BIBLIOGRAPHY AMOR C. BUSACAY. April 2011. ...
BIBLIOGRAPHY
AMOR C. BUSACAY. April 2011. Implications of Migration on the Socio-
economic Development in Irisan, Baguio City. Benguet State University, Open
University, La Trinidad, Benguet, Philippines.
Adviser: Marlowe U. Aquino, PhD.
ABSTRACT
Migration is considered a natural phenomenon occurring in a given location. It is
also a significant factor on the development of the social and economic aspects of
people and communities especial y those that are affected by constant movement and
transfer of people from one place to the other and the changes that are influenced by
those migrating from the original place to new areas.
The study was conducted to determine the implication of migration to the social
and economic development of Barangay Irisan, Baguio City from December 2010 to
March 2011. A total of 100 research participants were randomly selected to provide
pertinent data and were analyzed according to the research problem and objectives.
Results show that there are three important aspects influenced by migration.
These are the family or relatives of the migrants, economic activities and the
infrastructure and facilities present in the area. Specifical y, these are also attained and
related as factors on the social and economic development of Barangay Irisan. On the
other hand, problems and concerns were identified by the respondents which affect the
development of Barangay Irisan. Likewise, these are also considered important
because migrants including local residents and the community viewed them as
contributory or limiting factors to development particularly those that are associated to
the provision of social services and encouraged economic activities.
It is concluded that migration change the direction of the social and development
condition of a particular community. However, if such changes are managed and social
and economic activities are properly provided, the community wil result to a more
directed urban development and management. It is recommended that appropriate
policies and activities influencing the roles of migrants be implemented to come up with
proper development planning and implementation of programs, activities and services
for people and communities.
1
INTRODUCTION
Background of the Study
The aspect of rural-urban migration is an interesting field of study
especial y if this is associated with socio-economic development. It is also
an indicator of community development and renounces civilization and
management. In view of this, the bounty resources gradual y disappear
when the receiving place for migration is not ready for drastic
transformations or reforms. More so, sustainable development is vital in
managing the growing influx of rural-urban migration. Thus, there is a
need of constant evaluation on the status of population brought by local
and international migration to determine mitigating factors that wil address
the perceived problems, issues and concerns arising in holistic
development.
Furthermore, the rapid urbanization and shift of population from
rural areas to the cities have spawned a host of problems that degrade
human life: slums, poverty blight, crime pol ution, uncol ected garbage,
congestion, poor sewerage and poor drainage system, water shortages
and traffic chaos.
The state of art of migration could be understood clearly if
discussed within the context of development of a certain place. Migration
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is an important livelihood strategy in the Philippines. Many past studies
conducted at the national level and even to some extent of local studies
clarified the relationships of migration, population change and urbanization
which give indirect and direct bearings in the success of this study
(Fortaliza, 1997).
Many Filipinos are leaving their comfort zones and taking the risk to
look for better sources of income. Fortunately, Filipinos are known to be
one of the most flexible and easy-to-adjust person in the world. Comparing
to other races, Filipino is stil the best missionary for they can easily
acquire languages, adapt to new environment and very spontaneous in
dealing with people. Despite of having a strong family ties, they can
sacrifice to come out from their comfort zone to seek for better jobs with
higher wages/salaries while keeping in-touch regularly with love ones.
Filipinos also is known of its camaraderie spirit and barkada system, they
can easily get close to every Filipinos they met in a foreign land.
Baguio City, one of the highly urbanized cities and have been
transformed into a major educational and tourism area and later into an
emerging industrial center (Baguio City Planning and Development Office,
2010). "People are natural y attracted to Baguio because of its cool
climate and because it is the administrative, service and trade center in
the Cordil eras," says Mayor Domogan. But he also admits that the high
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in-migration rate is largely to blame for the city's rising squatter population
(Leonen, 2000).
Specifical y, Irisan the largest and the most populated barangay in
Baguio City (http://www.census.gov.ph/data/pressrelease/2009/pr09117tx.
html) became the salad bowl of food, land, settlement, and trade and
commerce industries for people with different cultures, norms, tribes and
lifestyle. Most of these people came from rural areas and they brought
with them their own concepts, skil s, culture and lifestyle in search of a
better living condition. On the other hand, the on-going migration in-flow in
Barangay Irisan perhaps is one of the biggest reasons why the area has
the highest squatting cases, and probably the fastest in land conversion
from agricultural to residential, commercial and/or industrial (Irisan
Barangay Profile, 2008).
Historical y, Irisan’s natural resources were plentiful. The original
people survived on the resources such as the gold from the riversides, the
fish and other aquatic food from the river like the “paideng”, “jojo”, “kiwet”
and “shuyos”. The soil of the gardens was very fertile. The hil s were
verdant with the green pine trees (Irisan Barangay Profile 2008).
The coming in of development and entry of settlers slowly
diminished these resources, which is similar to what happened to Camp
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John Hay where pine trees were cut in the name of development as a
spring board on the city’s economic progress.
Old informants through personal interview (Lopez Osio, Angeline
Luna, Elsie Pucay Kiwas and Virginia Luna) as cited in the Irisan
Barangay Profile 2008, recal that there were about 20 Ibaloy families who
original y occupied the land areas of Irisan. These families maintain strong
family relations that resulted to encourage other family members living
outside the city to join them and utilize the vast virgin land which they
could not til by themselves (Irisan Barangay Profile 2008). This condition
escalates until more people were interested in migration to Barangay
Irisan.
Furthermore, it was noted that Barangay Irisan was an agricultural
area. The original inhabitants raise cattle, pig, and chicken. At the same
time, they planted sweet potato, cassava and taro at their backyard also
for their own consumption. Farming was a way of life which has also been
handed down from generations and observed s a common activity up to
the present. Farmers in the area now produce sayote because of water
scarcity.
Barangay Irisan has a total land area of 537.53 hectares. This
figure is fast decreasing because of the influx of people coming in and
settling in the area. Today, 45% is devoted to agricultural purposes and
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these are found in Apugan down to Purok 1; 50 % is residential located in
al of the 32 puroks, and 5% devoted to commercial purposes located
along the national highway. On the upper part of Irisan from the Irisan
Lime Kilns to San Carlos, the once rocky mountains are now leveled to the
ground to give way to residential purposes. It is now thickly populated
invaded by migrants and squatters. Residential houses are now visible in
the area which causes a lot of rural and urban problems and concerns
especial y related to socio-economic development and urban
management.
Based on these, the study would specifical y address the impact of
migration on the socio-economic development of Barangay Irisan, Baguio
City.
Statement of the Problem
In-migration is an unavoidable phenomenon that wil surely happen
to a certain place like Irisan, Baguio City which is rich in land and natural
resources.
History shows that there were no cases of malnutrition and any
epidemic or serious health problems reported among the original people of
Irisan due to the fresh and natural produce abundantly growing and
produced in the area. School children never suffered from serious il ness
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and residents were living simply and enjoyed the natural landscape of the
area.
Nevertheless, population grows natural y in two ways: through the
original people and through internal migration. Most people moved and
transferred from one area to the other to seek better living, job and to
some due to marriage.
The research would prove whether migrants of Irisan attained their
expectations and if their lives were improved when they changed location.
Also, it is perceived that better food chain and disruption of balanced
ecosystem was altered during the migration process. In connection with
this, people experiencing depletion of resources such as insufficient food
supply, lack of water, and meager of land. The ratio of the human versus
the basic commodities and resources is getting out of balance. Probably,
migration encourages urbanization and development or the other way
around. Thus, the socio-economic factors specifical y, the infrastructure
and facilities; economic activities; and family was analyzed in detail based
on the gathered data and personal observations. The impact of migration
on the socio-economic development factors wil either worsen poverty or
al eviate poverty.
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The research was conducted purposely to assess the implications
of migration on the socio-economic development of Irisan, Baguio City. It
sought to answer the fol owing questions:
1. What are the socio-economic development factors that are
influencing migration?
2. What is the degree of the socio-economic development in
relation to migration?
3. What are the implications of migration in relation to the socio-
economic development of Irisan, Baguio City?
4. What are the urban problems encountered by the respondents
while settling in Irisan?
Objectives of the Study
The study aimed to assess the consequences of migration in the
socio-economic development of Irisan, Baguio City:
1. To identify the socio-economic development factors influencing
migration at Irisan.
2. To determine the degree of the socio-economic development in
relation to migration.
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3. To analyze the implications of migration in relation to the socio-
economic development of Irisan barangay.
4. To identify the urban problems encountered by the respondents
while settling in Irisan.
Importance of the Study
Most studies done regarding migration were focused on levels,
trends or patterns of migration and characteristics of migrants at the
national levels. Studying these aspects in the barangay level is often
neglected, a situation which place local chief executive and local
legislators and planners at a dilemma of how to tackle the problems
brought about by increasing influx on migration.
Basic and current data on population growth are usual y generated
through national censuses and surveys. However, data on migration flow
is stil difficult to measure as confessed by the National Statistics Office.
There were some data from these sources but too aggregated. Thus, the
available data series are deemed inadequate to meet the needs of
planners and policy makers of local government units, particularly the
cities/municipalities and barangays. What they require are more
disaggregated information in analyzing the migration situation in their
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localities. Other government agencies also accept their failure to provide
data on migration due to aggregation.
The 1991 Local Government Code, which devolved powers from
the national government to the local government units (Provinces, cities,
and municipalities), posed chal enge to the country’s local chief executives
in their pursuit of development for their constituency. Being now in-charge
of planning, implementing and monitoring, and evaluating program and
projects, they are in dire need of tools, i.e., data to guide them in their
policy and program processes that are responsive to local needs. Sad to
say though, this is lacking at the moment (cited by Fortaleza, 1997).
The insights that were derived from this study are very crucial to
provide a much needed descriptive study of the influence of migration on
the urban development in Irisan, Baguio City that can be used for policy
intervention in the migration-development nexus. It would also guide the
city developers and planners, program/project implementers, and other
supporting arms like the Department of Public Works and Highways
(DPWH), Department Of Health (DOH), Department of Education
(DepEd), Department of Social Welfare and Development (DSWD), the
Local Government Units (LGU), National Economic Development
Authority (NEDA), and Non-Government Organization (NGO) on how to
uplift the social welfare and help boost the living condition of many urban
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dwel ers and those living beyond the city outskirt. The study could also
provide information to the local executives of the out-migrated areas to
formulate or design their own policies and programs that are adoptable
and responsive to the area.
Considering the aforementioned importance of the study, it could
be safely assumed that this study would be much relevant in providing
data or information that could serve as intervening variables for designing
policies, plans and programs that are responsive to the basic needs in the
urban system which are the need to develop capacities of National
Government Agencies, Local Government Agencies, Non-Government
Organizations, and People Organizations for effective delivery of facilities
and infrastructure services, city services and job opportunities needed to
improve capacities to manage urban development and reduce poverty.
Research results wil also help future researchers on the implications of
migration in the socio-economic development of certain areas.
Final y, an additional knowledge, a room for career development
and extra learning experience would compensate the researcher’s effort
and joy in the pursuit of this undertaking. This study also helped broaden
her social attachment and consciousness towards minority groups, and
makes her understand more the diversity of culture and the different
attitude of individuals in the context of social economy as regards people’s
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way of creating their own livelihood for survival in this fast changing
society.
Scope and Limitation of the Study
The study had looked at the interrelationship between migration
and socio-economic development factors. Since the central aspect of
community development that is expected to affect individual or group
migration decisions is socio-economic development through infrastructure
services and facilities, economic activities, family relationship and culture,
this study dealt on these aspects of development.
Technical y migration has never defined or measured accurately
what migration in relation to urban management and community
development. It only referred to in-migration or from the outside to inside
population mobility.
The study would shed light on this aspect while using two sets of
data from the point of view of the barangay’s historical characteristics,
patterns and trends. A total of 100 research participants were identified as
respondents, currently settled from five to thirty (30) years. They were
identified based in referral system from the barangay officials and key
informants. This was substantiated by secondary data gathered from the
Irisan Barangay Profile records and City Planning Office to identify the
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group of migrants in the study area. A finer analysis should have been
done if data on the migration flows were available. Unfortunately, records
from the NSO, NEDA showed total migration situation only, with no
disaggregation. In the case of current migration flows, the sampled
respondents provided some insights into the migration situation; however,
findings might not be conclusive. It should be better done if complete
count was made.
In relation to development, the study utilized historical data and
testimonies of the research participants on the identified socio-economic
development factors based on how they rate or measure in terms of
degree of importance and development. Moreover, a record from the
latest barangay profile of Irisan was used to gauge whether the migrants
were present during development.
Conceptual Framework
Development is the result of human activities and aspirations with
the availability of tangible and intangible resources. In relation to the
development of Irisan Barangay, transformation and reform occurs on the
different socio-economic development factors due to migration. For
instance, the family factors which wil strengthens the family ties,
maintains the sense of belongingness within the kinship, and preserves
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one’s grown-up culture, the economic activities such as the explosion of
businesses and creation of more job opportunities which wil improve the
standard of living, and the infrastructure and facilities which wil transport
various education opportunities, health services and improved amenities.
Furthermore, applying the “survival of the fittest,” an individual or a
family or clan as a whole wil take the bul by the horn or take the risk to
migrate and resettle to a new location that wil nurture the family better
through the availability of the socio-economic development factors.
Migration as a driving force of urbanization at the same time can be a
cause or result of scarcity. Yet, population migration is an essential
contributing factor in the structural transformation and urbanization in the
process of economic development.
Apart from raising urbanization level, migration also affects the
structure of urban population. On one hand, migration brings about
demographical structural changes in age, gender, and education level and
so on. On the other hand, migration reduces urban population
dependency ratio. Those impacts produce accumulative effects and
agglomeration for the development of urban economy.
Thus, the socio-economic development also depends on the socio-
demographic profile and the characteristics of Irisan Barangay as shown
in Figure 1. The interrelationships of migration and socio-economic
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development factors bring positive and negative implications to the socio-
economic development of Irisan, Baguio City.
Family
Socio-economic Development Factors:
- Family
Soci o-Demographic
o Relationship
Profile
o Kinship
o Culture
- Economic Activities
Migration
o Business
o Job Opportunities
Socio-
- Infrastructure and Facilities
economic
o Education
Development
Characteristics of
o Health
of Irisan,
Irisan Barangay
o Amenities
Baguio City
Location
Socio-economic Development
of Irisan, Baguio City
Figure 1. Paradigm of the study
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Operational Definition
For better and clearer understanding, the fol owing terms are
operational y defined.
Migration refers to the transferring of people from one place to
another place whether temporary, permanent or semi-permanent.
Migration intention is the purpose or reason that triggered the
individual, family or clan to move which include getting married with the
original settlers, increasing individual’s income, higher education, job
hunting, transfer of job assignment, improving class status, etc.
Implication is an indirect suggestion or interference of migration on
the socio-economic development in Irisan, Baguio City.
Socio-economic is a combination of social and economic. Social is
pertaining to the characteristics of activities of people living together
and/or the relations between human beings living in a community while
economic pertains to the production, development, and management of
material wealth, as of a country, household, or business enterprise
(Reader’s Digest Universal Dictionary, 1987).
Socio-economic development factors refer to the selected
indicators used in the study such as infrastructure and facilities that covers
education, health and amenities; economic activities that includes
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business activities and job opportunities; and family which focuses on
relationship, kinship and culture.
Infrastructure and facilities are specifical y the quality of education,
courses or vocations, education facilities and equipments; health services,
facilities and equipments, health policies and staff; and amenities like
amusements and recreational areas, transportation network and
telecommunications.
Economic activities refer to the various kinds of works, which
provide financial income to the individual respondent to support their
needs or expenses.
Family refers to the status of relationship of family members to
each other, to their relatives or kin and to other tribes, and their
involvement to any community activities or organizations and cultural
practices.
Socio-economic and demographic profile refers to the personal
information of the respondents including their highest educational
attainment, income status and migration information.
