ABSTRACT
BIBLIOGRAPHY
GLADYS C. BANTOG, November 2006. Awareness of Foot and
Mouth Disease (FMD) and the Extent of Implementation and Problems
Encountered in its Control Program in Baguio City. Benguet State University, La
Trinidad, Benguet.
Adviser: Felipe S. Comila, Ed.D.
ABSTRACT
A total of 77 respondents (55 swine raisers and 22 program implementers)
were used in the study. Findings show that program implementers are more
knowledgeable of the causative agent, animals affected, incubation period,
clinical signs, transmission, prevention and treatment of Foot and Mouth Disease
(FMD) than the backyard swine raisers.
The hog raisers perceived that FMD control strategies such as public
awareness, monitoring and surveillance, animal movement management and
vaccination are only partially implemented as against the implementers’
perception that the control strategies are fully implemented.
The backyard swine raisers perceived that problems on lack of funds, lack
of farmers’ cooperation, failure of the farmers to report suspected FMD incidence,
lack of sufficient information and lack of support from the local officials are often
encountered (serious) in FMD control program implementation as against the
perception of the implementers that the problems are always encountered (very
serious).
The perceptions of the hog raisers and control program implementers on
the level of FMD awareness, extent of implementation of control strategies and
degree of seriousness of problems encountered in program implementation are
significantly different when respondents are categorized according to age, gender,
civil status, educational attainment and length of experience.
ii
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
Bibliography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . i
Abstract . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . i
Table of Contents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . iii
INTRODUCTION
Background of the Study. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
Statement of the Problem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
Objectives of the Study . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
Significance of the Study . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
8
Scope and Limitation of the Study . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
Conceptual Framework . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
Hypotheses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . 10
Definition of Terms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
REVIEW OF LITERATURE
Foot and Mouth Disease (FMD) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
Geographical Occurrences of FMD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
14
FMD Control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
17
Economic Significance of FMD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
iii
METHODOLOGY
Locale and Time of the Study . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
Respondents of the Study. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
26
Sampling Technique. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .. . . . .
26
Instrumentation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
26
Data Collection. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
Statistical Analysis. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Respondents Profile . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
29
Level of RMD Awareness . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 30
Extent of Implementation of FMD Control Strategies . . . . . . .
32
Degree of seriousness of problems encountered in
Program implementation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..
33
Differences in the Respondents’ Assessment
on FMD Awareness, level of control program
implementation, degree of seriousness of problems
encountered and Selected Profile. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
a. According to Age . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
35
b. According to Gender . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
c. According to Civil Status . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
d. According to Educational Attainment . . . . . . . . . . . .
42
e. According to Length of Experience . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
iv
SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
48
Findings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
48
Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50
Recommendation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51
LITERATURE CITED . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52
APPENDICES
A. FMD Outbreaks in Luzon from 1998 to 2005 . . . . . . . . . . . .
54
B. FMD Outbreaks in CAR from 1998 to 2005 . . . . . . . . . . . . .
54
C. Premises Affected in CAR FMD Outbreaks . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
D. Sources of FMD Outbreaks in CAR . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
E. Questionnaire . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56
BIBLIOGRAPHICAL SKETCH . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..
60
v
INTRODUCTION
Background of the Study
Livestock is of crucial importance to both household and national
economies of many developing countries. Livestock and their products (mainly
meat, milk and eggs) play a key role as a protein source and contribute to food
security at the household level. In addition, livestock make a major contribution
to rural income generation and often supply important inputs for agriculture in
terms of fertilizer input (manure). Livestock keeping is an agricultural activity in
which the marginalized rural poor can participate in and help improve their
income. Livestock play a more important role in their well being than can be
measured in economic variables.
Livestock production and development in the region has been hampered
due to FMD epidemics in the past few years. Based on the report of the National
FMD Task Force in December 2001, the Cordillera Administrative region ranked
third among the different regions affected with FMD, with the province of
Benguet having the highest number of reported cases
Economic losses due to animal diseases in developing countries are
serious because of the high degree of dependence of many villagers on livestock
for their subsistence. Disease outbreaks such as Foot and Mouth Disease (FMD)
epidemics can compromise the benefits gained from livestock production through
reduced animal productivity. The control or elimination of FMD is therefore
Awareness of Foot and Mouth Disease (FMD) and the Extent of Implementation and
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necessary not only to avoid constant attrition from endemic diseases but also to
pre-empt the periodic devastating losses brought by FMD epidemics and the
constraints to livestock trade in livestock and their products.
According to the Advanced Veterinary Information System, (AVIS,2002)
before attempting to control or eradicate a particular animal disease it is important
to define precisely the objective of any proposed measures. Eradication implies a
policy in which that the presence of possible incursion of the virus is tolerated.
Control implies that the presence of the virus might be tolerated but the effects of
the disease are minimized by vaccinated and other zoosanitary measures. The
choice of policy adapted by a country depends on its disease status and the risk of
incursion of the disease and the methods employed depend upon the prevalence of
the disease in particular regions or states, geographical considerations, and the
desire to eradicate or simply control.
Livestock raisers/handlers should have basic knowledge on FMD
detection and where to report if a case is suspected. Field staff should have
sufficient knowledge regarding FMD and its epidemiology. Field staff should be
able to recognize appropriate actions in case of an outbreak.
The Bureau of Animal Industry (BAI) reported that the height of FMD
epidemic was experienced in 1995, where in the livestock group claimed that they
lost revenue in the amount of PHP2 billion due to reduction in sales and
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consumer’s fear to eat infected pork. A total of 22 provinces in Luzon were hit
with the FMD virus at the time with 98,604 animals reportedly affected.
The National FMD Task Force (NFMDTF) was created at the height of
the FMD epidemic of 1995 and was spearheaded by the FMD Task Force of the
Bureau of Animal Industry Department of Agriculture with major sponsorship
from Australian Agency for International Development (AusAID). One of the
strategies undertaken to eradicate FMD from the country was through localized
approach by strengthening regional FMD control programs of affected areas to
enable them to effectively deal with FMD outbreaks and prevent spread of disease
to other regions.
This coordinated regional FMD control strategy aimed to facilitate the
establishment of FMD-free zones that will facilitate the effective and progressive
control and eventual eradication of FMD in the country. This task force is the
central point of data collection, processing and coordination of activities (Fig. 1).
One of the two special programs of the Food and Agriculture
Organization (FAO) of the United Nations is the Emergency Prevention System
(EMPRES). It was created in 1994 to address the enhancement of food security
and the fight against transboundary animal diseases and plant pests that cause
food shortages, destabilized markets and trigger trade barriers. The NFMDTF of
the Bureau of Animal Industry (BAI) has coined a localized EMPRES based on
FAO’s EMPRES. Included in the Philippine EMPRES are strategies aimed at
Awareness of Foot and Mouth Disease (FMD) and the Extent of Implementation and
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protecting FMD-free areas but is also suitable for implementation in endemic,
protected and surveillance zones.
BAI Director
Animal Health Division
FMD
Task Force Head
Diagnostic
Laboratory
Technical Staff
Coordinators
Coordinators
Coordinators
Coordinators
FMD
FMD Free
Surveillance
Zone
Zone
Region
Region
Region
Region
Region
Region
Region
Region
Fig. 1. The set up of the Philippine National FMD Task Force
The strategy has three phases (1996-98; 1999-2002; 2003-2004) of
increasing control until freedom from FMD can be declared nationally, and
comprises four components: disease monitoring and surveillance, public
awareness (information and education), animal movement management and
vaccination.
Awareness of Foot and Mouth Disease (FMD) and the Extent of Implementation and
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The control of Foot-and-Mouth Disease is primarily in the hands of
government policy-makers in most countries and the approach to disease control
must be considered within local regulations. The issue of disease reporting was an
important one for the disease control campaign. The reported prevalence of the
disease was generally a reflection of disease monitoring activity and passive
surveillance, and probably underestimates the true prevalence in most countries.
There was a strong anecdotal and research evidence of under-reporting of the
incidence of livestock diseases, which can present difficulties in economic
evaluation of disease control programs.
Notification efficiency in the case of FMD in developing countries is
probably quite poor especially so when farmers may not recognize the disease and
if they do may not bother to report cases. There is a need to improve and
strengthen disease reporting in developing countries in order to come up with
reliable data necessary to develop strategic plans for disease control campaigns.
Statement of the Problem
Since FMD is a significant disease of livestock, the challenge is to
understand the impact of the disease at the small enterprise level and
communicate this to national policy makers so that there is appropriate support for
animal health issues in national priority setting. More so, when public
investments are adequate and properly targeted to deliver vital support services
for agriculture to prosper, this creates a lasting, positive impact on the lives of
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farmers which in turn will help accelerate the overall growth and development of
the economy.
This study dealt with the following questions:
1. What is the socio demographic profile of the respondents in terms of:
a. Age
b. Sex/Gender
c. Civil Status
d. Educational Attainment
e. Length of service as backyard swine raiser or FMD control
program implementer
2. What is the level of awareness on FMD of backyard swine raisers and
FMD control program implementers in Baguio City?
3. What is the level of implementation of FMD Control strategies as
perceived by FMD control program implementers and backyard swine
raisers in Baguio City?
4. What is the degree of seriousness of problems encountered in the
implementation of FMD control program as perceived by backyard
swine raisers and control program implementers Baguio City?
5. What are the differences in the perceived level of FMD awareness,
level of implementation of control strategies and degree of seriousness
of problems encountered in program implementation when
Awareness of Foot and Mouth Disease (FMD) and the Extent of Implementation and
Problems Encountered in its Control Program in Baguio City / Gladys C. Bantog. 2006
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respondents are categorized according to specified profile variables
(age, gender, civil status, educational attainment and length of
experience)?
Objectives of the study
This study had the following objectives:
1. Determine the socio demographic profile of respondents:
2. Determine the level of awareness of FMD as perceived by backyard
swine raisers and FMD Control Program implementers in Baguio City,
3. Determine the level of implementation of FMD Control strategies
as perceived by Program implementers and backyard swine raisers in
Baguio City,
4. Determine the degree of seriousness of problems encountered in the
implementation of FMD Control Program as perceived by backyard
swine raisers and Control Program implementers in Baguio City,
5. Determine the differences in the perceived level of FMD awareness,
level of implementation of control strategies and degree of seriousness
of problems encountered in program implementation when
respondents are categorized according to specified profile variables
(age, gender, civil status, educational attainment and length of
experience).
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Significance of the Study
The result of the study will help evaluate the FMD Control program in
Baguio City. It will determine the strength and weaknesses of the strategies in
FMD control. It will serve as a reference for program implementers for future
strategies in controlling FMD.
It is also important to evaluate the regional FMD control and eradication
program to see how far it has contributed in the achievement of this goal.
Moreover, since the eradication program was public funded, it should yield a
positive economic benefit to justify the intervention.
Scope and Limitation of the Study
This study assessed the perceptions of backyard swine raisers and FMD
control program implementers on the level FMD awareness, level of
implementation of control strategies and degree of seriousness of problems
encountered in program implementation. This study was administered to
specified respondents in the City of Baguio.
Conceptual Framework
This study was conceptualized with the end view of assessing the
perception of backyard swine raisers and control program implementers on the
level of FMD awareness, implementation of control strategies and degree of
seriousness of problems encountered in program implementation in Baguio City
Awareness of Foot and Mouth Disease (FMD) and the Extent of Implementation and
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Independent
Intervening
Dependent
Variables
Variables
Variables
1. Profile of
1. Administrative
1. Level of awareness on
respondents
support in the
FMD of swine raisers and
a. Age
implementation of
program implementers
b. Gender
FMD Control
2. Level of implementation
c. Civil Status
2. Cooperation of
of FMD control
farmers and
3. Degree of seriousness of
d. Educational
Attainment
implementers
problems encountered in the
e. Length of
3. Financial and
implementation of FMD
service
technical support
control strategies
2. Features and
from government
4. Comparison of the level
description of FMD
and non-
of awareness, level of
3. Strategies in FMD
government
implementation of control
Control
organizations
strategies and the degree of
4. Problems
seriousness of problems
encountered in the
encountered as perceived by
program implementation
respondents when
categorized according to
profile variables
Fig. 2. Paradigm of the Study
The nationwide implementation of FMD Control Program started in 1995
with the general objective of controlling and eventually eradicating FMD in the
Philippines. It is therefore expected that the program would serve and meet the
expected needs of the community and to attain its objectives, several strategies
have been identified. To fully implement the program, there is a need to
understand the disease. Cooperation of the community particularly the swine
raisers is also enjoined.
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Hypotheses
1. There is a significant difference in the level of FMD awareness of
control program implementers compared to backyard swine raisers in
Baguio City.
2. There is a significant difference in the level of implementation of
FMD Control Program in Baguio City as perceived by backyard swine
raisers compared to implementers’ perception.
3. There is a significant difference between the perception of backyard
swine raisers and FMD control program implementers in the degree of
seriousness of problems encountered in the implementation of FMD
Control Program Baguio City
4. There are significant differences in the level of FMD awareness,
level of implementation of control strategies and degree of
seriousness of problems encountered in program implementation
when respondents are categorized according to specified profile
variables (age, gender, civil status, educational attainment and length
of experience).
Definition of Terms
FMD Control Program Implementers - includes personnel from the Baguio City
Veterinary Office, National Meat Inspection Services (NMIS- CAR) and from the
Awareness of Foot and Mouth Disease (FMD) and the Extent of Implementation and
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Department of Agriculture (DA-CAR), Livestock sector who play a role in the
implementation of FMD Control Strategies in Baguio City
Backyard Swine Raisers - include residents of Baguio City who are raising
swine (pigs).
Level of Awareness - the extent to which the implementers and beneficiaries
understand FMD.
Level of implementation – the extent to which the implementers and beneficiaries
rate the execution of FMD Control Strategies.
Degree of seriousness of problems -the gravity of the problems encountered in
program implementation as perceived by the respondents
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REVIEW OF LITERATURE
Foot and Mouth Disease(FMD)
The name refers to the parts of the body that are visibly affected by the
disease, that is, the feet and the mouth. Foot and mouth disease (FMD) is an acute,
highly contagious viral disease, mainly (but not exclusively) of cloven-hoofed mammals
(cattle, sheep, goats, deer, pigs, camels), which is characterized by the formation of
lesions (initially vesicles, later erosions) on the feet and mouth (leading to lameness,
salivation and unwillingness to eat), high fever, and sometimes a fatal myocarditis
particularly in juveniles (Merchant, 1981).
The causative agent of FMD is an apthovirus belonging to the family
Picornaviridae. It is a small RNA virus which is very infectious, multiplying in and
causing damage to cells throughout the body of susceptible animals, and which can
survive in the environment for some time. There are seven different serotypes (A, O, C,
SAT1, SAT2, SAT3, Asia1), each of which can produce Foot-and-Mouth disease. Of the
seven strains, O appears to be the most common and C the least common Once an animal
has had FMD caused by one serotype, it is still susceptible to attacks by the other
serotypes and major different strains within the same serotype. Likewise, each serotype
or major strain must be vaccinated against separately (Blood, 1983).
Foot-and-Mouth Disease virus replicates very rapidly inside an infected
animal and clinical signs usually develop within two weeks (recorded up to three
weeks), quite often as little as two days after infection.
The time taken for
clinical signs to become visible varies within the above range depending on:
Awareness of Foot and Mouth Disease (FMD) and the Extent of Implementation and
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(a) virus dose, animals exposed to a higher dose may develop clinical signs earlier, (b)
virus strain, some strains are much more invasive and cause more tissue damage earlier,
and may affect different species to different degrees, (c) how the virus enters the animal's
body, experimental injection of the virus usually causes clinical signs to develop earlier,
and (d) animal species or breed infected the time taken for clinical signs to develop
in different species may vary, even if the animals are exposed to the same strain
of virus under similar conditions.
Transmission of FMD virus is generally by contact between susceptible and
infected animals. Ninety five percent of FMD outbreaks were probably the result of
direct contact between infected and susceptible animals (AVIS, 2002). The virus can
transfer to susceptible animals through the respiratory tract (inhalation of contaminated
aerosol droplets), oral route (ingestion of contaminated feeds, milk) and contact with
contaminated equipments (fomites) and personnel. All excretions from infected animals
contained virus, and may present in milk and semen up to 4 days before clinical signs
appear. FMD virus can survive in a dry fecal material fro 14 days in summer, in slurry
up to 6 months in winter, in urine for 39 days and on soil between 3 (summer) and 28
days (winter)
Explosive FMD epidemics can occur due to several factors like; (a) a diverse
host range, which includes all domestic and wild cloven hoofed animals, (b) a low
infectious dose regimen, (c) high titer virus excretion, especially aerosols from infected
pigs, (d) relative environmental stability as non-enveloped virus, (e) multiple
transmission routes, including oral, inhalation and transepithelial, (f) a short incubation
period.
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The commonly seen clinical signs of active FMD infection is the
formation of vesicles or blisters on the skin and mucous membranes (which may
appear and rupture within 48 hours post-infection), separation of the hoof from
underlying tissue, unwillingness to eat, dullness, salivation, lameness, swelling
and pain of the udder, reduced milk yield, fever, weight loss and abortion .
Additional clinical signs which maybe seen in young animals and in very
susceptible animals include diarrhea, weak irregular pulse, difficulty in breathing,
convulsions and sudden death (Merchant, 1981).
Definitive diagnosis of FMD is usually based on the detection of the virus
or virus antigens using serological tests. Isolation of the virus is generally carried
out on epithelium from intact vesicles (blisters), fluid from vesicles, or the tags of
epithelium from the edges of ruptured vesicles. Blood may also be tested for the
presence of the virus (Fraser 1991).
Prevention of epidemics is carried out through various preventive and
control measures including vaccination, environment control measures through
cleaning and disinfection and population control measures through quarantine
activities and stamping out (AVIS, 2002).
Geographical Occurrences of FMD
According to the Office International des Epizooties (OIE), 2002, FMD is
a relatively common disease. It is listed in the Category A of Animal Diseases.
This list includes all transmissible animal diseases that have the potential for very
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serious and rapid spread, irrespective of national borders, that are of serious socio-
economic or public health consequences and are of major importance in the
international trade of animals and animal products. In 1999, more than 60
countries reported outbreaks. The disease in endemic in the Far East Asia, the
Indian Continent, Central Africa and south America. In Europe, there are
occasional outbreaks of FMD. A large FMD outbreak that occurred in Britain in
1967 resulted in the sacrifice of more than 400,000 animals. Recent occurrences
of FMD include the large outbreak in EU (particularly United Kingdom) in
February 2001, which caused the slaughter of more than 2.3 million animals, and
the related small outbreak in Ireland, France and Netherlands.
At the international level, FMD is one of the most feared viral diseases of
export-oriented livestock industries around the world because of its impact on
trade animals and animal products into high value market. The loss of these
markets, particularly prime export markets, may have very serious financial
implications. As an example, Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Paraguay and Uraguay
exported 500,000 tons of chilled and frozen deboned beef in 1989 against receipts
of US$1.3 million. Had this beef been exported with bones to the prime markets
(USA and Japan) on the basis of the acknowledged FMD-free status of the region,
it was estimated that an additional US$1.5 billion would have been received
(AVIS, 2002).
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Historically, the FMD virus was first reported in the Philippines in June
30,1902 by the City Veterinarian of Manila as a result of the importation of beef
cattle from Hongkong to Manila. During the years prior to the Second World
War, the disease was recorded virtually every year, but only in ruminants. The
first outbreak in pigs was recorded in 1955. The first major outbreak of FMD in
the country occurred in Sorsogon and Bukidnon in 1920 and after this, the disease
became widespread in the Philippines . Sporadic cases were then observed in
Luzon provinces. (Benigno, et.al. 2002)
In August 1994, a team from BAI investigated an alleged FMD outbreak
in Tadian, Mt. Province. Serum collected from the animals in the vicinity reacted
positively to type A antibody. The area was put under observation but no clinical
disease of FMD was observed. In March 1995, FMD outbreaks were widespread
in Region II, Region I, and Region III. This time Benguet was also affected. The
following month Abra was also hit.
