CHARACTERIZATION OF VEGETABLE PRODUCING COMMUNITY IN BAUKO, MOUNTAIN...
CHARACTERIZATION OF VEGETABLE PRODUCING
COMMUNITY IN BAUKO, MOUNTAIN PROVINCE
DONNALYNE A. MASILLEM
SUBMITTED TO THE FACULTY OF THE OPEN UNIVERSITY
BENGUET STATE UNIVERSITY, LA TRINIDAD, BENGUET
IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS
FOR THE DEGREE
MASTER IN COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT
APRIL 2012
i
Benguet State University
Open University
La Trinidad, Benguet 2601
Tel. (074)309-2353
www.bsu.edu.ph
STATEMENT OF AUTHORSHIP
This is to certify that the study is original and was undertaken solely
in fulfillment of the requirements for the degree
Master in Community Development at the Open
University, Benguet State University
La Trinidad, Benguet.
It does not contain any work published elsewhere
except in parts where reference is made.
DONNALYNE A. MASILLEM
Name and Signature of Student
Date: ____________________
ii
Contribution No.: MCD 2012-036-135
Republic of the Philippines
BENGUET STATE UNIVERSITY
La Trinidad, Benguet
OPEN UNIVERSITY
This thesis hereto attached, entitled “CHARACTERIZATION OF
VEGETABLE PRODUCING COMMUNITY IN BAUKO, MOUNTAIN
PROVINCE,” prepared and submitted by DONNALYNE A. MASILLEM in
partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of MASTER IN
COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT, is hereby accepted.
ANALYN B. GARCILIAN, MSRD
JOSE G. BALAOING, Ph.D.
Member
Member
Date Signed: _______________
Date Signed: ___________
MARLOWE U. AQUINO, Ph.D.
Chairperson/Adviser
Date Signed: ______________
LITA MOLITAS-COLTING, Ph.D.
Director
Date Signed: _______________
iii
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
This book would not have been possible without the guidance and
the help of several individuals who in one way or another contributed and
extended their valuable assistance in the preparation and completion of
this study. My apologies to those I could not mention personally one by
one.
First and foremost, to my adviser Dr. Marlowe U. Aquino, whose
sincerity, perseverance and encouragement I will never forget. His
perpetual energy and enthusiasm in research had motivated me. In
addition, he was always accessible and willing to help. As a result, my
research life became smooth and rewarding. Special thanks also to my
committee members and advisory panel, Dr. Jose G. Balaoing and Ms.
Analyn B. Garcilian for their unselfish and unfailing support to complete
my study despite their busy schedules.
Dr. Nieves A. Dacyon, MPSPC President for the study grant, the
MPSPC College of Forestry family for their kindness and untiring words of
encouragement. I am very grateful to my indeed friends and colleagues
Mr. Alexander T. Baldic, Mr. Rico D. Chacapna, Mr. Rodel T. Abnasan,
Ms. Michelle S. Valdez, Dr. Annabelle B. de Vera, and Ms. Wileen Chiara
T. Lasangen for their moral support, insights shared, motivations, and
invaluable friendship. To all my students who used to encourage and
iv
continuously sent messages saying “you can do it” lifted my spirit to move
on. Thanks also to Joy and Elvira who attended to my children during my
absence for which my mere expression of thanks likewise does not
suffice.
To the respondents of the study who cooperated and provided the
necessary information; special thanks to Mr. Cirilo Lagman who patiently
helped me gather and collate the data, and LGU-Bauko for the literatures
needed in the study. Furthermore, I cherished the prayers and support of
my Christian family lead by Rev. Paulo and Beatrice Ducay. I treasured all
precious moments we shared and would really like to thank them.
Last but not the least, words fail me to express my appreciation to
my beloved husband James P. Masillem, whose dedication, unflagging
love, support and encouragement has taken the load off my shoulder
throughout my life. Despite the distance, I owe him for being unselfishly let
his passions, and ambitions collide with mine.
The memories of my father, for whom I am indebted, for even
without his presence, his continued guidance and encouragement I still
remember are my driving force to continue my graduate studies. As a
typical father, he worked industriously to support our family and had
spared more effort to provide the best possible environment for me to
grow up and attend school. He had never complained in spite of all the
v
hardships in his life. Although he is no longer with us, he is forever
remembered. I am sure he shares our joy and happiness in heaven. I
cannot ask for more from my mother, Constancia as she is simply perfect.
She is also my spiritual counsel who drew me close to the Lord. I have no
suitable word that can fully describe her everlasting love to me. I
remember her constant support when I encountered difficulties. She used
to be with my eldest daughter since I could not spare my time being with
her. I feel proud of my in-laws, mother Betty P. Masillem, brothers Paul,
Oliver, Wendell, Jovanne, Sherwin and sister Annaliza who were my best
counselors during the time I thought of giving up.