Age the age was significant in the study because it helps to
identify the maturity of a person and his/her capability to make major
decisions in life like getting married, living in another place on his/her own,
taking higher education in the city, and earning for a living even if it seems
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to be risky and uncertain. It also reflects the dependency of a person in
terms of migration. Perhaps the respondent may had no choice to choose
where to stay because the whole family moved in Irisan since childhood.
Gender it is important to consider the gender or the sex of an
individual if we want to understand deeper his/her whole being. Since this
research is focus more on social aspect, it is vital to respect and know the
right of each opposite sex in expressing their freewil in al things.
Civil status knowing whether the respondent is married or not wil
give an impression on why he/she moved to other place and who are
his/her companion.
Educational attainment
the level of literacy wil affect a person’s
interpersonal, intel ectual, social and moral output and views in life. To
reciprocate the corresponding job occupation of the respondents with their
educational background is also crucial information to trace the economic
and migration history of the person.
Religion
a fel owship, denomination or Christian organization
considered as Non-stock Corporation. Religious affiliation can give
bearing to migration change especial y for the ministers and religious
leaders who are being reshuffled from one place to the other.
Tribal or ethnicity for better understanding of the retrospect of
migration and upbringing of the respondents, the place of origin, the tribe,
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the dialect, the monthly income, previous and present occupation (prior
and upon migration) migrants’ siblings were taken as additional
information.
Degree of importance in the study was used to discover how direly
necessary the socio-economic development factors in Irisan, the new
place of destination based on the preferences of the respondents.
Degree of attainment was used to measure how much the
mentioned socio-economic development factors are attained as expected
by the respondents upon migrating and if it is moderately attained or not
attained at al .
Degree of improvement was used to gauge the extent of
improvements of the socio-economic development factors since the
respondents migrated to Irisan Barangay whether it was moderately
improved or not improved at al .
Consequences of migration were viewed to be the negative impact
of migration experienced by the migrants upon resettling to Irisan
Barangay.
Degree of seriousness was used to analyze the inadequacy of
basic services and the urban problems perceived by the respondents
upon staying at Irisan.
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Development is the multi-dimensional process involving changes
in structure, attitude and institutions, vis-à-vis, acceleration of economic
growth, reduction of inequality and eradication of absolute poverty
(Todaro, 2003). In this study, development was used as the improvements
in the infrastructure services, education and health facilities and better
amenities. It also includes the increased in capital investment and high
employment rates, and closer intimate family relationship and kinship
enjoyed by the migrants while staying at Irisan.
Urban development refers to the transformation of a community
with a wel -designed physical and social layout and the provision of
services and facilities accessible and feasible to every individual living in
the city.
Hypotheses of the Study
1. The socio-economic development factors that influenced
migration are positively identified by the respondents as important.
2. The degrees of attainment of the socio-economic development
factors in relation to migration are attained.
3. The socio-economic development factors improved due to
migration.
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4. There is a significant difference in the consequences of migration
in the socio-economic development factors and the degree of seriousness
of the problems encountered by high migration which Baguio City is now
facing seriously.
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REVIEW OF LITERATURE
This chapter comprises the theories, principles, policy, reliable
observations and results of past studies that are relevant to the study for
better, more comprehensive and clearer but broader understanding of the
correlation of migration and socio economic development.
The Law of Migration
Lopez (2005) introduced the Laws of Migration with the phrase
wrote by Desmond Morris in his The Naked Ape (1967) “Al mammals
have a strong exploratory urge, but for some it is more crucial than
others.” He explained that man has the tendency to be attracted by
novelty, a condition known as neophilia or the love of the new. The thril of
traveling to new places where living dangerously is in stil a mystery is part
of the neophilic urge, which he defines as a feeling that “drives us on and
keeps us interested until the unknown has become the known, until
familiarity has bred contempt.” Yet, Man’s tendencies to explore new
territories can sometimes reach alarming proportions and unpredictable.
The Oxford Dictionary of Word Histories (2002) states that the word
immigration is from the Latin immigrare, from im-, “into” and migrare,
“migrate,” recorded from the late eighteen century, formed on the pattern
of emigrant (cited by Lopez, 2005). Often times, strange or peculiar places
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are potential y dangerous but have stronger lure so it must be explored
with extra caution. History, for the most part, involves a study of man in
motion. In the primitive years, man are nomads for they are never settled
down in one place because they only have their bow and arrow, spear and
fishing gears to survive temporarily in one place then transfer again after
consuming al the prey in their present occupation. Sometimes they need
to look for citadel to hide from their enemies or to look for a greener
pasture to survive.
Migration in Retrospect: Evidence
from Migration Histories,
Trend and Pattern
Migration is an intriguing phenomenon. Why are men so driven to
constantly move to other territories while so many others remain in their
place of birth?
Todaro and Smith (2003) stated that studying migration, which they
meant the historical y unprecedented movements of people and
urbanization and they termed as the phenomenon of massive moving is
one of the most complex and nuanced dilemmas of the development
process. There are four components of migration for several countries as
shown in the figure below where they patterned the rural to urban
migration (World Development Report 1999).
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70
60
50
40
Rural-Urban
30
Rural-Rural
20
Urban-Urban
10
Urban-Rural
0
Botswana
Sudan Rep. Korea Ethiopa Honduras
India
Thailand
Cote
Peru
Ghana
(North)
D'Ivoire
Figure 2. World Rural to Urban and Urban to Rural 1999 Migration
Pattern (Source: World Development Report 1999 with
permission (as cited by Todaro and Smith 2003)
Migration patterns are complex for there is no way to clearly
interpret and closely monitor the changes accurately. To some, migration
can be a cause of poverty or in vise versa. Skeldon (2002) written in the
Asia-Pacific Population Journal, the chal enge to policy makers is to
facilitate the types of movement that are most likely to lead to an
al eviation of poverty while protecting migrants from abuse and
exploitation.
Over the years, migration was seen to have been an integral and
vital component of human development. This situation is aptly captured by
a Burmese proverb: “Without transfer to another vil age, a person cannot
become great.” Today, we continue to witness the ebb and the flow of
human beings between and within nations, within regions, within
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provinces, etc. which have resulted to rapid urbanization and growth of
large cities. Perez (1997) stated that the massive movements of
population from countryside to the burgeoning cities were viewed as an
instrument of choice that enables people to adapt themselves to socio-
economic changes accompanying development.
The character, direction and composition of migration have
changed from largely pioneer agricultural movements towards urbanward
moves and have become almost unidirectional in favor of Metro Manila.
This change resulted to the birth of metropolitazation in the country and
brought about a concomitant effect on the composition of migrants. In
general, what used to be a male-dominated process became largely the
domain of young, single females who comprise the majority of urban ward
moves.
The rural-urban migration according to Todaro and Smith (2003) is
the most important type of migration from the standpoint of long run
development. It is the most crucial because the population share of cities
is growing, despite the fact that fertility is much lower in urban areas, and
the difference is accounted for by rural-urban migration. It is also important
because of the potential development benefits of economic activity of
cities, due to agglomeration economies and other factors.
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From the Library of Congress Country Studies and the CIA World
Factbook, 1991 they re-published the Philippine migration rates as there
were two significant migration trends that affected population figure in the
1970s and the 1980s. First was a trend of migration from vil age to city,
which put extra stress on urban areas. As of the early 1980s, thirty cities
had 100,000 or more residents, up from twenty-one in 1970. A National
Housing Authority report revealed that, in the early 1980s, one out of four
Metro Manila residents was squatter. This figure represented a 150
percent increase in a decade in the number of people living in shantytown
communities, evidence of continuing, virtual y uncontrol ed, rural-urban
migration.
A second major migration pattern consisted of resettlement from
the more densely to the less densely populated regions. As a result of a
population-land ratio that declined from about one cultivated hectare per
agricultural worker in the 1950s to about 0.5 hectare by the early 1980s,
thousands of Filipinos had migrated to the agricultural frontier on
Mindanao. According to the 1980 census, six of the twelve fastest growing
provinces were in the western, northern, or southern Mindanao regions,
and a seventh was the frontier province of Palawan.
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The Causes of Migration
Migration can be both cause and be caused by poverty. Similarly,
poverty can be al eviated as wel as exacerbated by population movement.
Skeldon (2002) in his position paper on migration and poverty in Asia-
Pacific Population Journal that easy generalizations are impossible to
make but it is likely that the relative impact of migration on poverty, and of
poverty on migration, varies by level of development of the area under
consideration. Under certain conditions, poverty may be a root cause of
migration to some part of the world, whereas in other parts, under different
conditions, the poor wil be among the last to move. Equal y, in some
areas, migration may be an avenue out of poverty while in others it
contributes to an extension of poverty.
Many authors like Lopez (2005) cited the “pul ” and “push” factors
as the main reason for migration. This means that people are pushed to
move due to the intimidating and worsening economic and political
situation in the place of origin. On the other hand, the promising and
enticing socio-economic factors in one place are enough to pul strangers
or travelers to live in that new place.
Motivation to move from one place to the other whether permanent
or temporary plays a crucial role in understanding migration pattern. Now
a days, a growing literature argued that migration is both an individual and
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a family decision which is contrary to early models of migration that
focused on an individual’s decision to migrate, based on the difference
between the discounted value of the migrant’s expected income from the
new location and the present value/ actual costs of migration.
Smith and Thomas (1998) study of migration of husbands and
wives in peninsular Malaysia discussed a number of scenarios in which
family characteristics may influence the migration decision. For example,
children and adolescents typical y move with their parents, who decide
where the family goes. For these younger migrants, parental
characteristics, such as father’s and mother’s education, may be more
important determinants of an individual’s location, compared to individual
characteristics. The family also matters in mobility status due to cross-
cultural marriage, where an individual wil take his wife and live separately
from their parents. Thus spousal characteristics may affect an individual’s
location decision, particularly for post-marital moves.
Gender may also play an important role in the family’s choice of a
migrant. Whether sons or daughters migrate depends on the family’s
perception of the migrant in its risk-diversification strategy. If, for example,
daughters are socialized to be responsible for their parents, families may
invest in daughters’ migration. In the Dominican Sierra, female migrants
make remittances to their parents’ households if the latter experience
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income shocks; men insure parents only if there is no other migrant in the
household (de la Brière, et al., 2002).
In the Philippines, the family's short-run need for a stable source of
income motivates unmarried female migrants to seek wage-earning jobs,
despite their lack of long-term stability, since parents expect remittances
to decrease after daughters marry and have their own familial obligations
(Lauby and Stark, 1988).
Compared to rural India, women migrate for marriage but men are
lifetime residents in the household and vil age, daughters-in-law living in
the vil age and daughters of the household head who have married and
moved to their husbands’ vil age embody the family’s insurance capital,
linking families of origin and destination of married women in mutual aid
schemes (Rosenzweig, 1993).
Better-educated children are also more likely to migrate in response
to economic opportunities. Because better-educated children may be able
to take advantage of new employment or entrepreneurial opportunities,
they have more to gain from moving than less-educated children.
In the Philippines, internal migration throughout the archipelago has
been observed since big cities were developed. Like for instance, the bulk
of migrants are attracted by the City of Manila for they perceived this city
as a favorable place for sales and private enterprise and other forms of
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business. People from the northern part chose to move to the south for
farming or agricultural purposes, while people from the south chose to
move towards the urban core for business and trades. Besides, even the
Ilocos and Mountain Province appear to attract highly migrants from
almost al occupational groups except farmers (Filipinas Foundation,
1976). It is intuitively obvious that economic activities caused the in-
migration and out-migration of the people throughout the country and even
to other developing countries.
Ang See (2008), concluded in his lecture on Philippine International
Migration: Causes and Consequences at the Dalhousie University,
Canada that higher pay, economic benefits and social security offered by
host countries entice Filipino migrants to relocate. Nonetheless, we find
that same Filipino continue to maintain strong linkages with the home
country. Many in their twilight years also prefer to return and spend their
retirement back home with their dol ar savings.
In the case of Baguio city, it was cal ed the summer capital because
of its chil ing temperature and prolonged cool climate. Through the years,
Baguio played the major role as the center of education in the north and
the melting pot of different tribes and cultures that makes its hem ready to
burst or the central business district to be congested (Baguio City Socio-
Economic and Development Profile, 2010). “People are natural y attracted
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to Baguio because of its cool climate and because it is the administrative,
service and trade center in the Cordil eras,” says Mayor Domogan. But he
also admits that high in-migration rate is main the root of rising squatter
population. Likewise, official figures shows that migrants who came to look
for work in Baguio inevitably stayed and raised families here making up 40
percent of the city’s current population (Leonen, 2000).
Ulama’s study (1995) on an exploratory researched on the Muslim
migrants’ community in barangay Military Cut-Off, Baguio City that Muslim
migrants primarily took refuge in Baguio from the socio-political instability
in Mindanao and to fulfil their desire for better socio-economic life and
opportunities here. He recommended that the Muslim migrants should
develop their INKA system into formal organization to be recognized by
the Baguio City government as one of the People’s Organizations in the
city. The word “INKA” simply means, they should participate as a group in
demand-making activities and electoral processes.
Moreover, Caguioa (1995) found out that Muslim migrants came to
the city of Baguio for better living condition which is exemplified by the
Muslim banketa business along the Magsaysay and Hil top area.
However, she pointed out that Muslim vendor experienced harassments
from the police officers for violating the city’s sidewalk laws. Therefore,
she recommended that Muslim migrants, particularly the vendors should
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be properly informed about the policies of the Baguio City government
concerning sidewalk vending to make it favorable and create areas for
free business access without violating government policies.
Final y, Medina (1996) affirmed in her survey study in migration and
adoption of Muslim migration in Baguio City, that some of the political
reasons that forced the Muslims to migrate to other places are war, lack of
assistance for them from the government, and their feeling of being
neglected. She also assessed that 61% of the Muslim migrants believed
that their prayers and consultation to their Al ah helped them in coping
with the problems they encountered in Baguio City, 24% attributed it to the
organization meetings and 15% to other strategies or coping mechanisms.
Like Ulama, she recommended that the Muslim migrants should come up
with their organization and apply for accreditation in the city council of
Baguio, for them to have a direct representation in the city government as
part of ensuring that their problems wil be legal y attended and remedied
by concerned authorities.
Economies of Agglomeration Policy
The economies of agglomeration explain the strong association
between urbanization and development according to Todaro that large
degree cities are formed because they provide cost advantages to
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producers and consumers. He further advocates the Todaro migration
model toward an economic theory of rural urban migration. The theory
assumes that the members of the labor force, both actual and potential wil
gain more out from migration than to the cost of it (Todaro, 2003).
The model provides a descriptive representation of what is
happening nowadays. However, it is noted that people migrating in urban
areas contribute a lot in area congestion and causes problems especial y
in areas of social welfare, health and nutrition and peace and order
conditions.
If Todaro and Smith (2003) are optimistic in terms of rural-urban
migration as a number one force for economic development to be birthed,
the World Development Report (2009) also concluded that the bigger
conglomeration the city is, the better the quality of life it has. The report
added that even the first world countries and the developing countries in
Asia have the fastest and largest numbers of people moving every day
towards the city as summarized below:
PLACE AND PROGRESS
•Tokyo—the biggest city
–35 mil ion out of 120 mil ion, packed into 4 percent of Japan’s land area
–Every day, its subways move 8 mil ion people
•USA—the most mobile country
–More than 35 mil ion out of 300 mil ion changed residence in 2006
–Every year, 8 mil ion people migrate between states
•West Europe—the most integrated continent
–About 35 percent of GDP is traded
–60 percent of its trade is intra-regional
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STORIES BEING REPEATED NOW IN DEVELOPING ASIA
•Mumbai—the most densely populated city
–About 30,000 people per sq. km.; already twice the density of Seoul,
Shanghai, and Bogota
–More keep coming
•China—the most mobile developing country
–60 mil ion migrant workers traveled from home on the last day
of Chinese New Year holidays in 2006
–200 mil ion travelers were stranded due to snow storms days
before Chinese New Year in 2008
•Southeast Asia—the most rapidly integrating developing region
–Trade is big part of GDP
–More than 25 percent of its trade is within Southeast Asia,
more than 50 percent if Northeast Asia is included
Figure 3. World’s fastest & largest numbers of people moving
everyday (Source: World Development Report 2009)
Cities, migration and trade, it is claimed, have been the main
catalysts of progress and hence ‘Growing cities, ever more mobile people,
and increasingly specialized products are essential for economic success’
(World Bank, 2009). The World Development Report argues with these
greater densities, shorter distances and reduced divisions that wil result to
unbalanced growth. Yet, over time, other policies and mechanisms for
integration wil foster convergence in living standards. It also focuses on a
global development that involves necessary spatial diverse economic
activities coupled with progressive spatial equality in human welfare. This
view both positive (in that it reflects the way the report reads economic
history) and normative (in that the report argues that this is how things
should be). In short, accelerating the economic divergence while reducing
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the time taken for welfare convergence is the key policy chal enge for
universal economic progress (World Development Report, 2009).