On December 1, 2005, by virtue of Administrative Order No. 36 of
Department of Agriculture, Regions I, Cordillera Administrative Region (CAR),
except Benguet (including Baguio) and the Province of Aurora were declared
FMD free zones with vaccination; and the provinces of Bataan, Tarlac,
Pampanga, Zambales, Cavite, Quezon and Rizal as protected zones.
Lantican (2006) reported that year 2006 looks promising for the National
FMD Task Force, as no outbreak has been reported for the months of January and
Awareness of Foot and Mouth Disease (FMD) and the Extent of Implementation and
Problems Encountered in its Control Program in Baguio City / Gladys C. Bantog. 2006
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February. In 2005, a total of seven (7) outbreaks were recorded in January while
February had the highest number of outbreaks with nineteen (19). FMD cases
are usually observed to increase during the first quarter because of the cool
temperature and occasional rainfall, which provide a suitable condition foe the
survival of the FMD virus
FMD Control
One of the notable project of the NFMDTF was the school on the (SOA)
program which is a mass media based public awareness campaign that has been
successful at imparting practical information to farmers with regards to animal
production and disease management. From August 1998 to January 1999, a total
of 472 participants coming from the different province sin the region graduated
from the SOA program. The program laid the foundation for the establishment of
provincial FMD Special Watch and Action team (SWAT) that participated in
disease control activities. The Baguio City SWAT was recognized during the 3rd
Annual Recognition Rites of the AusAID FAO FMD control project because of
its active membership and continuous participation in FMD control.
Alcos, et.al. 2002 mentioned that communication management is the
organized handling of information, resources and strategies in a given situation
that would bring about desired changes in a community. The information,
education and communication campaign of the NFMDTF evolved into a more
comprehensive approach that communication management. It contributed to the
Awareness of Foot and Mouth Disease (FMD) and the Extent of Implementation and
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success of technical campaigns of the program on vaccination, herd-immunity
exercises and the task of reaching the grass root farmers to increase their
knowledge about FMD
According to Benigno (2001), Public awareness should be extensive
before and during a possible FMD outbreak. It was apparent that handling
information is vital to the implementation of an animal health program.
Information component is always the complementary activity to all the technical
components . In previous years public awareness activities occupied the last rung
of the disease control strategy, this time, it enjoys priority second however to
disease monitoring. This shift came about when it became apparent that an
informed public is easier to mobilize in terms of campaigning for preventive
measures to be implemented.
Low success rate could be attributed to poor people participation. Poor
people participation is not due to low enthusiasm but is attributed to a lack of
understanding of what the program is all about. An informed public means higher
participation and eventually would lead to the successful implementation of the
program, thus experts in the field of communication have resorted to the use of
conventional media namely print, television and radio.
Crucial to any disease control activity is availability of precise and prompt
data on the status of the disease. This is vital for day to day assessment of the
status of the disease. Disease control strategies like where to put up checkpoints
Awareness of Foot and Mouth Disease (FMD) and the Extent of Implementation and
Problems Encountered in its Control Program in Baguio City / Gladys C. Bantog. 2006
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and where to conduct vaccination will depend on information where the disease
is. This information is made available only if there is effective disease
surveillance system. The objective of the FMD monitoring and surveillance are :
(a) to study the pattern/behavior of FMD in the field , (b) to identify factors
which influence its occurrence and spread, (c) to quantify economic losses due to
this disease, and (d) to get inputs in making feasible disease control strategies
Quarantine is a much older strategy than vaccination or even treatment
because it was used long before infectious agents were identified. For diseases
that are highly infectious, which means they rapidly spread from one animal to
animal such-- as FMD, quarantine is vital and often the only way of controlling
the spread of the disease.
The movement of infected animals is considered to be the most common
means by which the disease is spread and the control of animal movements is a
vital part of controlling FMD. When infected animals, including those which are
early in the course of the disease and are not yet showing clinical signs, are
moved from one premises to another, they are brought close to uninfected
animals. Virus on the breath from these animals easily crosses the short gap to
other animals in the same barn, pen or field, particularly when gathered close
together, for example around troughs or in milking parlors. Virus in the saliva,
urine, feces etc. of infected animals may also enter other animals through, for
example, minor breaks in the skin (AVIS. 2002).
Awareness of Foot and Mouth Disease (FMD) and the Extent of Implementation and
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Infected animals may also infect susceptible animals while closely
confined in vehicles during transport, and in markets. Spread of infection in
markets is of great importance in the spread of the disease, because a few diseased
animals entering a market may infect large numbers of animals which are then
transported back to different properties, where they may in turn infect the
livestock on those properties. Virus in the air and on the walls, floor and ceiling of
livestock lorries, may also infect animals transported in the lorry after infected
animals have been transported
Donaldson as quoted by Benigno et. al (2002) mentioned that the aim of
FMD vaccination is to protect animals against production losses. While vaccine
is not an assurance against FMD, it could be considered as a weapon against the
disease.
Some people have suggest that the simple way to eradicate FMD would be
to just vaccinate every pig in the Philippines and it would disappear. Well
unfortunately, things are not that simple for the so many reasons. (a) cost - FMD
vaccine is expensive from 23.oo to 29.00 a dose plus labor costs. A broad scale
vaccination program would be very expensive. Also, the vaccine does not
provide lifelong immunity so would have to be repeated every 6 months.
Based on the record of the Department of Agriculture, Cordillera
Administrative Region Field Unit (DA-CARFU), a total of 19,993 hogs were
vaccinated during the massive vaccination on FMD in 1998 in Baguio City.
Awareness of Foot and Mouth Disease (FMD) and the Extent of Implementation and
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In the FMD epidemic of 1995, a total of 98,604 FMD cases were reported
with outbreaks totaling to 1,553. Massive vaccination campaigns were conducted
throughout Luzon with total of 1,196,035 animals vaccinated.
Perry as quoted by Llanera (2002) mentioned that investing public funds
for FMD eradication would mean good investment on the part of the government.
Improved livestock production and increased export potential are the main
benefits of FMD eradication
Webb (2000), stressed that making use of the numerous, normal and
regular visits to Barangays by field staff, to demonstrate and document that “there
is no evidence nor suspicion of FMD”, is an essential part of the Control and
Eradication program. Negative Barangay monitoring is also an important toll to
use in endemically infected areas. This information not only identifies specific
areas for immediate action but also provide extra confidence that all outbreaks
have been identified in a specific area.
Benigno, et.al (2002) found out in their research in Laguna, that there is a
critical proportion that farmers do not report outbreaks on time or do not report at
all. There is obvious lack of cooperation among hog raisers which could hinder
the government’s control and eradication program against FMD including the
assessment of the real situation in the country. Their study also found out that
farmers who experienced an FMD outbreak were not able to manage well the
infected animals. Most farmers tend to treat the animals while some would dispos
Awareness of Foot and Mouth Disease (FMD) and the Extent of Implementation and
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of the dead animals in various ways that usually contribute to further spread of the
disease.
Economic significance of FMD
The national and international consequences of FMD are often considered
to be of greatest importance because of the widely publicized impact of FMD on
the export of livestock and livestock products from affected countries. Serious
outbreaks may disrupt and reduce the local production of animal products to the
extent that a country needs to import heavily to meet local needs. The market
prices of animals and animal products may rise or fall dramatically following an
outbreak, an example being that of the Philippines in 1995 were pork prices
halved because of an erroneous rumor that FMD-contaminated meat was able to
infect man (Avis 2002)
For meat animals, FMD infection can cause lower rates of live weight
gain. Affected animals will often require 10 to 20% longer to reach maturity
which would mean that affected 3 year-old beef cattle would need an additional
months of feeding and maintenance to reach the maturity. In the case of fattening
pigs, growth maybe retarded for 1-2 months and British data predict a reduction
of 20% per annum in pig meat production under endemic conditions
Losses due to FMD occur in many ways, although loss of production, the
expense of eradication and the interference with movement of the livestock and
meat between countries are the most important economic effects. Although the
Awareness of Foot and Mouth Disease (FMD) and the Extent of Implementation and
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disease is not a killing one (the mortality rate in adults is only 2% and in young
stock 20%), animals are severely affected during acute stages of the disease and
the period of convalescence is so prolonged that production, both meat and milk is
seriously impaired (Blood, 1983)
The impact of FMD can be manifested in different forms that can threaten
the local, national, and international agricultural economies of the country. Local
consequences of FMD include immediate and longer term effect on animal
productivity and usefulness and high mortality rates in young animals. Breeding
animals may experience increased abortion rates up to 10% in animal infected
during pregnancy and average delays in conception of 8 weeks had been reported.
Dairy cattle often suffer an immediate 50 to 60%% loss of milk production, due to
infection of the glandular epithelium, which is not recovered for the remainder of
the lactation period. In addition, the udder may develop secondary infections and
mastitis, leading to a permanent partial or total loss of milk production.
Consequently, FMD in dairy cattle effected not only short and medium term milk
productivity but often leads to the need to cull prematurely (Avis, 2002)
Researchers in the field of animal health management have come up with
different modeling techniques used to provide information to help decision-
makers optimize animal health management. Various statistical and economic
models had been developed and used to come up the appropriate livestock and
disease control strategies. Cost-benefit analysis may be used to attempt to
Awareness of Foot and Mouth Disease (FMD) and the Extent of Implementation and
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quantify all of the financial consequences of the disease and relate these to full
costs of a control or eradication program ( including labor, transport, materials,
etc.) Costs of routine control included annual vaccination, emergency
vaccination, loss of production, and loss of export earnings in endemic countries.
In FMD-free countries, control costs consisted of maintenance of border control,
routine surveillance and maintenance of strategic vaccine banks. In the case of an
outbreak in FMD-free countries, costs then included costs of slaughter,
compensation for slaughter, loss of export earnings, interference with internal
trade/production and possibly vaccine use.
Another study conducted in 1983 by Australia and the Association of
South East Asian Nations (ASEAN) to assess the economic impact of FMD in
Southeast Asia reported a BCR of 5:1 for the beef industry alone over a 30 year
period following FMD eradication in Thailand. Similarly, a BCR of 7:1 was
calculated for the pig industry of the Philippines over 30 years following FMD
eradication.
In 1997, FAO undertook an economic impact analysis of FMD in the
production systems of Laos, Vietnam, and Cambodia. The results of the study
illustrated the contrasting impacts of FMD on different production systems. In
the village cattle/buffalo system of Laos, an average return to FMD control per
head was calculated to range from US$0.2 to US$0.5 depending on FMD
incidence. In the small dairy system of Vietnam, FMD control was reported to
Awareness of Foot and Mouth Disease (FMD) and the Extent of Implementation and
Problems Encountered in its Control Program in Baguio City / Gladys C. Bantog. 2006
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produce a benefit of US$ 9 to US$ 29 per cow with resulting increase of 7% to
24% in gross margin. For the pig industry of Cambodia, FAO reported an
improved gross margin of US$ 7.50 per cow and US$ 1.50 per finished pig in
fattening units, which account to 24 % improvement of the gross margin.
Dumapis (2002), found out that economic cost-benefit analysis of the
FMD control program in Benguet revealed positive economic gains with respect
to the economic contribution and welfare of the livestock producers in the region.
Positive economic indicators were calculated for the Net Present Value (NPR),
Internal Rate of Return (IRR) and Benefit-Cost Ratio (BCR) which indicate the
profitability of the program
Awareness of Foot and Mouth Disease (FMD) and the Extent of Implementation and
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METHODOLOGY
Locale and time of the Study
The study was conducted in Baguio City from June to August 2006.
Respondents of the Study
The
respondents
included 55 backyard swine raisers in Baguio City and 22
program implementers from the Department of Agriculture, Baguio City
Veterinary Office, and National Meat Inspection Services.
Sampling Technique
Primary data was gathered from backyard swine raisers and control
program implementers using a questionnaire.
Instrumentation
A questionnaire was used to gather pertinent information from swine
raisers and from program implementers. The questionnaire was pre-tested using a
small representative to check the relevance of the question.
Data Collection
A combination of primary and secondary data was used in the research
study. Secondary data was used to provide background information for the
research. Secondary data was taken from published and unpublished reports of
program implementers such as the City Veterinary Office, Department of
Awareness of Foot and Mouth Disease (FMD) and the Extent of Implementation and
Problems Encountered in its Control Program in Baguio City / Gladys C. Bantog. 2006
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Agriculture – Regional Office, Bureau of Animal Industry-National FMD Task
Force, Bureau of Agricultural Statistics.
Primary data was obtained from interviews using questionnaires for swine
raisers and program implementers.
Statistical Analysis
The analysis of variance was employed in the comparison between hog-raisers’
and implementers’ level of awareness regarding FMD and extent of implementation of
the control measures of FMD. The test was computed using the formula given below:
roup
MSBetweenG
F =
.
c
oup
MSWithinGr
To obtain the computed F-value, the following preliminary computations
were done:
1. Sum of Squares
Y 2
Correction Factor = CF
..
=
n
Total Sum of Squares = ∑∑Y 2 − CF
ij
Y 2
Between Group Sum of Squares =
i
∑ . −CF
ni
Within Group Sum of Squares = (Total Sum of Squares) –
(Between Group Sum of Squares)
2. Degree of Freedom
Total df = n-1 (df means degrees of freedom, n is the total number
of respondents)
Awareness of Foot and Mouth Disease (FMD) and the Extent of Implementation and
Problems Encountered in its Control Program in Baguio City / Gladys C. Bantog. 2006
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Group df = p-1 (p is the number of groups under the comparison)
Error df = ∑(n − )
1 (n
i
i is the number of respondents in the ith
group)
3. Mean Squares
.
upSum
BetweenGro
of .Squares
MSBetweenGroup =
( p − )
1
WithinGrou
.
pSum of .Squares
MSWithinGroup =
∑
(n − )
1
i
4. Computed F-value
roup
MSBetweenG
F =
.
c
oup
MSWithinGr
where
Yi. = total of the ith group
Y i = mean of the ith group = Yi./ni
Y.. = grand total
Y .. = grand mean = Y../n
roup
MSBetweenG
Under the null hypothesis, the quantity
has an
oup
MSWithinGr
approximate value under the F-distribution. Thus, the null hypothesis will be
rejected if Fc ≥ Fα,(Trt df, Error df) otherwise accept Ho.
Awareness of Foot and Mouth Disease (FMD) and the Extent of Implementation and
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RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Respondents’ Profile
The hog raisers’ and the implementers’ profile are presented in Table 1. A
big number of hog raisers are from 41 to 60 years old (45.45 %); most are females
(56.36%); married (78.18 %) ; and with high school education (43.64 %). Majority
of the hog-raisers have been in the business for almost 11 years or more (40.00 %).
Table 1.Distribution of respondents by profile
HOG-RAISER IMPLEMENTER
RESPONDENT’S PROFILE
Number Percent Number Percent
Age:
21 – 40 years
20
36.36
17
77.27
41 – 60 years
25
45.45
4
29.00
61 years and above
10
18.18
1
11.00
Gender:
Male
24
43.64
8
36.36
Female
31
56.36
14
63.64
Civil Status:
Single
5
9.09
12
54.55
Married
43
78.18
10
45.45
Widowed
7
12.73
-
-
Educational Attainment:
Elementary
15
27.27
-
-
High School
24
43.64
-
-
College
16
29.09
22
100.00
Number of Years as Swine
Raiser/ Implementer:
5 years and below
18
32.73
9
40.91
6 – 10 years
15
27.27
7
31.82
11 years and above
22
40.00
6
27.27
On the other hand, majority of the implementers are in their 20’s to early
40’s (48.05 %). Most of them are also females (58.44%), unmarried (54.55 %)
Awareness of Foot and Mouth Disease (FMD) and the Extent of Implementation and
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and college graduate (100 %). Their services as implementer of FMD control
ranged from 1 year to more than 11 years, the majority are on their fifth year of
service.
Level of FMD Awareness
Table 2. Perceived level of awareness of the hog raisers and control program
implementers.
FOOT AND MOUTH
HOG RAISER
IMPLEMENTER
DISEASE
Verbal
Verbal
Mean
Rating
Mean
Rating
Causative agent
2.16b PA 2.95a FA
Animals affected
2.42b PA 3.00a FA
Incubation period
1.91b PA 2.91a FA
Clinical signs
2.18b
PA 2.86a
FA
Transmission
2.23b
PA 2.93a
FA
Prevention
2.16b
PA 2.95a
FA
Treatment
2.13b PA 2.95 a FA
General Weighted Mean
2.17
PA
2.94
FA
F-value
8.56**
Probability
0.000
Means with the same letter do not differ significantly (LSD)
** – highly significant at 1 % level of significance
Legend: Limit Extent Verbal Rating
2.50-3.0
3
Fully Aware (FA)
1.50-2.49
2
Partially Aware (PA)
1.00-1.49
1
Not Aware (NA)
The hog raisers’ assessment on the extent of awareness on the FMD was
generally low as compared to the implementers’ assessment of their knowledge
on FMD (Table 2). The numerical rating of 2.16 for causative agent; 2.42 for
animals affected; 1.91 for incubation period; 2.18 for clinical signs; 2.23 for
Awareness of Foot and Mouth Disease (FMD) and the Extent of Implementation and
Problems Encountered in its Control Program in Baguio City / Gladys C. Bantog. 2006
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transmission; 2.16 for prevention and 2.13 for treatment were all considered lower
as compared to the implementers’ knowledge on causative agent (2.95), animals
affected (3.00), incubation period of FMD (2.91); clinical signs (2.86);
transmission (2.93); prevention (2.95) and treatment of FMD (2.95). Overall, the
hog-raisers are partially aware while the implementers are fully aware of FMD in
hogs.
The computed F-value of 8.56 was found highly significant at 1 percent
level. This indicates that hog raisers’ knowledge on FMD is much lower than the
implementers’ knowledge about FMD. Thus the hypothesis that there is a
significant difference in the level of FMD awareness between control program
implementers and backyard swine raisers in Baguio City is accepted.
This finding corroborates the result of the research of Benigno, et. al
(2002) conducted in Laguna wherein majority of the respondents (93%) do not
have sufficient knowledge on FMD.
The findings also show that despite the success of the school on the air
(SOA) program of the National FMD Task force in 1999, farmers need to be
continuously informed about animal production especially on disease
management
Awareness of Foot and Mouth Disease (FMD) and the Extent of Implementation and
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Extent of Implementation of
FMD Control Strategies
The extent of implementation of foot and mouth disease control strategies
in hogs is shown in Table 3. Making the people aware of the FMD obtained
mean rating of 2.02 from the hog raisers and 2.58 from the implementers.
Table 3. Perceived extent of the implementation of FMD control strategies
HOG RAISER
IMPLEMENTER
Control Strategies
Verbal
Verbal
Mean
Rating
Mean
Rating
Public awareness
2.02b PI 2.58a FI
Disease monitoring/surveillance
1.77b
PI 2.59a
FI
Animal movement management
2.16b
PI 2.86a
FI
Vaccination 2.25b PI 2.68 a FI
General Weighted Mean
2.05
PI
2.68
FI
F-value
9.27**
Probability
0.000
Means with the same letter do not differ significantly (LSD)
** – highly significant at 1 % level of significance
Legend: Limit Extent Verbal Rating
2.50-3.0
5
Fully Implemented (FI)
1.50-2.49
2 Partially
Implemented
PE)
1.00-1.49
1
Not Implemented (NE)
The FMD monitoring and evaluation earned mean rating of 1.77 from
hog-raisers, and 2.59 from the implementers. The animal movement
management was given mean ratings of 2.16 and 2.86 by the hog-raisers and
implementers, respectively. Lastly, vaccination obtained mean rating of 2.25 and
2.68 from the hog-raisers and implementers, respectively. General assessments of
Awareness of Foot and Mouth Disease (FMD) and the Extent of Implementation and
Problems Encountered in its Control Program in Baguio City / Gladys C. Bantog. 2006
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the implementation of FMD control measures differ significantly between hog-
raisers and implementers. The hog-raisers are only partially knowledgeable as
compared to the implementers who are fully knowledgeable of the
implementation of the program on the control of FMD.
