mother to attend to the children’s school
needs. He accompanies mother and children on occasional outings and
provides the needed finances, but, he expects mother to know exactly
what the child needs and to attend to it right away. Furthermore, the
mothers discipline the children but use the fathers as a threat to bring the
children to behave themselves. The father responsibility for the children is
discharged in cooperation with the mother. (Andres, 1983)

Furthermore Carandang (1987) attests that children feeling
overwhelmed by a marriage break-up, may consequently learn not to
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verbalize their feelings directly and simply, especially if these are negative
feelings toward the adults in the family. He may thus unconsciously
express himself through “misbehavior”. This misbehavior may be at home
or school where he spends a considerable amount of time each day.

In addition, Murray (1990) extended his condemnation of the
‘underclass’ by suggesting that this ‘lost generation’ is populated by single
mothers and illegitimate children. Given the lack of strong mothers and
illegitimate children-as young adults- are seen by Murray to lack of
discipline, morality, and work ethic. Rapoport (1989) strongly believe that
without two parents and strong family discipline in a family, social order in
society will collapse.

The operational paradigm of this study presents the independent
variables, dependent variables, and moderating variables. The dependent
variables revolve around with the five social values of the respondents,
which are observed in their day to day activities. These are citizenship,
work, justice, service and relationship. The independent variable are the
family type structures of the respondents namely: Small nuclear family ,
Big nuclear family, Extended family, single-parent family, dual-career
family and blended family. The moderating variables are Family type,
income, college and gender.

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Hypothesis of the Study

The following hypotheses are put forward for testing
1. There are significant differences on the social values of freshmen
students of Benguet State University.
2. There are significant differences on the Family types according
to family dynamic conditions in terms of:
a. Role of each member play in the family
b. Managing conflict
c. Economic situation
d. Child-rearing practice
3. There are significant differences on the extent of influence of
one’s family type on the social values of freshmen according to family
dynamic condition in terms of role of each member play in the family,
managing conflict, economic situation, and child rearing practice.
4. Respondents differ significantly in their observation and practice
of social values when compared according to their:
a. Family type
b. Income
c. College
d. Gender
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Operational definition of terms

The following terms are defined according to how they are used in
the study:
Analysis: refers to the determination of the extent of influence of
family types in the practice of social values; and the difference in the
observance of social values as affected by gender, college, and family
type.
College: It refers to the college that the respondent is affiliated with
based on the course that he is taking. It may refer to any of the following
colleges of the University: Agriculture, Arts and Sciences, Engineering and
Applied Technology, Forestry, Home Economics, Nursing, Teacher of
Education, and Veterinary Medicine.
Counseling: Is a process where the counselor and counselee talks
anddiscuss the problem and by means of leading questions enable the
counselee to develop insights. The principal objective is the improvement
of the welfare and the amelioration of the problems of the counselee
(Dioso, 1995)
Difference: refers to variations among students in the practice of
social values as affected by family type, gender, and college. Difference is
significant when the compared t-value is higher than the tabulated value.
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Economic Situation: refers to the living standard of a family based
on its monthly income.
Family Type: is the kind of family where the respondents belong. It
maybe nuclear family, extended family, blended family, single parent,
dual-career family.
Family Dynamic condition: refers how the family operates such as
the role of each member of the family, managing conflict, economic
situation, and child rearing practice.
Gender: this refers to the category of male or female
Guidance: is a process of helping an individual to understand
himself and his world so that he can utilize his potentialities, make wise
decision, in helping him choose a line of action, a method of procedure
and goal.
Influence: is the extent to which family contributes to the formation
or adoption of values. Influence is none when the weighted mean ranges
from 1.00-1.49, minimal when mean ranges from 1.50-2.49, moderately
when mean ranges from 2.50-3.00, much when mean ranges from3.50-
4.49, and very great when mean ranges from 4.50-5.00
Social
Values: refer to internalized beliefs of what are extreme and
considered worthy as they are observed in how an individual interacts with
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others. There are five social values in this study: citizenship, work, justice,
service and relationship.
Values
Formation: refer to behavior or attitudes display by the
respondents as they interact with others. These are reflected in their
observance and practice of their social values.

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Paradigm of the Study

Independent
variable

Dependent

Variable

Family Types

Social Values

1. Nuclear Family

1. Citizenship
2. Blended Family

2. Work

3. Extended Family
3. Justice

4. Single-parent Family
4. Service

5. Dual- Career Family
5. Relationship

Moderating Variables

1. Family Type

2. Income

3. College

4. Gender

Figure 1. Paradigm of the Study.

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METHODOLOGY

Locale of the Study

The study was conducted at Benguet State University located at
the heart of La Trinidad Valley, a prime institution in the Cordillera, just five
Kilometers north of Baguio City. Benguet State University traces its roots
to the La Trinidad farm school in 1916. It started offering elementary
education and later it became an agricultural high school in 1919. Then
the name was changed to Mountain National Agricultural School. By virtue
of Republic Act 5923, the Mountain National Agricultural School was
converted into Mountain State Agricultural College (MSAC) on June 21,
1969, in recognition of its leadership in Agricultural education. Finally;
MSAC was into a state university, Benguet State University by virtue of
P.D. No. 2010 on January 12, 1986.

Benguet State University serves the primary center of education
that propels progress and development in the Cordilleras and lowland
provinces. It provides basic education in pre-school, elementary in the
fields of education, arts and sciences, home economics and technology,
agriculture, forestry, engineering and applied technology, nursing,
veterinary medicine, physical education and sports. It has also an open
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Location of the
study

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Location of the
Study

Figure 3. Vicinity map of La Trinidad showing the location of the study
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University offering relevant and practical courses. The university is now
the center of excellence for Agriculture Education system in the Cordillera
Administrative Region.

This study was conducted during the second semester of school
year 2006-2007.

Profile of the Respondents
The respondents of this study were the freshmen students of
Benguet State University enrolled during the second semester of school
year 2006-2007.
They were chosen through stratified random sampling from the
eight colleges namely College of Agriculture, College of Engineering and
Applied Technology, College of Forestry, College of Home Economics,
College of Teacher and Education, College of Nursing and the College of
Veterinary Medicine. Table 1 presents the profile of the respondents.
There are 327 respondents in the study and of this sample group,
226 or 69.1% respondent’s range in 15-17 years old. There are 73 or
22.3% respondents range in 18-20 years old, 15 or 4.6% respondents
range in 21-23 years old, and 13 or 4% respondents range in 24 years old
and above. The result indicates that freshmen students are in their middle
adolescents.
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As gleaned in the table, 114 or 34.9% are males and 213 or 65.1%
are females. The differences in the number of male and female
respondents can be attributed to the enrollment trend of BSU. It has been
consistently noted that there are more females who get admitted in the
different courses in the university. The result also shows that more women
are interested in academe than men.