My children Michelle, Nicole and Kristhna Keziah who patiently
bear waiting for me to come home. I remember many cold and sleepless
nights I was not with them. I appreciate their personal support, great
patience and cheering me up at all times.
Above all, to our Almighty God, who has been my inspiration and
for answering my prayers and giving me the strength to plod on despite
my constitution wanting to give up and throw in the towel, as I hurdle all
the obstacles in the completion of this research work. To them, this book
is dedicated.
DONNALYNE A. MASILLEM
vi
ABSTRACT
DONNALYNE A. MASILLEM, April 2012. Characterization of
Vegetable Producing Community in Bauko, Mt. Province. Benguet State
University, La Trinidad, Benguet.
Adviser: Marlowe U. Aquino, Ph.D.
Vegetable production in Bauko, Mountain Province is an old activity
by the local residents. This describes the different production
management practices and relationships including the different
interventions used by the farmers. The ages of farmers of Bauko ranges
from < 20 to 60 years old. The farming years ranges from < 5 to > 30
years by producing such as root crop, leafy vegetables, legumes,
capsicum and other crops with 1 to 3 cropping’s per year. The farm size of
the respondents ranges from < 1,000 m2 to > 10,500 m2.
The farmers practice the conventional and organic farming with an
income ranging from <PhP 10,000 to >PhP 50,000.Farm produce are sold
in La Trinidad Trading Post, Hangar Market in Baguio City, and local
markets in Bauko and La Trinidad, Benguet like the La Trinidad Organic
Practitioners Market (LaTop).
vii
The farming communities of Bauko are classified into hilly, sloppy,
rolling and flat with elevation ranges from < 750 to > 2,000 meters above
sea level. The sources of irrigation are spring, river and rain respectively.
The crop protection measures are synthetic and botanicals,
including weed control using chemical, mechanical and fertilizers such as
synthetic and organic from composts and chicken manure. The farmers
are confronted with risky problems like soil erosion, pests and diseases,
market prices, typhoons and high prices of inputs including high
maintenance due to irrigation, excavation, terracing and high prices of
farm inputs. The benefits derived by the respondents in vegetable
production are increased in annual income, source of livelihood and
community activities. These are affected by the presence of middlemen
supported by pricing and commission derived by deductions per kilogram
of produce ranging from 1 to 4 pesos or higher depending on the prices of
commodities.
Most of the problems and constraints are related to lack of
irrigation, poor crop protection practices, unstable marketing system, and
high costs of transportation which affect the performance of current
vegetable production management system.
Also, it is affected by membership to organizations wherein this
provides access to loan, technologies and social growth. It is necessary
viii
that current vegetable management practices must be changed in order to
focus and utilize latest production technologies, address unpredicted
weather and climate, and improve the control of pest and diseases and
enhance the condition of the soil for more productive endeavor.
ix
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
Title Page …………………………………………………………………
i
Statement of Authorship ………………………………………………...
ii
Approval Sheet ………………………………………………………….
iii
Acknowledgements ……………………………………………………..
iv
Abstract …………………………………………………………………..
vii
Table of Contents ……………………………………………………….
x
List of Tables …………………………………………………………….
xiii
List of Figures ……………………………………………………………
x
List of Plates …………………………………………………………….
x
INTRODUCTION ………………………………………………………..
1
Background of the Study ……………………………………………
1
Statement of the Problem ………………………………………….
1
Objectives of the Study ……………………………………………..
8
Importance of the Study ……………………………………………
9
Scope and Delimitation of the Study ………………………………
10
REVIEW OF LITERATURE …………………………………………….
12
Farming Systems ……………………………………………………
12
Vegetable Producing Communities ………………………………
13
Conventional Agriculture …………………………………………
15
x
Vegetable Production Management
System in Bauko, Mt. Province ……………………………………
16
Vegetable Marketing ………………………………………………
17
Conceptual Framework ……………………………………………
19
Operational Definition of Terms ………………………………….
24
METHODOLOGY ………………………………………………………..
20
Locale of the Study ……………………………………………….
20
Respondents of the Respondents …… ………………………….
28
Research Methods …………………………………………………
31
Instrumentation ……………………………………………………..
32
Data Collection and Analysis ……………………………………...
34
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION… ………………………………………
34
Socio-Demographic Profile of the Respondents ……………….
34
Vegetable Production Management Practices ………………….
46
Characteristics of the Farm Cultivated by the Participants …….