An F-value of 9.27 with an associated probability of 0.00 indicates that
hog-raisers are less knowledgeable on the control strategies implemented by
concerned agencies. Based on the findings, the hypothesis that there is a
significant difference in the extent of implementation of control program among
backyard swine raisers and control program implementers is accepted.
The findings show that despite the massive vaccination campaign
conducted in Baguio City in 1998, and the recognition of the Baguio City FMD
Special Watch and Action Team (SWAT) for its active and continuous
participation in FMD control in 1999, many farmers are not yet fully aware of the
control strategies being undertaken by concerned agencies.
Degree of Seriousness of the
Problems Encountered in
Program Implementation
The degree of seriousness of problems encountered in program
implementation as perceived by respondents is presented in Table 4. Lack of
funds, lack of farmers’ cooperation, failure of the farmers’ to report FMD
incidence, lack of information and lack of support were rated differently by both
respondents. The verbal description of the ratings assigned by the hog-raisers
Awareness of Foot and Mouth Disease (FMD) and the Extent of Implementation and
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were only serious but for the implementers, the problems encountered in the
implementation of the control measures are all very serious except for the
problem on lack of sufficient information which was considered serious only.
The backyard swine raisers gave the highest rating to the problem on lack of
sufficient information while the control program implementers gave the highest
rating to the problem on failure of farmers to report suspected incidence.
Table 4. Perceived degree of seriousness of problems encountered in FMD
control program implementation
HOG RAISER IMPLEMENTER
PROBLEMS
Verbal
Verbal
Mean Rating Mean
Rating
Lack of funds
2.05a S 2.58a VS
Lack of farmers’ cooperation
1.93a
S 2.59a
VS
Failure of farmers to report the incidence 1.91b
S 2.86a
VS
Lack of farmers’ sufficient information
2.34a
S 1.82a
S
Lack of support from local officials
1.76a S 2.68 a VS
General Weighted Mean
2.00
S
2.51
VS
F-value
5.00**
Probability
0.062
Means with the same letter do not differ significantly (LSD)
** – highly significant at 1 % level of significance
Legend: Limit Extent Verbal Rating
2.50-3.0
5
Very Serious (VS)
1.50-2.49
2
Serious (S)
1.00-1.49
1
Not Serious (NS)
Based on the findings, there is a need to accept the assumption that there
is a significant difference in the degree of seriousness of problems encountered in
program implementation as perceived by backyard swine raisers and control
Awareness of Foot and Mouth Disease (FMD) and the Extent of Implementation and
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program implementers, except for the problem on lack of sufficient information,
which was rated similarly by both groups.
These findings support the findings of Benigno, et. al, 2002, that there is a
critical proportion that farmers do not report outbreaks on time or do not report at
all. The lack of cooperation among hog raisers could hinder the government’s
control and eradication program against FMD including the assessment of the real
situation in the country.
Perceived Extent of FMD Awareness , Level of
Implementation of Control Program and
Degree of Seriousness of Problems
Encountered According to
Specified Profile
According to Age
Table 5 presents perceived extent of FMD awareness, level of
implementation of control program and degree of seriousness of problems
encountered in program implementation according to age of respondents.
The extent of knowledge on FMD of the hog raisers and control program
implementers at different age grouping on the causative agent, the animals
affected, the incubation period, the clinical signs, transmission, prevention and
treatment differ significantly among the three age groups (21 to 40, 41 to 60, and
60 and above). The computed F-values with the associated probabilities below
the 1 % level of significance evidently support the above findings that hog raisers
are less knowledgeable than implementers.
Awareness of Foot and Mouth Disease (FMD) and the Extent of Implementation and
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Table 5. Perceived extent of FMD awareness, level of implementation of control
program and degree of seriousness of problems encountered in program
implementation according to age
Foot and Mouth
AGE
F-
Disease
GROUP
21-40 41-60
61&Up
value Prob
A. FMD Awareness
Causative agent
Hog Raiser
2.10 2.28 2.00
Implementer
2.84 3.00 3.00
4.71** .0009
Animals affected
Hog Raiser
2.25 2.52 2.50
Implementer
3.00 3.00 3.00
3.10* .0139
Incubation period Hog Raiser
1.85 1.96 1.90
Implementer
2.88 3.00 3.00
9.34** .0001
Clinical signs
Hog Raiser
2.12 2.27 2.10
Implementer
2.86 3.00 3.00
9.48** .0001
Transmission
Hog Raiser
2.05 2.38 2.20
Implementer
2.91 3.00 3.00
3.92** .0034
Prevention
Hog Raiser
2.15 2.24 2.00
Implementer
2.94 3.00 3.00
4.04** .0028
Treatment
Hog Raiser
2.20 2.08 2.10
Implementer
2.94 3.00 3.00
5.03** .0005
B. Implementation of Control Strategies
Public awareness
Hog Raiser
1.88 1.99 2.36
Implementer
2.62 2.55 2.00
6.34** .0001
Monitoring/
Hog Raiser
1.68 1.74 2.05
Surveillance
Implementer
2.65 2.50 2.00
7.12** .0001
Animal movement
Hog Raiser
2.12 2.06 2.50
management
Implementer
2.94 2.75 2.00
5.75** .0002
Vaccination
Hog Raiser
2.40 2.12 2.30
Implementer
2.76 2.50 2.00
1.39ns .2367
C. Degree of seriousness of problems
Lack of funds
Swine Raiser
2.15 2.00 2.00
Implementer
2.18 1.00 2.14
0.47ns .8008
Lack of farmers’
Swine Raiser
2.00 1.96 1.70
cooperation
Implementer
2.18 2.75 2.00
1.18ns .3295
Failure of farmers to Swine Raiser
1.85 2.00 1.80
report incidence Implementer
2.29 2.50 2.00
1.04ns .4017
Lack of farmers’
Swine Raiser
2.10 2.24 2.50
sufficient information Implementer
2.12 2.25 2.00
0.55ns .7352
Lack of support from Swine Raiser
1.80 1.84 1.50
local officials
Implementer
1.82 2.00 1.00
0.54ns .7489
** – highly significant at 1 % level of significance; *- significant at 5% level of significance; ns - not significant
Awareness of Foot and Mouth Disease (FMD) and the Extent of Implementation and
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Thus, the assumption that there is a significant difference in the perceived
level of FMD when respondents are grouped according to age is accepted.
The 21-40 and the 41-60 years old hog raisers’ perception on the
implementation of information campaign about FMD, monitoring and evaluation
of the disease, management of animal movement were found to be significantly
lower than the 21-40 and the 41-60 years old implementers perception. However,
the extent of implementation of information campaign about FMD, monitoring
and evaluation of the disease, management of animal movement as perceived by
the 61 or more years old hog raisers are higher than the perceived extent by the 61
or more years old program implementers. The computed F- values for the
different control strategies except vaccination support the rejection of the
assumption of equal extent of implementation of the information campaign about
FMD, monitoring and surveillance of the disease, and animal movement
management.
The computed F-values with the associated probabilities are higher than
the 5 % level of significance reveal that the hog-raisers’ and the implementers’
perception on the degree of seriousness of the different problems encountered in
the implementation of the FMD program are similar in all age group. Lack of
funds, lack of farmers’ cooperation, failure of the farmers’ to report FMD
incidence, lack of information and lack of support were rated similarly by both the
hog raisers and the implementers grouped according to age. This findings support
Awareness of Foot and Mouth Disease (FMD) and the Extent of Implementation and
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the rejection of the hypothesis that there is a significant difference in the
perception of backyard swine raisers and control program implementers in the
degree of seriousness of problems encountered in program implementation.
According to Gender
The extent of FMD awareness, level of implementation of control program
and degree of seriousness of problems encountered in program implementation
according to gender is presented in Table 6.
The computed F-values for the causative agent of FMD, affected animals,
incubation period, clinical signs, transmission, prevention and treatment of FMD
were all significant at 1% level of significance.
The male and the female hog raisers’ perception on the implementation
of information campaign about FMD, monitoring and evaluation of the disease,
management of animal movement were found to be significantly lower than the
male and the female implementers’ perception. However, the extent of
implementation of vaccination as perceived by the male and female hog raisers
are at par with the perceived extent by the male and female implementers.
The computed F-values for the different control strategies indicate that
there are differences in the perceived extent of implementation of the different
control strategies between hog raisers and implementers, thus, the assumptions of
equal extent of implementation of the information campaign about FMD,
Awareness of Foot and Mouth Disease (FMD) and the Extent of Implementation and
Problems Encountered in its Control Program in Baguio City / Gladys C. Bantog. 2006
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Table 6. Perceived extent of FMD awareness, level of implementation of control
program and degree of seriousness of problems encountered in program
implementation according to gender
Foot and Mouth Disease
GENDER F-
GROUP
Male Female value Prob
A. FMD Awareness
Causative agent
Hog Raiser
2.12
2.19
Implementer
3.00
2.93
7.45** .0002
Animals affected
Hog Raiser
2.38
2.45
Implementer
3.00
3.00
4.48** .0061
Incubation period
Hog Raiser
1.83
1.97
Implementer
3.00
2.86
16.28** .0001
Clinical signs
Hog Raiser
2.12
2.34
Implementer
2.86
2.86
14.51** .0001
Transmission
Hog Raiser
2.25
2.21
Implementer
3.00
2.89
5.64** .0016
Prevention Hog
Raiser
2.21
2.13
Implementer
3.00
2.93
6.65** .0005
Treatment
Hog Raiser
2.17
2.10
Implementer
3.00
2.93
8.52** .0001
B. Implementation of Control Strategies
Public awareness
Hog Raiser
1.95
2.06
Implementer
2.70
2.51
7.59** .0002
Monitoring/surveillance Hog Raiser
1.79
1.76
Implementer
2.50
2.64
10.31** .0001
Animal movement
Hog Raiser
2.06
2.24
management
Implementer
2.88
2.86
7.42** .0002
Vaccination
Hog Raiser
2.29
2.22
Implementer
2.75
2.64
1.54ns .2107
C. Degree of seriousness of problems
Lack of funds
Swine Raiser
2.25
1.90
Implementer 2.38 2.00 1.12ns .3458
Lack of farmers’
Swine Raiser
2.29
1.64
cooperation
Implementer
2.00
2.43
5.22** .0026
Failure of farmers to
Swine Raiser
2.17
1.71
report incidence
Implementer
2.12
2.43
3.43* .0214
Lack of farmers’
Swine Raiser
2.38
2.13
sufficient information
Implementer 2.00 2.21 0.88ns .4559
Lack of support from local Swine Raiser
2.12
1.48
officials
Implementer
1.50
2.00
4.15** .0090
** – highly significant at 1 % level of significance; *- significant at 5% level of significance; ns - not significant
Awareness of Foot and Mouth Disease (FMD) and the Extent of Implementation and
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monitoring and evaluation of the disease, management of animal movement and
vaccination by gender are to be rejected at 5 % level of significance. The above
findings suggest that the perceived level of implementation FMD control
strategies by the male and female hog raisers are significantly lower than the
perceived extent by the male and female implementers.
The computed F-values with the associated probabilities higher than the 5
% level of significance reveal that the hog-raisers’ and the implementers’
perception on the degree of seriousness on the problems on lack of funds and lack
of sufficient information are similar between male and female respondents.
Significant differences were noted in their perception on degree of seriousness on
the problems on lack of farmer’s cooperation, failure of farmers to report
incidence and lack of support from local officials.
According to Civil Status
Presented in Table 7 are the data on the perceived extent of FMD
awareness, level of implementation of control program and degree of seriousness
of problems encountered in program implementation according to civil status
Regardless of the marital status either single, married or widowed, the
level of FMD awareness differ significantly among backyard hog raisers and
control program implementers. Findings show that the unmarried respondents
gave higher assessment than the married respondents. The result of the statistical
analysis shows that there is a need to reject the assumption of equal level of
Awareness of Foot and Mouth Disease (FMD) and the Extent of Implementation and
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Table 7. Perceived extent of FMD awareness, level of implementation of
control program and degree of seriousness of problems encountered
in program implementation according to civil status
Foot and Mouth Disease
CIVIL STATUS
F-
GROUP Single MarriedWidow value
Prob
(er)
A. FMD Awareness
Causative agent
Hog Raiser
2.00
2.19 2.14
Implementer
2.92 3.00
5.59** .0006
Animals affected
Hog Raiser
2.40
2.44 2.29
Implementer
3.00 3.00
3.37*
.0139
Incubation period
Hog Raiser
1.80
1.88 2.14
Implementer
2.92 2.90
12.19** .0001
Clinical signs
Hog Raiser
2.26
2.20 2.19
Implementer
2.83 2.90
10.87** .0001
Transmission
Hog Raiser
1.90
2.30 2.00
Implementer
2.88 3.00
4.95** .0014
Prevention
Hog
Raiser 2.40 2.16 2.00
Implementer
2.92 3.00
5.17** .0010
Treatment
Hog Raiser
2.40
2.12 2.00
Implementer
2.92 3.00
6.65** .0001
B. Implementation of Control Strategies
Public awareness
Hog Raiser
2.00
2.00 2.14
Implementer
2.67 2.48
5.58** .0006
Monitoring/surveillance
Hog
Raiser 1.80 1.78 1.71
Implementer
2.62 2.55
7.57** .0001
Animal movement
Hog Raiser
1.80
2.19 2.28
management
Implementer
2.92 2.80
5.87** .0004
Vaccination
Hog
Raiser 2.80 2.14 2.25
Implementer
2.83 2.50
2.56*
.0457
C. Degree of seriousness of problems
Lack of funds
Swine Raiser 1.80
2.02 2.43
Implementer
1.92
2.40
0.93ns .4522
Lack of farmers’
Swine Raiser 2.20
1.93 1.71
cooperation
Implementer 2.33
2.20
1.06ns .3836
Failure of farmers to Swine Raiser 2.60
1.91 1.43
report incidence Implementer 2.25
2.40
2.95*
.0256
Lack of farmers’
Swine Raiser 2.60
2.23 2.00
sufficient information Implementer 2.17
2.10
0.66ns .6188
Lack of support from
Swine
Raiser 2.00 1.77 1.57
local officials Implementer
1.92 1.70
0.33ns .8594
** – highly significant at 1 % level of significance; *- significant at 5% level of significance; ns - not significant
Awareness of Foot and Mouth Disease (FMD) and the Extent of Implementation and
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awareness between hog raisers and implementers when grouped according to civil
status. The respondents’ assessment on the control measures implemented by
program implementers was significantly related to the respondent’s civil status.
Findings reveal that married respondents gave lower assessment than unmarried
respondents.
The computed F-values with the associated probabilities higher than the 5
% level of significance reveal that the hog-raisers’ and the implementers’
perception on the degree of seriousness of the different problems encountered in
the implementation of the FMD program are similar in all age group. The
perceived degree of seriousness of the problems on lack of funds, lack of farmers’
cooperation, failure of the farmers’ to report FMD incidence, lack of information
and lack of support were found similar between hog raisers and the implementers
when grouped according to civil status
According to Educational Attainment
College graduate implementers were undoubtedly more knowledgeable of
the causative agent, infected animals, incubation period, clinical signs,
transmission, prevention, and treatment of FMD than the elementary or high
school or college graduate hog raisers (Table 8). The respondents’ evaluations
were positively related to their educational attainment. This means that the
respondents with high level of education are more aware of the causative agent,
incubation period, clinical signs and treatment of FMD.
Awareness of Foot and Mouth Disease (FMD) and the Extent of Implementation and
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The results shown in Table 8 suggest that the perceived level of
implementation of information campaign, monitoring, management of animal
movement and vaccination by the hog raisers according to their level of
education are significantly lower than the perceived extent of their counterpart.
The computed F-values for the different control strategies indicate that
there are differences in the perceived extent of implementation of the different
control strategies between hog raisers and implementers according to their level
of education, thus, the assumptions of equal extent of implementation of the
information campaign about FMD, monitoring and evaluation of the disease,
management of animal movement and vaccination by educational attainment of
the respondents are to be rejected at 5 % level of significance.
The respondents’ assessment on the control measures implemented by
program implementers was significantly related to the respondents’ educational
attainment. The respondents’ perception on the implementation of control
strategies on monitoring and surveillance, and animal movement management
were positively and significantly related to their educational attainment. That is,
less educated respondents were less knowledgeable about the two control
strategies than the respondents with high level of education. However, except for
vaccination, the respondents' perceptions on the extent of implementation of
control strategies differ significantly at 1% level of significance.
Awareness of Foot and Mouth Disease (FMD) and the Extent of Implementation and
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Table 8. Perceived extent of FMD awareness, level of implementation of control
program and degree of seriousness of problems encountered in program
implementation according to educational attainment
Foot and Mouth
EDUCATION F-value
Disease
GROUP
Elementary
Prob
HS College
A. FMD Awareness
Causative agent
Hog Raiser
2.08
2.13 2.31
Implementer
2.95
7.88** .0001
Animals affected
Hog Raiser
2.31
2.42 2.53
Implementer
3.00
4.78** .0139
Incubation period
Hog Raiser
1.83
1.88 2.07
Implementer
2.91
9.34** .0001
Clinical signs
Hog Raiser
2.11
2.15 2.35
Implementer
2.86
15.72** .0001
Transmission
Hog Raiser
2.12
2.23 2.33
Implementer
2.93
5.87** .0012
Prevention Hog
Raiser
2.04
2.12
2.40
Implementer
2.95
7.62** .0002
Treatment
Hog Raiser
2.12
2.13 2.27
Implementer
2.95 5.03** .0005
B. Implementation of Control Strategies
Public awareness
Hog Raiser
2.24
1.98 1.86
Implementer
2.58
6.34** .0001
Monitoring/
Hog Raiser
1.87
1.71 1.78
surveillance
Implementer
2.59
7.12** .0001
Animal movement Hog Raiser
2.20
2.19 2.09
management
Implementer
2.86
5.75** .0002
Vaccination Hog
Raiser
2.53
2.21
2.06
Implementer
2.68
2.51ns .0657
C. Degree of seriousness of problems
Lack of funds
Swine Raiser 2.20
2.04 1.94
Implementer
2.14
0.29ns .8352
Lack of farmers’
Swine Raiser 1.87
1.96 1.94
cooperation
Implementer
2.27
1.03ns .3825
Failure of farmers to Swine Raiser 2.00
1.92 1.81
report incidence Implementer
2.32
1.57ns .2042
Lack of farmers’
Swine Raiser 2.47
2.25 2.00
sufficient information Implementer
2.14
1.37ns .2580
Lack of support from Swine Raiser 1.93
1.88 1.44
local officials
Implementer
1.82
1.35ns .2658
** – highly significant at 1 % level of significance; *- significant at 5% level of significance; ns - not significant
Awareness of Foot and Mouth Disease (FMD) and the Extent of Implementation and
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The computed F-values with the associated probabilities higher than the 5
% level of significance indicate that the backyard hog-raisers’ and the
implementers’ perception on the degree of seriousness of the different problems
encountered in the implementation of the FMD program are similar among the
respondents grouped according to educational attainment (Table 8). The
seriousness of the problems on limited funds, limited farmers’ cooperation, failure
of the farmers’ to report suspected FMD incidence, limited information and
limited support of the local officials were found similar between the hog raisers
and the implementers when grouped according to their educational attainment.