Table 1. Profile of the Respondents
Profile Number Percent
(N)
(%)
Age

15-17
226
69.1
18-20
73
22.3
21-23
15
4.6
24 and above
13
4.0

Total
327
100.00
Gender

Male
114
34.9
Female
213
65.1

Total
327
100.00
Income

Low
223
68.2
Average
67
20.5
High
37
11.3

327
100.00
Total

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Based on the socio-economic status of the respondents, 68.2%
belong to low socio-economic status. This means that the family has
monthly income of less than Php 8,000. Sixty seven (67) or 20.5 % belong
to average socio-economic status with a family income ranging from Php
15,000.00 - 19,000.00. The high group comprise 11.3% and they have
monthly family income of Php 20,000.00 above. This finding indicates that
few are rich in the area of the study.

Instrumentation

To gather the needed data in this study an adapted survey
questionnaire was used. The questionnaire consists of four (4) parts.

Part I shows the profile of the respondents name(optional), and the
relevant demographic characteristics like age, gender, college, and socio
- economic status.

Part II deals about the family type of the respondents. It is
composed of six categories, small nuclear family, big nuclear family,
extended family, single parent family, dual-career family and blended
family. The respondents would be asking to check the space provided the
family types they have.

Part III is composed of twenty-five (25) items that deals on the
social values of freshmen students of Benguet State University. The items
Analysis of Family Types and Values Formation of Freshmen Students of
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51

were adapted on the study of Albano (2004). The respondents will be ask
to encircle the number that best describes how they practice and observe
their social values using a four-point scale where:
1 – The statement is always true to me
2
–
The
statement
is often true to me
3 – The statement is seldom true to me
4 – The statement is never true to me

Part IV is composed of twenty (20) items which deals with the
family dynamic condition of the respondents such as the role of each
member in the family, managing conflicts, economic situation, and child
rearing practice. Items of this part of the questionnaire were assembled
from various sources like Christian counseling, and books on parenting.
To determine the influence of family on the social values of freshmen
students at Benguet State University, the respondents were asked to
encircle their responses using a four-point scale where:
1 – True of my family

2 – not true of my family

3 – hardly true of my family

4 – never true of my family

Data Gathering

To gather data needed in this endeavor, the permission from the
vice president of academic affairs, Dean of the graduate school, and the
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52

deans of the colleges in Benguet State University were asked. The
Communication was presented to the teachers of the respondents.
The main-data-gathering tool is the survey questionnaire. The
library method was used, books, unpublished master’s thesis, micro
software and journals related to the study were used as supplementary
materials in gathering data aside from questionnaire.

The researcher personally gathered the data during their classes
and vacant period of the respondents. Before the respondents answer the
questionnaire, the researcher gave an overview and orientation on the
purpose of the study, and explains the instructions for easier
accomplishment of the said questionnaire. The scale was particularly
emphasized to guide them in answering the items. They were instructed
that there will be no time pressure, that is, they had to answer the items on
their own pace. The choice of several who will refuse to participate will be
respected. It will take 5-10 minutes for the respondents to accomplish the
questionnaire. There were three hundred twenty seven (327)
questionnaire that was administered and were retrieved carefully and was
check if they were properly accomplish.

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Statistical treatment of Data

The t-test was used when the observed mean was compared to the
assumed mean, denoted by μ0. The test was computed using the formula
given below,
x − μ
t =
0
s / n
where,
∑x
x
i
=

n
∑(x − x)2
s =
i

n −1
The statistic t has values under the Student’s t-distribution with n-1
degrees of freedom. The hypothesized value of the test was rejected
when the value of the computed tc < - tα/2,n-1 or tc > tα/2,n-1 at certain α-
level and n-1 degrees of freedom. This was used to find out the difference
of family type of freshmen students of Benguet State University.

Analysis of Variance
The analysis of variance was employed in the comparison between
several groups, when the grouping consisted of more than two groups.
This was used to determine the extent of influence of one’s family type on
Analysis of Family Types and Values Formation of Freshmen Students of
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54

the social values of the respondents. The test was computed using the
formula given below:
roup
MSBetweenG
F =
.
c
oup
MSWithinGr

To obtain the computed F-value, the following preliminary
computations were done:
1. Sum of Squares
Y 2
Correction Factor = CF
..
=

n
Total Sum of Squares = ∑∑Y 2 − CF
ij
Y 2
Between Group Sum of Squares =
i
∑ . −CF
ni
Within Group Sum of Squares = (Total Sum of Squares) –
(Between Group Sum of Squares)
2. Degree of Freedom
Total df = n-1 (df means degrees of freedom, n is the total
numb of respondents)
Group df = p-1 (p is the number of groups under the comparison)
Error df = ∑(n − )
1 (n
i
i is the number of respondents in the group)
3. Mean Squares
.
upSum
BetweenGro
of .Squares
MSBetweenGroup =

( p − )
1
Analysis of Family Types and Values Formation of Freshmen Students of
Benguet State University: Implication to the Guidance and
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55

WithinGrou
.
pSum of .Squares
MSWithinGroup =
∑

(n − )
1
i

4. Computed F-value
roup
MSBetweenG
F =
.
c
oup
MSWithinGr

where
Yi. = total of the ith group
Y i = mean of the ith group = Yi./ni
Y.. = grand total
Y .. = grand mean = Y../n
roup
MSBetweenG
Under the null hypothesis, the quantity
has an
MSWithinGroup
approximate value under the F-distribution. Thus, the null hypothesis will
be rejected if Fc ≥ Fα,(Trt df, Error df) otherwise accept Ho.
Pearson Product Moment
Correlation Coefficient

To determine the relationship between social values and family
dynamics, the Pearson Product Moment Correlation Coefficient (ρ) was
obtained and the computation is given below.
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56

∑
(∑ x)(∑ y)
xy −
r =
n

∑
{
2
x − (∑ x)2 / n ∑
}{
2
y − (∑ 2
y − (∑ y)2 / }
n

The decision rule is to reject the null hypothesis of the absolute
value of the computed r is lower than the tabular value of r.

Another test statistic that may be employed in testing the
significance of the relationship is the t-test with a formula given below:

r n − 2
t =

2
1 − r

To determine if the computed t-value is significant or not, it will be
compared to the tabular value of the test statistic. The tabular value is
obtained from the t-distribution table at certain level of significance with n-
2 degrees of freedom, denoted by tα/2,(n-2). The decision rule is to reject
Ho if the absolute value of the computed test statistic (tc) is greater or
equal to the tabular value. In short, the decision rule is
Decision Rule: Reject Ho if ⏐tc⏐≥ tα/2,(n-2) otherwise accept.

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RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS

This section presents the result and discussions of the data
gathered followed by the analysis and interpretation based on the
objectives of the Study. The data relate to the values of freshmen
students, the extent of influence of family dynamic conditions on the
practice of social values and the differences of freshmen in their practice
of social values when compared according to their age, gender, income
and college.