53
Production Information for the Last Cropping ……………………
56
Attitude Towards Farming by the Respondents …………………
61
Skills and Level of Adoption of Technologies
Provided by the Government and
Non-Government Institutions ……………………………………..
66
SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS ………..
107
Summary ……………………………………………………………
107
xi
Conclusions …………………………………………………………
110
Recommendations …………………………………………………
111
LITERATURE CITED ……………………………………………………
113
APPENDICES ……………………………………………………………
116
A. Request Letter to Conduct Study ………………………………
116
B. Survey Questionnaire ……………………………………………
117
BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCH ……………………………………………..
124
xii
LIST OF TABLES
Table No.
Page
1. Socio – demographic profile of the respondents …………...
35
2. Farming conditions of the respondents ………………………
41
3. Knowledge on crops planted by the respondents …………..
46
4. Crop management practices of the respondents ……………
49
5. Characteristics of the farm cultivated by
the respondents ………………………………………………..
54
6. Crops produced during the interview …………………………
57
7. Respondents attitude towards farming ……………………….
63
8. Respondents attitude towards potato farming at
seedling stage …………………………………………………..
67
9. Potato production practices of the respondents
at vegetative stage ……………………………………………..
71
10. Potato production practices of the respondents
At maturity to harvesting stage ………………………………..
75
11. Respondents attitude towards farming in cabbage,
Chinese cabbage, and lettuce at seedling stage ……………
77
12. Respondents attitude towards farming in cabbage,
Chinese cabbage, and lettuce at vegetative stage ………….
81
13. Respondents attitude towards farming in cabbage,
Chinese cabbage, and lettuce at maturity stage …………….
83
14. Respondents attitude towards farming on
beans and garden pea at seedling stage ……………………
84
xiii
15. Respondents attitude towards farming on
beans and garden pea at vegetative stage ………………….
86
16. Benefits in vegetable production practices
of the respondents ……………………………………………...
88
17. Types of market outlet of the respondents ………………….
92
18. Method of sale and mode of payments by the
Respondents …………………………………………………….
93
19. Duration of selling products to the market
By the respondents ……………………………………………..
94
20. Presence of middlemen and duration to
Obtain existing prices of commodities ………………………..
95
21. Respondents income during the last cropping ……………..
97
22. Problems and constraints experienced in
Farming by the respondents …………………………………..
98
23. Membership of the respondents to farmers’
Organizations or groups ……………………………………….. 102
24. Respondents perception on farmers’ and current
Current vegetable production management practices ……...
103
xiv
LIST OF FIGURES
Figure No.
Page
1
Conceptual framework of the study ……………………..
20
2
Map of the study area ………………………………………
29
3
Improved conceptual framework ………………………….
105
LIST OF PLATES
Plate No.
Page
1
Potato plantation in Sinto, Bauko, Mountain Province………
38
2
Carrots plantation at vegetative stage (Monamon Sur)……..
39
3
Husband & wife respondents harvesting carrots
39
at Monamon Sur…………………………………………………
4
Leafy vegetable plantation (cabbage) ……………………….
40
5
Mr. Jhonuel Tocnang, harvesting cabbage in
40
Monamon Norte Barangay…………………………………….
6
Source of irrigation (river)………………………………………
50
7
Rain burst application in watering the vegetable
farm in Sinto, water hose directly connected
from the creek……………………………………………………
51
8
Trucks of harvested cabbage ready for transport
at the La Trinidad vegetable training post……………………
56
9
Occurrence of pest and diseases in the vegetable farm……
62
10
Riprapping of the field to prevent further erosion……………
64
xv
11
Excavation/expansion of cultivated land……………………
65
12
Fertilizer application and hilling –up 45 days
70
after transplanting…………………………………………….
xvi
1
INTRODUCTION
Background of the Study
Farming is done in the soil in small rows or blocks, often primarily
for consumption on the farm, with the excess sold in or traded to
neighbors or nearby towns. It was only after the late 60’s when vegetable
farming became a lucrative business of the area. Due to the needs to
market vegetables while fresh, vegetable gardening has high labor
demands. Several economic models exist for vegetable farms: farms may
grow large quantities of a few varieties of vegetables and sell them in bulk
to major markets or middlemen, which requires large growing operations;
farms may produce for local customers, which requires a larger
distribution effort; farms may produce a variety of vegetables for sale
through on-farm stalls, local farmer's markets, or direct market operations.
This is quite different from commodity farm products like wheat and maize
which do not have the ripeness problems and are sold off in bulk to the
local granary. Large cities often have a central produce market which
handles vegetables in a commodity-like manner, and manages distribution
to most supermarkets and restaurants (Dingal and Conception, 2004).