According to Length of Experience
Regardless of the work experience of the hog raisers and control program
implementers either less than 5 years or 6-10 years or more than 11 years, the
respondents level of awareness differ significantly. The result of the statistical
analysis shows that there is a need to reject the assumption of equal level of
awareness between backyard hog raisers and control program implementers when
grouped according to length of experience.
As shown in Table 9, the perceived level of implementation of information
campaign, monitoring, management of animal movement and vaccination by the
hog raisers according to their length of experience of hog raising are significantly
lower than the perception of implementers. The computed F-values for the
different control strategies with the associated probabilities lower than the 5 %
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Table 9. Perceived extent of FMD awareness, level of implementation of control
program and degree of seriousness of problems encountered in program
implementation according to length of experience
Foot and Mouth Disease
EXPERIENCE F-value
GROUP
Prob
≤ 5 yrs 6-10 yrs ≥11 yrs
A. FMD Awareness
Causative agent
Hog Raiser
2.12 2.12
2.50
Implementer 2.94 3.00
6.02** .0003
Animals affected
Hog Raiser
2.36 2.44
2.67
Implementer 3.00 3.00
3.61** .0098
Incubation period
Hog Raiser
1.88 1.88
2.17
Implementer 2.88 3.00
12.25** .0001
Clinical signs
Hog Raiser
2.10 2.32
2.30
Implementer 2.86 2.88
11.76** .0001
Transmission
Hog Raiser
2.06 2.44
2.58
Implementer 2.91 3.00
5.82**
.0004
Prevention
Hog
Raiser 2.10 2.31 2.17
Implementer 2.94 3.00
5.20** .0010
Treatment
Hog Raiser
2.00 2.31
2.33
Implementer 2.94 3.00
7.34** .0001
B. Implementation of Control Strategies
Public awareness
Hog Raiser
1.99 2.05
2.05
Implementer 2.62 2.47
5.35** .0008
Monitoring/ surveillance Hog
Raiser 1.67 1.97 1.83
Implementer 2.66 2.42
8.85** .0001
Animal movement
Hog Raiser
2.11 2.34
2.00
management
Implementer 2.94 2.67
6.10** .0003
Vaccination
Hog
Raiser 2.42 2.19 1.50
Implementer 2.75 2.50
3.21*
.0175
C. Degree of seriousness of problems
Lack of funds
Swine Raiser 2.12 1.88
2.17
Implementer 2.25 1.83
0.53ns .7110
Lack of farmers’
Swine Raiser 2.12 1.56
1.83
cooperation
Implementer 2.19 2.50
2.44ns .0545
Failure of farmers to
Swine Raiser 1.97 1.75
2.00
report incidence
Implementer 2.31 2.33
1.23ns .2818
Lack of farmers’
Swine Raiser 2.21 2.25
2.33
sufficient information Implementer 2.12 2.17
0.13ns .9721
Lack of support from
Swine Raiser 1.82 1.56
2.00
local officials
Implementer 1.87 1.67
0.52ns .7241
** – highly significant at 1 % level of significance * - significant at 5% level of significance; ns - not significant
Awareness of Foot and Mouth Disease (FMD) and the Extent of Implementation and
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level of significance indicate that there are differences in the perceived extent
of implementation of the different control strategies between hog raisers and
implementers according to their length of experience, thus, the assumptions of
equal extent of implementation of the information campaign about FMD,
monitoring and evaluation of the disease, management of animal movement and
vaccination by length of experience in hog raising of the respondents are to be
rejected at 5 % level of significance.
The problems on lack of funds, lack of farmers’ cooperation, failure of the
farmers’ to report suspected FMD incidence, lack of sufficient information and
lack of support from local officials were found similarly rated by both the hog
raisers and the implementers when grouped according to experience in hog raising
or program implementation. The perceived extent of problems encountered in
FMD program implementation according to the length of experience of the
backyard hog raiser and implementer respondents are statistically with no
difference as supported by the computed F-values with the associated
probabilities higher than the 5 % level of significance. These findings reveal that
the hog-raisers’ and the implementers’ perception on the degree of seriousness of
the different problems encountered in the implementation of the FMD program
are similar among respondents with different experiences in hog raising or
program implementation.
Awareness of Foot and Mouth Disease (FMD) and the Extent of Implementation and
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SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS and RECOMMENDATIONS
Summary
This study was conducted in Baguio City to determine: (a) the socio
demographic profile of the respondents; (b) the level of FMD awareness of
backyard swine raisers and control program implementers; (c) the level of
implementation of FMD control strategies as perceived by backyard swine raisers
and control program implementers; (d) the degree of seriousness of problems
encountered in FMD control program implementation as perceived by backyard
swine raisers and control program implementers; and (e) the differences in the
respondents perceptions when they are categorized according to specific profile
variables (age, gender, civil status, educational attainment and length of
experience).
Seventy seven (77) respondents (22 control program implementers and 55
backyard swine raisers) were used in the study.
Findings
The salient findings of the study are the following:
1. The hog-raisers mostly women are quite older than the implementers.
Majority of the hog-raisers are married while the implementers are mostly
single. The most number of the hog-raisers have high school education
while the implementers are all degree holders. Most of the hog-raisers
Awareness of Foot and Mouth Disease (FMD) and the Extent of Implementation and
Problems Encountered in its Control Program in Baguio City / Gladys C. Bantog. 2006
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have been in the business for more than 11 years now whereas, the
implementers have more or less 5 years of service
2. Backyard swine raisers are only partially knowledgeable about FMD
while control program implementers are fully aware.
3. The hog-raisers perceived that the control strategies such as public
awareness, FMD monitoring/evaluation, animal movement management
and vaccination are only partially implemented as against the
implementers’ perception that the control strategies are fully implemented
4. The problems encountered in control program implementation like lack
of funds, lack of farmers’ cooperation, failure of the farmers to report
FMD incidence, lack of sufficient information and lack of support from
the local officials were perceived by backyard swine raisers and control
program implementers as serious and very serious respectively.
5. The perceptions of the respondents on the level of FMD awareness are
significantly different when respondents are categorized according to age,
gender, civil status, education attainment and length of experience. The
respondents perception on the extent of implementation of FMD control
programs on public awareness, disease monitoring and surveillance; and
animal movement management are significantly different when they are
grouped according to age, gender, civil status, education attainment and
length of experience . However, their perceptions on the extent of
Awareness of Foot and Mouth Disease (FMD) and the Extent of Implementation and
Problems Encountered in its Control Program in Baguio City / Gladys C. Bantog. 2006
50
implementation of vaccination as a control strategy are the same except
according to gender. The perceptions on the degree of problems on lack
of funds, lack of farmer’s cooperation, failure of farmers to report
suspected FMD incidence , lack of farmers’ sufficient information and
lack of support from local officials are the same when they are grouped
according to age, educational attainment and length of experience. When
grouped according to gender, their perceptions differ significantly on the
problem on lack of farmers’ cooperation, failure to report suspected FMD
incidence and lack of support from local officials, however, for the
problem on lack of funds and lack of sufficient information, their
perceptions are similar.
Conclusions.
The following conclusions were made based on the above findings:
1. Hog-raisers are less knowledgeable about FMD than the control program
implementers
2. Hog-raisers are less informed about the strategies to control FMD than the
control program implementers
3. Hog-raisers perceived that the problems encountered in FMD control
program implementation are serious while implementers perceived them
as very serious.
Awareness of Foot and Mouth Disease (FMD) and the Extent of Implementation and
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4. There are significant differences in the perceptions of both hog raisers and
control program implementers on the level of FMD awareness, level of
implementation of Control strategies and degree of seriousness of
problems encountered when respondents are categorized according to age,
gender, civil status, educational attainment and length of experience.
Recommendations
Based on the findings and conclusions the following recommendations are
offered:
1. There is a need to strengthen information dissemination on FMD
especially to swine raisers who are directly affected with the disease.
2. There is a need to continue implementation of FMD control strategies
even with out the presence of outbreaks.
3. There is a need for a collective effort for implementers and swine
raisers to keep them updated of the disease and it control measures.
4. Backyard swine raisers and control program implementers, regardless
of their socio demographic profile should be knowledgeable about
FMD, its control measures and problems encountered in program
implementation.
5. It is also recommended that a further study be conducted to include
livestock traders and meat vendors since they have been identified as
transmitters of the disease.
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LITERATURE CITED
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BENIGNO, C,C., SANTOS I.J., and UMANDAL AC.V. 2002. “The program
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BLOOD, D.C et al. 1983. Veterinary Medicine, A teaxkbook of the Diseases
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London, Pp 733-740
BUREAU OF ANIMAL INDUSTRY. 2002. Foot and Mouth Disease
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MERCHANT, I.A. and BARNER, R.D. 1981. An Outline of Infectious
Diseases of Domestic Animals, 3rd Edition. Iowa State University Press,
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TIMONEY, J.F., GILLESPIE , J.H., SCOTT , F.W. & BARLOUGH , J.E.
1988. Hagan and Bruner's Microbiology and Infectious Diseases of
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Awareness of Foot and Mouth Disease (FMD) and the Extent of Implementation and
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APPENDICES
Appendix Table 1. FMD Outbreaks in Luzon from 1998 to 2005
Year CAR Region Region Region Region Region Region NCR Total
I
II
III
IV
V
VI
1998
60 39 1 191 1 11 0 16
319
1999
35 43 1 154 1 17 51 35
337
2000
27 21 9 139 108 9 0 15 328
2001
21 6 6 106 89 23 0 16
267
2002
19 3 0 122
130 8 0 47
329
2003
17 5 0 87 84 2 0 81
276
2004
6
8
1
18
36
0
0
40
72
2005
4
0
0
10
0
0
8
18
40
Total
189 125 17 827 413 70 59 268
1968
Source: National FMD Task Force, DA-BAI
Appendix Table 2. FMD Outbreaks in CAR from 1998 to 2005
Year Abra Apayao Baguio Benguet Ifugao Kalinga Mt. Total
City
Province
1998
0 0 46 13 1 0 0 60
1999
0 0 15 18 2 0 0 35
2000
2 0 18 7 0 0 0 27
2001
0 0 14 7 0 0 0 21
2002
0 0 7 12 0 0 0 19
2003
4 0 4 8 0 0 1 17
2004
0
0
2
4
0
0
0
6
2005
0
0
3
1
0
0
0
4
Total
6 0 109
70 3 0 1 189
Source: National FMD Task Force, DA-BAI
Awareness of Foot and Mouth Disease (FMD) and the Extent of Implementation and
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55
Appendix Table 3. Premises Affected in CAR FMD Outbreaks from 1998 to 2005
Province
Premises 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005
Abra
Backyard farm
1
3
Slaughterhouse
1
1
Benguet
Auction market
1
1
1
1
Backyard farm
56 30 22 21 19 10 5 1
Slaughterhouse
2 2 2
2
3
Ifugao
Backyard farm
1
1
Slaughterhouse
1
Mt. Province Backyard farm
1
60 35 27 21 19 17 6 4
Source: National FMD Task Force
Appendix Table 4. Sources of FMD Outbreaks in CAR from 1998 to 2005
Province Source
1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005
Abra
Fomites
1
Introduced
Animals
1
Slaughterhouse
3
Swill
1
Benguet
Auction
Market
1 1 1
Backyard
Farm
11 4 2 1 1 1
Fomites
2 2
Introduced
Animals
3 6 2 1 3 2
Slaughterhouse
5 1 2 1 2 3
Swill
35 17 15 18 13 4 2 1
Viajero
1 3 1 2 1 1
Unknown 4 1 2
Ifugao Slaughterhouse
1
Unknown 2
Mt.
Province
Unknown 1
60 35 27 21 19 17 6 4
Source: National FMD Task Force
Awareness of Foot and Mouth Disease (FMD) and the Extent of Implementation and
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QUESTIONNAIRE
I. SOCIO DEMOGRAPHIC PROFILE OF RESPONDENT
NAME ________________________________________________________
AGE:
( ) 21 to 40 years
( ) 41 to 60 years
( ) 61 and above
SEX:
( ) Male
( ) Female
ADDRESS/AGENCY:____________________________________________
_____________________________________________
CIVIL STATUS:
( ) Single
( ) Married
( ) Widowed
( ) Separated
EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT:
( ) No Schooling
( ) Elementary
( ) High School
( ) College
Number of years as swine raiser/program Implementer (Length of experience)
( ) 5 years and below
( ) 6 to 10 years
( ) 11 years and above
Awareness of Foot and Mouth Disease (FMD) and the Extent of Implementation and
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II. FMD AWARENESS
Direction: Using the scale below please rate your level of awareness on FMD by
checking the appropriate column.
3 - Fully Aware (Awareness with a percentage of 86-100%)
2 - Partially Aware (Awareness of 75 – 85%)
1 - Not aware (Awareness of 74% and below)
Foot and Mouth Disease
3
2
1
1. Causative Agent. FMD is caused by a virus
2. Animals Affected
- FMD virus affects all cloven-hoofed animals
such as pigs, sheep, goats, carabao and cattle
3. Incubation period
- FMD virus replicates very rapidly inside an
infected animal and incubation period ranges
from 24 to 48 hours
4. Clinical signs
a. Blister formation on feet and mouth
b. Unwillingness to eat (in appetence)
c. Lameness
d. Fever
e. Detachment of hooves
f. Weight loss
g. Reduced milk yield
h. Abortion
i. Difficulty in breathing
j. Sudden death
4. Transmission
a. Direct contact with ruptured vesicles, saliva,
breath, feces, urine, and milk
b. Indirect contact with objects which have
been contaminated by discharges on infected
stock like meat, blood, hides, vehicles, beddings,
clothing, footwear, and hay
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5. Prevention
a. Vaccination
b. Environment control (cleaning and
disinfection)
- using disinfectants like chlorox, soda ash,
lysol and other agents
c. Quarantine activities
6. Treatment. There is no known treatment for
FMD. However, antibiotics can be administered
to prevent secondary bacterial infection and use
of topical agents like vinegar and gentian violet
around the blisters or vesicles
III. IMPLEMENTATION OF FMD CONTROL STRATEGIES
Direction: Using the scale below please rate the level of implementation of FMD
Control Strategies in Baguio City by checking the appropriate column
3 - Fully Implemented (Always employed/practiced)
2 - Partially Implemented (Employed/practiced once in a while)
1 - Not Implemented (Never employed/practiced)
FMD Control Strategies
3
2
1
1. Public Awareness
a. Networking and linkages with tri-media
a.1 Newspaper/magazine
a.2 Radio
a.3 Television
b. Community mobilization activities
(Farmer/s Forum)
c. Workshops, trainings and seminars
2. FMD Monitoring and surveillance
a. Passive Surveillance - dependent on
farmer’s report
b. Active surveillance
- programmed activity, initiative comes from
the implementer, negative monitoring activities,
collection of samples
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3. Animal Movement Management
a. Effective Quarantine of animals meat products
and people
b. Environmental control – emphasizing on
cleaning and disinfection
4. Vaccination - massive
IV. PROBLEMS ENCOUNTERED IN PROGRAM IMPLEMENTATION
Direction: using the scale below, please rate the degree of seriousness of
the problems encountered in the implementation of FMD control strategies in
Baguio City by checking the appropriate column.
3 - Very Serious (Always encountered)
2 - Serious ( Often encountered)
1 - Not serious (Never encountered)
Problems
3 2 1
1. Lack of funds
2. Lack of farmer’s cooperation
3. Failure of farmer’s to report incidences
4. Lack of farmer’s sufficient information
5. Lack of support from local officials
6. Other (Please specify)
Thank you very much!!!!!!
Awareness of Foot and Mouth Disease (FMD) and the Extent of Implementation and
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60
BIBLIOGRAPHICAL SKETCH
Gladys B. Cunning – Bantog, was born on August 14, 1969 in Besao,
Mountain Province. She is the fifth of the six children of Augusto M. Cunning,
retired Anglican Priest and Agnes Botengan Cunning, a retired elementary school
teacher.
Her elementary education was spent at the Agawa Elementary School,
Agawa, Besao, Mt. Province where she graduated first honor. She attended High
school education in St. James High School, Besao, Mt. Province, graduating as
second honorable mention.
She finished Bachelor of Science in Animal Technology (BSAT) at the
Benguet State University in March 1990, and graduated Doctor of Veterinary
Medicine (DVM) in March 1995 also in the same university. She passed the
licensure examination in August 1995.
She started her work experience when she was hired as contractual
research assistant in a non-government organization, the Igorot Tribal Assistance
Group (ITAG) after graduation from BSAT in May 1990. In Oct 1996, she was
employed in the Department of Science and Technology, (DOST-CAR) as
science research assistant and in May 1999, she was promoted to data
encoder/controller.
In July 2000, she found the agency fitted for her profession. She was
employed by the City Government of Baguio under the City Veterinary Office. It
Awareness of Foot and Mouth Disease (FMD) and the Extent of Implementation and
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61
was during this time that she decided to pursue her Masters degree in Public
Administration which she started when she was still with DOST-CAR. Finally in
October 2006, she defended her manuscript.
Gladys is married to Police Inspector Johnson D. Bantog II with whom
they are blessed with three kids, Deemugh Agnes, Maria Lila and Johnson III.
Presently, they reside at Purok 5, Upper Brookside, Baguio City.
Awareness of Foot and Mouth Disease (FMD) and the Extent of Implementation and
Problems Encountered in its Control Program in Baguio City / Gladys C. Bantog. 2006
GLADYS C. BANTOG, November 2006. Awareness of Foot and
Mouth Disease (FMD) and the Extent of Implementation and Problems
Encountered in its Control Program in Baguio City. Benguet State University, La
Trinidad, Benguet.
Adviser: Felipe S. Comila, Ed.D.
ABSTRACT
A total of 77 respondents (55 swine raisers and 22 program implementers)
were used in the study. Findings show that program implementers are more
knowledgeable of the causative agent, animals affected, incubation period,
clinical signs, transmission, prevention and treatment of Foot and Mouth Disease
(FMD) than the backyard swine raisers.
The hog raisers perceived that FMD control strategies such as public
awareness, monitoring and surveillance, animal movement management and
vaccination are only partially implemented as against the implementers’
perception that the control strategies are fully implemented.
The backyard swine raisers perceived that problems on lack of funds, lack
of farmers’ cooperation, failure of the farmers to report suspected FMD incidence,
lack of sufficient information and lack of support from the local officials are often
encountered (serious) in FMD control program implementation as against the
perception of the implementers that the problems are always encountered (very
serious).
The perceptions of the hog raisers and control program implementers on
the level of FMD awareness, extent of implementation of control strategies and
degree of seriousness of problems encountered in program implementation are
significantly different when respondents are categorized according to age, gender,
civil status, educational attainment and length of experience.
ii
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
Bibliography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . i
Abstract . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . i
Table of Contents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . iii
INTRODUCTION
Background of the Study. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
Statement of the Problem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
Objectives of the Study . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
Significance of the Study . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
8
Scope and Limitation of the Study . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
Conceptual Framework . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
Hypotheses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . 10
Definition of Terms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
REVIEW OF LITERATURE
Foot and Mouth Disease (FMD) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
Geographical Occurrences of FMD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
14
FMD Control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
17
Economic Significance of FMD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
iii
METHODOLOGY
Locale and Time of the Study . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
Respondents of the Study. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
26
Sampling Technique. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .. . . . .