According Dayucos (2001), sidewalk vending is the most preferred
economic activity of the Muslim migrants in Baguio City. It also remains as
the most favorable and feasible sources of income for the both Cordil eran
and non-Cordil eran up to this time, like some of the respondents in this
research who diligently do ambulant vending. However, he found out that
the productiveness of the economic activities of the Muslim migrants is
now minimal and declining which was lightly affected by the arising big
business establishments. Thus, he suggested that this problem can be
control ed if the migrants in Bagiuo City wil learn more livelihood projects
from the Department of Social Welfare and Development – Cordil era
Administrative region (DSWD-CAR) in Baguio City such as manufacturing
handicrafts like wal decors, ethnic designs and wood carvings that are
saleable to tourists. He further recommended the legalization of migrants’
organization and operations to ensure their rights for equal protection of
the laws in case rivalry between the informal and formal sectors cannot be
avoided.
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The Impact of Migration on Economic Development
Migration and development are significantly related to each other.
Migration had been motivated by economic reasons, though sometimes a
political one. Around the globe, the growth of population especial y in the
urban areas is being triggered by the uncontrol ed movement of people
and because the major contributing factor to both high rates of urban
growth and high rates of unemployment and underemployment is same as
the rural-urban migration, it is essential to investigate this issue in some
detail.
The connection of economic development and migration is
supported by the universal vision of al countries of the world. Urban
population exploded since the speedy industrialization and expansion of
manufacturing activities are occurring in the capital cities around the
world. Eventual y, when particular place is being developed and
advancing, employment opportunities become visible, thus, people surely
transfer to that place.
If Todaro (2003) believes that migration exacerbates the structural
imbalance of rural-urban in two direct ways, the supply and demand side
in terms of man power, job and resources (Todaro, 2003), other
scholars/authors also discourse on the gains versus costs of migration.
Implications Of Migration On The Socio-Economic Development In Irisan, Baguio City
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Table 1. Enumeration of the gains and costs of international
migration as based on the literature
Author, Year
Gains of Migration
Costs of Migration
Appleyard,
* Relieves labor market pressures,
* Hampers the pace of dev-
1991 generates remittance earnings,
elopement, breeds brain
improves quality of life, & contributes drain that hinders economic
to societal change in origin countries growth, spurs inflation
problems in communities
impacted by remittances
Oxfam Great *Reduces unemployment and generates * Caused brain drain
Britain, 2003 higher wages, generates return of
financial, human and social capital that
can be invested, can supply remittance
flows, and promotes stronger trade link
Stalker, in
* Remittances
*Family strain
NOVIB,
* Population / employment
* Inequality
2003
* Skil s transfer
* Brain drain
* Culture of emigration
Sorensen,
* Family level – improve household
* Depletion of labor force in
Van
earnings, giving people better food,
sending communities of
Hear,
health, housing and educational standards
migrants
and Engberg- * Community level – hometown
* Inflationary influence of
Pedersen,
associations may serve as platforms
remittances to the
2002
resulting in significant development in
communities, and this benefits migrant
and non-migrant households
Source: Institute for Migration and Development Issues, August 2004,
While it is true that cultural diversity, more remittances, progress,
and increased manpower counts as advantages of high migration, there
are more disadvantages that high migration brings to the city of Baguio
according to the different city government units. Commission on
Population regional director Aurora Quiray said, “We are now having
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problems on water, air quality and waste disposal because of
overpopulation. Add to this the [effects on] peace and order situation and
[the question on] whether the government is stil able to provide for basic
services. The city’s hospitals, for example, do not only cater to those from
the city. “It is an advantage if those who wil migrate here are
professionals, but again, it al depends on the city’s carrying capacity, and
can the government provides for al these people?”
Seven years ago, city architect Joseph Alabanza that, “The carrying
capacity of the city in terms of the environment, physical constraints and
social service demands etc. has reached a critical point.”
In contrast, Cordelia Lacsama (City Environment & Parks
Management Office, officer-in-charge) said, “In-migration is something we
cannot put a stop to,” said. The good news is the city’s medium term
development plan (2005-2010) goals to “reduce population growth at
manageable levels, provide appropriate and quality employment
opportunities for residents and revitalize urban planning and design in the
city. The upward trend of population is compounding the disadvantages,
but if these are tax-paying people, then it can be an advantage, because
the city wil have additional funds to address its growing needs”
(http://www.baguiomidlandcourier.com.ph/charter.asp).
Implications Of Migration On The Socio-Economic Development In Irisan, Baguio City
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Population Situation and Distribution
of Irisan, Baguio City Aggravated
by In-Migration
Despite the constructive consequences of migration that might
boost the economy, the increasing populace brought by migration may be
a cause of chaotic environment. Population pressure is general y accepted
as a prime cause of natural resources deletion/extinction, environmental
degradation/pol ution, and reductions in environmental quality. In general,
many people are leaving the vil ages and farms and live in the city that
results to urban explosion.
According to the UN State of the World Population 2007 report,
sometime in the middle of 2007, the majority of people worldwide wil be
living in towns or cities, for the first time in history; this is referred to as the
arrival of the "Urban Mil ennium" or the 'tipping point'. In regard to future
trends, 93% of urban growth is estimated to occur in developing nations,
with 80% of urban growth occurring in Asia and Africa.
Mr. Jacques Vercueil (2004) described rural-to-urban migration as
a major economic and social phenomenon of nowadays societies during
his speech on the seminar on "Agriculture and Rural-Urban Migrations in
Developing Countries: facts and policy implications” which was held in
Damascus on 12 December 2004 within the framework of the Agricultural
Policy Forum promoted by the National Agricultural Policy Center (NAPC).
Implications Of Migration On The Socio-Economic Development In Irisan, Baguio City
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Nearly 800 mil ion people have moved from the countryside to the cities
between 1950 and 2000, without any sign of deceleration as the study
shows. Migration is necessary for the growth and development of
nowadays societies, but also detrimental when rural-urban flows exceed
the absorptive capacity of towns, leading to a degraded kind of human
settlement cal ed “slum”, where 928 mil ion people worldwide are living
according to the 2003 UN-Habitat Global report estimation. This figure wil
grow at an accelerated rate if no policy action is taken to control this
phenomenon as drawn in Figure 4.
800
700
600
500
i
g
r
a
n
t
s
400
300
i
l
i
o
n
M
M
200
100
0
1
9
5
0
1
9
5
5
1
9
6
0
1
9
6
5
1
9
7
0
1
9
7
5
1
9
8
0
1
9
8
5
1
9
9
0
1
9
9
5
2
0
0
0
Year
Figure 4. Worldwide rural exodus since 1950 (Source: UN-Habitat
Global Report 2003)
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It’s very obvious that as emigration and immigration rates vary, the
population rate also varies. While it is true that the National Statistics
Office confessed their incapacity to aggregate exact data and to monitor
closely the migration rate of a certain place, population growth rate is
easier and more precise to measure.
From the latest Population Census of National Statistics Office,
Manila, 2009, the Philippines has a total number of dwel ers of 88.57
mil ion as of August 1, 2007 and we had the lowest population growth rate
of 2.04 percent for the period 2000-2007 recorded for the Philippines since
the 1960s. In addition, Baguio City was designed for a maximum of 30,000
inhabitants, now it has a daytime population of 400,000 (Leonen, 2000). It
is considered as one of the urbanized cities in the country registered a
total population of 301,926 persons as of August 1, 2007. This registered
an increase of 49,540 persons over the total population of 252,386
persons in 2000 (with May 1, 2000 as reference date), giving the city an
annual population growth rate of 2.50 percent. However, from the 129
barangays of Baguio City, stil Irisan, the locale of the study had the
largest population with 24,064 persons or eight percent of the total
population of the entire city (NSO Press Releases, 2009).
The main reasons why population of Irisan drastical y increases
from 2000 onwards mentioned in the Barangay profile (2008) was the
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establishment of the lime business. Lime Kiln which is also known as
Apugan is shown in Plate 1. This supports the record that Irisan is the
most populated barangay in Baguio City. It was pointed out that migration
was identified as the main cause and fol owed by reported incidence of
marriage and early pregnancy among the youth (Barangay Profile 2008).
Moreover, Irisan is known to be the most squatted area. Much of its
ancestral lands have been claimed by private individuals legal y and
il egal y. The expansion for residential is quick that even those newly built
communities does not own legal y the land where they built their shanties.
Plate 1. Lime Kiln Factory
Plate 2. NPC Demolition site 2010
Photo by Amor Busacay,
with a key informant, a
Dec. 2010
migrant from Pangasinan
Photo by Amor Busacay,
Jan. 2011
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The case of National Power Corporation (NPC) for instance, many
shanties were demolished last 2010 because of il egal settlement as
shown in Plate 2. Standing is an aborigine of Pangasinan who was
relocated to Purok 9.A after demolition incidence by the city government
with the National Power Corporation.
Urban Agriculture as One Mitigating
Factor for Migration
Migration, urbanization and development are three major concerns
that developing countries are now giving attention to. These concerns
were validated during the gathering of 188 countries in the 1995
International Conference on population and development held in Cairo,
Egypt (ICPD) Plan of Action, 1995. Member countries noted the changing
scope and magnitude of these phenomena, the relative impact of
migration on poverty, and of poverty on migration which is not easy to
judge.
On the contrary to the popular belief that migration is a way-out
from poverty, Isagani dela Paz (2008) stood his point that migration has
neither brought rural folks out of poverty nor is it a sure fire way for farm
people to clamber aboard the prosperity wagon. However, in the
researcher’s view, it is case to case basis and with considerations of the
personal profile and the environmental background of an individual that
Implications Of Migration On The Socio-Economic Development In Irisan, Baguio City
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causes or results his migration. Dela Paz (2008) quoted the report from
World Bank that migration can be a climb up ladder for wel -prepared,
skil ed workers, or it can be a simple displacement of poverty to the urban
environment for others. It means that the absence of a household member
reduces the agricultural labor supply. In exchange to the agricultural
products which is good for household short term consumption, remittances
from love ones overseas are faster to boom the family economic condition.
Moreover, Madieu Jal oh (2010) reported that massive rural-urban
migration undertaken by potential and able bodied youths in the country is
a cause for alarm. He believed that agriculture is the bedrock upon which
the development of any nation is built, and this involves the active
participation of able bodied young men in the society.
Also, investing on the agribusiness can be a means to manage the
increasing urbanward movement and enhancing livelihood industry
program wil not be taken for granted by the government and other
concerned individuals to eradicate poverty. This is supported by the UN
habitat (2003) in their global research project on the Roles of Agriculture
which is not merely to produce commodities but also to contribute to
conservation of natural resources, environmental stability, rural-urban
population balance, social cohesion and preservation of cultural heritage.
Implications Of Migration On The Socio-Economic Development In Irisan, Baguio City
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Otherwise, out migration might be accelerated and would inflict significant
costs on the society.
This can be true to Irisan that if agriculture wil be finely considered
and developed by both the government and the migrants since
geographical y 45% of its land use is an agricultural land then socio-
economic development in the city as a whole wil be accelerated. Or in the
other hand, since most of the migrants who came in the 1980s are no
longer engaged total y in agriculture, there might be a shift of occupation
for the urban dwel ers and shift of priority for the concerned agencies and
government entities to manage the growing population. These may be an
eye opener for both authorities and common people to work hand and
hand how to mitigate urban poor and elevate a balance urban social
welfare.
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METHODOLOGY
Locale and Time of the Study
Baguio City is an interesting area of study especial y in urban
development and management. Because of this, the research study
focused on an area that defines the aspects of urban development and
management. The area is Barangay Irisan found at the northwestern
portion of the city towards the Municipality of Tuba and the boundary of La
Trinidad, the capital town of Benguet province (Figure 5).
Barangay Irisan was selected because of its unique geographic and
socio-economic characteristics related to development. It is considered an
area of several interventions and researchable area. Specifical y, Irisan
was chosen as the site because it is just 6 to 7 kilometers away from the
central business district and it is the gateway to San Fernando, La Union,
and the rest of the Region 1. It is also a place where the socio-economic
development happens faster compared with other barangays in the
outskirt of the city. Moreover, it is the most populated barangay and has
the largest land area with seventy percent (70 %) rol ing terrain and thirty
percent (30 %) plain which is wel suited for constructing horizontal and
vertical infrastructures.
Implications Of Migration On The Socio-Economic Development In Irisan, Baguio City
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Figure 5. Map of Baguio City showing Barangay Irisan as the research site
Implications Of Migration On The Socio-Economic Development In Irisan, Baguio City
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Geographical y, it is situated on the Northwest side, on the east is
Barangay Longlong of La Trinidad, Benguet and Pinsao Barangay of
Baguio City, on the west are Upper Tadiangan, Tuba Benguet and Asin
Road Barangay of Baguio City, on the North is Yagyagan, of Upper
Tadiangan, Tuba, and on the South is San Luis and Quezon Hil Barangay
of Baguio City. Irisan is traversed by the Quirino Highway or Naguilian
Road passing through the Baguio Cemetery towards Lamtang going to
other provinces and cities in Region 1. It can also be reached via the
newly constructed Pico-Lamtang road.
It is among the 130 barangays of Baguio City with a total land area
of 537.53 hectares composed of the 28 puroks (Irisan Barangay Profile
2008) but recently, they made 32 puroks for easier monitoring and delivery
of services and infrastructure facilities. It is where big subdivisions and
socialized housings were built including the public open dumpsite
operating in the vicinity.
In the heart of Barangay Irisan situated a public open dumpsite that
caters al residuals from the whole city. Unfortunately, solid matters
previously dumped at the site produces foul smel . And a spring located
underneath boulders/rocks near and underneath the dumpsite which is the
only source of domestic water supply claimed to have foul smel , oily and
Implications Of Migration On The Socio-Economic Development In Irisan, Baguio City
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contains solid wastes especial y during rains (Irisan Barangay Profile
2008).
Most of the people living nearby the dumpsite are benefitted by the
residuals through scavenging, buying and sel ing scraps and garbage
col ecting. Like the picture below, a native of Banaue, Ifugao married to a
Bisayan who both living by scavenging and col ecting residuals.
.
Plate 3. An interview with a migrant Plate 4. Public Dumpsite,
of Banaue, Ifugao
Photo by Amor Busacay,
Photo by Amor Busacay
January, 2011
January, 2011
On the other hand, the increase of investors, business
establishments and other entities accrue fund in the tax revenue of the
city. Like the testimony of the woman (from Mountain Province) in the
picture (Plate 5) who was a ful time housewife prior to migration but
started her mini store at Irisan when she discovered that their location is
Implications Of Migration On The Socio-Economic Development In Irisan, Baguio City
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49
good for business. Her husband also (from Benguet) was formerly a
government employee but resigned from his job and transferred to Irisan
to attend their parents who were old and sick while working their garden.
Unlike the group of men in the lower picture (Plate 6) who married original
settlers that they remained laborers up to the present.