The economy of the Philippines is driven by agriculture. In 2006, it
directly contributed 18.7%, with flow-on effects about 75% of GDP as well
as 40% of market transactions, and 70% of employment (Bureau of
2
Agricultural Statistics, 2007 & IBON, 2007). There are 4.8 million
agricultural farms covering 9.7 million ha, with 1.9 million under1 ha and 2
million between 1.0 and 3.0 ha (2002 census data - BAS, 2007d).Average
subsistence/household farm sizes is 2 ha, and a large proportion of
farmers still use animal power for cultivation (IBON, 2007).
Most farms (79% = 8 million ha) are owned or partly owned, and
56% of farms (5.4 million ha) are divided into two or three blocks (BAS,
2007). Less than none-third of landowners own > 80% of agricultural land,
with around 52% of farms (= 51% of farmland) under lease or tenure
(IBON, 2007). To date, land reforms have had mixed success (Ballesteros
& Cruz, 2006).
In addition to land ownership, another concern is the conversion of
forest into vegetable farms. The Department of Environment and Natural
Resources (DENR) reported that in the Cordillera Administrative Region
(CAR) alone, an average of 220 hectares of forest land is being converted
every year into vegetable gardens; this represents a serious threat for the
province's approximately 200,000 hectares of forests (Cariño, 2007).
The vegetable industry contributes > 30% to total agricultural
production, and a major component of GDP (UNDP, 2006). Production is
based on highland and lowland cropping in the wet and dry seasons.
Some new enterprises are focusing on intensive cultivation and/or
3
production under contract for export, processing, or for high-end retail and
food industry markets. There are also focused initiatives to stimulate peri-
urban horticulture (Holmer and Drescher, 2005;Holmer and Miso, 2006).
According to the Bureau of Agricultural Statistics (2005), the
average vegetable yield in the Philippines was 10.65 t/ha. While this
compares favorably with other countries in South East Asia there is
considerable potential to increase yields through improved farm practices
and investment in new technologies. While vegetables are produced
extensively throughout the Philippines archipelago, the majority of
commercial production is conducted on the main island of Luzon (73%)
(Remotigue, 2005).
In Northern Philippines, Benguet and Mountain Provinces
composed of 81, 594 farm households and covering 32,643 hectares
produced 80% of the country’s total vegetable production. Mountain
Province shows great potential for development not only because of its
abundant natural resources but more so because of its naturally pleasing
and amazing sceneries, culture, and hardworking people who are open to
new ideas and innovations and who ready partners are for progress. Crop
production is the province’s main economic activity. Agricultural crops
are varied by geographic location. Currently, some 31,300 hectares are
cultivated, producing over 471,200 tons per annum. While potato is the
4
most widely cultivated crop (8,120 hectares), cabbage, Chinese cabbage,
carrots, chayote, beans, lettuce and broccoli are the other major vegetable
crops produced (Dingal and Conception, 2006).
Accordingly, farmers usually harvest and sell their produce to
assembler-wholesalers who transport the produce to the La Trinidad
Vegetable Trading Post and Baguio City Market. The La Trinidad
Vegetable Trading Post was established to thwart the practice of
middlemen intercepting cargoes and directing them to non consignees
who offered higher prices. As envisaged, the trading post has reduced the
number of middlemen and increased the prices of the commodities, thus
increasing the income of farmers. It is believed that some 8,840 farmers
deliver their produce to the La Trinidad Vegetable Trading Post and
5,580farmers deliver produce to the Baguio City Market. Other farmers
deliver their produce to nearby barangays, municipalities and to adjacent
provinces such asLa Union, Pangasinan and Nueva Vizcaya during
scheduled market days. The majority of fresh vegetables go directly to the
metro Manila markets.
The municipality of Bauko, Mountain Province is gifted with a fertile
soil within which farming and vegetable gardening is the major source of
household income. About 85% of its total household heads/labor force is
engaged in this occupation. Referring to the records of the Municipal
5
Agriculture Office, the approximate land area devoted for agriculture is
about 6,705 hectares or 37.76% of the total land area of the municipality.
From this figure, vegetable production area has the largest share in the
pie covering 4,058.2 hectares followed by palay area of 1,116 hectares.
The remaining portions of the agricultural lands are planted with fruit trees
and other crops. Vegetable areas are mostly found in upper Bauko while
palay, citrus and other crops are grown in Lower Bauko.