26
Instrumentation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
26
Data Collection. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
Statistical Analysis. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Respondents Profile . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
29
Level of RMD Awareness . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 30
Extent of Implementation of FMD Control Strategies . . . . . . .
32
Degree of seriousness of problems encountered in
Program implementation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..
33
Differences in the Respondents’ Assessment
on FMD Awareness, level of control program
implementation, degree of seriousness of problems
encountered and Selected Profile. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
a. According to Age . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
35
b. According to Gender . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
c. According to Civil Status . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
d. According to Educational Attainment . . . . . . . . . . . .
42
e. According to Length of Experience . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
iv
SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
48
Findings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
48
Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50
Recommendation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51
LITERATURE CITED . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52
APPENDICES
A. FMD Outbreaks in Luzon from 1998 to 2005 . . . . . . . . . . . .
54
B. FMD Outbreaks in CAR from 1998 to 2005 . . . . . . . . . . . . .
54
C. Premises Affected in CAR FMD Outbreaks . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
D. Sources of FMD Outbreaks in CAR . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
E. Questionnaire . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56
BIBLIOGRAPHICAL SKETCH . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..
60
v
INTRODUCTION
Background of the Study
Livestock is of crucial importance to both household and national
economies of many developing countries. Livestock and their products (mainly
meat, milk and eggs) play a key role as a protein source and contribute to food
security at the household level. In addition, livestock make a major contribution
to rural income generation and often supply important inputs for agriculture in
terms of fertilizer input (manure). Livestock keeping is an agricultural activity in
which the marginalized rural poor can participate in and help improve their
income. Livestock play a more important role in their well being than can be
measured in economic variables.
Livestock production and development in the region has been hampered
due to FMD epidemics in the past few years. Based on the report of the National
FMD Task Force in December 2001, the Cordillera Administrative region ranked
third among the different regions affected with FMD, with the province of
Benguet having the highest number of reported cases
Economic losses due to animal diseases in developing countries are
serious because of the high degree of dependence of many villagers on livestock
for their subsistence. Disease outbreaks such as Foot and Mouth Disease (FMD)
epidemics can compromise the benefits gained from livestock production through
reduced animal productivity. The control or elimination of FMD is therefore
Awareness of Foot and Mouth Disease (FMD) and the Extent of Implementation and
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necessary not only to avoid constant attrition from endemic diseases but also to
pre-empt the periodic devastating losses brought by FMD epidemics and the
constraints to livestock trade in livestock and their products.
According to the Advanced Veterinary Information System, (AVIS,2002)
before attempting to control or eradicate a particular animal disease it is important
to define precisely the objective of any proposed measures. Eradication implies a
policy in which that the presence of possible incursion of the virus is tolerated.
Control implies that the presence of the virus might be tolerated but the effects of
the disease are minimized by vaccinated and other zoosanitary measures. The
choice of policy adapted by a country depends on its disease status and the risk of
incursion of the disease and the methods employed depend upon the prevalence of
the disease in particular regions or states, geographical considerations, and the
desire to eradicate or simply control.
Livestock raisers/handlers should have basic knowledge on FMD
detection and where to report if a case is suspected. Field staff should have
sufficient knowledge regarding FMD and its epidemiology. Field staff should be
able to recognize appropriate actions in case of an outbreak.
The Bureau of Animal Industry (BAI) reported that the height of FMD
epidemic was experienced in 1995, where in the livestock group claimed that they
lost revenue in the amount of PHP2 billion due to reduction in sales and
Awareness of Foot and Mouth Disease (FMD) and the Extent of Implementation and
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consumer’s fear to eat infected pork. A total of 22 provinces in Luzon were hit
with the FMD virus at the time with 98,604 animals reportedly affected.
The National FMD Task Force (NFMDTF) was created at the height of
the FMD epidemic of 1995 and was spearheaded by the FMD Task Force of the
Bureau of Animal Industry Department of Agriculture with major sponsorship
from Australian Agency for International Development (AusAID). One of the
strategies undertaken to eradicate FMD from the country was through localized
approach by strengthening regional FMD control programs of affected areas to
enable them to effectively deal with FMD outbreaks and prevent spread of disease
to other regions.
This coordinated regional FMD control strategy aimed to facilitate the
establishment of FMD-free zones that will facilitate the effective and progressive
control and eventual eradication of FMD in the country. This task force is the
central point of data collection, processing and coordination of activities (Fig. 1).
One of the two special programs of the Food and Agriculture
Organization (FAO) of the United Nations is the Emergency Prevention System
(EMPRES). It was created in 1994 to address the enhancement of food security
and the fight against transboundary animal diseases and plant pests that cause
food shortages, destabilized markets and trigger trade barriers. The NFMDTF of
the Bureau of Animal Industry (BAI) has coined a localized EMPRES based on
FAO’s EMPRES. Included in the Philippine EMPRES are strategies aimed at
Awareness of Foot and Mouth Disease (FMD) and the Extent of Implementation and
Problems Encountered in its Control Program in Baguio City / Gladys C. Bantog. 2006
4
protecting FMD-free areas but is also suitable for implementation in endemic,
protected and surveillance zones.
BAI Director
Animal Health Division
FMD
Task Force Head
Diagnostic
Laboratory
Technical Staff
Coordinators
Coordinators
Coordinators
Coordinators
FMD
FMD Free
Surveillance
Zone
Zone
Region
Region
Region
Region
Region
Region
Region
Region
Fig. 1. The set up of the Philippine National FMD Task Force
The strategy has three phases (1996-98; 1999-2002; 2003-2004) of
increasing control until freedom from FMD can be declared nationally, and
comprises four components: disease monitoring and surveillance, public
awareness (information and education), animal movement management and
vaccination.
Awareness of Foot and Mouth Disease (FMD) and the Extent of Implementation and
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The control of Foot-and-Mouth Disease is primarily in the hands of
government policy-makers in most countries and the approach to disease control
must be considered within local regulations. The issue of disease reporting was an
important one for the disease control campaign. The reported prevalence of the
disease was generally a reflection of disease monitoring activity and passive
surveillance, and probably underestimates the true prevalence in most countries.
There was a strong anecdotal and research evidence of under-reporting of the
incidence of livestock diseases, which can present difficulties in economic
evaluation of disease control programs.
Notification efficiency in the case of FMD in developing countries is
probably quite poor especially so when farmers may not recognize the disease and
if they do may not bother to report cases. There is a need to improve and
strengthen disease reporting in developing countries in order to come up with
reliable data necessary to develop strategic plans for disease control campaigns.
Statement of the Problem
Since FMD is a significant disease of livestock, the challenge is to
understand the impact of the disease at the small enterprise level and
communicate this to national policy makers so that there is appropriate support for
animal health issues in national priority setting. More so, when public
investments are adequate and properly targeted to deliver vital support services
for agriculture to prosper, this creates a lasting, positive impact on the lives of
Awareness of Foot and Mouth Disease (FMD) and the Extent of Implementation and
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farmers which in turn will help accelerate the overall growth and development of
the economy.
This study dealt with the following questions:
1. What is the socio demographic profile of the respondents in terms of:
a. Age
b. Sex/Gender
c. Civil Status
d. Educational Attainment
e. Length of service as backyard swine raiser or FMD control
program implementer
2. What is the level of awareness on FMD of backyard swine raisers and
FMD control program implementers in Baguio City?
3. What is the level of implementation of FMD Control strategies as
perceived by FMD control program implementers and backyard swine
raisers in Baguio City?
4. What is the degree of seriousness of problems encountered in the
implementation of FMD control program as perceived by backyard
swine raisers and control program implementers Baguio City?
5. What are the differences in the perceived level of FMD awareness,
level of implementation of control strategies and degree of seriousness
of problems encountered in program implementation when
Awareness of Foot and Mouth Disease (FMD) and the Extent of Implementation and
Problems Encountered in its Control Program in Baguio City / Gladys C. Bantog. 2006
7
respondents are categorized according to specified profile variables
(age, gender, civil status, educational attainment and length of
experience)?
Objectives of the study
This study had the following objectives:
1. Determine the socio demographic profile of respondents:
2. Determine the level of awareness of FMD as perceived by backyard
swine raisers and FMD Control Program implementers in Baguio City,
3. Determine the level of implementation of FMD Control strategies
as perceived by Program implementers and backyard swine raisers in
Baguio City,
4. Determine the degree of seriousness of problems encountered in the
implementation of FMD Control Program as perceived by backyard
swine raisers and Control Program implementers in Baguio City,
5. Determine the differences in the perceived level of FMD awareness,
level of implementation of control strategies and degree of seriousness
of problems encountered in program implementation when
respondents are categorized according to specified profile variables
(age, gender, civil status, educational attainment and length of
experience).
Awareness of Foot and Mouth Disease (FMD) and the Extent of Implementation and
Problems Encountered in its Control Program in Baguio City / Gladys C. Bantog. 2006
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Significance of the Study
The result of the study will help evaluate the FMD Control program in
Baguio City. It will determine the strength and weaknesses of the strategies in
FMD control. It will serve as a reference for program implementers for future
strategies in controlling FMD.
It is also important to evaluate the regional FMD control and eradication
program to see how far it has contributed in the achievement of this goal.
Moreover, since the eradication program was public funded, it should yield a
positive economic benefit to justify the intervention.
Scope and Limitation of the Study
This study assessed the perceptions of backyard swine raisers and FMD
control program implementers on the level FMD awareness, level of
implementation of control strategies and degree of seriousness of problems
encountered in program implementation. This study was administered to
specified respondents in the City of Baguio.
Conceptual Framework
This study was conceptualized with the end view of assessing the
perception of backyard swine raisers and control program implementers on the
level of FMD awareness, implementation of control strategies and degree of
seriousness of problems encountered in program implementation in Baguio City
Awareness of Foot and Mouth Disease (FMD) and the Extent of Implementation and
Problems Encountered in its Control Program in Baguio City / Gladys C. Bantog. 2006
9
Independent
Intervening
Dependent
Variables
Variables
Variables
1. Profile of
1. Administrative
1. Level of awareness on
respondents
support in the
FMD of swine raisers and
a. Age
implementation of
program implementers
b. Gender
FMD Control
2. Level of implementation
c. Civil Status
2. Cooperation of
of FMD control
farmers and
3. Degree of seriousness of
d. Educational
Attainment
implementers
problems encountered in the
e. Length of
3. Financial and
implementation of FMD
service
technical support
control strategies
2. Features and
from government
4. Comparison of the level
description of FMD
and non-
of awareness, level of
3. Strategies in FMD
government
implementation of control
Control
organizations
strategies and the degree of
4. Problems
seriousness of problems
encountered in the
encountered as perceived by
program implementation
respondents when
categorized according to
profile variables
Fig. 2. Paradigm of the Study
The nationwide implementation of FMD Control Program started in 1995
with the general objective of controlling and eventually eradicating FMD in the
Philippines. It is therefore expected that the program would serve and meet the
expected needs of the community and to attain its objectives, several strategies
have been identified. To fully implement the program, there is a need to
understand the disease. Cooperation of the community particularly the swine
raisers is also enjoined.
Awareness of Foot and Mouth Disease (FMD) and the Extent of Implementation and
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Hypotheses
1. There is a significant difference in the level of FMD awareness of
control program implementers compared to backyard swine raisers in
Baguio City.
2. There is a significant difference in the level of implementation of
FMD Control Program in Baguio City as perceived by backyard swine
raisers compared to implementers’ perception.
3. There is a significant difference between the perception of backyard
swine raisers and FMD control program implementers in the degree of
seriousness of problems encountered in the implementation of FMD
Control Program Baguio City
4. There are significant differences in the level of FMD awareness,
level of implementation of control strategies and degree of
seriousness of problems encountered in program implementation
when respondents are categorized according to specified profile
variables (age, gender, civil status, educational attainment and length
of experience).
Definition of Terms
FMD Control Program Implementers - includes personnel from the Baguio City
Veterinary Office, National Meat Inspection Services (NMIS- CAR) and from the
Awareness of Foot and Mouth Disease (FMD) and the Extent of Implementation and
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Department of Agriculture (DA-CAR), Livestock sector who play a role in the
implementation of FMD Control Strategies in Baguio City
Backyard Swine Raisers - include residents of Baguio City who are raising
swine (pigs).
Level of Awareness - the extent to which the implementers and beneficiaries
understand FMD.
Level of implementation – the extent to which the implementers and beneficiaries
rate the execution of FMD Control Strategies.
Degree of seriousness of problems -the gravity of the problems encountered in
program implementation as perceived by the respondents
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REVIEW OF LITERATURE
Foot and Mouth Disease(FMD)
The name refers to the parts of the body that are visibly affected by the
disease, that is, the feet and the mouth. Foot and mouth disease (FMD) is an acute,
highly contagious viral disease, mainly (but not exclusively) of cloven-hoofed mammals
(cattle, sheep, goats, deer, pigs, camels), which is characterized by the formation of
lesions (initially vesicles, later erosions) on the feet and mouth (leading to lameness,
salivation and unwillingness to eat), high fever, and sometimes a fatal myocarditis
particularly in juveniles (Merchant, 1981).
The causative agent of FMD is an apthovirus belonging to the family
Picornaviridae. It is a small RNA virus which is very infectious, multiplying in and
causing damage to cells throughout the body of susceptible animals, and which can
survive in the environment for some time. There are seven different serotypes (A, O, C,
SAT1, SAT2, SAT3, Asia1), each of which can produce Foot-and-Mouth disease. Of the
seven strains, O appears to be the most common and C the least common Once an animal
has had FMD caused by one serotype, it is still susceptible to attacks by the other
serotypes and major different strains within the same serotype. Likewise, each serotype
or major strain must be vaccinated against separately (Blood, 1983).
Foot-and-Mouth Disease virus replicates very rapidly inside an infected
animal and clinical signs usually develop within two weeks (recorded up to three
weeks), quite often as little as two days after infection.
The time taken for
clinical signs to become visible varies within the above range depending on:
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(a) virus dose, animals exposed to a higher dose may develop clinical signs earlier, (b)
virus strain, some strains are much more invasive and cause more tissue damage earlier,
and may affect different species to different degrees, (c) how the virus enters the animal's
body, experimental injection of the virus usually causes clinical signs to develop earlier,
and (d) animal species or breed infected the time taken for clinical signs to develop
in different species may vary, even if the animals are exposed to the same strain
of virus under similar conditions.
Transmission of FMD virus is generally by contact between susceptible and
infected animals. Ninety five percent of FMD outbreaks were probably the result of
direct contact between infected and susceptible animals (AVIS, 2002). The virus can
transfer to susceptible animals through the respiratory tract (inhalation of contaminated
aerosol droplets), oral route (ingestion of contaminated feeds, milk) and contact with
contaminated equipments (fomites) and personnel. All excretions from infected animals
contained virus, and may present in milk and semen up to 4 days before clinical signs
appear. FMD virus can survive in a dry fecal material fro 14 days in summer, in slurry
up to 6 months in winter, in urine for 39 days and on soil between 3 (summer) and 28
days (winter)
Explosive FMD epidemics can occur due to several factors like; (a) a diverse
host range, which includes all domestic and wild cloven hoofed animals, (b) a low
infectious dose regimen, (c) high titer virus excretion, especially aerosols from infected
pigs, (d) relative environmental stability as non-enveloped virus, (e) multiple
transmission routes, including oral, inhalation and transepithelial, (f) a short incubation
period.
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The commonly seen clinical signs of active FMD infection is the
formation of vesicles or blisters on the skin and mucous membranes (which may
appear and rupture within 48 hours post-infection), separation of the hoof from
underlying tissue, unwillingness to eat, dullness, salivation, lameness, swelling
and pain of the udder, reduced milk yield, fever, weight loss and abortion .
Additional clinical signs which maybe seen in young animals and in very
susceptible animals include diarrhea, weak irregular pulse, difficulty in breathing,
convulsions and sudden death (Merchant, 1981).
Definitive diagnosis of FMD is usually based on the detection of the virus
or virus antigens using serological tests. Isolation of the virus is generally carried
out on epithelium from intact vesicles (blisters), fluid from vesicles, or the tags of
epithelium from the edges of ruptured vesicles. Blood may also be tested for the
presence of the virus (Fraser 1991).
Prevention of epidemics is carried out through various preventive and
control measures including vaccination, environment control measures through
cleaning and disinfection and population control measures through quarantine
activities and stamping out (AVIS, 2002).
Geographical Occurrences of FMD
According to the Office International des Epizooties (OIE), 2002, FMD is
a relatively common disease. It is listed in the Category A of Animal Diseases.
This list includes all transmissible animal diseases that have the potential for very
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serious and rapid spread, irrespective of national borders, that are of serious socio-
economic or public health consequences and are of major importance in the
international trade of animals and animal products. In 1999, more than 60
countries reported outbreaks. The disease in endemic in the Far East Asia, the
Indian Continent, Central Africa and south America. In Europe, there are
occasional outbreaks of FMD. A large FMD outbreak that occurred in Britain in
1967 resulted in the sacrifice of more than 400,000 animals. Recent occurrences
of FMD include the large outbreak in EU (particularly United Kingdom) in
February 2001, which caused the slaughter of more than 2.3 million animals, and
the related small outbreak in Ireland, France and Netherlands.
At the international level, FMD is one of the most feared viral diseases of
export-oriented livestock industries around the world because of its impact on
trade animals and animal products into high value market. The loss of these
markets, particularly prime export markets, may have very serious financial
implications. As an example, Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Paraguay and Uraguay
exported 500,000 tons of chilled and frozen deboned beef in 1989 against receipts
of US$1.3 million. Had this beef been exported with bones to the prime markets
(USA and Japan) on the basis of the acknowledged FMD-free status of the region,
it was estimated that an additional US$1.5 billion would have been received
(AVIS, 2002).
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Historically, the FMD virus was first reported in the Philippines in June
30,1902 by the City Veterinarian of Manila as a result of the importation of beef
cattle from Hongkong to Manila. During the years prior to the Second World
War, the disease was recorded virtually every year, but only in ruminants. The
first outbreak in pigs was recorded in 1955. The first major outbreak of FMD in
the country occurred in Sorsogon and Bukidnon in 1920 and after this, the disease
became widespread in the Philippines . Sporadic cases were then observed in
Luzon provinces. (Benigno, et.al. 2002)
In August 1994, a team from BAI investigated an alleged FMD outbreak
in Tadian, Mt. Province. Serum collected from the animals in the vicinity reacted
positively to type A antibody. The area was put under observation but no clinical
disease of FMD was observed. In March 1995, FMD outbreaks were widespread
in Region II, Region I, and Region III. This time Benguet was also affected. The
following month Abra was also hit.
On December 1, 2005, by virtue of Administrative Order No. 36 of
Department of Agriculture, Regions I, Cordillera Administrative Region (CAR),
except Benguet (including Baguio) and the Province of Aurora were declared
FMD free zones with vaccination; and the provinces of Bataan, Tarlac,
Pampanga, Zambales, Cavite, Quezon and Rizal as protected zones.
Lantican (2006) reported that year 2006 looks promising for the National
FMD Task Force, as no outbreak has been reported for the months of January and
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February. In 2005, a total of seven (7) outbreaks were recorded in January while
February had the highest number of outbreaks with nineteen (19). FMD cases
are usually observed to increase during the first quarter because of the cool
temperature and occasional rainfall, which provide a suitable condition foe the
survival of the FMD virus
FMD Control
One of the notable project of the NFMDTF was the school on the (SOA)
program which is a mass media based public awareness campaign that has been
successful at imparting practical information to farmers with regards to animal
production and disease management. From August 1998 to January 1999, a total
of 472 participants coming from the different province sin the region graduated
from the SOA program. The program laid the foundation for the establishment of
provincial FMD Special Watch and Action team (SWAT) that participated in
disease control activities. The Baguio City SWAT was recognized during the 3rd
Annual Recognition Rites of the AusAID FAO FMD control project because of
its active membership and continuous participation in FMD control.