The study was conducted from December 2010 to March 2011 in
the identified and selected puroks of Barangay Irisan.
Plate 5. An interview with a housewife Plate 6. An interview with KIs
who became store keeper.
(Ibaloy) who married
Photo by Amor Busacay,
original settlers. Photo
January 2011
by Amor Busacay,
January 2011
Implications Of Migration On The Socio-Economic Development In Irisan, Baguio City
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50
Respondents of the Study
The study identified the research participants through a referral
system instituted from the discussion of the researcher with the barangay
officials. This was further supported by Barangay records and historical
notes provided by the local people in the area. Because of the numerous
identified potential respondents, the researcher decided to al ocate two to
five respondents per purok depending on the population density and
migration history of the area.
A total of 100 respondents were identified in the 32 puroks of
Barangay Irisan. A validation technique was used together with the
Barangay leaders were used to determine consistency and accurateness.
Based on the list and information gathered on the migration of local
people, the respondents were 23 years and over and who experienced
mobility for at least 5 years to at most 30 years. Most of the respondents
are head of the family or their spouses.
Research Design
The research study used quantitative and qualitative research
methodologies. It was designed to obtain data on the implications of
migration on the socio-economic development of Irisan, Baguio City. At
the same time, it was conducted to show the different factors associated in
Implications Of Migration On The Socio-Economic Development In Irisan, Baguio City
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migration including the identification of problems and concerns affecting
the people in the area. The socio-economic development factors were
analyzed to show the real condition of the area vis-à-vis people’s
responsiveness to the increasing population.
Research Methods Used
The unique and diversity of the respondent’s condition and
geographic characteristics of the area led the researcher to use research
methods that solicit and require pertinent data col ection process. In such
case, the study utilized the historical and descriptive methods supportive
to the primary and secondary data sources. The data include the
characteristics of the first streams of migrants to the barangay and the
barangay’s historical development. These were obtained from the National
Statistics Office (NSO), Baguio City, Office if the City Planning and
Development, Assessor’s Office, and Barangay Hal .
Survey questionnaire. A structured survey questionnaire was
prepared to col ect pertinent data. This was personal y administered by the
researcher together with a trained enumerator. The survey questionnaire
contains the: socio-demographic profile, spatial mobility questions,
migration history, characteristics of the barangay, the socio-economic
development factors related to migration and the positive and negative
Implications Of Migration On The Socio-Economic Development In Irisan, Baguio City
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consequences of migration in the socio-economic development of Irisan
as part of Baguio City, and problems encountered by the respondents.
Key Informant Interview (KII). The relevance of the historical
antecedents and other development concerns in relation to socio-
economic development of Irisan Barangay was done through key
informant interviews (KII). The KII were done to senior migrants in the
area and the city planning officers including barangay officials/ tanods/
health workers/ etc., city planning and development personnel, NEDA
resource person and others. A checklist of questions served as guide for
the researchers to validate and redirect the interviewees on issues and
concerns related to the local migration and development in the area
obtained during the conduct of the survey.
Observation. This research method was used to supplement/
complement the significant changes provided by the research participants.
Specifical y, the observation presented the physical condition of the
present situation of Barangay Irisan, Baguio City. Physical changes were
captured through photo documentation.
Treatment of Data
A researcher administered survey was conducted to understand the
current migration and socio-economic development situation of the
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barangay. This was substantiated by col ecting other data requiring wide
source base, not only on hard data but also at previous works related to
the research such as world population census and survey data utilized to
map out patterns of migration in terms of time, origin, gender, occupation
and changes of movements of the respondents and other secondary data
on migration conducted by both city-based research institutions and
barangay-based research group was utilized.
Pertinent data were col ected based on the respondents’ best
knowledge and experiences related to the socio-economic development
as influenced by migration.
Furthermore, the raw data was statistical y analyzed that were
accumulated and grouped, consolidated and integrated, tabulated and
analyzed according to the objectives of the study. Descriptive statistical
tools such as percentage, weighted mean, t-test, Cochran Q test,
frequency counts and ranking were used to interpret the findings and to
test the hypotheses if they are accepted or not.
To determine the relationship of the consolidated variables in terms
of how much significant each item is based on the hypotheses, the
Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS) was used to generate the
results.
Implications Of Migration On The Socio-Economic Development In Irisan, Baguio City
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RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Socio-Economic and Demographic
Profile of the Respondents
This contains al the needed demographic data, including the
migration history and income status of the respondents, which is curtailed
and shown in Table 2.
Table 2. Socio-economic and demographic profile of respondents
CHARACTERISTIC
FREQUENCY
PERCENT
(n=100)
(%)
Age
29 and below
22
22
30-39
29
29
40-49
25
25
50 and above
24
24
Gender
Male
34
34
Female
66
66
Civil Status
Single
27
27
Married
68
68
Widowed/Separated
5
5
Educational Attainment
Elementary Level
11
11
Secondary Level
42
42
Col ege Level
23
23
Post Graduate
17
17
Vocational
7
7
Religious Affiliation
Roman Catholic
52
52
Non-Roman Catholic
48
48
Tribe
Cordil eran
48
48
Non-Cordil eran
52
52
Implications Of Migration On The Socio-Economic Development In Irisan, Baguio City
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Age. The age of the respondents ranged from 23 to 72 years old.
Majority of the respondents belong to the age group 30 to 39 years old
with twenty (20) respondents aged 30 to 34 years old and eight (8)
respondents with 35 to 39 years old. Fol owed by age group 40 to 49
years old with seventeen (17) respondents aging from 40 to 44 years old
and nine (9) were 45 to 49 years of age. Next is from 50 years old and
above with twelve (12) respondents aging 50 to 54 years old and twelve
(12) from them were at 50 to 72 years old. The least age group is from 23
to 29 years old with thirteen (13) respondents aging 25 to 29 years old and
nine (9) respondents aging 23 to 24 years old. The average age of the
respondents is 39 years old. By comparison, respondents’ ages with the
length of stay at Irisan reveal that thirty (30) respondents stayed for 5 to 9
years in the area; fol owed by twenty five (25) respondents who stayed
from 10 to 14 years of residence.
Gender. There are more females (66) than males (34) among
the respondents (Table 2). In local migration, the National Statistical
Coordination Board presented in the 2009 Regional Social and Economic
Trends (Figure 10), the number of migrants by sex (1985-1990) for the
whole CAR and in Baguio and Benguet. The report said that in-migrants in
Baguio in this span of time were mostly from the Cordil era and mostly are
male.
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Civil status. During the survey, the research focused on married
respondents or head of the family who lived temporarily or permanently in
Irisan for a period of 5 to 30 years in order to determine accuracy on data
relative to the migration of people in the area. Out of the 100 respondents,
sixty eight (68) respondents were married, two (2) respondents were
widowed, and three (3) were separated. However, there were twenty
seven (27) singles inclusive of five (5) live-in partners who were living
independently. This finding is supported by the report about Barangay
Irisan (October 2007) that out of the 18,827 total population survey of
residents aged from 1 to 80 and above, 29% were married, 1% separated
and 10% other/ Common Law and the rest are single (Figure 6).
40,000
35,000
30,000
i
g
r
a
n
t
s
25,000
20,000
Both Sexes
15,000
b
e
r
o
f
M
Male
10,000
u
m
5,000
Female
N
0
In-coming Out-going In-coming Out-going
CAR Benguet & Baguio
Figure 6.
Migrants by sex (1985-1990) for the whole CAR and in
Benguet and Baguio (Source: National Statistical
Coordination with permission (as cited by the National
Economic and Development Authority, 2009)
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Educational attainment. The highest educational attainment
obtained from the respondents are individuals with post graduate degree
and units (17), fol owed by individuals who went to col ege (23) but did not
graduate because they wanted to migrate for a better living condition than
their place of origin and who got married at an early age. Also, seven
respondents finished vocational, forty two (42) respondents reached
secondary level because they preferred to earn money than to pursue
their studies and eleven (11) individuals finished elementary. The highest
educational attainment of the respondents is below average as to perceive
the importance of education. During their academic years, education was
not their priority as long as they can earn money in a day.
Religious affiliation. Majority of the respondents are Roman
Catholic with 52 %. This was fol owed by the Pentecostals/Evangelicals
and Protestants with thirteen (13) respondents each, and then Anglican
(12%). Also seven respondents are Iglesia Ni Cristo while there are three
who did not respond.
Tribe/ethnicity. The consolidated data from the tribe/ ethnicity
represents the place of birth, place of origin and cultural affiliation of the
respondents. There are fifty two (52) migrants who belong to different
tribes outside the Cordil era Administrative Region and 48 were from the
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Cordil era. The respondents’ tribe/ethnicity was categorized by Region
based on the place of birth/origin and the language spoken at home:
• CAR (Cordil era Administrative Region). Twenty-three (22)
respondents came from different part of Benguet (Kankana-ey
& Ibaloi), nine (9) respondents are from other barangays of
Baguio City (mixed tribes), 12 are from Mountain Province
(APLAI & Kankana-ey), 4 from Kalinga, and one from Ifugao.
• NCR (National Capital Region). There were three who came
from Manila and one I from Makati.
• Region I. This includes the seven (7) Pangasinense, fourteen
(14) origin of La Union and 5 Ilocano respondents.
• Region II. Among the five (5) respondents from Region 2, three
came from Cagayan and two Nueva Viscaya
• Region III. Out of the ten (10) respondents from Region 3,
Nueva Ecija, Pampanga and Zambales have three respondents
each and one from Bulacan.
• Region IV. One respondent is from Palawan of Region 4.
• Visayas Region. This comprises the one respondent in each
region of Albay, Bohol, Iloilo, Negros Occidental and Leyte.
• Mindanao Region. Muslim vil age is situated at Barangay Irisan
unfortunately, among the 100 respondents; there is only one
who came from Mindanao particularly Surigao City.
According to the 2009 Regional Social and Economic Trends,
NEDA-CAR combined Benguet and Baguio, the largest group of migrants
Implications Of Migration On The Socio-Economic Development In Irisan, Baguio City
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in Baguio and Benguet were from Pangasinan, fol owed by NCR then
Mountain Province, then La Union and then Ilocos Sur.
Specifical y, based on the census surveyed in Irisan as of October,
2007 the most listed individuals are Kankana-ey tribe from Benguet and
some part of Mountain Province fol owed by Pangasinan including 2
Aetas, 5 Dumagats and 8 Mangyans presently living in the city (Irisan
Barangay Socio-Economic Profile and Development Plan 2010-2015).
From the sixty eight (68) respondents who got married, five (5)
widowed and separated, and one (1) from the live-in partners with a total
of seventy four (74) respondents have children when the study was
conducted. Forty-eight (48) respondents have one to three numbers of
children while the remaining has more than three numbers of children in
the family .
According to most parents who experienced hardship in life,
education is the best inheritance they can give to their children. Although
most of the respondents were uneducated they managed to send 54.20 %
of the 225 children to higher education, 29.77 are stil col ege students,
1.33 % are already post graduates and 23.10 % are vocational graduates.
And, 45.80% are stil in high school and elementary (Table 2.a).
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Table 2.a Background information of the migrants’ siblings
CHARACTERISTICS
FREQUENCY
PERCENT
Respondents who has number of children from
3 and below
48
48
4 and above
26
26
TOTAL
74
74
Ages of Children
0 - 4
31
13.78
5 - 9
44
19.56
10 - 14
33
14.67
15 - 19
36
16.00
20 - 24
29
12.89
25 - 29
16
7.11
30 - 34
26
11.56
35 and above
10
4.44
TOTAL
225
100.00
Civil Status
Single
189
16
Married
36
84
TOTAL
225
100
Gender
Male
115
51.11
Female
110
48.89
TOTAL
225
100
Educational Attainment
Elementary level
52
23.10
Secondary Level
51
22.70
College level
67
29.77
Post Graduate
3
1.33
Vocational
52
23.10
TOTAL
225
100
Respondent’s occupation. The identified occupation of the
respondents as reflected in Table 2.b. affects greatly their migration
condition. Since most of respondents did not finish a degree, many of their
Implications Of Migration On The Socio-Economic Development In Irisan, Baguio City
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occupations are not stable and not highly paid. Others used their own
skil s to establish their own business or livelihood which they previously
practice from the place of origin. It was found out that there were fifty one
(51) respondents who shifted from their previous occupation to other jobs
suited in the city while fifteen (15) respondents remained in their old
commerce or job, twenty seven (27) respondents who had no response in
the previous occupation, and seven (7) respondents who have previous
occupation but no response in the present occupation. Among the twenty
seven (27) respondents who did not respond to the previous occupation,
twenty two (22) respondents were able to find other sources of income
upon resettling at Irisan while five (5) among them are stil looking for job
until now. From the twenty two (22) respondents who currently have
occupation upon resettling in Irisan, five (5) owned a store, seven (7) were
self-employed, two (2) are housewife, two (2) are gardening, one (1) is an
ambulant vendor, and one (1) is a welder.
For more detail, five respondents are engaged in smal business
like storekeeping, baking, dressmaking and any form of business activities
in the past until they migrated to Irisan, they applied their business
techniques and skil s.
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Table 2.b. Information of migrants or respondents’ occupation
PREVIOUS
PRESENT
CHARACTERISTICS
FREQUENCY PERCENT FREQUENCY
PERCENT
(n = 100)
(n = 100)
(%)
A. OCCUPATION
RESPONDENT:
Businessman
5
5
38
38
Daily wage earner
31
31
14
14
Skilled worker
11
11
8
8
OFW
5
5
0
0
Teacher
1
1
0
0
Law enforcer
2
2
2
2
Housewife
14
14
18
18
Student
3
3
0
0
No response
27
27
11
11
Barangay official
1
1
9
9
TOTAL
100
100
(n = 100)
(%)
(n = 100)
(%)
SPOUSE:
Businessman
5
6.85
7
9.59
Daily wage earner
19
26.03
23
31.51
Skilled worker
16
21.92
15
20.55
OFW
6
8.22
4
5.48
Teacher
4
5.48
5
6.85
Law enforcer
4
5.48
4
5.48
Housewife
7
9.59
11
15.07
Student
1
1.37
0
0.00
No response
11
15.07
4
5.48
TOTAL
73
73
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Furthermore, twelve (12) respondents are previously skil ed
workers accredited by TESDA or PRC licensed holder or trained by other
agency to operate manual y or technical y. This includes the three (3)
drivers where two (2) became taxi operator and aggregate owner while the
other one has no occupation at present; the one geodetic engineer who
until now practicing his profession; the three (3) previous factory workers
where two became housewives and one a store keeper in Irisan; the
teacher who previously teaching in their place of origin but recently
stopped because she needs to take care her baby; and the 4 respondents
who were original y office staff but only one practicing the same while
living in the new place (Irisan), one has no occupation, one became
ambulant vendor, and one got married and ful time housewife.
There were five (5) respondents who were previously an overseas
Filipino worker. Upon their return four (4) started their business like beauty
parlor, mini stores and Ukay-ukay, while the one volunteered as purok
leader.
Moreover, there are two respondents who were into law
enforcement, a previous security guard from his place of origin who was
hired as security guard again during his stay in the barangay, and a retired
police officer who chose to stay at Irisan upon retirement while serving as
one of the city environmental cooperative board of directors.
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Others are considered as daily wage earners who are either self-
employed, miner, saleslady, conductor, laborer, farmer/gardener and
house helper. It was further noted that 8 respondents were previously self-
employed in the place they came from but changed career when they
transferred to Irisan. Four of them became barangay official, three were
store keeper and one became housewife. Likewise the four miners, two
remain as miner, one is now driving and one has no occupation. Also, the
eight (8) respondents who used to be sales ladies, four (4) is now a store
keeper, three (3) got married and a ful time housewife and one is back as
sales lady. For the two (2) previous conductors, they did not specify their
present occupation because it is unstable. There was one laborer before
who put up his own store when he saw the business opportunity in Irisan
upon migrating and one barangay official of his place of origin and
became an encoder when transferred to Irisan. Moreover, there seven (7)
who used to do farming and gardening in their place of origin but when
they moved to Irisan two became store keeper, one is self-employed, one
became security guard, two are housewives and one has no occupation
identified. Final y, there is one house helper before who married to an
original settler of Irisan and is now a ful time housewife and the three
respondents who were previously students; one became office staff, a
checker and a housewife (Appendix D).