The vegetable industry has an important role in the community
since it is the key asset for productivity improvement, export market
development, income generation, and livelihood improvement in the
community. Agriculture is receiving increasing attention as an instrument
for growth, especially with the World Development Report (2008) titled
―Agriculture for Development‖ (World Bank, 2007). In that report
institutional innovations are seen as key to achieve not only agricultural
growth, but also to include poor smallholders in this growth. These
institutional innovations are expected to be able to overcome various
market failures, including missing or incomplete input and output markets,
factor markets (including financial markets) and insurance markets. The
Report sees a particular important role for the ―third sector‖—communities,
collective action, and NGOs— in overcoming some of the market and
state failures, with special attention for producers’ organizations (POs,
6
which can be defined as an agreement among farmers to coordinate some
activities, such as jointly purchasing inputs or delivering produce to clients)
as fundamental to reducing transaction costs in markets, achieving market
power and raising farmers’ voices in national and international policy
forums. More pointedly, Dorward et al., (2005) argue that current
emphasis in research and policy discussions on the institutional
environment (such as property rights, regulations, policies, informal rules,
etc.) in Africa is at the expense of sufficient attention to institutional
arrangements. They call for more investigation of arrangements,
especially for attention to those, such as producers’ organizations, that do
not fit the textbook model of competition and exchange among atomized
market players.
Statement of the Problem
The presence of documented agricultural practices of Bauko
concerns a lot in many development efforts. A recommendation to such
development plans and programs will not be progressive without knowing
the history of the area and the present farming systems being used in the
production of agricultural products such as vegetables, root crops and
other various commodities. Issues and concerns in this changing scenario
of the vegetable industry should be examined to identify ways to improve
7
its performance not only in terms of efficiency but also in terms of equity
where small scale producers have the chance to compete and prosper.
The characterization of farming systems in Bauko, Mountain
Province will result to multiple gains as follows: (a) greater effectiveness of
policies and programs in achieving development objectives; (b) greater
efficiency in resource allocation and management; and (c) greater equity
impact of policies, plans and programs.
Although the interrelationships between different and unpredictable
variables are identified across different areas of Bauko, there are still
important factors to be considered. The study therefore, attempted to
answer the following questions:
1. What is the condition of the vegetable producing communities of
Bauko, Mountain Province?
2. What are the factors affecting the vegetable production
management practices of the farmers in terms of the following:
a. Knowledge on vegetable production management;
b. Attitude towards vegetable production management;
c. Skills on the vegetable production management;
d. Level of adoption of technologies provided by government or
non-government institutions;
e. Benefits on the vegetable production; and
8
f. Constraints experienced on vegetable farming.
3. What is the relationship between the farmers’ characteristics and
current vegetable production management in the development of Bauko,
Mountain Province?
Objectives of the Study
The study aimed to determine the following:
1. Describe the condition of the vegetable producing communities
of Bauko, Mountain Province.
2. Determine the factors affecting the vegetable production
management practices of farmers in terms of the following:
a. Knowledge on vegetable production management;
b. Attitude towards vegetable production management;
c. Skills on the vegetable production management;
d. Level of adoption of technologies provided by government or
non-government institutions;
e. Benefits on the vegetable production; and
f. Constraints experienced on vegetable farming.
3. Analyze the relationship between the farmers’ characteristics and
current vegetable production management in the development of Bauko,
Mountain Province.
9
Importance of the Study
Many times, the whole production process focuses on the
prevailing price such that unpredictability of crops to be planted always
happens. Other farmers observe the planting season for potato falls in the
months of August to September and harvest it on December. The factor
that is almost stable is the temperature of Bauko. Temperature sensitive
crops are divided into upland and lowland condition. Upland crops
including crucifers, potato, garden peas, carrots and lettuce are observed
in high elevation areas of Bauko. The enumerated crops are rotated and
can be observed throughout the year in the respective areas. Lowland
crops such as rice cannot be observed in vegetable-producing areas. Mid-
elevation areas are planted with bell pepper, cucurbits and some upland
vegetables. Knowing these different variables thru careful analysis with
the aid of proper and systematic documentation resulted to an enhanced
and precise decision in coming up an accurate and detailed crop
programming or crop zoning in Bauko, Mountain Province.
It is important that key players and stakeholders be identified
especially when they have influence in policy – making so that crop
programming or zoning will be included. The regulation of vegetable
production will increase the profitability of farmers especially when the
supply of vegetables will not exceed the demand of the market. The
10
regulated supply of vegetables and utilization of what crops are suited for
planting in different places will also ensure continuous marketing of
products thus can be translated into continuous income for farmers. The
adoption of policies, including a focus on high-valued vegetables coupled
with trade and market reform, could contribute substantially to several of
the plan’s socio-economic targets.
Results of the study may provide development planners’ especially
the LGU of Bauko Department of Agriculture, information relevant to crop
zoning and programming or sustainable development program/project
formulation for the study area; help farmers realize better profits; give
project implementers’ ideas in properly monitoring and evaluating
programs being implemented; and serves as reference for students,
professionals and researchers in relation to the same study on the
vegetable production management system.