Family types of Respondents

Looking at their family type structure, the big nuclear family having five (5)
or more members in their family have the greatest representation (74.3%),
followed by the small nuclear family who made up 14.1% in which they
have three (3) to four (4) members of their family. The extended family
with grandparents and other relatives living in their family make up 4.3%.
The single parent family living with father/mother composed of 3.4%. For
the blended family living with half sister/brother or stepfather/mother
composed of 2.4%. it can also be shown in the table that the dual-career
family wherein both parents are working makes up the least
representation having 1.5% of the total respondents.

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Table 2.Family Types of Freshmen Students of BSU
Family Structure
Number
Percent (%)

46
14.1
Small Nuclear Family
243
74.3
Big Nuclear Family
14
4.3
Extended Family
11
3.4
Single-parent Family
5
1.5
Dual-Career Family
8
2.4
Blended Family

Total
327
100.00

The finding implies that in spite of family planning programs and
population education efforts promoted over the country, many Filipinos
have more children that would be justified by a concern for ending
population growth.
In spite of the economic difficulties of bringing up children, their
birth is welcome; they are considered “gifts from God” sent to help their
parents obtain a better through filial love, participation in income
generating activities, “insurance” for their parents old age, and sources of
strengthening family bonds.

The differences of the family type structure of the respondents may
attribute to the factors that contribute to the difference in family structure
like economic situation of the family, how each member of the family
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59

resolve their conflicts, alcoholism, drug-abuse, commitment, lack of role
clarity, child-rearing practice and religion.

According to Steel et. al. (2001), The family has always been seen
as an important element of our social life. It is the basic social unit. Most of
us are born into a family, brought up by a family and will eventually form a
new family of our own. Despite the rising divorce rate and the growing
number of media stories about child abuse, wife battering and neglect of
the elderly, we are still constantly reminded that a family is a desirable
institution and the right way to live.

Social Values of the Respondents
Table 3 presents the findings of the computed mean scores of the
social values of the respondents with their corresponding ranks. There are
five identified social values of the freshmen students of Benguet State
University namely; Citizenship, work, justice, service and relationship. The
overall mean score of the social value is 2.05 which indicates that social
values are often true to the students. This implies that the respondents are
aware of their various calls of duties as demand of their social
environment and having imbued these values, they manifest in their
behavior.

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Table 3. Social Values of the Respondents

Social Values
Numerical Value
Description
T-Value

Citizenship
1.92
Often True
-73.18
Work
2.18
Often True
-76.54
Justice
2.09
Often True
-71.09
Service
2.10
Often True
-68.08
Relationship
1.95
Often True
-72.27

Overall
2.05
Often True

** - significant at 1 % level; t
= ±1.96; t
= ±2.58
.05,431
,
01
.
431

LEGEND: Extent of Effectiveness Scale Rating

Interval Limits Numerical Qualitative Description
1.00-1.49 1
The
statement
is always true to me
1.50-2.49 2
The
statement
is often true to me
2.50-3.49 3
The
statement
is seldom true to me
3.50-4.59 4
The
statement
is never true to me

Families tend to promote the development of social attachments. In
most families, these attachments are positive, they help children feel safe,
loved and confident that their important needs will be met. But even when
the attachments are negative or conflictual, they establish the child’s very
early orientation about what children come to expect in an intimate
relationship. Even though the content of the relationships may change
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from childhood to adulthood, attachments formed in childhood to parents
or guardians, siblings, grandparents and other close family members
continue to be relevant through out life (Ainsworth, 1985).

A closer examination of the table shows that the students consider
all of the five identified social values are often true of them. The
respondents social value of citizenship is manifested through respecting
the elderly and people in authority, obey the rules, policies, laws in their
school and community, and demand their rights as a member of their
community. This practice implies that as young as they are, it was
inculcated in their minds their responsibility in exerting effort to be a good
citizen in their community. This practice must have been inspired by their
upbringing in their family.
For the social value of work, the respondents claimed that such
social value is manifested by doing immediately a task assigned to them,
responsible in every group work, doing their projects to the best of their
abilities and not minding others as long as they are right.
According to Purungganan (1997 revision of the culture caused the
folks to claim that education lead the youth to become lazy. They forget
their duty to their parents and home. They can shout at their elders
claiming that they need to fight for their rights even to the extent of arguing
with them. There are no more taboos, and almost no fear of God. They
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prefer to experiment rather than obey prohibitions. They rebel against
authority and frequently.
The social value of justice is manifested through doing good to
those who treats them well, making sure that the group work is equally
distributed. Likewise, they add that they pay their debts on the promised
dates. This indicates that the freshmen students are giving importance to
just treatment to mankind according to the norms and balance of reason.
(Albano, 2204)
The manifestation of the social value of service includes the
following: assisting the elderly, women and children carry heavy loads,
helping anyone in cases of accidents, giving whatever they can do to the
Red Cross or calamity victims and conforming to the decision of majority.

This finding indicates that the spirit of “bayanihan” that is commonly
practiced by our folks has been engrained in them. Their urge to serve is
an indication of their social responsibility.
This manifestation of value for honest service is shown to what
Bustos and Espiritu (1996) postulates in their idea on combating poverty.
Accordingly because the percentage of the poor is very great in the
Philippines, the authors encourage all Filipinos to fight this crisis. In his
statement it shows that Filipino family does participate in community
activities: join in celebrating town or bario fiesta. They also join the
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community by helping out a neighbor who has had a death in the family or
an accident. They help in wedding preparations, which are often too much
for single family to afford, in building his house, in moving it out to another
place. The harvesting and planting of rice is a group endeavor.
The social value of relationship according to the respondents is
manifested through showing appreciation for the good deeds done unto
them. They say that as a social individual, they need to be kind to other
people and consider relationship very important in their lives. The above
statistics support the statement of Basis et. al. (1991) that a relationship is
the basic building block of social structure. Regardless of personality and
background, an individual adjust according to the do’s of his peers and
avoiding their don’ts to avoid disputes. If the individual is able to adjust to
a larger group, he will be able to adjust and run his life according to the
demands of the society.

Panopio et. al (1994) support the idea that one needs to deal to
other people inside and outside family as he grows up. As a social being,
he needs to mingle with others to give color to his existence. Accordingly,
one needs to strive to gain trust and confidence of the peer for a
meaningful relationship. Hunt et. al (1987) added that the Filipinos are
euphemistic to show “pakikisama” and maintain smooth interpersonal
relations.
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Furthermore, it was said that human beings are social creatures.
We are complex creatures with individual personalities and strong will. We
are crowded on a planet that seems to be over populated with individuals
with sinful natures put them at odds with God and with each other. Many
of us wants to get along with others but it isn’t easy.

Perhaps the Apostle Paul was thinking like that when he wrote the
following directive: “If it is possible, a far as it depends on you, live at
peace with everyone” (Romans 12:8). These words come near the end of
a few paragraphs dealing with practical rules for getting along: love others
sincerely, be devoted to one another in brotherly love, honor one another
above yourselves, share with others, be hospitable, live in harmony with
others, be willing to associate with people of low position, do not be
conceited, do not pay back evil for evil, do what is right to everyone.