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Spouse’ occupation.
Among the spouses of the sixty eight
(68) married and five (5) who are uncivil wedded, Table 2.b transpired that
there were five (5) spouses who are previously engaged in smal business
like store keeping, scavenging, garbage col ecting, and vending. Four of
them are doing the same job when they transferred to Irisan except the
one scavenger who stopped and who has no occupation at present.
Meanwhile, seventeen (17) spouses from the twenty eight (28) daily
wage earners remained from the previous occupation upon migration
which identified as farmer/gardener (2), housewife (6), laborer (7), and
self-employed (2). For the rest who changed job upon resettling, six
farmers/gardeners became store keeper (1), driver (1), housewife (2),
stone breaker (1), and porter (1); one housewife was able to start smal
store as a source of income while living at Irisan; one miner from his place
of origin hardly get a job in the city until now; one sales lady before
stopped working and became ful time housewife when married to an
original settler of Irisan; and the two who were students prior to migration
got married to a garbage col ector, who the same fol owed her husband’s
work and the other one became ful time housewife.
The twenty-seven (27) who were categorized as skil ed workers
are: the three previously security guards from the place of origin who
shifted to laborer and delivery boy, while one hired as security guard in
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Baguio City; the nine (9) spouses who used to be drivers before arriving in
Irisan, two were not employed this time while the rest were stil driving at
present; the seven (7) government employees composed of two utility
men, four teachers, and one pulis officer continued their working
profession even when they resettled in Irisan except the one utility man
who chose to do gardening when there is no one to take over the farm
from their parents.
Fortunately, from the seventy three (73) spouses, the eleven (11)
who had no response under previous occupation were able to find one
after moving to Irisan: two became gardener, one employed as local
teacher, one worked as Philippine Navy, two became driver, two were
laborers, one was self-employed, one crew, and one hired as sales boy.
By comparison, survey conducted last October 2007 reveal that
majority of the households are engaged to economic such as laborer and
skil ed workers with a total of 1243 fol owed by special occupation like self-
employment and business with 812 counts including those individuals with
no occupation and housewives (Barangay Socio-Economic Profile and
Development Plan 2010-2015).
Two out of nine economic activities mentioned by the respondents
were permanent particularly the teaching, and the law enforcement. In
addition, the barangay census on the Job Status (October 2007) show that
Implications Of Migration On The Socio-Economic Development In Irisan, Baguio City
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there are 1647 individuals engaged in short term/ seasonal/ casual, 1638
as permanent employees, and 999 individuals works on different jobs on a
daily or weekly basis. In effect there is a need to create more jobs and to
boost Baguio’s economy.
Respondents’ family income status.
Table 2.c. portrayed that
out of the 100 respondents, eighty (80) individuals with one or more family
members in the household are receiving monthly income while twenty (20)
answered that no one in the family are receiving monthly income. These
eighty (80) respondents composed of the seventy one (71) respondents
who are presently identified as businessmen, daily wage earners, skil ed
workers, law enforcer, and barangay officials, and the remaining nine (9)
came from the eighteen (18) housewives whose spouse or children are
having monthly income.
Likewise, nineteen (19) individuals summed up their household
monthly income with an amount of 15,000.00 and above, twenty two (22)
individuals with total household income of 10,000.00 – 14,999.00, and the
remaining fifty nine (59) are having a combined average household
monthly income of 0.00 to 9,999.00 upon the conduction of the research.
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Table 2.c. Information of respondents’ household income
CHARACTERISTIC
FREQUENCY
PERCENTAGE
(n = 100) (%)
Number of Family Members
Who Have Income
0
20
20
1 – 2
74
74
3 or more
6
6
Combined Average
Monthly Income
Below 9,999.00
59
59
10,000.00 – 14,000.00
22
22
15,000.00 and above
19
19
Years of residing in Irisan. The length of stay of the respondents at
Irisan enhances the discussion in understanding and analyzing the status
of socio-economic development in the barangay. At the same manner, it
provides a characterization on the status of migration whether temporary,
semi-temporary or permanent.
Based from the gathered data, 30 % of the migrants stayed at
Irisan for 5 to 9 years, 45 % lived for 10 to 24 years and only 7% lived for
25-30 years as il ustrated in Figure 7.
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30
25
16
17
12
5 to 9
10 to 14
15 to 19
20 to 24
25 to 30
Figure 7. Years of residing in Irisan
The result is not far to compare with data surveyed by the
Barangay for their Irisan Barangay Socio-economic Profile and Barangay
Development Plan (Year 2010-2015) as shown in Figure 8.
2,085
2,100
1,399
1,296
619
746
219
6 mos. &
1-5 yrs
6-10 yrs 11-15 yrs 16-20 yrs 12-25 yrs 25 yrs &
below
above
Figure 8. Household head by length of stay in the barangay
(Source: Irisan Barangay Socio-Economic Profile and
Barangay Development Plan 2010-2015)
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Degree of Importance of Socio-economic
Development Factors that Influenced
Migration as Measured by the Respondents
Table 3 presents the degree of importance of socio-economic
development factors that influenced migration as measured by the
respondents. These factors were categorized into three, the family,
economic activities and infrastructure & facilities. The data were tested
and analyzed using t-test method.
Family
The presence of a family particularly due to marriage, family
reunions and religious activities showed significant degree of importance
with a weighted mean of 2.42 and computed value of 12.458 at the
probability of <0.01. It revealed that marriage and close family ties were
most important while kinship reunions, and religious, politics, tribal and
social activities were important in the development factors that influenced
migration as identified by the respondents.
One of the good traits of Filipinos is being relational and
sentimental. They value much the family because to them, family is their
comfort zone. Since most of the respondents are at the matrimonial stage
and with a ful bloom of maturity, their priorities in life affect their choices of
place to raise their families.
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Table 3.
Degree of importance of socio-economic development
factors that influenced migration as measured by the
respondents
SOCIO-ECONOMIC FACTORS
MI I LI WM DE
A. Family
1. Marriage & Close Family Ties
86 10 4 2.83
MI
2. Kinship and Family Reunions
49 37 14 2.30
I
3. Religious, Politics, Tribal & Social Activities
42 33 25 2.13
I
TOTAL WEIGHTED MEAN
2.42
I
tc = 12.458* probability= <0.01
B. Economic Activities
1. Different Commerce & Industry
52 42 6 2.42
I
2. Employment & Job Promotions
73 22 5 2.67
MI
TOTAL WEIGHTED MEAN
2.55
MI
tc = 9.046* probability= <0.01
C. Infrastructure and Facilities
1. Education Institutions, Technologies, Varied
Courses and Vocations
83 17 0 2.86
MI
2. Selected DOH Health Facilities (Health Centers,
Brgy. Health Stations, ect.) & Services
84 16 0 2.80
MI
3. Drugstores and Medical Supplies
72 27 1 2.65
MI
4. Road Networks/Transport & Telecommunications 49 41 10 2.39
I
5. Amusement & Recreational Areas
14 43 43 1.66
I
TOTAL WEIGHTED MEAN
2.47
I
tc = 15.897* probability= <0.01
* significant
Legend: Statistical
Numerical
Verbal
Limits
Values
Description
2.50 – 3.00
3 (85-100%)
Most Important (MI)
1.50 – 2.49
2 (70-84%)
Important (I)
1.00 – 1.49
1 (69% and Below)
Less Important (LI)
Weighted Mean (WM)
Descriptive Equivalent (DE)
Implications Of Migration On The Socio-Economic Development In Irisan, Baguio City
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72
Older folks are more conservative for they strongly kept the spirit of
togetherness. They are not happy to see one family member wil go
abroad leaving her or his smal siblings with grandparents. They believed
that life is not about getting wealth but about relationship where you care
and love each other in every season in life.
On the contrary, today’s generations are more liberal for they are
more open to the advancing technology and this competitive world. So,
even against their wel , they are crossing the boarders and bite the higher
pay, economic benefits and social security offered by the host countries as
mentioned by Ang See (2008).
In addition, Philippines is the only Christian nation in Asia so almost
al Filipinos have their own belief and way of expressing their faith on the
One and True God. Like the participants in this study, they are ful y aware
of that God exist and so being religious is important to them, but not as
important as their family and personal basic needs.
In politics also, many participants are not interested on it for some
reasons like they are wel known in community, their tribes are stil few as
compared to original settlers or older migrants, they are not financial y
capable, not influential and besides their focus is to earn for a living.
Implications Of Migration On The Socio-Economic Development In Irisan, Baguio City
/ Busacay, Amor C. 2011
73
Economic Activities
The different commerce and industry, employment and promotions
under the economic activities were important and most important
respectively since the computed value of 9.046 is significant at <0.01 level
of probability. Aside from education, health and family, money is one of
the most crucial elements to sustain human’s basic needs. The economic
crisis is under the control of money and almost every move of man now-a-
days involves money. Money therefore is not bad but it can ruin lives if we
became a slave of it. As the Bible says, “10 For the love of money is a root
of al kinds of evil. Some people, eager for money, have wandered from
the faith and pierced themselves with many grief’s.” --I Timothy 6:10 (New
International Version, ©2011).
Due to difficulty of living in the original place, many respondents
were here in the city of Baguio for work. It happened that Irisan has a lot of
open spaces the time they relocated in the city that’s why they built their
temporary shelters while working as daily wage earners. Because work is
very important to them, they do not care if they are occupying government
reservation sites or private property. Some are living “isang kahig, isang
tuka” one-day-living but they prefer this way because they can hold money
for a day unlike in their own hometown that they hardly work in the farm
but have no money.
Implications Of Migration On The Socio-Economic Development In Irisan, Baguio City
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74
From al the respondents, business activities was the highest
present occupation although most of these are smal scale type like
ambulant vending and mini-store keeping. Some are overseas workers
who came back home then put up business to sustain the schooling of
their siblings.
Because many of the respondents struggled or are struggling in
earning enough to sustain their family’s education, health and shelter
looking for a higher-paid job is one of their cries. Unfortunately, it would be
hard for those who are only elementary and high school graduates to get
paid much more than those who are degree holder.
Infrastructure and Facilities
First, the computed value 15.897 on the infrastructure & facilities is
significant at <0.01 level of probability. It signifies that the educational
facilities, technologies, varied courses and vocation; the selected DOH
facilities (health centers, barangay health stations) and services; the
medical supplies and drugstores; the road transport networks and
telecommunications, and the amusements and recreational areas as wel
were mostly important as it was measured by the respondents that
influenced them to resettle. Results further revealed that the identified
socio-economic development factors significantly influence migration
Implications Of Migration On The Socio-Economic Development In Irisan, Baguio City
/ Busacay, Amor C. 2011
75
because of the positive interaction and relationships of the respondents on
the factors particularly on the availability of infrastructures and facilities
which provide basic services to families in the area. On the other hand,
the economic activities serve as an avenue for other activities aside from
financial gains.
It was observed from the priorities of the participants on socio-
economic development factors that those personal needs like education
and health are the most important while the public interest like road
networks/transportation and telecommunications, and amusements and
recreational areas are lightly important. This confirms that participants
were raised in provinces where there were no amenities and technologies
like what they have in the city. Some also used hiking as mode of
transportation so they did not foresee the advantages of road networks
and telecommunications upon staying at Irisan .
Attainment of the Socio-Economic
Development Factors in Relation
to Migration
Family
Table 4 presents how the socio-economic development factors are
attained based on the expectations of the respondents upon migration.
Implications Of Migration On The Socio-Economic Development In Irisan, Baguio City
/ Busacay, Amor C. 2011
76
Under the family factor, the more intimate and closer family bonding,
flexibility to other culture, easy to adjust to new environment and more
friendly and easy going are moderately attained and statistical y proven as
significant. Although most of the respondents found their family or stayed
with their family in Irisan, stil many of their relatives in the province did not
come along with them. Only few also got involved in politics during their
stay in the new place.
Family is very important to every Filipinos, but there is stil a need
to maintain the good cultural values like camaraderie, strong family ties
and hospitality. Awareness and acceptance of other’s culture needs to be
developed and strengthen to eliminate racial discrimination, tribal conflicts
and socio-political instability also (Medina, 1995). Like Ulama (1995) said
about the legalization of INKA system of the Muslims, these migrants can
avail faster services and financial or project assistance from the
government if they organize themselves as a community and register the
name of the organization legal y to be recognized by the city government.
As time goes by, these same migrants who are used to be
conservatives were carried away by the fads and fashion in the city so
they were became more friendly and easy going than when they first
arrived. Like to some Ibalois and Kankana-eys who practiced their culture
tightly became more flexible when they came to Irisan.
Implications Of Migration On The Socio-Economic Development In Irisan, Baguio City
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77
Table 4.
Attainment of the socio-economic development factor
in relation to migration as perceived by the respondents
SOCIO-ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT FACTORS
A MA
NA
WM
DE
A. Family
1. More intimate & Closer Family Bonding
68 26
6
2.62 A
2. Increased Tribe in the City
40 31
29
1.99 MA
3. Flexibility to other Culture
64 28
5
2.65 A
4. Easy to Adjust to new Environment
72 23
5
2.70 A
5. More Friendly & Easy Going
73 21
6
2.71 A
6. Became City or Barangay Official
20 17
63
1.49 NA
TOTAL WEIGHTED MEAN
2.36 MA
tc = 17.795* probability = <0.01
B. Economic Activities
1. Proximity to Central Business District, Gov't Offices,
SM Baguio & other Bigger Business
Establishments, Public Market & other Services
56 36
8
2.55 A
2. Stable Job, Better Salary & more Benefits
17 61
22
1.97 MA
3. More & Improved Tourist Destinations
18 55
27
1.90 MA
4. Cool & Pleasant Climate & Attractive Ambience
72 23
5
2.70 A
5. Improved Life Condition
29 54
17
2.09 MA
TOTAL WEIGHTED MEAN
2.24 MA
tc = 19.804* probability = <0.01
C. Infrastructure and Facilities
1. Quality of Education, Advanced Technologies,
Improved Courses and Vocations
38 57
5
2.35 MA
2. High Standard Facilites & School Building
39 65
6
2.26 MA
3. Sufficient, Accessible & Affordable Health
Services at the Health Centers & Stations
49 37
14
2.35 MA
4. Adequately Equipped Delivery of safe & Optimal
Health Care & New Birth Policies
44 37
19
2.28 MA
5. Accessible Renovated Hospitals, Various Medical
Supplies, Drugstores, & Medical practitioners/staff
18 37
45
1.71 MA
6. Good Communication Lines & Network Coverage
32 45
23
2.10 MA
7. Accessibility of Amusement & Social Amenities
17 55
28
1.84 MA
8. Convenient Transport & Accessible Road Networks
43 44
13
2.32 MA
TOTAL WEIGHTED MEAN
2.15 MA
tc = 20.040* probability = <0.01
* significant
Legend:
Statistical
Numerical
Verbal
Limits
Values
Description
2.50– 3.00
3 (85-100%)
Attained (A)
1.50 – 2.49 2 (70-84%)
Moderately (MA)
1.00 – 1.491
(69% and Below)
Not Attained (NA)
Implications Of Migration On The Socio-Economic Development In Irisan, Baguio City
/ Busacay, Amor C. 2011
78
For example, if their usual practice on their dead was to burry near
their house, now, they could not apply it at Irisan because it is unsanitary
according the city ordinance.
Economic Activities
While it is true that people are natural y attracted to the cool climate
of Barangay (NCSO, 2009), many people moved to Baguio to look for job
opportunities because it is the center of administrative, service and trade
in the Cordil era (Leonen, 2000).