Scope and Delimitation of the Study
The study focused on selected vegetable producing communities of
Bauko namely: Sinto, Monamon Sur, Monamon Norte and Sadsadan. The
data focused on the problems, condition of the vegetable producing
communities of Bauko, Mountain Province; the factors affecting the
vegetable production management practices of the farmers in terms of the
11
knowledge, attitudes, skills, level of adoption of technologies, benefits
gained and constraints experienced on the vegetable production
management; and the relationship between the farmers’ characteristics
and current vegetable production management practices in the
development of Bauko, Mountain Province.
12
REVIEW OF LITERATURE
Farming Systems
A farming system is defined as a population of individual farm
systems that have broadly similar resource bases, enterprise patterns,
household livelihoods and constraints, and for which similar development
strategies and interventions would be appropriate. Depending on the scale
of the analysis, a farming system can encompass a few dozen or many
millions of households (Food and Agriculture Organization, 2011). The
classification of the farming systems of developing regions has been
based on the following criteria: (a) available natural resource base,
including water, land, grazing areas and forest; climate, of which altitude is
one important determinant; landscape, including slope; farm size, tenure
and organization; and (b)dominant pattern of farm activities and household
livelihoods, including field crops, livestock, trees, aquaculture, hunting and
gathering, processing and off-farm activities; and taking into account the
main technologies used, which determine the intensity of production and
integration of crops, livestock and other activities (FAO, 2011).
Cropping systems vary among farms depending on the available
resources and constraints; geography and climate of the farm;
government policy; economic, social and political pressures; and the
philosophy and culture of the farmer (Acquaah, 2002 & UNFAO,2002).
13
Shifting cultivation (or slash and burn) is a system in which forests are
burnt, releasing nutrients to support cultivation of annual and then
perennial crops for a period of several years (Chrispeels & Sadava, 1994).
Then the plot is left fallow to re-grow forest, and the farmer moves to a
new plot, returning after many more years (10-20). This fallow period is
shortened if population density grows, requiring the input of nutrients
(fertilizer or manure) and some manual pest control. Annual cultivation is
the next phase of intensity in which there is no fallow period. This requires
even greater nutrient and pest control inputs.
Vegetable – Producing Communities
In the high – elevation areas of Bauko, Mt. Province, vegetable
production was introduced. Semi – temperate crops such as carrots,
cabbage, Chinese cabbage, lettuce, potato, sweet pepper, garden peas,
and broccoli are planted. Today, further industrialization lead to the use of
monocultures when one cultivar is planted on a large acreage. Because of
the low biodiversity, nutrient use is uniform and pests tend to build up,
necessitating the greater use of pesticides and fertilizers. Multiple
cropping, in which several crops are grown sequentially in one year, and
intercropping, when several crops are grown at the same time are other
kinds of annual cropping systems known as polycultures (Chrispeels and
Sadava, 1994).
14
In other semi – temperate environments near and similar to Bauko,
condition, all of these cropping systems are practiced. Also, the timing and
extent of agriculture may be limited by rainfall, either not allowing multiple
annual crops in a year, or requiring irrigation. In all of these environments
perennial crops are grown (coffee, chocolate) and systems are practiced
such as agroforestry. In temperate environments, where ecosystems were
predominantly grassland or prairie, highly productive annual cropping is
the dominant farming system (Chrispeels and Sadava, 1994).
Furthermore, the last 20 years has seen the intensification,
concentration and specialization of agriculture, relying upon new
technologies of agricultural chemicals (fertilizers and pesticides),
mechanization, and plant breeding (hybrids and GMO's). In the past few
decades, a move towards sustainability in agriculture has also developed,
integrating ideas of socio-economic justice and conservation of resources
and the environment within a farming system. This has led to the
development of many responses to the conventional agriculture approach,
including organic agriculture, urban agriculture, community supported
agriculture, ecological or biological agriculture, integrated farming and
holistic management, as well as an increased trend towards agricultural
diversification.
15
Conventional Agriculture
Crop alteration has been practiced by humankind for thousands of
years, since the beginning of civilization. Altering crops through breeding
practices changes the genetic make-up of a plant to develop crops with
more beneficial characteristics for humans, for example, larger fruits or
seeds, drought-tolerance, or resistance to pests. Significant advances in
plant breeding ensued after the work of geneticist Gregor Mendel. His
work on dominant and recessive alleles gave plant breeders a better
understanding of genetics and brought great insights to the techniques
utilized by plant breeders. Crop breeding includes techniques such as
plant selection with desirable traits, self-pollination and cross-pollination,
and molecular techniques that genetically modify the organism (Sere,
Steinfeld, and Groeneweld,1995). The Green Revolution popularized the
use of conventional hybridization to increase yield many folds by creating
"high-yielding varieties". For example, average yields of corn (maize) in
the USA have increased from around 2.5 tons per hectare (t/ha) (40
bushels per acre) in 1900 to about 9.4 t/ha (150 bushels per acre) in 2001.