Surely it is interesting that the instruction to live in peace is
preceded by two qualifiers: “If it is possible” and “as far as it depends on
you.” The first of these implies that sometimes it isn’t possible to live in
harmony with others. Even so, each person has the responsibility for his
or her own attitudes and behavior. As much as it depends on each of us,
we are to live in peace. (Collins, 1988)

This is a major task but one that should be emphasized repeatedly,
especially in the church. When Christian leaders, including counselors, are
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involved in preventing interpersonal tension, they are helping individuals to
live in peace and harmony with one another, to avoid destructive conflict,
and to experience something of the peace that comes from God.

The five identified social values of freshmen students of Benguet
State University shows that there is no significant difference in their
practice of their social values. The findings indicates that socialization is a
process through which individuals are guided to function in ways that are
acceptable to the group or groups of which they are members. Beliefs as
well as behaviors are modified through socialization. Socialization is a
carried through open discourse (talking how to behave or what one
expects and stating the rules and explaining why they are important),
through modeling and through what is typically called discipline. In
childhood, the first and primary socialization agent is the parent.
The null hypothesis that there are significant differences on the
social values of freshmen students is rejected.

Influence of Family Type on Family Dynamic condition of the respondents

Table 4 shows the mean scores of the influence of family dynamic
conditions as perceived by the respondents according to their family type
structure. It can be noted that among the six type of family structure

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Table 4. Extent of influence of family types on family dynamic

Family Type
Role played
Managing
Economic Child-
Conflict
Situation
rearing
Practice

Small Nuclear
1.70
1.63
2.15
1.54
Big Nuclear
1.49
1.60
2.09
1.45
Extended Family
1.50
1.53
2.39
1.57
Single-parent Family
1.76
1.69
2.09
1.36
Dual-Career Family
1.80
1.72
1.76
2.00
Blended Family
1.67
1.70
2.10
1.67

Overall
1.54
1.61
2.10
1.48
F-Value(Between
1.06
1.13
1.30
0.77
family structure)

1.33

F-value (Between
Family Dynamics)

ns – not significant; F.05,(5,319) = 2.21; F.01,(5,319) = 3.02

LEGEND: Extent of Influence Scale Rating

Interval
Numerical Qualitative
Description
Limits
1.00-1.49
1
True of my family
1.50-2.49
2
Not true of my family
2.50-3.49
3
Hardly true of my family
3.50-4.59
4
Never true of my family

significant differences found along the family dynamic condition of the
respondents.

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The finding implies that no human institutions works perfect and the
family has it’s own difficulties. The difficulties of the family is based on the
fact that intimate association with the resultant sharing of responsibility
demands a mature attitude which many people fail to develop. The
stability of the family is likewise limited by the fact that the process of
social change may bring together as husband and wife with different ideas
about family life. Thus all of the various type of family patterns
experiences difficulty.

The result of the study are best attributed with the statement of
Young and Willmott (1975) that different family type have different
structures or ways of organizing the household. In some families only the
husband goes out to work, in others the wife is the sole wage caner, and
others are dual worker families where both partners earn a wage. These
organizational differences can have massive implications for the day to
day life of the family.
The null hypothesis that family types differ significantly according to
family dynamic condition is rejected.

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Extent of Influence of Family dynamic condition on the Social Values

Table 5 shows the extent of influence of family dynamic condition
on the social values of freshmen students. It can be gleaned from the
table that there is a significant difference on the social values according to
family dynamic condition in terms of role played of each member in the
family, managing conflicts, and child-rearing practice.

According to the respondents, their observance of social value is
influenced due to the role of each member in their family. This finding
corroborates the finding of Mead (1984) that the family acts as a social
laboratory which influences, trains, instructs and prepares an individual
conform to its norms as well as in a bigger society. If the family training is
strong enough to influence the child, the influence remains in the child
even when he interacts with others.
The role of each member play in the family such as the father being
the breadwinner and authoritative, the mother being caring and loving and
children being submissive to their parents. According to Collins (1988),
Each family should assigns roles to its members. Some of these roles
involve activities; like who take cares of the garbage, washing the dishes,
cook the meals, write the checks, or take the kids to the dentist. Other
roles are emotional; some family members are encouragers, jokers,
problem solvers, or etiquette advisers.
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Table 5. Extent of Influence of family Dynamic on the Social Values

FAMILY DYNAMIC CONDITION
SOCIAL VALUES Role
Managing Economic Child-rearing

played conflict
Situation

Citizenship
0.174**
0.285** 0.009 ns 0.100 ns
Work
0. 151**
0. 198** 0.
031 ns 0.
115*
Justice
0. 103ns
0. 175** 0.
056 ns
0. 071 ns
Service
0. 153**
0. 205** 0.
074 ns
0. 078 ns
Relationship
0. 143**
0. 290** 0.
064 ns
0. 123*

Tabular r- value

rs .05 = .113
rs .01 = .148

** - significant at .01% level; * - significant at .05% level; ns – not
significant

In the Philippine setting, the father is the principal breadwinner and
nominal head of the family. His income is the basis of its economy
security. Although the mother shares in the exercise of authority and helps
make the decision, the father has the final say. However, the strength and
influence of the woman lies on the management of finances. The husband
is expected to turn over his paycheck to the wife, who, in turn, gives him
his personal allowance. The wife strong influence in the family matters and
her high position come not by demands, but by gentle persuasion and
seeming submission.
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Moreover, Collins (1988) asserts that usually these roles evolve
slowly at the beginning of a marriage, but sometimes there are conflicts
over who does what. These conflicts are especially acute when roles are
held rigidly or when there is role confusion.
Feminist Diana Gittins (1993) see this ideology as vital in
maintaining men’s exploitative position over women. Women are
socialized to believe that their prime role in life is to care for their husband
and children; that this is the natural and legitimate way things should
organized.
The ideal role and expectations are not always realized. When
husbands fall short of their duties and indulge in their irresponsibility,
immorality, or vice, it is the woman’s lot to be self-sacrificing her family
and make up for her husband’s deficiencies. The reverse also may
happen, but probably less frequently.
The Bible clearly defines the role of each member in the family. In
the book of Collosians, the statements are clear. “Wives submit to your
husbands as fitting in the Lord. Husbands love your wives and do not do
harsh with them. Children obey your parents in everything for this pleases
the Lord. Father’s do not provoke your children or they will become
discourage” Even though thee references are brief, If every family follow
these instructions perhaps there will be no confusion on the role of each
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member play in the family. Thus it will prevent conflict and even help on
the social values of their children.
Managing conflict is significantly a predictor to the social values of
respondents. The computed t-value of 1.48 indicates that there is a
significant difference at .01 level. This implies that their behavior is
influence by how their family manages problems. These can be attributed
to the social problems caused by poverty. Sociologist claimed that families
living below the poverty line have frequent conflicts that often lead to more
serious problems like breaking up the family. The possibility that fathers,
and even mothers, will shrink their responsibilities or their parental roles
are high, especially among unemployed or underpaid fathers and mothers.
Conflicts in the family have arisen on account of both psychological
and cultural causes brought about nearly always by the changing times.
Families differ widely in the amount and intensity of their conflicts,
depending on the amount and intensity of the outside influences that come
in to contradict the family mores or traditions.The economic situation of
freshmen students does not much influence the observance of freshmen
on their social values.