Alcos, et.al. 2002 mentioned that communication management is the
organized handling of information, resources and strategies in a given situation
that would bring about desired changes in a community. The information,
education and communication campaign of the NFMDTF evolved into a more
comprehensive approach that communication management. It contributed to the
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success of technical campaigns of the program on vaccination, herd-immunity
exercises and the task of reaching the grass root farmers to increase their
knowledge about FMD
According to Benigno (2001), Public awareness should be extensive
before and during a possible FMD outbreak. It was apparent that handling
information is vital to the implementation of an animal health program.
Information component is always the complementary activity to all the technical
components . In previous years public awareness activities occupied the last rung
of the disease control strategy, this time, it enjoys priority second however to
disease monitoring. This shift came about when it became apparent that an
informed public is easier to mobilize in terms of campaigning for preventive
measures to be implemented.
Low success rate could be attributed to poor people participation. Poor
people participation is not due to low enthusiasm but is attributed to a lack of
understanding of what the program is all about. An informed public means higher
participation and eventually would lead to the successful implementation of the
program, thus experts in the field of communication have resorted to the use of
conventional media namely print, television and radio.
Crucial to any disease control activity is availability of precise and prompt
data on the status of the disease. This is vital for day to day assessment of the
status of the disease. Disease control strategies like where to put up checkpoints
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and where to conduct vaccination will depend on information where the disease
is. This information is made available only if there is effective disease
surveillance system. The objective of the FMD monitoring and surveillance are :
(a) to study the pattern/behavior of FMD in the field , (b) to identify factors
which influence its occurrence and spread, (c) to quantify economic losses due to
this disease, and (d) to get inputs in making feasible disease control strategies
Quarantine is a much older strategy than vaccination or even treatment
because it was used long before infectious agents were identified. For diseases
that are highly infectious, which means they rapidly spread from one animal to
animal such-- as FMD, quarantine is vital and often the only way of controlling
the spread of the disease.
The movement of infected animals is considered to be the most common
means by which the disease is spread and the control of animal movements is a
vital part of controlling FMD. When infected animals, including those which are
early in the course of the disease and are not yet showing clinical signs, are
moved from one premises to another, they are brought close to uninfected
animals. Virus on the breath from these animals easily crosses the short gap to
other animals in the same barn, pen or field, particularly when gathered close
together, for example around troughs or in milking parlors. Virus in the saliva,
urine, feces etc. of infected animals may also enter other animals through, for
example, minor breaks in the skin (AVIS. 2002).
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Infected animals may also infect susceptible animals while closely
confined in vehicles during transport, and in markets. Spread of infection in
markets is of great importance in the spread of the disease, because a few diseased
animals entering a market may infect large numbers of animals which are then
transported back to different properties, where they may in turn infect the
livestock on those properties. Virus in the air and on the walls, floor and ceiling of
livestock lorries, may also infect animals transported in the lorry after infected
animals have been transported
Donaldson as quoted by Benigno et. al (2002) mentioned that the aim of
FMD vaccination is to protect animals against production losses. While vaccine
is not an assurance against FMD, it could be considered as a weapon against the
disease.
Some people have suggest that the simple way to eradicate FMD would be
to just vaccinate every pig in the Philippines and it would disappear. Well
unfortunately, things are not that simple for the so many reasons. (a) cost - FMD
vaccine is expensive from 23.oo to 29.00 a dose plus labor costs. A broad scale
vaccination program would be very expensive. Also, the vaccine does not
provide lifelong immunity so would have to be repeated every 6 months.
Based on the record of the Department of Agriculture, Cordillera
Administrative Region Field Unit (DA-CARFU), a total of 19,993 hogs were
vaccinated during the massive vaccination on FMD in 1998 in Baguio City.
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In the FMD epidemic of 1995, a total of 98,604 FMD cases were reported
with outbreaks totaling to 1,553. Massive vaccination campaigns were conducted
throughout Luzon with total of 1,196,035 animals vaccinated.
Perry as quoted by Llanera (2002) mentioned that investing public funds
for FMD eradication would mean good investment on the part of the government.
Improved livestock production and increased export potential are the main
benefits of FMD eradication
Webb (2000), stressed that making use of the numerous, normal and
regular visits to Barangays by field staff, to demonstrate and document that “there
is no evidence nor suspicion of FMD”, is an essential part of the Control and
Eradication program. Negative Barangay monitoring is also an important toll to
use in endemically infected areas. This information not only identifies specific
areas for immediate action but also provide extra confidence that all outbreaks
have been identified in a specific area.
Benigno, et.al (2002) found out in their research in Laguna, that there is a
critical proportion that farmers do not report outbreaks on time or do not report at
all. There is obvious lack of cooperation among hog raisers which could hinder
the government’s control and eradication program against FMD including the
assessment of the real situation in the country. Their study also found out that
farmers who experienced an FMD outbreak were not able to manage well the
infected animals. Most farmers tend to treat the animals while some would dispos
Awareness of Foot and Mouth Disease (FMD) and the Extent of Implementation and
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of the dead animals in various ways that usually contribute to further spread of the
disease.
Economic significance of FMD
The national and international consequences of FMD are often considered
to be of greatest importance because of the widely publicized impact of FMD on
the export of livestock and livestock products from affected countries. Serious
outbreaks may disrupt and reduce the local production of animal products to the
extent that a country needs to import heavily to meet local needs. The market
prices of animals and animal products may rise or fall dramatically following an
outbreak, an example being that of the Philippines in 1995 were pork prices
halved because of an erroneous rumor that FMD-contaminated meat was able to
infect man (Avis 2002)
For meat animals, FMD infection can cause lower rates of live weight
gain. Affected animals will often require 10 to 20% longer to reach maturity
which would mean that affected 3 year-old beef cattle would need an additional
months of feeding and maintenance to reach the maturity. In the case of fattening
pigs, growth maybe retarded for 1-2 months and British data predict a reduction
of 20% per annum in pig meat production under endemic conditions
Losses due to FMD occur in many ways, although loss of production, the
expense of eradication and the interference with movement of the livestock and
meat between countries are the most important economic effects. Although the
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disease is not a killing one (the mortality rate in adults is only 2% and in young
stock 20%), animals are severely affected during acute stages of the disease and
the period of convalescence is so prolonged that production, both meat and milk is
seriously impaired (Blood, 1983)
The impact of FMD can be manifested in different forms that can threaten
the local, national, and international agricultural economies of the country. Local
consequences of FMD include immediate and longer term effect on animal
productivity and usefulness and high mortality rates in young animals. Breeding
animals may experience increased abortion rates up to 10% in animal infected
during pregnancy and average delays in conception of 8 weeks had been reported.
Dairy cattle often suffer an immediate 50 to 60%% loss of milk production, due to
infection of the glandular epithelium, which is not recovered for the remainder of
the lactation period. In addition, the udder may develop secondary infections and
mastitis, leading to a permanent partial or total loss of milk production.
Consequently, FMD in dairy cattle effected not only short and medium term milk
productivity but often leads to the need to cull prematurely (Avis, 2002)
Researchers in the field of animal health management have come up with
different modeling techniques used to provide information to help decision-
makers optimize animal health management. Various statistical and economic
models had been developed and used to come up the appropriate livestock and
disease control strategies. Cost-benefit analysis may be used to attempt to
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quantify all of the financial consequences of the disease and relate these to full
costs of a control or eradication program ( including labor, transport, materials,
etc.) Costs of routine control included annual vaccination, emergency
vaccination, loss of production, and loss of export earnings in endemic countries.
In FMD-free countries, control costs consisted of maintenance of border control,
routine surveillance and maintenance of strategic vaccine banks. In the case of an
outbreak in FMD-free countries, costs then included costs of slaughter,
compensation for slaughter, loss of export earnings, interference with internal
trade/production and possibly vaccine use.
Another study conducted in 1983 by Australia and the Association of
South East Asian Nations (ASEAN) to assess the economic impact of FMD in
Southeast Asia reported a BCR of 5:1 for the beef industry alone over a 30 year
period following FMD eradication in Thailand. Similarly, a BCR of 7:1 was
calculated for the pig industry of the Philippines over 30 years following FMD
eradication.
In 1997, FAO undertook an economic impact analysis of FMD in the
production systems of Laos, Vietnam, and Cambodia. The results of the study
illustrated the contrasting impacts of FMD on different production systems. In
the village cattle/buffalo system of Laos, an average return to FMD control per
head was calculated to range from US$0.2 to US$0.5 depending on FMD
incidence. In the small dairy system of Vietnam, FMD control was reported to
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produce a benefit of US$ 9 to US$ 29 per cow with resulting increase of 7% to
24% in gross margin. For the pig industry of Cambodia, FAO reported an
improved gross margin of US$ 7.50 per cow and US$ 1.50 per finished pig in
fattening units, which account to 24 % improvement of the gross margin.
Dumapis (2002), found out that economic cost-benefit analysis of the
FMD control program in Benguet revealed positive economic gains with respect
to the economic contribution and welfare of the livestock producers in the region.
Positive economic indicators were calculated for the Net Present Value (NPR),
Internal Rate of Return (IRR) and Benefit-Cost Ratio (BCR) which indicate the
profitability of the program
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METHODOLOGY
Locale and time of the Study
The study was conducted in Baguio City from June to August 2006.
Respondents of the Study
The
respondents
included 55 backyard swine raisers in Baguio City and 22
program implementers from the Department of Agriculture, Baguio City
Veterinary Office, and National Meat Inspection Services.
Sampling Technique
Primary data was gathered from backyard swine raisers and control
program implementers using a questionnaire.
Instrumentation
A questionnaire was used to gather pertinent information from swine
raisers and from program implementers. The questionnaire was pre-tested using a
small representative to check the relevance of the question.
Data Collection
A combination of primary and secondary data was used in the research
study. Secondary data was used to provide background information for the
research. Secondary data was taken from published and unpublished reports of
program implementers such as the City Veterinary Office, Department of
Awareness of Foot and Mouth Disease (FMD) and the Extent of Implementation and
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Agriculture – Regional Office, Bureau of Animal Industry-National FMD Task
Force, Bureau of Agricultural Statistics.
Primary data was obtained from interviews using questionnaires for swine
raisers and program implementers.
Statistical Analysis
The analysis of variance was employed in the comparison between hog-raisers’
and implementers’ level of awareness regarding FMD and extent of implementation of
the control measures of FMD. The test was computed using the formula given below:
roup
MSBetweenG
F =
.
c
oup
MSWithinGr
To obtain the computed F-value, the following preliminary computations
were done:
1. Sum of Squares
Y 2
Correction Factor = CF
..
=
n
Total Sum of Squares = ∑∑Y 2 − CF
ij
Y 2
Between Group Sum of Squares =
i
∑ . −CF
ni
Within Group Sum of Squares = (Total Sum of Squares) –
(Between Group Sum of Squares)
2. Degree of Freedom
Total df = n-1 (df means degrees of freedom, n is the total number
of respondents)
Awareness of Foot and Mouth Disease (FMD) and the Extent of Implementation and
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Group df = p-1 (p is the number of groups under the comparison)
Error df = ∑(n − )
1 (n
i
i is the number of respondents in the ith
group)
3. Mean Squares
.
upSum
BetweenGro
of .Squares
MSBetweenGroup =
( p − )
1
WithinGrou
.
pSum of .Squares
MSWithinGroup =
∑
(n − )
1
i
4. Computed F-value
roup
MSBetweenG
F =
.
c
oup
MSWithinGr
where
Yi. = total of the ith group
Y i = mean of the ith group = Yi./ni
Y.. = grand total
Y .. = grand mean = Y../n
roup
MSBetweenG
Under the null hypothesis, the quantity
has an
oup
MSWithinGr
approximate value under the F-distribution. Thus, the null hypothesis will be
rejected if Fc ≥ Fα,(Trt df, Error df) otherwise accept Ho.
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RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Respondents’ Profile
The hog raisers’ and the implementers’ profile are presented in Table 1. A
big number of hog raisers are from 41 to 60 years old (45.45 %); most are females
(56.36%); married (78.18 %) ; and with high school education (43.64 %). Majority
of the hog-raisers have been in the business for almost 11 years or more (40.00 %).
Table 1.Distribution of respondents by profile
HOG-RAISER IMPLEMENTER
RESPONDENT’S PROFILE
Number Percent Number Percent
Age:
21 – 40 years
20
36.36
17
77.27
41 – 60 years
25
45.45
4
29.00
61 years and above
10
18.18
1
11.00
Gender:
Male
24
43.64
8
36.36
Female
31
56.36
14
63.64
Civil Status:
Single
5
9.09
12
54.55
Married
43
78.18
10
45.45
Widowed
7
12.73
-
-
Educational Attainment:
Elementary
15
27.27
-
-
High School
24
43.64
-
-
College
16
29.09
22
100.00
Number of Years as Swine
Raiser/ Implementer:
5 years and below
18
32.73
9
40.91
6 – 10 years
15
27.27
7
31.82
11 years and above
22
40.00
6
27.27
On the other hand, majority of the implementers are in their 20’s to early
40’s (48.05 %). Most of them are also females (58.44%), unmarried (54.55 %)
Awareness of Foot and Mouth Disease (FMD) and the Extent of Implementation and
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and college graduate (100 %). Their services as implementer of FMD control
ranged from 1 year to more than 11 years, the majority are on their fifth year of
service.
Level of FMD Awareness
Table 2. Perceived level of awareness of the hog raisers and control program
implementers.
FOOT AND MOUTH
HOG RAISER
IMPLEMENTER
DISEASE
Verbal
Verbal
Mean
Rating
Mean
Rating
Causative agent
2.16b PA 2.95a FA
Animals affected
2.42b PA 3.00a FA
Incubation period
1.91b PA 2.91a FA
Clinical signs
2.18b
PA 2.86a
FA
Transmission
2.23b
PA 2.93a
FA
Prevention
2.16b
PA 2.95a
FA
Treatment
2.13b PA 2.95 a FA
General Weighted Mean
2.17
PA
2.94
FA
F-value
8.56**
Probability
0.000
Means with the same letter do not differ significantly (LSD)
** – highly significant at 1 % level of significance
Legend: Limit Extent Verbal Rating
2.50-3.0
3
Fully Aware (FA)
1.50-2.49
2
Partially Aware (PA)
1.00-1.49
1
Not Aware (NA)
The hog raisers’ assessment on the extent of awareness on the FMD was
generally low as compared to the implementers’ assessment of their knowledge
on FMD (Table 2). The numerical rating of 2.16 for causative agent; 2.42 for
animals affected; 1.91 for incubation period; 2.18 for clinical signs; 2.23 for
Awareness of Foot and Mouth Disease (FMD) and the Extent of Implementation and
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transmission; 2.16 for prevention and 2.13 for treatment were all considered lower
as compared to the implementers’ knowledge on causative agent (2.95), animals
affected (3.00), incubation period of FMD (2.91); clinical signs (2.86);
transmission (2.93); prevention (2.95) and treatment of FMD (2.95). Overall, the
hog-raisers are partially aware while the implementers are fully aware of FMD in
hogs.
The computed F-value of 8.56 was found highly significant at 1 percent
level. This indicates that hog raisers’ knowledge on FMD is much lower than the
implementers’ knowledge about FMD. Thus the hypothesis that there is a
significant difference in the level of FMD awareness between control program
implementers and backyard swine raisers in Baguio City is accepted.
This finding corroborates the result of the research of Benigno, et. al
(2002) conducted in Laguna wherein majority of the respondents (93%) do not
have sufficient knowledge on FMD.
The findings also show that despite the success of the school on the air
(SOA) program of the National FMD Task force in 1999, farmers need to be
continuously informed about animal production especially on disease
management
Awareness of Foot and Mouth Disease (FMD) and the Extent of Implementation and
Problems Encountered in its Control Program in Baguio City / Gladys C. Bantog. 2006
32
Extent of Implementation of
FMD Control Strategies
The extent of implementation of foot and mouth disease control strategies
in hogs is shown in Table 3. Making the people aware of the FMD obtained
mean rating of 2.02 from the hog raisers and 2.58 from the implementers.
Table 3. Perceived extent of the implementation of FMD control strategies
HOG RAISER
IMPLEMENTER
Control Strategies
Verbal
Verbal
Mean
Rating
Mean
Rating
Public awareness
2.02b PI 2.58a FI
Disease monitoring/surveillance
1.77b
PI 2.59a
FI
Animal movement management
2.16b
PI 2.86a
FI
Vaccination 2.25b PI 2.68 a FI
General Weighted Mean
2.05
PI
2.68
FI
F-value
9.27**
Probability
0.000
Means with the same letter do not differ significantly (LSD)
** – highly significant at 1 % level of significance
Legend: Limit Extent Verbal Rating
2.50-3.0
5
Fully Implemented (FI)
1.50-2.49
2 Partially
Implemented
PE)
1.00-1.49
1
Not Implemented (NE)
The FMD monitoring and evaluation earned mean rating of 1.77 from
hog-raisers, and 2.59 from the implementers. The animal movement
management was given mean ratings of 2.16 and 2.86 by the hog-raisers and
implementers, respectively. Lastly, vaccination obtained mean rating of 2.25 and
2.68 from the hog-raisers and implementers, respectively. General assessments of
Awareness of Foot and Mouth Disease (FMD) and the Extent of Implementation and
Problems Encountered in its Control Program in Baguio City / Gladys C. Bantog. 2006
33
the implementation of FMD control measures differ significantly between hog-
raisers and implementers. The hog-raisers are only partially knowledgeable as
compared to the implementers who are fully knowledgeable of the
implementation of the program on the control of FMD.
An F-value of 9.27 with an associated probability of 0.00 indicates that
hog-raisers are less knowledgeable on the control strategies implemented by
concerned agencies. Based on the findings, the hypothesis that there is a
significant difference in the extent of implementation of control program among
backyard swine raisers and control program implementers is accepted.
The findings show that despite the massive vaccination campaign
conducted in Baguio City in 1998, and the recognition of the Baguio City FMD
Special Watch and Action Team (SWAT) for its active and continuous
participation in FMD control in 1999, many farmers are not yet fully aware of the
control strategies being undertaken by concerned agencies.
Degree of Seriousness of the
Problems Encountered in
Program Implementation
The degree of seriousness of problems encountered in program
implementation as perceived by respondents is presented in Table 4. Lack of
funds, lack of farmers’ cooperation, failure of the farmers’ to report FMD
incidence, lack of information and lack of support were rated differently by both
respondents. The verbal description of the ratings assigned by the hog-raisers
Awareness of Foot and Mouth Disease (FMD) and the Extent of Implementation and
Problems Encountered in its Control Program in Baguio City / Gladys C. Bantog. 2006
34
were only serious but for the implementers, the problems encountered in the
implementation of the control measures are all very serious except for the
problem on lack of sufficient information which was considered serious only.
The backyard swine raisers gave the highest rating to the problem on lack of
sufficient information while the control program implementers gave the highest
rating to the problem on failure of farmers to report suspected incidence.