Similarly, worldwide average wheat yields have increased from less than 1
t/ha in 1900 to more than 2.5 t/ha in 1990. South American average wheat
yields are around 2 t/ha, African under 1 t/ha, Egypt and Arabia up to 3.5
to 4 t/ha with irrigation. In contrast, the average wheat yield in countries
16
such as France is over 8 t/ha. Variations in yields are due mainly to
variation in climate, genetics, and the level of intensive farming techniques
(use of fertilizers, chemical pest control, growth control to avoid lodging
(Ruttan, 1999).
Pesticide use has increased since 1950 to 2.5 million tons annually
worldwide, yet crop loss from pests has remained relatively constant
(Pimentel, et al., 1996). Pesticides select for pesticide resistance in the
pest population, leading to a condition termed the 'pesticide treadmill' in
which pest resistance warrants the development of a new pesticide.
Vegetable Production Management
System in Bauko, Mt. Province
According to the Bureau of Agricultural Statistics (2005), the
average vegetable yield in the Philippines was 10.65 t/ha. While this
compares favorably with other countries in South East Asia, there is
considerable potential to increase yields through improved farm practices
and investment in new technologies.
Cabbages and tomatoes are planted all over the country (Digal and
Concepcion, 2004). The Cordillera Autonomous Region (CAR) in Northern
Luzon is the major producer of cabbages and is responsible for 73 percent
of cabbage production in the Philippines.
17
The Bureau of Agricultural Statistics (2000) stated that there are
two types of agricultural production practiced by the Cordillera’s
peasantry: production for self-subsistence and production for commerce.
All peasant communities engage in crop production for commerce to some
degree. But not all communities still engage in crop production for self-
subsistence. Some 45,000 peasant households derive their wherewithal
solely from the commercial production of temperate-clime crops – mostly
vegetables plus a few fruits and flowers. These include the majority of
peasant households in the most highly elevated municipalities of the
Cordillera: practically all of those in the municipalities of La Trinidad, Tuba,
Tublay, Atok, Kibungan, Bakun, Mankayan, and Buguias in the province of
Benguet; most of those in the municipalities of Sabangan and Bauko in
the Mountain Province and Tinoc in the province of Ifugao; about half of
those in the municipality of Tadian, Mountain Province, and several of
those in Kiangan, Ifugao.
Vegetable Marketing
Around 75-85 percent of vegetables in the Philippines are sold
through thetraditional supply chain, where the wet markets and vegetable
traders play major roles. Farmers are generally price takers, accepting
whatever price the traders give them in a spot market. While spot market
18
trading is highly risky for the farmers and even the traders, it can also be
highly profitable (Digal and Concepcion, 2004).
Digal, et al., (2006) showed that there was an increase in the price
of vegetables along the chain at each stage of transfer. The margins
however, were generally higher at the retail stage. Value-adding activities
like cleaning, sorting and packaging did not add significantly to the costs,
but by performing these activities, intermediaries were able to achieve a
higher value. Not unexpectedly, retailers have the highest margin, but they
also incur the highest costs in handling and product loss.
Farmers usually harvest and sell their produce to assembler-
wholesalers who transport the produce to the La Trinidad Vegetable
Trading Post and Baguio City Market. The La Trinidad Vegetable Trading
Post was established to thwart the practice of middlemen intercepting
cargoes and directing them to non-consignees who offered higher prices.
As envisaged, the trading post has reduced the number of middlemen and
increased the prices of the commodities, thus increasing the income of
farmers. It is believed that some 8,840 farmers deliver their produce to the
La Trinidad Vegetable Trading Post and 5,580farmers deliver produce to
the Baguio City Market. Other farmers deliver their produce to nearby
barangays, municipalities and to adjacent provinces such as La Union,
19
Pangasinan and Nueva Vizcaya during scheduled market days. The
majority of fresh vegetables go directly to the Metro Manila markets.
Conceptual Framework
Figure 1 shows the variables of the study. There are three factors
involved in the study namely; the crops, farmers and their practices. Crops
planted determine the practices the farmer should cultivate. It also
determines the farm whether it is upland, lowland, etc. Crops require
various climatic and weather parameters aside from farming practices.