Child-rearing practice has highly significance influence on their
social value of work and relationship. Their observance and practice of
their social values influence by how their parents taught and trained them.
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The result of the study supports the statement of Bandura (1986) that
children acquire much of their knowledge by observing and imitating
others. They express feelings, voice attitudes, perform tasks, and espouse
their moral values.
The child’s immediate setting for growth and development is the
family. Added to this is his natural environment such as the school and
community. But still the family remains the most important natural
environment for the young child. Therefore physical, emotional, and
intellectual growth, as well as the social development of a child, all begin
at home. In addition, Popenoe (1991) claimed that, in many ways, the
family is well suited to the task of early socialization. It is a small group in
which the members have a great deal of face-to-face contact. The
children’s progress can be closely watched and any adjustment in their
behavior can be made as necessary. One of the major functions of family
that is universal and true in all kinds of family in different societies today,
aside from what have been enumerated earlier, is to provide love and
affection for its members. Love and affection are as important to children
as learning is, and they remain important throughout life.
In order to have a clearer view of the result of the regression
analysis, the subsequent discussion explains the collective effect or
influences of those significant contributory on each social value.
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The table reflects that that the respondents social values is due to
the positive contribution of their family dynamic condition such as role of
each member in the family, managing conflicts, and child-rearing practice.
Thus the null hypothesis that there are significant differences on the extent
of influence of one’s family type on the social values of freshmen
according to family dynamic condition is accepted along the role of each
member play in the family, managing conflict, and child rearing practice.
However it is rejected along the family dynamic condition in terms of
economic situation.

Differences of Social Values according to family types

A comparison between the family type structure, its influence to the
social values of respondents is presented in table 6. It could be gleaned
from the table that there is no significant difference on the social values of
respondents when compared according to their family type structure.
The above finding implies that there are various group or
institutions that play a significant role in the socialization of an individual
and in shaping his personality. Foremost among them is the family. But as
he grows up older, other socializing agencies like friends, school, church,
and culture influence him. In the Philippines, parents bring their children to
the church as early as infancy for the baby to know his guardian angel and
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Table 6. Extent of influence of Family types on social values of the
respondents
SOCIAL VALUES
FAMILY TYPES
Citizenship Work Justice Service Relationship
Small
Nuclear 1.79 2.06 2.02 1.99
1.80
Big
Nuclear
1.93 2.21 2.10 2.12
1.97
Extended 1.86
2.19 2.09 2.03
1.86
Single-parent 2.13
2.22 2.04 2.09
1.98
Dual-Career
1. 84 2.00 2.00 1.92
1.80
Blended
2.17 2.23 2.33 2.17 2.17

Overall
1.92 2.18 2.09 2.10
1.94
F-Value
1.30ns
1.08
0.57 ns 0.67 ns
1.22 ns
(Between Family Structure)
ns
F-Value
(Between Family Dynamic)

0.71

ns – not significant; F.05,(5,319) = 2.21; F.01,(5,319) = 3.02

LEGEND: Extent of Influence Scale Rating
Interval Limits
Numerical
Qualitative Description
1.00-1.49
1
Always true to me
1.50-2.49
2
Often true to me
2.50-3.49
3
Seldom true to me
3.50-4.59
4
Never true to me

for the baby to be a God-fearing individual, as he grows old Children are
encouraged to pray and form a notion of God. Children learn the norms of
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conduct and codes of behavior set forth by the church. Expectations of
what would result from doing good, fear of sin, a concept of life after
death, and the heaven/hell concept motivate an individual to do what is
good. Involvement in church activities usually affects the individuals
outlook and attitudes.

One of the institutions that influence the social values of the
respondents is the school. This statement corroborates to the idea of
Panopio (1994). Accordingly it is in school where their emotional and
intellectual growth is forged. Knowledge, discipline, and training on their
responsibilities are prepared for their future role in the society. Culture
also helps in the development of an individual. One is born into a social
world with its ready-made culture. The people around him instruct him
what to do, what to believe in, how to behave, and even how to feel
through a system of rewards and punishments. The cultures symbols and
ways of classifying experiences are taught to children through the medium
of language. Children learn to conform to the norms of the group, acquire
a status, play a role, and emerge with a personality. Teaching and
learning and culture enable the child to become part of the society, to
interact smoothly with others, to share in the culture’s common standards
of symbols, norms, and knowledge (Clark and Kebby, 1988). One has to
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adapt to the norms of requirements of the group if one is to be a
functioning member of that group.
The null hypothesis that respondents differ significantly in their
observation and practice of social values when compared according to
their family types is rejected.

Extent of Influence of Social Values by Income

This section presents the difference of the freshmen in their
practice of social Values when their socio-economic status is considered.
The respondents belong either to low, middle, or high economic status.
Those with low economic status receives a monthly income of less than
P8, 000, the middle with monthly income from Php 15,000 to Php 19,000
and the high receives a monthly income of Php 20,000 and above. The
finding indicates that there are no significant differences on the social
values of freshmen when they are compared according to their economic
status.

The finding indicates that children of the poor are severely
disadvantaged in terms of health, nutrition, emotional growth, and
educational opportunities. At an early age, children are forced to help earn
for the family and are thus exposed to objectionable and sometimes illegal

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Table 7. Extent of influence of family income on the social values of
respondents

SOCIAL VALUES

Family Income
Citizen
Work
Justice
Service Relation
ship
ship

Less than 8,000Php 1.91
2.17
2.11
2.09
1.96
15,000-19,000Php
1.94
2.22
2.02
2.11
1.96
20,000 and above
1.84
2.11
2.04
2.06
1.82

Overall 1.91
2.1
2.09 2.09 1.94
7
F-Value
0.48ns
0.7
1.00ns
0.09ns 1.25ns
(Between family Structure)

9ns
F-value
1.18ns
(Between family Dynamic)

ns – not significant; F.05,(2,319) = 3.00; F.01,(3,319) = 4.61
LEGEND: Extent of Influence Scale Rating

Interval Limits
Numerical
Qualitative Description
1.00-1.49
1
Always true to me
1.50-2.49
2
Often true to me
2.50-3.49
3
Seldom true to me
3.50-4.59
4
Never true to me

and immoral influences. Many young girls marry early to escape or work
as a domestics, waitresses, or entertainers in bars or restaurants. Another
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by newspaper reports on crimes committed by low income youth “high” on
drugs support their dependency on money obtained from muggings, and
thievery.