Table 4. Perceived degree of seriousness of problems encountered in FMD
control program implementation
HOG RAISER IMPLEMENTER
PROBLEMS
Verbal
Verbal
Mean Rating Mean
Rating
Lack of funds
2.05a S 2.58a VS
Lack of farmers’ cooperation
1.93a
S 2.59a
VS
Failure of farmers to report the incidence 1.91b
S 2.86a
VS
Lack of farmers’ sufficient information
2.34a
S 1.82a
S
Lack of support from local officials
1.76a S 2.68 a VS
General Weighted Mean
2.00
S
2.51
VS
F-value
5.00**
Probability
0.062
Means with the same letter do not differ significantly (LSD)
** – highly significant at 1 % level of significance
Legend: Limit Extent Verbal Rating
2.50-3.0
5
Very Serious (VS)
1.50-2.49
2
Serious (S)
1.00-1.49
1
Not Serious (NS)
Based on the findings, there is a need to accept the assumption that there
is a significant difference in the degree of seriousness of problems encountered in
program implementation as perceived by backyard swine raisers and control
Awareness of Foot and Mouth Disease (FMD) and the Extent of Implementation and
Problems Encountered in its Control Program in Baguio City / Gladys C. Bantog. 2006
35
program implementers, except for the problem on lack of sufficient information,
which was rated similarly by both groups.
These findings support the findings of Benigno, et. al, 2002, that there is a
critical proportion that farmers do not report outbreaks on time or do not report at
all. The lack of cooperation among hog raisers could hinder the government’s
control and eradication program against FMD including the assessment of the real
situation in the country.
Perceived Extent of FMD Awareness , Level of
Implementation of Control Program and
Degree of Seriousness of Problems
Encountered According to
Specified Profile
According to Age
Table 5 presents perceived extent of FMD awareness, level of
implementation of control program and degree of seriousness of problems
encountered in program implementation according to age of respondents.
The extent of knowledge on FMD of the hog raisers and control program
implementers at different age grouping on the causative agent, the animals
affected, the incubation period, the clinical signs, transmission, prevention and
treatment differ significantly among the three age groups (21 to 40, 41 to 60, and
60 and above). The computed F-values with the associated probabilities below
the 1 % level of significance evidently support the above findings that hog raisers
are less knowledgeable than implementers.
Awareness of Foot and Mouth Disease (FMD) and the Extent of Implementation and
Problems Encountered in its Control Program in Baguio City / Gladys C. Bantog. 2006
36
Table 5. Perceived extent of FMD awareness, level of implementation of control
program and degree of seriousness of problems encountered in program
implementation according to age
Foot and Mouth
AGE
F-
Disease
GROUP
21-40 41-60
61&Up
value Prob
A. FMD Awareness
Causative agent
Hog Raiser
2.10 2.28 2.00
Implementer
2.84 3.00 3.00
4.71** .0009
Animals affected
Hog Raiser
2.25 2.52 2.50
Implementer
3.00 3.00 3.00
3.10* .0139
Incubation period Hog Raiser
1.85 1.96 1.90
Implementer
2.88 3.00 3.00
9.34** .0001
Clinical signs
Hog Raiser
2.12 2.27 2.10
Implementer
2.86 3.00 3.00
9.48** .0001
Transmission
Hog Raiser
2.05 2.38 2.20
Implementer
2.91 3.00 3.00
3.92** .0034
Prevention
Hog Raiser
2.15 2.24 2.00
Implementer
2.94 3.00 3.00
4.04** .0028
Treatment
Hog Raiser
2.20 2.08 2.10
Implementer
2.94 3.00 3.00
5.03** .0005
B. Implementation of Control Strategies
Public awareness
Hog Raiser
1.88 1.99 2.36
Implementer
2.62 2.55 2.00
6.34** .0001
Monitoring/
Hog Raiser
1.68 1.74 2.05
Surveillance
Implementer
2.65 2.50 2.00
7.12** .0001
Animal movement
Hog Raiser
2.12 2.06 2.50
management
Implementer
2.94 2.75 2.00
5.75** .0002
Vaccination
Hog Raiser
2.40 2.12 2.30
Implementer
2.76 2.50 2.00
1.39ns .2367
C. Degree of seriousness of problems
Lack of funds
Swine Raiser
2.15 2.00 2.00
Implementer
2.18 1.00 2.14
0.47ns .8008
Lack of farmers’
Swine Raiser
2.00 1.96 1.70
cooperation
Implementer
2.18 2.75 2.00
1.18ns .3295
Failure of farmers to Swine Raiser
1.85 2.00 1.80
report incidence Implementer
2.29 2.50 2.00
1.04ns .4017
Lack of farmers’
Swine Raiser
2.10 2.24 2.50
sufficient information Implementer
2.12 2.25 2.00
0.55ns .7352
Lack of support from Swine Raiser
1.80 1.84 1.50
local officials
Implementer
1.82 2.00 1.00
0.54ns .7489
** – highly significant at 1 % level of significance; *- significant at 5% level of significance; ns - not significant
Awareness of Foot and Mouth Disease (FMD) and the Extent of Implementation and
Problems Encountered in its Control Program in Baguio City / Gladys C. Bantog. 2006
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Thus, the assumption that there is a significant difference in the perceived
level of FMD when respondents are grouped according to age is accepted.
The 21-40 and the 41-60 years old hog raisers’ perception on the
implementation of information campaign about FMD, monitoring and evaluation
of the disease, management of animal movement were found to be significantly
lower than the 21-40 and the 41-60 years old implementers perception. However,
the extent of implementation of information campaign about FMD, monitoring
and evaluation of the disease, management of animal movement as perceived by
the 61 or more years old hog raisers are higher than the perceived extent by the 61
or more years old program implementers. The computed F- values for the
different control strategies except vaccination support the rejection of the
assumption of equal extent of implementation of the information campaign about
FMD, monitoring and surveillance of the disease, and animal movement
management.
The computed F-values with the associated probabilities are higher than
the 5 % level of significance reveal that the hog-raisers’ and the implementers’
perception on the degree of seriousness of the different problems encountered in
the implementation of the FMD program are similar in all age group. Lack of
funds, lack of farmers’ cooperation, failure of the farmers’ to report FMD
incidence, lack of information and lack of support were rated similarly by both the
hog raisers and the implementers grouped according to age. This findings support
Awareness of Foot and Mouth Disease (FMD) and the Extent of Implementation and
Problems Encountered in its Control Program in Baguio City / Gladys C. Bantog. 2006
38
the rejection of the hypothesis that there is a significant difference in the
perception of backyard swine raisers and control program implementers in the
degree of seriousness of problems encountered in program implementation.
According to Gender
The extent of FMD awareness, level of implementation of control program
and degree of seriousness of problems encountered in program implementation
according to gender is presented in Table 6.
The computed F-values for the causative agent of FMD, affected animals,
incubation period, clinical signs, transmission, prevention and treatment of FMD
were all significant at 1% level of significance.
The male and the female hog raisers’ perception on the implementation
of information campaign about FMD, monitoring and evaluation of the disease,
management of animal movement were found to be significantly lower than the
male and the female implementers’ perception. However, the extent of
implementation of vaccination as perceived by the male and female hog raisers
are at par with the perceived extent by the male and female implementers.
The computed F-values for the different control strategies indicate that
there are differences in the perceived extent of implementation of the different
control strategies between hog raisers and implementers, thus, the assumptions of
equal extent of implementation of the information campaign about FMD,
Awareness of Foot and Mouth Disease (FMD) and the Extent of Implementation and
Problems Encountered in its Control Program in Baguio City / Gladys C. Bantog. 2006
39
Table 6. Perceived extent of FMD awareness, level of implementation of control
program and degree of seriousness of problems encountered in program
implementation according to gender
Foot and Mouth Disease
GENDER F-
GROUP
Male Female value Prob
A. FMD Awareness
Causative agent
Hog Raiser
2.12
2.19
Implementer
3.00
2.93
7.45** .0002
Animals affected
Hog Raiser
2.38
2.45
Implementer
3.00
3.00
4.48** .0061
Incubation period
Hog Raiser
1.83
1.97
Implementer
3.00
2.86
16.28** .0001
Clinical signs
Hog Raiser
2.12
2.34
Implementer
2.86
2.86
14.51** .0001
Transmission
Hog Raiser
2.25
2.21
Implementer
3.00
2.89
5.64** .0016
Prevention Hog
Raiser
2.21
2.13
Implementer
3.00
2.93
6.65** .0005
Treatment
Hog Raiser
2.17
2.10
Implementer
3.00
2.93
8.52** .0001
B. Implementation of Control Strategies
Public awareness
Hog Raiser
1.95
2.06
Implementer
2.70
2.51
7.59** .0002
Monitoring/surveillance Hog Raiser
1.79
1.76
Implementer
2.50
2.64
10.31** .0001
Animal movement
Hog Raiser
2.06
2.24
management
Implementer
2.88
2.86
7.42** .0002
Vaccination
Hog Raiser
2.29
2.22
Implementer
2.75
2.64
1.54ns .2107
C. Degree of seriousness of problems
Lack of funds
Swine Raiser
2.25
1.90
Implementer 2.38 2.00 1.12ns .3458
Lack of farmers’
Swine Raiser
2.29
1.64
cooperation
Implementer
2.00
2.43
5.22** .0026
Failure of farmers to
Swine Raiser
2.17
1.71
report incidence
Implementer
2.12
2.43
3.43* .0214
Lack of farmers’
Swine Raiser
2.38
2.13
sufficient information
Implementer 2.00 2.21 0.88ns .4559
Lack of support from local Swine Raiser
2.12
1.48
officials
Implementer
1.50
2.00
4.15** .0090
** – highly significant at 1 % level of significance; *- significant at 5% level of significance; ns - not significant
Awareness of Foot and Mouth Disease (FMD) and the Extent of Implementation and
Problems Encountered in its Control Program in Baguio City / Gladys C. Bantog. 2006
40
monitoring and evaluation of the disease, management of animal movement and
vaccination by gender are to be rejected at 5 % level of significance. The above
findings suggest that the perceived level of implementation FMD control
strategies by the male and female hog raisers are significantly lower than the
perceived extent by the male and female implementers.
The computed F-values with the associated probabilities higher than the 5
% level of significance reveal that the hog-raisers’ and the implementers’
perception on the degree of seriousness on the problems on lack of funds and lack
of sufficient information are similar between male and female respondents.
Significant differences were noted in their perception on degree of seriousness on
the problems on lack of farmer’s cooperation, failure of farmers to report
incidence and lack of support from local officials.
According to Civil Status
Presented in Table 7 are the data on the perceived extent of FMD
awareness, level of implementation of control program and degree of seriousness
of problems encountered in program implementation according to civil status
Regardless of the marital status either single, married or widowed, the
level of FMD awareness differ significantly among backyard hog raisers and
control program implementers. Findings show that the unmarried respondents
gave higher assessment than the married respondents. The result of the statistical
analysis shows that there is a need to reject the assumption of equal level of
Awareness of Foot and Mouth Disease (FMD) and the Extent of Implementation and
Problems Encountered in its Control Program in Baguio City / Gladys C. Bantog. 2006
41
Table 7. Perceived extent of FMD awareness, level of implementation of
control program and degree of seriousness of problems encountered
in program implementation according to civil status
Foot and Mouth Disease
CIVIL STATUS
F-
GROUP Single MarriedWidow value
Prob
(er)
A. FMD Awareness
Causative agent
Hog Raiser
2.00
2.19 2.14
Implementer
2.92 3.00
5.59** .0006
Animals affected
Hog Raiser
2.40
2.44 2.29
Implementer
3.00 3.00
3.37*
.0139
Incubation period
Hog Raiser
1.80
1.88 2.14
Implementer
2.92 2.90
12.19** .0001
Clinical signs
Hog Raiser
2.26
2.20 2.19
Implementer
2.83 2.90
10.87** .0001
Transmission
Hog Raiser
1.90
2.30 2.00
Implementer
2.88 3.00
4.95** .0014
Prevention
Hog
Raiser 2.40 2.16 2.00
Implementer
2.92 3.00
5.17** .0010
Treatment
Hog Raiser
2.40
2.12 2.00
Implementer
2.92 3.00
6.65** .0001
B. Implementation of Control Strategies
Public awareness
Hog Raiser
2.00
2.00 2.14
Implementer
2.67 2.48
5.58** .0006
Monitoring/surveillance
Hog
Raiser 1.80 1.78 1.71
Implementer
2.62 2.55
7.57** .0001
Animal movement
Hog Raiser
1.80
2.19 2.28
management
Implementer
2.92 2.80
5.87** .0004
Vaccination
Hog
Raiser 2.80 2.14 2.25
Implementer
2.83 2.50
2.56*
.0457
C. Degree of seriousness of problems
Lack of funds
Swine Raiser 1.80
2.02 2.43
Implementer
1.92
2.40
0.93ns .4522
Lack of farmers’
Swine Raiser 2.20
1.93 1.71
cooperation
Implementer 2.33
2.20
1.06ns .3836
Failure of farmers to Swine Raiser 2.60
1.91 1.43
report incidence Implementer 2.25
2.40
2.95*
.0256
Lack of farmers’
Swine Raiser 2.60
2.23 2.00
sufficient information Implementer 2.17
2.10
0.66ns .6188
Lack of support from
Swine
Raiser 2.00 1.77 1.57
local officials Implementer
1.92 1.70
0.33ns .8594
** – highly significant at 1 % level of significance; *- significant at 5% level of significance; ns - not significant
Awareness of Foot and Mouth Disease (FMD) and the Extent of Implementation and
Problems Encountered in its Control Program in Baguio City / Gladys C. Bantog. 2006
42
awareness between hog raisers and implementers when grouped according to civil
status. The respondents’ assessment on the control measures implemented by
program implementers was significantly related to the respondent’s civil status.
Findings reveal that married respondents gave lower assessment than unmarried
respondents.
The computed F-values with the associated probabilities higher than the 5
% level of significance reveal that the hog-raisers’ and the implementers’
perception on the degree of seriousness of the different problems encountered in
the implementation of the FMD program are similar in all age group. The
perceived degree of seriousness of the problems on lack of funds, lack of farmers’
cooperation, failure of the farmers’ to report FMD incidence, lack of information
and lack of support were found similar between hog raisers and the implementers
when grouped according to civil status
According to Educational Attainment
College graduate implementers were undoubtedly more knowledgeable of
the causative agent, infected animals, incubation period, clinical signs,
transmission, prevention, and treatment of FMD than the elementary or high
school or college graduate hog raisers (Table 8). The respondents’ evaluations
were positively related to their educational attainment. This means that the
respondents with high level of education are more aware of the causative agent,
incubation period, clinical signs and treatment of FMD.
Awareness of Foot and Mouth Disease (FMD) and the Extent of Implementation and
Problems Encountered in its Control Program in Baguio City / Gladys C. Bantog. 2006
43
The results shown in Table 8 suggest that the perceived level of
implementation of information campaign, monitoring, management of animal
movement and vaccination by the hog raisers according to their level of
education are significantly lower than the perceived extent of their counterpart.
The computed F-values for the different control strategies indicate that
there are differences in the perceived extent of implementation of the different
control strategies between hog raisers and implementers according to their level
of education, thus, the assumptions of equal extent of implementation of the
information campaign about FMD, monitoring and evaluation of the disease,
management of animal movement and vaccination by educational attainment of
the respondents are to be rejected at 5 % level of significance.
The respondents’ assessment on the control measures implemented by
program implementers was significantly related to the respondents’ educational
attainment. The respondents’ perception on the implementation of control
strategies on monitoring and surveillance, and animal movement management
were positively and significantly related to their educational attainment. That is,
less educated respondents were less knowledgeable about the two control
strategies than the respondents with high level of education. However, except for
vaccination, the respondents' perceptions on the extent of implementation of
control strategies differ significantly at 1% level of significance.
Awareness of Foot and Mouth Disease (FMD) and the Extent of Implementation and
Problems Encountered in its Control Program in Baguio City / Gladys C. Bantog. 2006
44
Table 8. Perceived extent of FMD awareness, level of implementation of control
program and degree of seriousness of problems encountered in program
implementation according to educational attainment
Foot and Mouth
EDUCATION F-value
Disease
GROUP
Elementary
Prob
HS College
A. FMD Awareness
Causative agent
Hog Raiser
2.08
2.13 2.31
Implementer
2.95
7.88** .0001
Animals affected
Hog Raiser
2.31
2.42 2.53
Implementer
3.00
4.78** .0139
Incubation period
Hog Raiser
1.83
1.88 2.07
Implementer
2.91
9.34** .0001
Clinical signs
Hog Raiser
2.11
2.15 2.35
Implementer
2.86
15.72** .0001
Transmission
Hog Raiser
2.12
2.23 2.33
Implementer
2.93
5.87** .0012
Prevention Hog
Raiser
2.04
2.12
2.40
Implementer
2.95
7.62** .0002
Treatment
Hog Raiser
2.12
2.13 2.27
Implementer
2.95 5.03** .0005
B. Implementation of Control Strategies
Public awareness
Hog Raiser
2.24
1.98 1.86
Implementer
2.58
6.34** .0001
Monitoring/
Hog Raiser
1.87
1.71 1.78
surveillance
Implementer
2.59
7.12** .0001
Animal movement Hog Raiser
2.20
2.19 2.09
management
Implementer
2.86
5.75** .0002
Vaccination Hog
Raiser
2.53
2.21
2.06
Implementer
2.68
2.51ns .0657
C. Degree of seriousness of problems
Lack of funds
Swine Raiser 2.20
2.04 1.94
Implementer
2.14
0.29ns .8352
Lack of farmers’
Swine Raiser 1.87
1.96 1.94
cooperation
Implementer
2.27
1.03ns .3825
Failure of farmers to Swine Raiser 2.00
1.92 1.81
report incidence Implementer
2.32
1.57ns .2042
Lack of farmers’
Swine Raiser 2.47
2.25 2.00
sufficient information Implementer
2.14
1.37ns .2580
Lack of support from Swine Raiser 1.93
1.88 1.44
local officials
Implementer
1.82
1.35ns .2658
** – highly significant at 1 % level of significance; *- significant at 5% level of significance; ns - not significant
Awareness of Foot and Mouth Disease (FMD) and the Extent of Implementation and
Problems Encountered in its Control Program in Baguio City / Gladys C. Bantog. 2006
45
The computed F-values with the associated probabilities higher than the 5
% level of significance indicate that the backyard hog-raisers’ and the
implementers’ perception on the degree of seriousness of the different problems
encountered in the implementation of the FMD program are similar among the
respondents grouped according to educational attainment (Table 8). The
seriousness of the problems on limited funds, limited farmers’ cooperation, failure
of the farmers’ to report suspected FMD incidence, limited information and
limited support of the local officials were found similar between the hog raisers
and the implementers when grouped according to their educational attainment.
According to Length of Experience
Regardless of the work experience of the hog raisers and control program
implementers either less than 5 years or 6-10 years or more than 11 years, the
respondents level of awareness differ significantly. The result of the statistical
analysis shows that there is a need to reject the assumption of equal level of
awareness between backyard hog raisers and control program implementers when
grouped according to length of experience.