Irisan barangay for instance, has been identified as a growth node
for high-density commercial activities owing to its access to Naguilian road
(Leonen, 2000). That’s why thirty eight (38) respondents shifted from their
previous occupation during their stay at Irisan into business activities
including the five (5) individuals who remained as business-oriented
people because it is suited to the place. The respondents were satisfied
that they are close to the central business district, government services,
bigger business establishments, public market and other services while
enjoying the cool and pleasant weather.
However, stable job, better salary, more and improved tourist
destinations and improved life conditions are moderately attained. It
implies that most of the respondents could hardly apply for better
Implications Of Migration On The Socio-Economic Development In Irisan, Baguio City
/ Busacay, Amor C. 2011
79
job/higher-paid work because of the low educational background which
results to slow progress in their life condition.
From further discussion with the respondents they cannot deny that
their survival tips like sel ing fish bal on the streets, or scavenging and
driving are not promising source of income especial y when their siblings
wil go to higher education. One of their options is to go overseas, birth
control, bring back their siblings at their hometown to finish their studies in
the province, or one or more kids wil stop from schooling to find job and
help other siblings finish their studies.
Infrastructure and Facilities
The expectation of the respondents upon migration at Irisan on the
infrastructure and facilities like education, vocations, health, medical
supplies, telecommunications, amenities and transport networks are al
moderately attained and highly significant at <0.01 level of probability. This
implied that there is stil a need for further development, additional
supplies, more buildings and staff/employees, rehabilitation and
renovation especial y to health and education sectors, road networks and
telecommunication services. Like for some extended parts of the barangay
which are not yet accessible by public utility vehicles, and where cel
Implications Of Migration On The Socio-Economic Development In Irisan, Baguio City
/ Busacay, Amor C. 2011
80
phone network and internet services are weak may not to be developed
for better opportunities to welcome business and investors.
However, these infrastructure and facilities in Baguio city and at
barangay Irisan are more convenient and far better and sufficient than
what they had in the provinces. For example, they were living far from the
hospital so they were using conventional medicines which they
themselves are not very sure if it could cure major diseases but when they
transferred at Irisan, they felt more secured because they are near to the
public hospitals and drug stores.
Improvement of the Socio-economic
Development Factors Contributory
to the Development of the
Barangay Irisan
Table 5 presented the result of improvements on the socio-
economic development factors that contributed to the development of the
barangay as implied by migration. These factors such as family, socio-
economic activities and infrastructure and facilities were analyzed as
significant at <0.01 level of probability.
Implications Of Migration On The Socio-Economic Development In Irisan, Baguio City
/ Busacay, Amor C. 2011
81
Table 5. Improvement of socio-economic development factors
contributory to the development of the Barangay Irisan
SOCIO-ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT FACTORS
I MI NI WM
DE
A. Family
1. Marriage & Close Family Ties
65 24 11 2.55
I
2. Kinship and Family Reunions
46 29 25 2.09
MI
3. Religious, Politics, Tribal & Social Activities
30 33 37 1.85
MI
TOTAL WEIGHTED MEAN
2.16
MI
tc = 14.340* probability = <0.01
B. Economic Activities
1. Different Commerce & Industry
18 66 16 2.12
MI
2. Employment & Job Promotions
11 63 26 1.90
MI
TOTAL WEIGHTED MEAN
2.01
MI
tc = 19.510* probability = <0.01
C. Infrastructure and Facilities
1. Education Facilities, Technologies, varied
courses and Vocations
35 65 0 2.35
MI
2. Selected DOH Helath Facilities (Helth Centers,
Brgy. Health Stations, ect.) & services
47 46 7 2.41
MI
3. Medical Supplies & Drugstores
20 44 36 1.81
MI
4. Road Networks/Transport & Telecommunications
25 60 15 2.18
MI
5. Amusement & Recreational Areas
18 50 32 1.92
MI
TOTAL WEIGHTED MEAN
2.13
MI
tc = 18.819* probability = <0.01
* significant
Legend:
Statistical
Numerical
Verbal Description
Limits
Values
2.50 – 3.00
3 (85-100%)
Improved (I)
1.50 – 2.49
2 (70-84%)
Moderately Improved (MI)
1.00 – 1.49
1 (69% and Below)
Not Improved (NI)
Implications Of Migration On The Socio-Economic Development In Irisan, Baguio City
/ Busacay, Amor C. 2011
82
Family
Some Filipinos are practicing clan-clan reunions from the first to the
sixth or more degree of kinship for the purpose of tracing their genealogy
and knowing their relatives from both sides of the clan. But to some, they
considered the traditional wedding as time to meet each other because
they cannot afford the yearly contributions and expenses for the reunion.
Sometimes reunion has bad impact to people, it can build relationship but
it can be compromised with politics, culture stereotyping and tribes
discrimination.
In relation to this study, the participants are mostly Non-Cordil eran
but it was observed that lowlanders and highlanders are more flexible and
comfortable to each other than to Bisayans or Muslims. Especial y the
Muslim community who has strong religious belief are resistant to other
religious groups and in vice versa non-Muslims refuse to mingle with
them. On the Muslim side, they felt rejected and discriminated by the
government according to Medina (1996).
However, family stereotyping, diversity of culture, varied religious
belief and different practices were little by little loosen among those who
associate with different people. It was self fulfil ing to the participants that
marriage and close family ties was improved since they arrived at Irisan
Implications Of Migration On The Socio-Economic Development In Irisan, Baguio City
/ Busacay, Amor C. 2011
83
because some of them found their families here while others felt a sense
of belongingness in the community.
Most of the respondents got married here after they came alone to
find job. Others tagged along with them their families or relatives from the
provinces and stayed together here in the city. Some chose to leave their
birth place to escape the hard work in the farm while others want to
experience the life in city. Among al the identified socio-economic
development factors, only family relationship was improved according to
the respondents.
It was rated as moderately improved the kinship and family
reunions and religious, politics, tribal and social activities by the
respondents because many of them just stayed here for five (5) to
fourteen (14) years which they considered as not yet enough to establish
relationship especial y this is city where you hardly know immediately your
neighbor. The computed value on family is 14.340 which is significant at
<0.01 level of probability. It may also reflect that because most of them
were not yet interested with politics this time that their social skil s were
moderately changed. This does not mean that they were religious nor
sociable prior to migration but these improvements were some
adjustments they did or experience while living at Irisan.
Implications Of Migration On The Socio-Economic Development In Irisan, Baguio City
/ Busacay, Amor C. 2011
84
Economic Activities
According to the World Development Report 2009 and supported
by the Todaro Migration model that accelerating the economic divergence
while reducing the time taken for welfare convergence is the key policy
chal enge for universal economic progress. The report added that the
fastest and largest numbers of people moving everyday towards the city
are found in the first world and developing countries. However, Lacsama
(officer-in-charge of the City Environment and Parks Management Office,
Baguio City) said that if the movers are professionals and tax-paying
people, it can be an advantage because the city wil have additional funds
to address its growing needs.
From the point of view of the respondents, economic activities
particularly the different commerce and industry and employment and job
promotions are stil moderately improved. The computed value on the
economic activities is 19.510 which is highly significant at <0.01 level of
probability. Most of the respondents were now at Irisan for the sake of job
hunting but since only few were degree holders, most of them have the
same fate as when they were in the province in terms of economy. Yet, it
was a shift of occupation from hard work in the farm to business in the city
or from no occupation to have one at present.
Implications Of Migration On The Socio-Economic Development In Irisan, Baguio City
/ Busacay, Amor C. 2011
85
Like Todaro, private enterprises and investors perceived the
growing population as an opportunity to invest so many big corporations
and housing units/subdivisions are situated at Irisan. In return, the tax paid
by this different commerce and industries wil accrue to the internal
revenue of the barangay. But the job it creates are not yet enough to
accommodate the job seekers in the barangay alone.
These days, fast growing population affects the employment of the
migrant’s siblings who hardly find job even they finished a degree.
Consequently, the unemployment and underemployment rate is rising
which is need to be addressed first by the government and with the
participation of the people.
It is also crucial to enhance the present livelihood program of the
barangay to young mothers like the recycling of plastics to any
decorations, bag or purse, etc. making out of cel ophane and papers and
promote their own products. Giving incentives to those who have best,
unique and environmental y friendly craft would also encourage others to
participate.
Infrastructure and Facilities
Final y, the computed value on the infrastructure and facilities is
18.819 which is significant at <0.01 level of probability and rated by the
Implications Of Migration On The Socio-Economic Development In Irisan, Baguio City
/ Busacay, Amor C. 2011
86
participants as moderately improved. The participants professed that there
are more educational facilities and more choices of courses and vocations
at Irisan but the ratio of the students with these facilities are like same in
the province who have limited facilities with smal number of students.
Likewise in health services and facilities, the one they had now at
Irisan are better than what they had in their hometown. Barangay Captain
Dumalti mentioned during an interview with him that they are paying
incentives to volunteer nurses and staff who take turns in 24/7 duty at the
barangay emergency care unit added to the assigned barangay health
workers. Unfortunately, some of the respondents said that they are not
regularly or directly benefitted by these free health/medical services and
medicines because they live far from the barangay hal . Poor
communication and absence of road networks are the main factors why
most of the time those living in the outskirts of Irisan are not updated with
the barangay’s program and not benefitted by these free services.
To most of the participants, amusements are not essential for them
personal y but for the sake of the youth today, adults or parents want their
siblings to indulge in sports and get rid of bad vices and bad pairs.
However, the proliferation of computer shops and the presence of internet
café distract the focus of some kids on their studies and responsibilities at
Implications Of Migration On The Socio-Economic Development In Irisan, Baguio City
/ Busacay, Amor C. 2011
87
home. Thus this problem must be guarded by the parents, barangay
officials and the owner of these establishments.
Since most of the migrants were able to get along with the pacing
of the chal enging and advancing society, the government accommodated
those new settlers by developing the physical features of the locality and
providing legal measures for the betterment of the community.
Final y, as part of the community, the involvement of the
participants on social activities, their engagement to livelihood projects/
other businesses, and sharing with the infrastructure and facilities make
these participants more friendly, flexible and comfortable to other
residents even if they are very opposite in many ways.
Problems & Constraints Encountered
By the Respondents
Table 6 presents the issues/problems/constraints encountered
since by the respondents since resettling or migrating to barangay Irisan.
Results revealed that the respondents considered difficulty in finding job
and low income/salary as the most encountered issue with 71% each in
their evaluation since they resettled in barangay Irisan; this is further
analyzed using the Cochran test (Qc) with a calculated value of 42.529
and it is significant at <0.01 level of probability. Also, migration is paral el
Implications Of Migration On The Socio-Economic Development In Irisan, Baguio City
/ Busacay, Amor C. 2011
88
with the ranking of the respondents’ educational background and income
status and the rest were considered secondary in nature.
This was fol owed by higher bil s and rentals with 59%; and difficulty
in getting decent house (54%). For some, they stayed with the parents of
their spouses so they haven’t felt the pressure of acquiring land and
owning a house. Other respondents considered building shanties on
public or private property or renting a smal room is easier and cheaper
than to buy a house and lot which is very expensive long processing of
legal y owning a land property. In view of this, observation on the built up
shanties are increasing in most area in the barangay.
Furthermore, the hard to adjust to new environment and difficulty in
owning lot ranked as fifth and a-half each while family fourth with 51% and
family encountered culture shock was the least. It means that culture
shock is not a big deal for every Filipinos because we are more
spontaneous and open especial y in our own homeland. Though many of
the migrants claimed that their living condition has no progress, they
prefer their life here in the city than going back to their place of origin.
In spite of constraints or problems, the settlers of Barangay Irisan
claimed that they were benefited with the programs of the barangay like
livelihood assistance, presence of educational institutions, and socialized
housing projects/programs.
Implications Of Migration On The Socio-Economic Development In Irisan, Baguio City
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89
Table 6. Problems and constraints encountered by the respondents
Consequences of Migration
Frequency Present
Rank
(n = 100)
(%)
1. Culture Shock
45
45
7
2. Difficulty in Finding Job
71
71
1.5
3. Low Income/Salary
71
71
1.5
4. Difficulty in Getting Decent House
54
54
3
5. Hard to Adjust to New Environment
51
51
5.5
6. Difficulty in Owning Lot
51
51
5.5
7. Higher Bills and Rentals
59
59
4
Qc = 42.529 * probability = <0.01
Legend;
* means significant value
Seriousness of the Problems Encountered
by the Respondents upon Resettling in Irisan
The seriousness of the problems encountered by the respondents
upon resettling in Irisan as the new place is presented in Table 7.
Inadequacy of basic services with mean of 2.22 and computed
values of 24.987 is significant at <0.01 level of probability. This means that
al the proposed inadequacies on basic needs such as: the basic and
secondary education; community health, nutrition and sanitation;
transportation services; water and energy; peace and order; and
communication and network services were al moderately serious
according to the respondents.
Implications Of Migration On The Socio-Economic Development In Irisan, Baguio City
/ Busacay, Amor C. 2011
90
Table 7. Seriousness of the problems encountered by the
respondents upon resettling in Irisan
PROBLEMS ENCOUNTERED
VS
S
MS
NS
WM
DE
A. Inadequacy of Basic Services
1. Basic & Secondary Education
24
22
39
15
2.41
MS
2. Community Health, Nutrition & Sanitation
18
32
35
15
2.39
MS
3. Transportation Services
24
22
31
23
2.38
MS
4. Water & Energy Condition
20
21
28
31
2.20
MS
5. Peace & Order Condition
13
24
38
25
2.23
MS
6. Communication Services including Cable
9
18
27
46
1.73
MS
TOTAL WEIGHTED MEAN
2.22
MS
tc = 24.987* probability = <0.01
B. Perceived Urban Problems
1. Increase in Population
71
20
8
1
3.51
VS
2. Increase Cases of Poverty
55
25
14
6
3.24
S
3. Limitations in Job Opportunities
55
26
14
5
3.30
S
4. Encroachment to Property
29
25
18
28
2.35
MS
5. Housing Problems & Shanty Built-up
30
16
25
29
2.30
MS
6. Depletion of Natural Resources & Pollution
29
26
26
19
2.55
S
7. Prevalence of Prostitution
11
14
21
54
1.71
MS
8. Worsening of Garbage Disposal
40
20
17
23
2.69
S
9. Increase Child Labor Cases such as
Market Kids & Street Dwellers
29
21
19
31
2.34
MS
10. Growth in OSY Youth/Drop-outs Incidence
29
28
28
15
2.67
S
11. Teenage Pregnancies & Early Marriages
30
31
19
20
2.59
S
12. Dysfunctional Families Cases
16
28
16
28
2.31
MS
13. Destruction of Natural Resources
(Cutting of Trees, Clearing of land etc.)
19
19
26
26
2.05
MS
14. Increase in Youth Related Violence & Crimes as: Drug
Addiction, Gang Rape, Smoking, Drinking & etc.
34
28
25
13
2.74
S
15. Uncontrolled Business Establishments Offering
Undisclosed Services Leading to Violence & Crimes
12
23
32
33
2.01
MS
16. Improper Implementation of Urban Dev't Programs
12
16
38
34
1.97
MS
TOTAL WEIGHTED MEAN
2.52
S
tc = 22.132* probability = <0.01
* significant
Legend:
Statistical
Numerical
Verbal Description
Limits
Values
3.50 – 4.00
4 (86-100%)
Very Serious (VS)
2.50 – 3.49
3 (71-85%)
Serious (S)
1.50 – 2.49
2 (51-70%)
Moderately Serious (MS)
1.00 – 1.49
1 (50% and below)
Not Serious at al (NS)
Implications Of Migration On The Socio-Economic Development In Irisan, Baguio City
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91
As migrants, they are quite satisfied with the available basic
services in the city or in the barangay and they are stil benefited by those
services and facilities the government and barangay are providing so the
inadequacy problem is moderately serious for them. They considered
basic services like the basic secondary education facilities and health
services/facilities as one of the most important factors from Table 3 that
enticed them to come and stay at Irisan. Consequently, they preferred
here than to go back to the place where they came from, though these
basic services are moderately attained.