Hence, most wives join the labor force because of economic
pressure. However among the middle and upper classes, married women
continue to work even when the family financial needs do not demand it.
questionable influence, especially among adolescent boys, is the “
barkada” a gang relationship where they indulge in drinking, bulgary
holdups, picking pockets, and extortion. Although there are no reliable
statistics at the moment, drug addiction among the low income teenagers
exists as shown
Philippine society approves of women working outside the home
although it does not encourage it. Unemployment and underemployment
are two factors that have affected family income and have resulted in
changes in the family structure of the family. In order to solve this problem,
some Filipinos have taken jobs overseas and some of them are married.
Since they are married, the remaining parent is left to bring up the family,
resulting in temporary parentage. Often the emotional strain, loneliness,
and anxiety have become major problems for both the husband and the
wife. This kind of family situation thus affects the relationship between
parents and their children.
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According to Hurlock (1982) when the relationship of young
adolescents with members of their families deteriorate as adolescence
progresses, the fault usually lies on both sides. Parents far too often
refuse to modify their preconceived notions of their children’s abilities, as
they grow older. As a result, they treat their adolescent’s sons and
daughters much as they did when they were younger. In spite of this, they
expect them ”to act their age”, especially when it comes to assuming
responsibilities. Parents’ likewise find it difficult to accept their adolescent
children’s objections to the restraints they regard as necessary. And they
may be impatient with their failure to assume responsibilities they feel are
appropriate for their age. These sources of irritation generally reach their
peak between fourteen and fifteen years, after which there is generally an
improvement in parent-child relationships. Weller (1977)

Moreover many adolescents feel that their parents do not
“understand them” and that their standards of behavior are old fashioned.
This is due more to the cultural gap than to differences in age.

The finding implies that respondents are more interested on their
relationship between their family members rather of their income. This
corroborates with the statement of Andres (1983) that parents influence
their children’s behavior through setting goal values, shaping the character
of the children, maintaining values and distinctive identify ofeach child,
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and resolving conflict among competing interests, particularly as regards
the codes of values.
As gleaned in the table, the respondents perceived their
observance and practices of social values to be often true to them
regardless of what their family income is. The null hypothesis that there
are significant differences in the observance of social values when
compared according to income is rejected.

Extent of influence of Social Values by College

Table 8 shows how the respondents differ in their social values
when compared according to the college they are enrolled. The mean
scores of 1.08 indicates that there are no significant differences in their
observance of social values regardless of the college they are enrolled. It
Implies that the respondents course has no influence in how they behave
or deal with other people. As the table reveals, students consider the
social values to be often true to them.

The above finding implies that the respondents are not conforming
to the standard of social values of their peers perhaps this is due to how
their parents trained them. The findings corroborates in the research of
Balino’s (1991) on habitual self-reflection and analysis of one’s values
revealed that values are the result of experiences and the influences of
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Table 8. Extent of influence of social values as compared according to
College

SOCIAL VALUES
COLLEGE
Citizenship Work Justice Service Relationship

Agriculture 1.91
2.16
2.07
2.06
1.96
Forestry 1.58
1.98
1.89
1.73
1.73
Home Economics
1.96
2.21
2.11
2.12
2.03
Engineering 1.90
2.27 1.94 2.01
1.91
Nursing 1.99
2.23
2.24
2.23
2.03
Arts and Sciences
2.03
2.24
2.16
2.20
1.97
Veterinary Medicine
1.92 2.21
2.09 2.14 1.90
Teacher Education
1.82 2.10
2.06 2.03 1.87

OVERALL 1.92
2.18
2.09
2.10
1.95
F-Value 1.36
0.98
1.42
1.80
0.65

ns – not significant; F.05,(7,319) = 2.01; F.01,(7,319) = 2.64
LEGEND: Extent of Influence Scale Rating

Interval Limits
Numerical
Qualitative Description
1.00-1.49
1
Always true to me
1.50-2.49
2
Often true to me
2.50-3.49
3
Seldom true to me
3.50-4.59
4
Never true to me

people that surround us. Accordingly, teachers as second parents,
understand the behavior of students by leading them to habitual self-
reflection and analysis which can strongly influence their rationality in
valuing.

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Values are only strengthened in school because development of
values starts at home, which supports the above mentioned findings.
According to Pedrajas (1988) home is a community of love and life and is
a laboratory of personality growth and development. It is a laboratory for it
gives love by nourishing, approving, recognizing, and accepting your
uniqueness as a person. Parents and other siblings are the models that
influence the development of the child in which this imitation is
strengthened with the approval of the standards in this community. As
concluded in his research, the children imitate most of the behaviors at
home. When they get out of the home, they reflect that training as they
mingle with other people. Hence we say, like father like son, like mother
like daughter.
The null hypothesis that there are significant differences in the
practice of social values of freshmen students of Benguet State University
when compared according to college is rejected.

Gender Differences on Social Values of Respondents

Table 9 presents the comparison of the mean scores between the
social values of the female and male respondents. It can be observed
from the table that in general, the respondents often practice the social
values identified. However, the male students have higher sense of these
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Table 9. Gender Differences on Social Values of Respondents
Social Values
Male
Female
Overall F-Value
(Between family
Structure)

Citizenship
1.89
1.92
1.91 0.34ns
Work
2.23
2.16
2.18 2.17ns
Justice
2.09
2.09
2.09 0.00ns
Service
2.11
2.08
2.09 0.25ns
Relationship
1.96
1.94
1.94 0.16ns

F-value(between Family
1.41ns
dynamics)

ns – not significant; F.05,(1,319) = 3.84; F.01,(1,319) = 6.63

LEGEND: Extent of Influence Scale Rating
Interval Limits
Numerical
Qualitative Description
1.00-1.49
1
Always true to me
1.50-2.49
2
Often true to me
2.50-3.49
3
Seldom true to me
3.50-4.59
4
Never true to me

social values than the female counterparts. Specifically, the male group
demonstrated that work, service and relationship are on a deeper level
than the females. Moreover, the overall F-value of the social values of the
freshmen students of Benguet State University indicates that there are no
significant differences on the social when compared according to their
sex.
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The finding implies that male respondents are aware of their roles
and responsibilities as a man. Since the Filipino family is a patriarchal
type, the father/husband is the head of the home, The “Haligi ng
Tahanan,” and as such he has the duty of meeting the financial needs of
the family. Likewise, he is the main source of discipline. Moreover the
male establishes outside contacts to enhance the family economy and to
allow himself with powerful and influential individual. He is expected to
make the right personal contacts to help his grown children find
satisfactory jobs. He provides leadership in determining goals and
aspirations of his family. Thus, his activities are more concentrated on
factors outside the home
The sex groups say that social values of citizenship, work, justice,
service, relationship are often true to them. In the Philippines and in most
cultures, male and females are perceived and treated differently. It is
amazing that now a days, male and females are almost treated equally.
The results contradicts with the findings of Mivalao (1999) that the Filipino
culture gradually orient the boy and girls to their masculine and feminine
roles that later defines their social functions. Unlike before, women are
expected to work and behave as real “Filipina”, a character described as
being pure in their thoughts and actions. Males are expected to be gentle
“malakas” and to possess the “macho” image.
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Because of the increase of poverty in our country, more women are
forced to work and be competitive with men. Thus, it shows that more
women tend to be aggressive and demand justice and rights as a member
of the society.