As shown in Table 9, the perceived level of implementation of information
campaign, monitoring, management of animal movement and vaccination by the
hog raisers according to their length of experience of hog raising are significantly
lower than the perception of implementers. The computed F-values for the
different control strategies with the associated probabilities lower than the 5 %
Awareness of Foot and Mouth Disease (FMD) and the Extent of Implementation and
Problems Encountered in its Control Program in Baguio City / Gladys C. Bantog. 2006
46
Table 9. Perceived extent of FMD awareness, level of implementation of control
program and degree of seriousness of problems encountered in program
implementation according to length of experience
Foot and Mouth Disease
EXPERIENCE F-value
GROUP
Prob
≤ 5 yrs 6-10 yrs ≥11 yrs
A. FMD Awareness
Causative agent
Hog Raiser
2.12 2.12
2.50
Implementer 2.94 3.00
6.02** .0003
Animals affected
Hog Raiser
2.36 2.44
2.67
Implementer 3.00 3.00
3.61** .0098
Incubation period
Hog Raiser
1.88 1.88
2.17
Implementer 2.88 3.00
12.25** .0001
Clinical signs
Hog Raiser
2.10 2.32
2.30
Implementer 2.86 2.88
11.76** .0001
Transmission
Hog Raiser
2.06 2.44
2.58
Implementer 2.91 3.00
5.82**
.0004
Prevention
Hog
Raiser 2.10 2.31 2.17
Implementer 2.94 3.00
5.20** .0010
Treatment
Hog Raiser
2.00 2.31
2.33
Implementer 2.94 3.00
7.34** .0001
B. Implementation of Control Strategies
Public awareness
Hog Raiser
1.99 2.05
2.05
Implementer 2.62 2.47
5.35** .0008
Monitoring/ surveillance Hog
Raiser 1.67 1.97 1.83
Implementer 2.66 2.42
8.85** .0001
Animal movement
Hog Raiser
2.11 2.34
2.00
management
Implementer 2.94 2.67
6.10** .0003
Vaccination
Hog
Raiser 2.42 2.19 1.50
Implementer 2.75 2.50
3.21*
.0175
C. Degree of seriousness of problems
Lack of funds
Swine Raiser 2.12 1.88
2.17
Implementer 2.25 1.83
0.53ns .7110
Lack of farmers’
Swine Raiser 2.12 1.56
1.83
cooperation
Implementer 2.19 2.50
2.44ns .0545
Failure of farmers to
Swine Raiser 1.97 1.75
2.00
report incidence
Implementer 2.31 2.33
1.23ns .2818
Lack of farmers’
Swine Raiser 2.21 2.25
2.33
sufficient information Implementer 2.12 2.17
0.13ns .9721
Lack of support from
Swine Raiser 1.82 1.56
2.00
local officials
Implementer 1.87 1.67
0.52ns .7241
** – highly significant at 1 % level of significance * - significant at 5% level of significance; ns - not significant
Awareness of Foot and Mouth Disease (FMD) and the Extent of Implementation and
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level of significance indicate that there are differences in the perceived extent
of implementation of the different control strategies between hog raisers and
implementers according to their length of experience, thus, the assumptions of
equal extent of implementation of the information campaign about FMD,
monitoring and evaluation of the disease, management of animal movement and
vaccination by length of experience in hog raising of the respondents are to be
rejected at 5 % level of significance.
The problems on lack of funds, lack of farmers’ cooperation, failure of the
farmers’ to report suspected FMD incidence, lack of sufficient information and
lack of support from local officials were found similarly rated by both the hog
raisers and the implementers when grouped according to experience in hog raising
or program implementation. The perceived extent of problems encountered in
FMD program implementation according to the length of experience of the
backyard hog raiser and implementer respondents are statistically with no
difference as supported by the computed F-values with the associated
probabilities higher than the 5 % level of significance. These findings reveal that
the hog-raisers’ and the implementers’ perception on the degree of seriousness of
the different problems encountered in the implementation of the FMD program
are similar among respondents with different experiences in hog raising or
program implementation.
Awareness of Foot and Mouth Disease (FMD) and the Extent of Implementation and
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SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS and RECOMMENDATIONS
Summary
This study was conducted in Baguio City to determine: (a) the socio
demographic profile of the respondents; (b) the level of FMD awareness of
backyard swine raisers and control program implementers; (c) the level of
implementation of FMD control strategies as perceived by backyard swine raisers
and control program implementers; (d) the degree of seriousness of problems
encountered in FMD control program implementation as perceived by backyard
swine raisers and control program implementers; and (e) the differences in the
respondents perceptions when they are categorized according to specific profile
variables (age, gender, civil status, educational attainment and length of
experience).
Seventy seven (77) respondents (22 control program implementers and 55
backyard swine raisers) were used in the study.
Findings
The salient findings of the study are the following:
1. The hog-raisers mostly women are quite older than the implementers.
Majority of the hog-raisers are married while the implementers are mostly
single. The most number of the hog-raisers have high school education
while the implementers are all degree holders. Most of the hog-raisers
Awareness of Foot and Mouth Disease (FMD) and the Extent of Implementation and
Problems Encountered in its Control Program in Baguio City / Gladys C. Bantog. 2006
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have been in the business for more than 11 years now whereas, the
implementers have more or less 5 years of service
2. Backyard swine raisers are only partially knowledgeable about FMD
while control program implementers are fully aware.
3. The hog-raisers perceived that the control strategies such as public
awareness, FMD monitoring/evaluation, animal movement management
and vaccination are only partially implemented as against the
implementers’ perception that the control strategies are fully implemented
4. The problems encountered in control program implementation like lack
of funds, lack of farmers’ cooperation, failure of the farmers to report
FMD incidence, lack of sufficient information and lack of support from
the local officials were perceived by backyard swine raisers and control
program implementers as serious and very serious respectively.
5. The perceptions of the respondents on the level of FMD awareness are
significantly different when respondents are categorized according to age,
gender, civil status, education attainment and length of experience. The
respondents perception on the extent of implementation of FMD control
programs on public awareness, disease monitoring and surveillance; and
animal movement management are significantly different when they are
grouped according to age, gender, civil status, education attainment and
length of experience . However, their perceptions on the extent of
Awareness of Foot and Mouth Disease (FMD) and the Extent of Implementation and
Problems Encountered in its Control Program in Baguio City / Gladys C. Bantog. 2006
50
implementation of vaccination as a control strategy are the same except
according to gender. The perceptions on the degree of problems on lack
of funds, lack of farmer’s cooperation, failure of farmers to report
suspected FMD incidence , lack of farmers’ sufficient information and
lack of support from local officials are the same when they are grouped
according to age, educational attainment and length of experience. When
grouped according to gender, their perceptions differ significantly on the
problem on lack of farmers’ cooperation, failure to report suspected FMD
incidence and lack of support from local officials, however, for the
problem on lack of funds and lack of sufficient information, their
perceptions are similar.
Conclusions.
The following conclusions were made based on the above findings:
1. Hog-raisers are less knowledgeable about FMD than the control program
implementers
2. Hog-raisers are less informed about the strategies to control FMD than the
control program implementers
3. Hog-raisers perceived that the problems encountered in FMD control
program implementation are serious while implementers perceived them
as very serious.
Awareness of Foot and Mouth Disease (FMD) and the Extent of Implementation and
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4. There are significant differences in the perceptions of both hog raisers and
control program implementers on the level of FMD awareness, level of
implementation of Control strategies and degree of seriousness of
problems encountered when respondents are categorized according to age,
gender, civil status, educational attainment and length of experience.
Recommendations
Based on the findings and conclusions the following recommendations are
offered:
1. There is a need to strengthen information dissemination on FMD
especially to swine raisers who are directly affected with the disease.
2. There is a need to continue implementation of FMD control strategies
even with out the presence of outbreaks.
3. There is a need for a collective effort for implementers and swine
raisers to keep them updated of the disease and it control measures.
4. Backyard swine raisers and control program implementers, regardless
of their socio demographic profile should be knowledgeable about
FMD, its control measures and problems encountered in program
implementation.
5. It is also recommended that a further study be conducted to include
livestock traders and meat vendors since they have been identified as
transmitters of the disease.
Awareness of Foot and Mouth Disease (FMD) and the Extent of Implementation and
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LITERATURE CITED
ADVANCED VETERINARY INFORMATION SYSTEM (AVIS). Foot and
Mouth Disease. http://aleffgroup.com/avisfmd/
ALCOS, MA.V., CARO III,D.DC., LLANERA, E.C. and BENIGNO, C.C, 2002.
“Communication Management in the Control and Eradication of FMD in
the Philippines”. The FMD Monitor, Special Journal Edition. Pp 116-123
BENIGNO, C,C., SANTOS I.J., and UMANDAL AC.V. 2002. “The program
Management Approach to FMD Control in the Philippines.” The FMD
Monitor, Special Research Journal edition, pp1-5
BENIGNO, C.C. and LLARENA, E. 2001. “Exploring the Use of Alternative
Medium as an Intervention Tool for Disease Control.” The FMD Monitor.
Vol. 5, No. 1, P. 2
BLOOD, D.C et al. 1983. Veterinary Medicine, A teaxkbook of the Diseases
of Cattle, Sheep, Pigs, Goats and Horses. 6th Edition.Baillierre Tindall,
London, Pp 733-740
BUREAU OF ANIMAL INDUSTRY. 2002. Foot and Mouth Disease
Handbook for Field Officers. DA-BAI, Quezon City
DUMAPIS, R.P. 2002. Economic Evaluation of Foot and Mouth Disease
(FMD) Control in the Cordillera Administrative Region (CAR),
Philippines. Unpublished thesis. University of Ghent, Belgium
FRASER,C.M.. . The Merck’s Veterinary Manual, 7th Edition. N.J USA.
Merck and Co., Inc. pp 338-340
LANTIN, C. 2006. “Zero Outbreak for January-February 2006” The FMD
Monitor. Vol.9 No. 1. p2
LLANERA E. 2002. “FMD Control Beneficial to RP.” The FMD Monitor.
Vol. 5. No. 12.
OFFICE INTERNATIONAL des EPIZOOTIES (OIE). Foot and Mouth
Disease. http://www.oie.int/eng/en_index.htm
Awareness of Foot and Mouth Disease (FMD) and the Extent of Implementation and
Problems Encountered in its Control Program in Baguio City / Gladys C. Bantog. 2006
53
MERCHANT, I.A. and BARNER, R.D. 1981. An Outline of Infectious
Diseases of Domestic Animals, 3rd Edition. Iowa State University Press,
Iowa, USA. Pp 199-205
TIMONEY, J.F., GILLESPIE , J.H., SCOTT , F.W. & BARLOUGH , J.E.
1988. Hagan and Bruner's Microbiology and Infectious Diseases of
Domestic Animals Eighth Edition. Cornell University Press, Itheca and
London. Pp 595-614
WEBB, R. 2000. “Importance of Barangay Negative Monitoring”. The FMD
Monitor. Vol. 4, No. 4. pp 3-4
Awareness of Foot and Mouth Disease (FMD) and the Extent of Implementation and
Problems Encountered in its Control Program in Baguio City / Gladys C. Bantog. 2006
54
APPENDICES
Appendix Table 1. FMD Outbreaks in Luzon from 1998 to 2005
Year CAR Region Region Region Region Region Region NCR Total
I
II
III
IV
V
VI
1998
60 39 1 191 1 11 0 16
319
1999
35 43 1 154 1 17 51 35
337
2000
27 21 9 139 108 9 0 15 328
2001
21 6 6 106 89 23 0 16
267
2002
19 3 0 122
130 8 0 47
329
2003
17 5 0 87 84 2 0 81
276
2004
6
8
1
18
36
0
0
40
72
2005
4
0
0
10
0
0
8
18
40
Total
189 125 17 827 413 70 59 268
1968
Source: National FMD Task Force, DA-BAI
Appendix Table 2. FMD Outbreaks in CAR from 1998 to 2005
Year Abra Apayao Baguio Benguet Ifugao Kalinga Mt. Total
City
Province
1998
0 0 46 13 1 0 0 60
1999
0 0 15 18 2 0 0 35
2000
2 0 18 7 0 0 0 27
2001
0 0 14 7 0 0 0 21
2002
0 0 7 12 0 0 0 19
2003
4 0 4 8 0 0 1 17
2004
0
0
2
4
0
0
0
6
2005
0
0
3
1
0
0
0
4
Total
6 0 109
70 3 0 1 189
Source: National FMD Task Force, DA-BAI
Awareness of Foot and Mouth Disease (FMD) and the Extent of Implementation and
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55
Appendix Table 3. Premises Affected in CAR FMD Outbreaks from 1998 to 2005
Province
Premises 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005
Abra
Backyard farm
1
3
Slaughterhouse
1
1
Benguet
Auction market
1
1
1
1
Backyard farm
56 30 22 21 19 10 5 1
Slaughterhouse
2 2 2
2
3
Ifugao
Backyard farm
1
1
Slaughterhouse
1
Mt. Province Backyard farm
1
60 35 27 21 19 17 6 4
Source: National FMD Task Force
Appendix Table 4. Sources of FMD Outbreaks in CAR from 1998 to 2005
Province Source
1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005
Abra
Fomites
1
Introduced
Animals
1
Slaughterhouse
3
Swill
1
Benguet
Auction
Market
1 1 1
Backyard
Farm
11 4 2 1 1 1
Fomites
2 2
Introduced
Animals
3 6 2 1 3 2
Slaughterhouse
5 1 2 1 2 3
Swill
35 17 15 18 13 4 2 1
Viajero
1 3 1 2 1 1
Unknown 4 1 2
Ifugao Slaughterhouse
1
Unknown 2
Mt.
Province
Unknown 1
60 35 27 21 19 17 6 4
Source: National FMD Task Force
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QUESTIONNAIRE
I. SOCIO DEMOGRAPHIC PROFILE OF RESPONDENT
NAME ________________________________________________________
AGE:
( ) 21 to 40 years
( ) 41 to 60 years
( ) 61 and above
SEX:
( ) Male
( ) Female
ADDRESS/AGENCY:____________________________________________
_____________________________________________
CIVIL STATUS:
( ) Single
( ) Married
( ) Widowed
( ) Separated
EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT:
( ) No Schooling
( ) Elementary
( ) High School
( ) College
Number of years as swine raiser/program Implementer (Length of experience)
( ) 5 years and below
( ) 6 to 10 years
( ) 11 years and above
Awareness of Foot and Mouth Disease (FMD) and the Extent of Implementation and
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II. FMD AWARENESS
Direction: Using the scale below please rate your level of awareness on FMD by
checking the appropriate column.
3 - Fully Aware (Awareness with a percentage of 86-100%)
2 - Partially Aware (Awareness of 75 – 85%)
1 - Not aware (Awareness of 74% and below)
Foot and Mouth Disease
3
2
1
1. Causative Agent. FMD is caused by a virus
2. Animals Affected
- FMD virus affects all cloven-hoofed animals
such as pigs, sheep, goats, carabao and cattle
3. Incubation period
- FMD virus replicates very rapidly inside an
infected animal and incubation period ranges
from 24 to 48 hours
4. Clinical signs
a. Blister formation on feet and mouth
b. Unwillingness to eat (in appetence)
c. Lameness
d. Fever
e. Detachment of hooves
f. Weight loss
g. Reduced milk yield
h. Abortion
i. Difficulty in breathing
j. Sudden death
4. Transmission
a. Direct contact with ruptured vesicles, saliva,
breath, feces, urine, and milk
b. Indirect contact with objects which have
been contaminated by discharges on infected
stock like meat, blood, hides, vehicles, beddings,
clothing, footwear, and hay
Awareness of Foot and Mouth Disease (FMD) and the Extent of Implementation and
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5. Prevention
a. Vaccination
b. Environment control (cleaning and
disinfection)
- using disinfectants like chlorox, soda ash,
lysol and other agents
c. Quarantine activities
6. Treatment. There is no known treatment for
FMD. However, antibiotics can be administered
to prevent secondary bacterial infection and use
of topical agents like vinegar and gentian violet
around the blisters or vesicles
III. IMPLEMENTATION OF FMD CONTROL STRATEGIES
Direction: Using the scale below please rate the level of implementation of FMD
Control Strategies in Baguio City by checking the appropriate column
3 - Fully Implemented (Always employed/practiced)
2 - Partially Implemented (Employed/practiced once in a while)
1 - Not Implemented (Never employed/practiced)
FMD Control Strategies
3
2
1
1. Public Awareness
a. Networking and linkages with tri-media
a.1 Newspaper/magazine
a.2 Radio
a.3 Television
b. Community mobilization activities
(Farmer/s Forum)
c. Workshops, trainings and seminars
2. FMD Monitoring and surveillance
a. Passive Surveillance - dependent on
farmer’s report
b. Active surveillance
- programmed activity, initiative comes from
the implementer, negative monitoring activities,
collection of samples
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3. Animal Movement Management
a. Effective Quarantine of animals meat products
and people
b. Environmental control – emphasizing on
cleaning and disinfection
4. Vaccination - massive
IV. PROBLEMS ENCOUNTERED IN PROGRAM IMPLEMENTATION
Direction: using the scale below, please rate the degree of seriousness of
the problems encountered in the implementation of FMD control strategies in
Baguio City by checking the appropriate column.
3 - Very Serious (Always encountered)
2 - Serious ( Often encountered)
1 - Not serious (Never encountered)
Problems
3 2 1
1. Lack of funds
2. Lack of farmer’s cooperation
3. Failure of farmer’s to report incidences
4. Lack of farmer’s sufficient information
5. Lack of support from local officials
6. Other (Please specify)
Thank you very much!!!!!!
Awareness of Foot and Mouth Disease (FMD) and the Extent of Implementation and
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BIBLIOGRAPHICAL SKETCH
Gladys B. Cunning – Bantog, was born on August 14, 1969 in Besao,
Mountain Province. She is the fifth of the six children of Augusto M. Cunning,
retired Anglican Priest and Agnes Botengan Cunning, a retired elementary school
teacher.
Her elementary education was spent at the Agawa Elementary School,
Agawa, Besao, Mt. Province where she graduated first honor. She attended High
school education in St. James High School, Besao, Mt. Province, graduating as
second honorable mention.
She finished Bachelor of Science in Animal Technology (BSAT) at the
Benguet State University in March 1990, and graduated Doctor of Veterinary
Medicine (DVM) in March 1995 also in the same university. She passed the
licensure examination in August 1995.
She started her work experience when she was hired as contractual
research assistant in a non-government organization, the Igorot Tribal Assistance
Group (ITAG) after graduation from BSAT in May 1990. In Oct 1996, she was
employed in the Department of Science and Technology, (DOST-CAR) as
science research assistant and in May 1999, she was promoted to data
encoder/controller.
In July 2000, she found the agency fitted for her profession. She was
employed by the City Government of Baguio under the City Veterinary Office. It
Awareness of Foot and Mouth Disease (FMD) and the Extent of Implementation and
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was during this time that she decided to pursue her Masters degree in Public
Administration which she started when she was still with DOST-CAR. Finally in
October 2006, she defended her manuscript.
Gladys is married to Police Inspector Johnson D. Bantog II with whom
they are blessed with three kids, Deemugh Agnes, Maria Lila and Johnson III.
Presently, they reside at Purok 5, Upper Brookside, Baguio City.
Awareness of Foot and Mouth Disease (FMD) and the Extent of Implementation and
Problems Encountered in its Control Program in Baguio City / Gladys C. Bantog. 2006
Document Outline
- Awareness of Foot and
Mouth Disease (FMD) and the Extent of Implementation and Problems
Encountered in its Control Program in Baguio City
- BIBLIOGRAPHY
- ABSTRACT
- TABLE OF CONTENTS
- INTRODUCTION
- Background of the Study
- Statement of the Problem
- Objectives of the study
- Significance of the Study
- Scope and Limitation of the Study
- Conceptual Framework
- Hypotheses
- Definition of Terms
- REVIEW OF LITERATURE
- Foot and Mouth Disease(FMD)
- Geographical Occurrences of FMD
- FMD Control
- Economic significance of FMD
- METHODOLOGY
- Locale and time of the Study
- Respondents of the Study
- Sampling Technique
- Instrumentation
- Data Collection
- Statistical Analysis
- RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
- Respondents� Profile
- Level of FMD Awareness
- Extent of Implementation ofFMD Control Strategies
- Degree of Seriousness of theProblems Encountered inProgram Implementation
- Perceived Extent of FMD Awareness , Level ofImplementation of Control Program andDegree of Seriousness of ProblemsEncountered According toSpecified Profile
- According to Age
- According to Gender
- According to Civil Status
- According to Educational Attainment
- According to Length of Experience
- SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS and RECOMMENDATIONS
- Summary
- Findings
- Conclusions.
- Recommendations
- LITERATURE CITED
- APPENDICES
- BIBLIOGRAPHICAL SKETCH