Furthermore, the 16 perceived urban problems with a mean of 2.50
indicates as serious problem with calculated value of 22.132 is significant
at <0.01 level of probability.
Specifical y, it was found out that increase in population is very
serious which contributes and triggers increased cases of poverty,
limitations in job opportunities, depletion, and contamination/pol ution of
natural resources (water supply), worsening concern on garbage disposal,
growth in out-of-school youth and drop out incidence, teenage
pregnancies and early marriages and increase in youth related violence
and crimes such as drug addiction, gang rape, smoking, alcoholism, shop
lifting, and snatchers including theft or robbery (akyat bahay) as was the
most mentioned violence occurred in the barangay.
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In relating the consequences of migration as most of the
respondents experience to the degree of seriousness of the perceived
urban problems, it confirmed that the difficulty in finding job and low
income/salary is the number one (1) constraint they encountered that’s
why they considered the limitation of job opportunity as serious. The
having no stable job or no permanent/sufficient sources of income are
some forms of poverty. Poverty is like a contagious disease that needs to
be cured as early as possible. For example, a poor individual wil soon
become poor family that builds a poor community if not saved earlier.
There is a need of a joint effort among the concerned individuals and
authorities to eradicate poverty.
The result revealed that the increase in population is the only very
serious problem according to the respondents. It is very tempting to be
bias by saying that growing population is indeed the greatest contributor to
other problems arose. Perhaps it is, but taking it as an opportunity r tool
for development is beneficial. It may just require further study on the
coping mechanisms and survival strategies f both the original dwel ers and
the migrants.
It was observed by the researcher and confirmed by the informants’
testimonies that every puroks have their own weaknesses in terms of
problems. For instance, Purok 12 is the most squatted area at present and
Implications Of Migration On The Socio-Economic Development In Irisan, Baguio City
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93
many shanties built with no power connection and no road network.
Likewise, Purok 9 and 9-A and some part of Puroks 1 to 3 have weak
network or signal coverage while the puroks nearby the dumpsite are
much affected by the foul smel and pol ution from the open dumpsite.
However, for puroks nearer to central business district area, the increasing
youth violence and increasing number of children addicted with computer
games are their number one problem.
The results are supported by the 2010-2015 Irisan Barangay Socio-
economic Profile and Development Plan that there were 28 cases out of
54 fol owed by the col ection of Sum Money, which is 15 then physical
injuries with eight (8) cases and others are one (1) case. The problem on
garbage disposal in the city open dumpsite located in Irisan is moderately
managed. People around the dumpsite said that, the tedious smel is now
minimized since a machine from Japan was used which supports the
recycling and segregation of wastes.
Final y, the respondents also encountered other moderately serious
problems such as squatting problem which is becoming rampant in the
outskirt of the city than near the town. Barangay Captain Thomas K.
Dumalti in a personal interview (2010) and other barangay officials
confessed that the weaknesses of the barangay are attributed to some
reasons like no system of control ing migration, uncontrol ed erection of
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94
house along proposed drainage and government lots, weak support from
the government/non-government agencies, inadequate financial
assistance for infra and livelihood projects/programs, uncontrol ed sale of
lands to prospective non-local developers/investors, lack of educational
programs on environment and sustainable development and pol ution.
IMPLICATIONS OF MIGRATION
TO URBAN MANAGEMENT
Development is a natural occurring phenomenon which is often
observed in several aspects. These are viewed from the point of people
and communities where the social, economic including political aspects
are affected. Also, the technological and environmental aspects that
influence vis-a-vis the changes in the physical landscape of a particular
area. Needless to say, there is one concern in development that causes a
major change on individuals that is – migration.
Migration in al areas is perhaps has the potential to have the most
significant and lasting impacts. This could affect the social and economic
condition of a particular setting and could sometimes affect the entirety of
people and communities. Migration can transform the individuals who
move, the societies they move into and even the societies they leave
behind. For the same reason, migration also has the potential to be the
Implications Of Migration On The Socio-Economic Development In Irisan, Baguio City
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95
most political y controversial issue, especial y in the societies where
immigrants settle.
Specifical y, the conditions observed in Barangay Irisan in Baguio
City have stirred an area of interest in the social and economic
development with local residents and communities. Migration has been
focused to determine the development in the area. Family, economic
activities and infrastructure and facilities are factors that influence the
social and economic aspects. These are also causing some problems
which to the people and community are concern about. In view of these,
the research has emphasized that such problems could be addressed if
the community is managed properly and identified support services are
provided.
Based on this, it is viewed that migration helps improve the
condition of the Barangay Irisan, Baguio City through the people’s concern
with their respective families and relative’s relationship and place of origin,
provision of economic activities such as different businesses and industry
present, and support services like educational institutions, hospitals,
drugstores and other medical facilities and roads and telecommunications
and recreational areas.
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The research findings post a significant aspect in urban
management especial y that these are directly related to migration.
Although these findings are minimal, it shows a significant il ustration of
what happened to Barangay Irisan. It cannot be denied that migration
caused the socio-economic and physical conditions of the area and the
people have contributed to its progress. In view of this, proper
management of people’s concern brought about by migration must be
done.
The greater the degree of migration, the higher the concern of local
government responsibility to deal with it and development concerns. As
such, they should fol ow the different policies developed with respect to
migration and should implement these according to agreed laws and
procedures. Below is the improved framework that defines the implications
of migration on the social and economic development of Barangay Irisan,
Baguio City. These identified implications are also considered the factors
that influence the development of the area. Social and economic factors
are important in the development of areas supported and affected by
migration of people coming into the new place as shown in Figure 9.
Implications Of Migration On The Socio-Economic Development In Irisan, Baguio City
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97
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The study was conducted at Irisan, the largest barangay of Baguio
City with 32 puroks and the gateway to La Union, Ilocos and other
provinces in Region I. One hundred respondents (2 to 5 persons in each
Implications Of Migration On The Socio-Economic Development In Irisan, Baguio City
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99
purok) were sampled in the study and purposively migrants for five (5) to
30 years.
The data were gathered through survey questionnaires and
personal interview, as wel as observations. It was subjected to simple
statistical analysis using frequency counts, percentage, weighted mean,
and ranking. The hypotheses were tested using t-test for one sample case
and Cochran Q test at <0.01 level of probability.
Findings
1. The migrants who responded through the structured survey
questionnaires show that there are more females than males. Sixty eight
percent (68%) were married plus five widowed and separated, and 27
were singles inclusive the 5 live-in partners. Majority of the 100
respondents are aging from 30 to 39 years old. Almost half (42%) of the
respondents were under secondary level, 17 % were able to finished a
degree, 7% finished vocational courses, and the rest are under or
elementary graduates.
Fifty one (51) respondents shifted from their previous occupation in
the place of origin into jobs available in the city, 15 respondents stil
practicing at present their previous career in Baguio City, and 27 who had
not responded on the previous occupation but 22 was able to find when
Implications Of Migration On The Socio-Economic Development In Irisan, Baguio City
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100
they stayed at Irisan. At present, a total of 12 respondents have no
occupation, the five who have no occupation from the 27 who have no
previous occupation and the 7 respondents who used to have occupation
from the place of origin but were not able to find job at present. In
relationship to the combined family incomes, seventy four percent have 1
to 2 members who are receiving monthly incomes. However, fifty nine
percent (59%) are receiving an income below Php 9,999.00 and nineteen
percent (19%) are receiving Php15, 000.00 and above per month.
Fifty two percent (52%) were Roman Catholics and 48 % are non –
Roman Catholics which include Born Again Christians, Anglican, Iglesia Ni
Cristo, Protestants, and others who did not respond. For tribes/ethnicity
fifty two percent (52%) are non-Cordil eran, majority came from the Region
I while the 48% who are Cordil eran, majority came from Benguet. Among
them, thirty percent (30%) stayed and lived in Irisan for 5 to 9 years,
twenty five percent (25%) for 10 to 14 years, seventeen percent (17%) for
25 to 30 years, sixteen percent (16%) for 15 to 19 and twelve percent
(12%) for 20 to 24 length of stay respectively.
2. The study revealed that the degree of importance of the
infrastructure and facilities like the education facilities, technologies, varied
course and vocations, selected DOH health facilities (Health Centers,
Implications Of Migration On The Socio-Economic Development In Irisan, Baguio City
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Barangay health stations, etc.) and services, medical supplies and drug
store, road network and transport and telecommunications, amusement
and recreational areas; the economic activities such as the different
commerce and industry, employment and promotions and marriage; and
close family ties, kinship reunions, religious, politics, tribal and social
activities were significant in the socio-economic development of Irisan.
Therefore the hypothesis is accepted and these factors were most
important that influenced migration.
3. The respondents perception on the degree of attainment on
infrastructure and facilities such as quality of education, advanced
technologies, improved various courses and vocations; high standard
facilities and school building; sufficient, accessible and affordable health
services at the health centers and stations; adequately equipped delivery
of safe and optimal health care and new health policies; accessible
renovated hospitals, various medical supplies, drugstores and more
medical practitioners and staff; ful y operated communication lines and
network coverage; accessibility of amusements and recreational areas or
social amenities; and convenient transport and accessible road networks
are moderately attained.
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For the socio-economic activities which include proximity of central
business district, government offices, SM Baguio and other bigger
business establishments; stable job, better salary and more benefits; more
and improved tourist destinations; cool and pleasant climate and attractive
ambience; and improved life condition, proximity to central business
district and cool and pleasant climate are attained while the rest are
moderately attained.
Likewise, under the family factors such as more intimate and closer
family bonding; increased tribe in the city; flexibility to other culture; easy
to adjust to new environment; more friendly and easy going; and became
city or barangay official, almost al are attained. Thus, the identified socio-
economic factors are moderately attained in relation to resettlement and
the study found out that is significant at the probability <0.01. The
hypothesis therefore on these is accepted as proven by the computed
value.
4. The degree of improvements on infrastructure and facilities such
s education facilities, technologies, varied courses and vocations; selected
DOH health facilities (health centers, barangay health station, etc) and
services; medical supplies and drug stores; road networks and transport
and telecommunications; and amusements and recreational areas are
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moderately improved. Similarly, the economic activities which known as
different commerce and industry and employment and promotions; and
the family which covers the marriage and close family ties, kinship
reunions, and religious, political, tribal and social activities are moderately
improved. These are significant in their contributions to the development
of the barangay as implied by migration or resettlement. Thus the
hypothesis is accepted at <0.01 level of probability.
5. The hypothesis on the significance of the consequences of
migration or the issues/problems/constraints is accepted at <0.01 level of
probability. As the study sought, the respondents commonly encountered
difficulty in finding job; low income salary; higher bil s and rentals; hard to
adjust to new environment and difficulty in getting decent house; difficulty
in owning lot; and experienced culture shock in resettling at Irisan.
6. Upon resettling in Irisan, the respondents considered the
increase in population as very serious problem while increase cases of
poverty limitations of job opportunities, depletion of natural resources and
pol ution, worsening of garbage disposal, growth of OSY/drop outs
incidence, teenage pregnancies/ early marriage, increase in youth related
violence and crimes as serious. However, the rest perceived urban
problems and the inadequacy of basic services are moderately serious.
Implications Of Migration On The Socio-Economic Development In Irisan, Baguio City
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Therefore, the hypothesis that there is significance on the degree of
seriousness of the problems encountered by high migration which Baguio
City is now facing seriously is accepted at <0.01 level of probability. It is
also chal enges the people concerns and authority to develop control and
solutions that these identified problems may deteriorate.
Conclusions
The fol owing conclusions were drawn based on the findings of the
study:
1. The respondents measured that the infrastructure and facilities
and family were important while economic activities were most important
so these influenced them for resettlement.
2. The key informants perceived that the socio-economic
development factors such as infrastructure and facilities, the economic
activities and the family were al attained moderately and their expectation
to avail and enjoy such factors upon resettling in Irisan are being met
during the span of years of living in the area.
3. The significance of the socio-economic factors that contributes to
the development of the barangay as implied by migration or resettlement
is accepted at <0.01 level of probability. These findings prove that the
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infrastructure and facilities, economic activities and family were
moderately improved in their contributions to the development of Irisan.
3. The respondents encountered the issues/problems/constraints
as consequences of migration since they migrated in barangay Irisan.
And the computed value 42.529 is significant at <0.01 probability.
Likewise, the respondents considered increased in population as
very serious problem under the perceived urban problems while serious
and moderately serious are the other suggested problems. On the other
hand, they described as moderately serious the inadequacy of basic
services and were al significant at <0.01 level of probability. These
problems should therefore be attended to by the respondents, the
residents and the proper authorities.
Recommendations
For more enlightenment on the implications of migration on the
socio-economic development of Irisan, Baguio City, the fol owing
recommendations are hereby offered by the researcher.
1. The respondents or as a resident on the area, should have better
determination on decision-making and priorities and cooperate with the
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authorities that those factors measured as most important and important
be primarily considered.
2. The infrastructure and facilities, the economic activities and the
family that perceived as moderately attained should be given priority of
concern by both the respondents as residents and the proper authorities.
3. Existing infrastructure and facilities should be improved and
more opportunities for economic activities and better outlook on family
should be considered by the respondents and particular authorities.
4. The difficulty in finding job and low income cannot be the
consequences of migration but it can be a result which wil possibly not be
resolved in the new place. Thus, it is an eye opener to both the
respondents and the government to generate programs that wil offer
affordable skil s trainings on starting a business or enhancing
handiworks/craft making to young parents who hardly get employment.
5. The increased population that the respondents considered as
very serious should be mitigated by having ful knowledge on family
planning, child rearing and health programs of the government.
6. Involvement of youths on various sport activities, organization
against drugs and criminalities should be given into considerations.
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107
7. Proper enforcement of laws and procedures as wel as policies
on violations caused by migration in relation to development that affects
people and communities in urban conditions. These must be implemented
by the Local Government Units.
8. Final y, further study on the patterns or trends of migration is
highly recommended to help the planners, developers and policy makers
in the local government units to facilitate the types of movement that are
most likely to lead to an al eviation of poverty while protecting migrants
from harassments, abuse and exploitation.
Implications Of Migration On The Socio-Economic Development In Irisan, Baguio City
/ Busacay, Amor C. 2011
10 8
LITERATURE CITED
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BAGUIO’S MANY PEOPLE. Retrieved April 2, 2011 from the World Wide
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BIBLE: New International Version, 2011. I Timothy 6:10.
BULATLAT. 2004. UN State of the World Population Report 2007. Alipato
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Philippines, Baguio City.
DAYUCOS, J.R.R. 2001. Economic status of Muslim migrants in Baguio
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2002. The roles of destination, gender, and household composition
in explaining remittances: An analysis for the Dominican Sierra.
Journal of Development Economics 68 (2): 309-328.
FORTALEZA, R. R. 1997. Migration and its Impact on Community
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ICPD PLAN OF ACTION. 1995. Gathering of 188 Countries in the
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IRISAN BARANGAY SOCIO-ECONOMIC PROFILE AND BARANGAY
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JALLOH, MADIEU. Impact of Migration on the agricultural Development of
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Web:
http://www.sierraexpressmedia.com.
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LOPEZ, JIM V. 2005. U.S. Immigration Law. Philippine. P.51-52.
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NATIONAL CENSUS STATISTICS OFFICE. December 2, 2009. Press
Release 2007: Population Census Results of Provinces and Highly
Urbanized Cities. Retrieved April 2, 2011 from the World Wide
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release/2009/pr09117tx.html
PEREZ, A. E. 1997. The State of Migration-Sensitive Policy Formulation in
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11
APPENDICES
Appendix A
REQUEST LETTER TO CONDUCT DTUFY
Benguet State University
Open University
La Trinidad, Benguet
December 2010
Hon. Thomas Dumalti
Barangay Captain
Irisan, Baguio City
Dear Sir:
Greetings!