The null hypothesis that there are significance on the social values
of the freshmen students of Benguet State University when compared
according to gender is rejected.

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SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS

Summary

The study was conducted and the salient findings were:
1. The different family type of freshmen students of Benguet State
University are small nuclear, big nuclear, extended, single-parent, dual
career and blended family.
2. The social Values of the freshmen students are citizenship,
work,
justice, service and relationship.
3. There are no significant differences in the observance and
practice of
the social values of the freshmen students of Benguet State University.
4. There are no significant differences on the family types of the
freshmen
students according to their family dynamic condition in terms of the role of
each member in the family, managing conflict, economic situation and
child rearing practice.
5. The extent of influence of one’s family type on the social values
of
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Freshmen students according to family dynamic condition significantly
differ in terms of the role of each member play in the family, managing
conflict and child rearing practice.
6. The respondents do not differ in their observance and practice
of social
values when compared according to their family type, income, college and
income.

Conclusions

Based on the findings of the study the following conclusions were:
1. Majority of the respondents belongs to big nuclear family. Thus, it
shows that a typical Filipino family consists of five or more members of the
family.

2. The respondents consider the five identified social values to be
often true of them.
3. The family type of the freshmen students are not influenced by
the family dynamic condition such as the role of each member of the
family, managing conflict, economic situation and child-rearing practice.
Thus it shows that there are no ideal family structure, it all depends on the
members of the family on how they interact with each other.
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4. The different family type of the freshmen students are not
influenced by the family dynamic condition in terms of the role play of each
member in the family, managing conflict, economic situation and child
rearing practice.
5. The family dynamic condition of the respondents particularly the
role of each member play in the family, managing conflict, and child-
rearing practice greatly influenced the observance and practice of the
social values of the freshmen students of Benguet State University.
6. Since the family is the greatest agent in the early socializing and
learning process in the child’s life , Thus, the respondents family type,
income, college and gender do not influence the observance and practice
of their social values.

Recommendations
1. The overall findings pose challenge to parents to further
strengthens the constructive inculcation of values by tightening the family
relationship and giving spiritual leadership in the family. Likewise, they
should be aware of their roles and responsibilities in upbringing their
children
2. The role of teachers as second parents is likewise emphasized.
Since teachers are considered as second parents, they should serve as a
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role model in influencing positive to their students. The inculcation of and
trimming of values should be exercise while in the class, not as form of
work but as one’s responsibility according to the call of service.
3. Likewise, the students are challenge to strengthen the basic
social values practiced by a normal human being with human reason. The
students should be aware that the social values are necessary to maintain
harmonious relationship with others.
4. The same responsibility is given to the guidance counselors to
improve and create counseling method in helping these young to become
mature to discern their own path as the successor in the future.
5. It is also recommended for the Guidance Counselors that they
come up with a guidance program wherein it will cater on strengthening
family relationship.
6. Likewise, it is recommended that Guidance counselors must
show that he or she has a broad understanding of the struggles of
adolescents and knowledge of the kinds of tensions that build up both
inside the counselees and within their homes.
7. Much challenge is given to the church leaders, authorities, as
well as adults whom the student looks up to as models. Their actions
reveal their motives and intentions and these are not left and unnoticed by
the young.
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7. Interested researchers are encouraged to take similar studies to
broaden the knowledge gained from this study.

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ARUD, J. T. 1996. “Customs and Traditions and the Maintenance of
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APPENDICES
APPENDIX A
LETTER TO THE VICE PRESIDENT FOR ACADEMIC AFFAIRS

DR. FELICIANO T. CALORA JR.
Vice President for Academic Affairs
Benguet State University
La Trinidad, Benguet

Sir:

I, the undersigned a student of the Graduate School of Benguet
State University, La Trinidad, Benguet and presently doing a research
work. My study is entitled “ Analysis of Family Type and Values Formation:
Implication for Guidance and Counseling Practice”.

In this regard, may I request for your kind permission to administer
my questionnaire to the freshmen students who are identified as
respondents to this study.

Your approval shall mean a lot in the completion and realization of
this research.

Very Truly Yours,

Shirley S. Abad
Noted:

Wilfredo B. Mina

Adviser
TESSIE M. MERESTELA
Dean

APPROVED
DR. FELICIANO T. CALORA JR.
VP for Academic Affairs
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APPENDIX B

LETTER TO THE DEANS

Date____________
____________________
____________________
Benguet State University
La Trinidad, Benguet

MADAM:

Greetings!

The undersigned is conducting a study on the “Analysis of Family
Types and Values Formation Structure: Implication for Guidance and
Counseling Practice” in partial fulfillment of the requirements of the degree
Master of Arts in Education major in Guidance and Counseling.

In this connection may I respectfully seek your kind permission to
float my questionnaire to the freshmen students who are identified as
respondents in this study. Attached is a copy of the research instrument
for your reference.

Your approval shall mean a lot in the completion and realization of
this research.

Very Truly Yours,

Shirley S. Abad
Noted:

Wilfredo B. Mina

Adviser
TESSIE M. MERESTELA
Dean

APPROVED
___________________________
Dean
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APPENDIX C

LETTER TO THE RESPONDENTS

Dear Respondents,

The undersigned is a student of the Graduate School of Benguet
State University, La Trinidad, Benguet taking up Master in Arts in
Education major in Guidance and Counseling. She is presently conducting
a study on the “Analysis of Family Types and Values Formation:
Implication for Guidance and Counseling Practice”.

In this connection, I would like to ask for your cooperation by way of
answering the questionnaire objectively and sincerely. Your frank and
honest opinion is very important and valuable in the successful completion
of this undertaking.

Thank You Very Much.