I am Amor Cuanguey Busacay, graduate student of Master in Urban
Management at the Benguet State University-Open University currently working
on my thesis entitled “IMPLICATIONS OF MIGRATION ON THE SOCIO-
ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT IN IRISAN, BAGUIO CITY”.
In this connection, may I humbly request your permission for me to
conduct my survey interview to my respected Respondents and Key Informants
(KIs) to make this research possible. Your consideration and concern is very
much appreciated. Rest assured that al information wil be properly used and
acknowledge for academic purposes.
Thank you and may God Bless you.
Very truly yours,
(Original Signed)
AMOR CUANGUEY BUSACAY
Researcher
Noted:
Approved:
(Original Signed)
(Original Signed)
MARLOWE U. AQUINO, Ph.D.
LITA MOLITAS COLTING, Ph. D.
Research Adviser
Director, Open University
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Appendix B
LETTER OF RESEARCH INTENT
Benguet State University
Open University
La Trinidad, Benguet
December 2010
Dear Sir/Ma’am:
Greetings!
I am Amor Cuanguey Busacay, graduate student of Master in Urban
Management at the Benguet State University-Open University currently working
on my thesis entitled “IMPLICATIONS OF MIGRATION ON THE SOCIO-
ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT IN IRISAN, BAGUIO CITY.”
In this connection, may I humbly request your precious time and ful
cooperation for making this research possible. Your participation and concern is
very much appreciated. Al information col ected and analyzed wil be treated with
utmost confidentiality. Rest assured that al information wil be properly used and
acknowledge for academic purposes.
Thank you and may God Bless you.
Very truly yours,
(Original Signed)
AMOR CUANGUEY BUSACAY
Researcher
Noted:
(Original Signed)
MARLOWE U. AQUINO, PhD.
Research Adviser
Implications Of Migration On The Socio-Economic Development In Irisan, Baguio City
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113
Appendix C
INTERVIEW GUIDE QUESTIONS
Benguet State University
Open University
La Trinidad, Benguet
MUM IG # _____
I. Socio-Economic Profile
Direction: Please check or specify your answers to the fol owing items or
questions. Don’t leave any item unanswered.
1. Name (optional): ______________ 2. Age: ___ 3.Gender: ______
4. Civil Status: _______
5. Religious Affiliation: _____________
6. Citizenship: ___________ 7. Place of Birth:___________________
8. Place of Origin prior to migration: ___________________________
9. Tribe (Ethno-linguistic group): ______________________________
10. Languages/dialects spoken: ______________________________
11. Years of residing in the area: _______ 12. Purok No.: _________
13. Residency Status:____ House and Lot Owner ___ Lessee/Tenant
___ Caretaker ___ Staying with Relatives
14. Children Information:
Age Gender Civil
Highest Educational
Status
Attainment
15. Highest Educational Attainment of the Respondent:
__ Elementary
___Secondary ___ Vocational
___ Col ege __ Post Graduate ___________ Degree finished
16. Migrant’s Occupation: ___________________ (Prior to Migration)
___________________ (Now)
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17. Present Working status: _______ Stable _____ Unstable
18. Combined Monthly Family Income:
__Below 9,999 __10,000-10,999 __14,000-14,999
__15,000-15,999 __16,000-16,999 __17,000-17,999
__18,000-18,999 __19,000-19,999 __20,000-20,999
__ 21,000-21,999 __ 22,000-22,999 __23,000-23,999
__24,000-24,999 __25,000-25,999 __26,000-26,999
__27,000-27,999 __28,000-28,999 __29,000-29,999
__30,000-34,999 __35,000-39,999 __Over 40,000
19. Spouse’s Occupation: __________________ (Prior to Migration)
__________________________ (Now)
20. Spouse’s Present Working Status: ____ Stable ____ Unstable
21. Number of Family Members who have Incomes: ____________
22. Other Sources of Income: ________________________________
II. Socio-economic Development Factors that Influenced Migration as
Measured by the Respondents According to their Degree of Importance
Direction: Please check the corresponding column (Most Important), (I)
and (LI) Less Important, when the socio-economic factor has been
significant to you.
___________________________________________________________
Socio-economic Factors
Degree of Importance
MI I
LI
A. Family
1. Marriage and Close Family Ties
___ ___ ___
2. Kinship Reunions
___ ___ ___
3. Religious, Politics, Tribal and Social Activities___ ___ ___
B. Economic Activities
1. Different Commerce and Industry
___ ___ ___
2. Employment and Job Promotions
___ ___ ___
C. Infrastructure and Facilities
1. Education Facilities, Technologies,
Varied Courses and Vocations
___ ___ ___
2. Selected DOH Health Facilities (Health Centers,
Brgy. Health Stations, etc.) and Services ___ ___ ___
3. Medical Supplies and Drugstores
___ ___ ___
4. Road Networks and Transport
Telecommunications
___ ___ ___
5. Amusements and Recreational Areas
___ ___ ___
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III. Degree of Attainment of the Socio-economic Development Factors in
Relation to Migration
Direction: Check under Column Attained (A) 85-100 %, when the factors on the
socio-economic development are attained; Moderately Attained (MA) 70-84%,
when only part of it was reached; and Not Attained (NA) 69-% and below, when
the whole factors has not been attained.
___________________________________________________________
Socio-economic Development
Degree of Attainment
Factors
A MA NA
A. C. Family
1. More Intimate and Closer Family Bonding
___
___
___
2. Increased Tribe in the City
___
___
___
3. Flexibility to Other Culture
___
___
___
4. Easy to Adjust to New Environment
___
___
___
5. More Friendly and Easy Going
___
___
___
6. Became City or Barangay Official
___
___
___
B. Economic Activities
1. Proximity to Central Business District,
Government Offices, SM Baguio and other
Bigger Business Establishments, Public
Market and other Services
___
___
___
2. Stable Job, Better Salary and More Benefits ___
___
___
3. More and Improved Tourist Destinations
___
___
___
4. Cool/Pleasant Climate & Attractive Ambience ___
___
___
5. Improved Life Condition
___
___
___
C. Infrastructure and Facilities
1. Quality of Education, Advanced Technologies,
Improved Various Courses and Vocations ___
___
___
2. High Standard Facilities and School Building ___
___
___
3. Sufficient, Accessible and Affordable Health
Services at the Health Centers and Stations ___
___
___
4. Adequately Equipped Delivery of Safe and Optimal
Health Care and New health Policies
___
___
___
5. Accessible Renovated Hospitals, Various Medical
Supplies, Drugstores and More
Medical Practitioners and Staff
___
___
___
6. Ful y Operated Communication Lines and
Network Coverage
___
___
___
7. Accessibility of Amusement and Recreational
Areas or Social Amenities
___
___
___
1. Convenient Transport & Accessible
Road Networks
___
___
___
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IV. Significance on the Degree of Improvement of Socio-economic Factors
that Contributes to the Development of the Barangay
Direction: Check under Column Improved (I) 85-100 %, when the factors
on the socio-economic development are improved; Moderately Improved
(MI) 70-84%, when only part of it was developed; and Not Improved (NI)
69-% and below, when the whole factor has not been improved at al .
___________________________________________________________
Socio-economic Development
Degree of Improvements
Factors
I MI NI
A. Family
1. Marriage and Close Family Ties
___ ___ ___
2. Kinship Reunions
___ ___ ___
3. Religious,Politics, Tribal and Social Activities ___ ___ ___
B. Economic Activities
1. Different Commerce and Industry
___ ___ ___
2. Employment and Job Promotions
___ ___ ___
C. Infrastructure and Facilities
1. Education Facilities, Technologies,
Varied Courses and Vocations
___ ___ ___
2. Selected DOH Health Facilities (Health Centers,
Brgy. Health Stations, etc.) and Services ___ ___ ___
3. Medical Supplies and Drugstores
___ ___ ___
4. Road Networks and Transport
Telecommunications
___ ___ ___
5. Amusement and Recreational Areas
___ ___ ___
V. Other Possible Consequences of Migration on the Socio-economic
Development of Irisan.
Direction: In Number 1, please rank from 1 to 8, how you weigh the
heaviness or seriousness of the fol owing problems or constrain based
from what you have experienced in resettling at the present place. Rank 1
is considered as the heaviest or most serious to you.
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1. What are the issues/ problems/ constraints you have encountered
since you migrated in your present place?
Culture shock
Difficulty in finding job
Low income/salary
Difficulty in getting decent house
Hard to adjust to new environment
Difficulty in owning lot
Higher bil s and rentals
Others
(Pls. specify) _________________________
2. As an urban dwel er, Irisan is not exempted in feeling the pressure
of the problem of high migration which Baguio City is now facing,
according to statistics.
Please take note on the given Codes below:
VS = Very Serious (86-100%)
S = Serious (71-85%)
MS = Moderately Serious (51-70%)
NS = Not Serious at al (below 50%)
A. INADEQUACY OF BASIC SERVICES
VS S MS NS
1. Basic and Secondary Education
2. Community Health and Sanitation including
Nutrition
3. Transportation Services
4. Water and Energy Supply Services
5. Peace and Order Condition
6. Food Supply
7. Communication Services including
telecommunication and cable
B. PERCEIVED URBAN PROBLEMS
VS S MS NS
1. Increase in Population
2. Increase cases of poverty
3. Limitations in job opportunities
4. Housing problems and shanty built up
5. Encroachment to property
6. Depletion and Contamination/pol ution of Natural
resources (water supply)
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118
7. Prevalence of Prostitution
8. Worsening concern on garbage disposal
9. Increase child labor cases such as market kids
and street dwel ers
10. Growth in Out-of-School Youths (OSYs) and drop
outs incidence
11. Teenage pregnancies and early marriages
12. Dysfunctional families cases
13. Destruction of natural resources (cutting of trees,
clearing of land, burning of the area, etc.)
14. Increase in youth related violence and crimes
such as drug addiction, gang rape smoking,
alcoholism, etc.
15. Uncontrol ed business establishments offering
undisclosed services leading to violence and
crimes
16. Improper implementation of urban programs for
development
Thank you very much.
Implications Of Migration On The Socio-Economic Development In Irisan, Baguio City
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119
107
Appendix D
Respondents’ Previous and Present Occupation
PREVIOUS OCCUPATION BREAKDOWN OF PRESENT OCCUPATION
Daily Wage Earners (49)
Daily Wage Earners
8 Self Employed
4 Barangay Official; 3 Store Keeper; 1 Housewife
4 Miner
2 Miner; 1 Driver; 1 None
8 Sales Lady
4 Store Keeper; 3 Housewife; 1 Sales Lady
2 Bus Conductor
2 None
1 Laborer
1 Store Keeper
7 Farmer/Gardener
2 Store Keeper; 2 Housewife; 1 Self-Employed;
1 Guard; 1 None
1 House Helper
1 House Wife
1 Barangay Official
1 Encoder (Staff)
3 Student
1 House Wife; 1 Staff; 1 Checker (Staff)
14 Housewife
5 Store Keeper; 4 Housewife; 3 Scavenger;
1 Ambulant Vendor;
1 Sales Lady
Skil ed Worker (19)
5 Overseas Filipino Worker
4 Store Keeper; 1 Barangay Official
4 Office Staff
1 Office Staff; 1 Ambulant Vendor; 1
Housewife; 1 None
3 Factory Worker
2 Housewife; 1 Store Keeper
3 Driver
1 Taxi Operator; 1 Owned Aggregates; 1 None
1 Geodetic Engineer
1 Geodetic Engineer
1 Police Officer
1 Police Officer (retired) and Coop Board
of Director
1 Security Guard
1 Security Guard
1 Teacher
1 Housewife
Engaged in Business (5)
Engaged in Business
4 Other Business
4 Remain in their Old Business
1Store Keeper
1 Store Keeper
No Response (27)
They became…
7 Self Employed; 5 Store Keeper; 5
None; 4 Barangay Official; 2
Housewife; 2 Gardener; 1 Ambulant
Vendor; 1 Welder
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120
PREVIOUS OCCUPATION BREAKDOWN OF PRESENT OCCUPATION
Daily Wage Earners (27)
Daily Wage Earners
8 Farmer/Gardener
2 Gardener; 2 Housewife; 1 Driver; 1
Porter; 1 Store Keeper;
1 Stone Breaker
7 Housewife
6 Housewife; 1 Store Keeper
7 Laborer
7 Laborer
2 Self-Employed
2 Self-Employed
1 Sales Lady
1 Housewife
1 Miner
1 None
1 Student
1 Garbage Col ector; 1 Housewife
Skil ed Worker (29)
9 Driver
7 Driver; 2 None
5 Overseas Filipino Worker
4 Overseas Filipino Worker;
1 Housewife
4 Teacher
4 Teacher
3 Security Guard
1 Security Guard; 1 Laborer;
1 Delivery Boy
3 Seaman
2 Seaman; 1 Security Guard
2 Government Utility Worker
1 Utility Worker; 1 Gardener
1 Police Officer
1 Police Officer
1 Computer Technician
1 Computer Technician
1 Carpenter
1 Carpenter
Engaged in Business (5)
Engaged in Business
2 Ambulant Vendors
2 Ambulant Vendor
1 Store Keeper
1 Store Keeper
1 Garbage Col ector
1 Garbage Col ector
1 Scavenger
1 None
No Response (11)
They became…
2 Gardener; 2 Laborer; 2 Driver; 1
Teacher; 1 Philippine Navy; 1 Self-
employed; 1 Service Crew; 1 Sales Boy
Implications Of Migration On The Socio-Economic Development In Irisan, Baguio City
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1 21
BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCH
In the cold and drizzling evening of the 8th of
September 1980, Amor Cuanguey Busacay was
born in Tadian, Mountain Province. She is the 4th
126
among the 10 children of Mr. Mark Luyo Busacay
and Mrs. Annie Cuanguey Busacay (+) of Besao,
Mountain Province.
She took her elementary education at Bantey Elementary School
as Salutatorian. And in 1997, she graduated as Salutatorian at Masla
National High School.
Being a big family and a poor farmer daughter who can’t afford to
send her to study in any university in the city, she enrol ed at Mountain
Province State Polytechnic Col ege-Col ege of Engineering and
Technology (MPSPC-CET) with Courses offered not her preferences. She
was able to finish Bachelor of Science in Geodetic Engineering in March
2002. Right after graduation, she was not able to take board exam
because she has to attend to her mom who was il . She passed the PRC
Licensure Examination in 2003. Along with the success in the exam was
her mom diagnosed with malignant breast mass. Instead of applying for a
Implications Of Migration On The Socio-Economic Development In Irisan, Baguio City
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122
job, she attended to and cared for her bed-ridden mom until her last
breath.
A year after, she joined private surveying firm but the job was not
stable until she was hired to teach at MPSPC-CET as casual instructor
from July 2004 to March 2005 and Summer classes. She was chal enged
to enrol Master in Urban Management at Benguet State University-Open
University last 2006 as self-supporting by caring her bed-ridden
grandmother while staying with her.
When she needed higher funding for her studies, she left her
grandmother to other relatives and accepted the offer of Baguio Mission
Church as Secretary from November 2007 to September 2009. But due to
the hectic schedules on mission and ministry works, she set aside her
thesis. She had the opportunity to visit Korea for a month teaching English
to Korean kids. Then she joined the mission team in Vietnam volunteering
in the orphanage center as English teacher from September 2009 to
September 2010. It was self-fulfil ing and a chal enging experience to work
cross-cultural y and learn Vietnamese language for a year. Many things
learned like accepting and understanding others’ culture and differences.
Now, she came back and determined to finish her thesis this
semester while working at the Bureau of Agricultural Statistics, Bontoc,
Mountain Province.
Implications Of Migration On The Socio-Economic Development In Irisan, Baguio City
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Document Outline
- Implications of Migration on the SocioeconomicDevelopment in Irisan, Baguio City
- BIBLIOGRAPHY
- ABSTRACT
- INTRODUCTION
- REVIEW OF LITERATURE
- METHODOLOGY
- RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
- SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
- LITERATURE CITED
- APPENDICES