Very Truly Yours,

Shirley S. Abad

Noted:

Wilfredo B. Mina

Adviser

TESSIE M. MERESTELA
Dean

Analysis of Family Types and Values Formation of Freshmen Students of
Benguet State University: Implication to the Guidance and
Counseling practice / Shirley S. Abad. 2007

98

QUESTIONNAIRE

PART I. Respondents Profile: Please supply all the information requested.
Name: (Optional)____________________________
Sex: Male ________ Female __________ College: ___________
Monthly income of the family:

_________ Less than P 8000/month
_________P
15,000-19,000/month

_________P 20,000 and above/month

PART II. Please check the Family type structure of you family accordingly
and honestly on the space provided

_______________ 1. Small nuclear family (with 3-4 members of the
family)
_______________ 2. Big nuclear family (with 5 to more members of the
family)
_______________ 3. Extended family (with grandparents and other
relatives living in the
family)
_______________ 4. Single-parent family (Living with mother/ Father)
_______________ 5. Dual-career family (both parents are working)
_______________ 6. Blended family (with half sister/brother or
stepfather/mother living in the family)

PART III. This portion of the questionnaire presents you with statements
related how you interact or deal with people around you like your family,
barkada/friends, classmates and the general public. For each, encircle the
number that describes you best. There are no wrong answers so just give
your natural reaction for each. The scale below will help you:
Legend:

1 – The statement is always true to me
2
–
The
statement
is often true to me
3 – The statement is seldom true to me
4 – The statement is never true to

1. I respect the elderly and people in authority
1
2
3
4
2. I immediately do tasked assigned to me
1
2
3
4
3. I do good to those who treats
me
well
1 2 3 4
Analysis of Family Types and Values Formation of Freshmen Students of
Benguet State University: Implication to the Guidance and
Counseling practice / Shirley S. Abad. 2007

99

4. I assist the elderly, woman and children carrying heavy
1 2 3 4
loads.
5. I show my appreciation for the good deeds done unto me 1
2
3
4
6. I am a good citizen of my community, school and society.
1
2
3
4
7. I do my part in every good work I am involved in.
1
2
3
4
8. I make sure that the group is equally distributed
1
2
3
4
9. I help anyone who meets an accident
1
2
3
4
10. I consider relationship (with my family, friends,
1 2 3 4
classmates etc..) very important
11. I observe rules, policies or laws in school, community or
1 2 3 4
society.
12. I pay my debts on the promised
dates
1 2 3 4
13. I side with those who are unfairly treated.
1
2
3
4
14. I see to it that I give whatever I can do the Red Cross, or 1 2 3 4
to the calamity victims.
15. I am kind to other people
1
2
3
4
16. I demand my rights as the member of the community
1 2 3 4
and society.
17. I do my project to the best
of
my
abilities.
1 2 3 4
18. I help strangers
1
2
3
4
19. I conform to majority decision
1
2
3
4
20. I go to social gatherings
1
2
3
4
21. I obey whatever my parents say
1
2
3
4
22. I do not mind whatever happens to others as long as I
1 2 3 4
am right.
23. I am honest in whatever I do
1
2
3
4
24. I offer my help for assistance to anybody
1
2
3
4
25. I do my duties and responsibility in my community
1
2
3
4
Analysis of Family Types and Values Formation of Freshmen Students of
Benguet State University: Implication to the Guidance and
Counseling practice / Shirley S. Abad. 2007

100

PART IV. This portion of the questionnaire will determine your family
dynamic condition such as the roles of each member in your family, how
your family manages conflicts, economic situation of your family, and how
your parents trained you. For each set, kindly indicate the extent to which
you objectively feel each statement influences you on your practice and
observation of social values. Your responses will be:

1 – True of my family

2 – not true of my family

3 – hardly true of my family

4 – never true of my family

1. My father is the breadwinner/provider of the family
1 2 3
4
2. The family communicates and listens to one another
1 2 3
4
3. My parents are both professional
1 2 3
4
4. I was trained at home to do household chores
1 2 3
4
5. I have a loving and caring mother
1 2 3
4
6. The family discusses matters when things are wrong
1 2 3
4
7. My family owned house and lot
1 2 3
4
8. My parents taught me values and attitude towards
1 2 3
4
whatever I do
9. My father is authoritative than my mother
1 2 3
4
10.My father controls the behavior when things are off line
1 2 3
4
11. We have TV, radio, computer , refrigerator and washing
1 2 3
4
machine
13. My parents provide for spiritual growth for the family
1 2 3
4
14. My family affirms and support my ideas/thoughts
1 2 3
4
15. My father makes the final decision
1 2 3
4
16. My allowance is sufficient for my needs in school
1 2 3
4
Analysis of Family Types and Values Formation of Freshmen Students of
Benguet State University: Implication to the Guidance and
Counseling practice / Shirley S. Abad. 2007

101

17. My father thought to value services to others
1 2 3
4
18. My family spends time together for recreation
1 2 3
4
19. My family keep secrets from one another especially if it's
1 2 3
4
confidential
20. My parents thought me since child a sense of right and
1 2 3
4
wrong

Analysis of Family Types and Values Formation of Freshmen Students of
Benguet State University: Implication to the Guidance and
Counseling practice / Shirley S. Abad. 2007

102

BIOGRAHICAL SKETCH

The author is Shirley Abad, born on October 18, 1980 in La
Trinidad, Benguet. She is the sixth child among the ten children of Mr.
Cecilio Abad of Naga City, Bicol region and Mrs. Melina S. Abad of
Labueg, Kapangan Benguet.
She finished her Elementary Education At Lucban Elementary
School, Magsaysay Avenue in 1994. She graduated her Secondary at San
Jose High Schol, Poblacion La Trinidad, Benguet in 1998. She finished
her Bachelor Degree in Bachelor of Secondary Education, major in
Guidance and Psychology at Benguet State University on March 2002.
For her work experience, she was hired as a contractual worker of
the Guidance office at Baguio City National High School from April to
October 2002. She was a part of the Steering Committee of church
Organization wherein she handle counseling program.
With her interest in having a meaningful and well-developed
professional growth, she continued to study and obtained her Master of
Arts in Education major in Guidance and Counseling at Benguet State
University in April 2007

Analysis of Family Types and Values Formation of Freshmen Students of
Benguet State University: Implication to the Guidance and
Counseling practice / Shirley S. Abad. 2007

Document Outline

Analysis of Family Types and Values Formation of Freshmen Students of Benguet State University: Implication to the Guidance and Counseling practice
- BIBLIOGRAPHY
- ABSTRACT
- TABLE OF CONTENTS
- INTRODUCTION
  - Background of the Study
  - Statement of the Problem
  - Objectives of the Study
  - Significance of the Study
  - Scope and Delimitation of the Study
- REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
  - Family Structures
  - Factors that contribute to differences of family structure
  - Functions of the Family
  - Family relationships during Adolescence
  - Socializing Agencies
  - Social Values of Adolescence
  - Gender Difference on Social Values
  - Conceptual Framework
  - Hypothesis of the Study
  - Operational definition of terms
  - Paradigm of the Study
- METHODOLOGY
  - Locale of the Study
  - Profile of the Respondents
  - Instrumentation
  - Data Gathering
  - Statistical treatment of Data
- RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS
  - Family types of Respondents
  - Social Values of the Respondents
  - Influence of Family Type on Family Dynamic condition of the respondents
  - Extent of Influence of Family dynamic condition on the Social Values
  - Differences of Social Values according to family types
  - Extent of Influence of Social Values by Income
  - Extent of influence of Social Values by College
  - Gender Differences on Social Values of Respondents
- SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS
  - Summary
  - Conclusions
  - Recommendations
- LITERATURE CITED
- APPENDICES
- BIOGRAHICAL SKETCH