Lowland rice for example needs elevated temperature and satiable
irrigation, while cabbage requires low temperature and enough moisture
but the soil should be well – drained.
Farmers are the ones directly involved in agricultural activities.
They are the ones responsible in applying cultural practices suitable to the
crops they are raising. In upland vegetable farming, from land preparation
to harvesting for a certain crop may differ from lowland vegetable farming.
Farmers used to upland vegetable farming will have difficulty when
brought to lowland condition and vice versa.
Cultural practices influence the crop. Proper management practices
employed for certain can increase yield parameters that can be translated
20
to profit. In contrast, improper crop management may result to undesirable
yield and can be translated to decreased profit.
Figure 1. Conceptual framework of the study
Various crops require varied cultural practices and it takes several
years of trial and error experimentation by farmers before perfecting the
exact practices at a given crop on a given time.
21
The identification of key players and various stakeholders with the
present community resources basing from the Provincial Agricultural
Development Plan will have primary impact on the crops planted or
production scheme will regulate over production or supply of commodities
to prevent economic loss due to less marketability of the products or due
to loss of profits. The identification of crops suitable in one location or
rotation of crops from one place to another can resolve the extreme
production of corresponding commodities. This can lead to a profitable
production when the supply does not exceed the demand. The farmers will
also be identified in relation to their places and they will be equipped with
the technologies provided by the Municipal Agricultural Office. Cultural
practices for every crop will also be reviewed to enhance the farmers’
skills and capacities.
Furthermore, the study looks into the development of markets for
the commodities produced in the area in terms of the sustainability of best
yield and profitability of each product harvested. One output will be the
recommendation of crop zoning to regulate over production of one crop
and less production of other crops that can cause extreme prices of the
commodities. The planning and programming for agricultural development
will be looked upon so that further improvement will be sought if there are
gaps to be addressed or lapses that needs attention.
22
There are three factors that will be involved in the study namely; the
crops, farmers and their practices. Crops planted determine the practices
the farmer should employ. It also determines the farm whether it is upland,
lowland, etc. crops require various climatic and weather parameters aside
from farming practices. Lowland rice for example needs elevated
temperature and satiable irrigation, while cabbage requires low
temperature and enough moisture but the soil should be well – drained.
Farmers are the ones directly involved in agricultural activities.
They are the ones responsible in applying cultural practices suitable to the
crops they are raising. In upland vegetable farming, from land preparation
to harvesting for a certain crop may differ from lowland vegetable farming.
Farmers used to upland vegetable farming will have difficulty when
brought to lowland condition and vice versa.
Cultural practices influence the crop. Proper management practices
employed for certain can increase yield parameters that can be converted
to profit. In contrast, improper crop management may lead to undesirable
yield and can result to a decrease in profit. Various crop require varied
cultural practices and it takes several years of trial and error
experimentation by farmers before perfecting the exact practices at a
given crop on a given time.
23
The identification of key players and various stakeholders with the
present community resources basing from the Provincial Agricultural
Development Plan will have primary impact on the crops planted or
production scheme that will regulate over production or supply of
commodities to prevent economic loss due to less marketability of the
products or due to loss of profits.
The identification of crops suitable in one location or rotation of
crops from place to place can resolve the extreme production of
corresponding commodities. This can lead to a profitable production when
the supply does not exceed the demand. The farmers will also be
identified in relation to their places and they will be equipped with the
technologies provided by the Municipal Agricultural Office. Cultural
practices for every crop will also be reviewed to enhance the farmers’
skills and capacities.
Further, the study looks into the development of markets for the
commodities produced in the area in terms of the sustainability of best
yield and profitability of each product harvested. One output will be the
recommendation of crop zoning to regulate over production of one crop
and less production of other crops that can cause extreme prices of the
commodities. The planning and programming for agricultural development
24
will be looked upon so that further improvement will be sought if there are
gaps to be addressed or lapses that needs attention.
Operational Definition of Terms
The following terms are defined according to how they are used in
the study:
Agricultural development planning and programming are series of
activities or actions programmed to be accomplished on a given span of
time that is designed to advance the capacities of farmers in terms of farm
production with the use of innovations and other interventions and
increase yield or production per unit area of land.
Characterization is a term that is used to describe the personal
profile, socio - demographic profile, cultural practices, and needs
assessment of farmers in Bauko, Mountain Province.
Community resources are the community assets such as land and
water relative to agriculture, funds and farmers’ income on a particular
cropping.
Crop zoning refers to one of the many strategies that can be used
to limit over production of one crop. Over production of one crop can
reduce the marketability of the product in terms of exceeding the demand.
This will be translated into less farmers’ income due to low price of the
corresponding commodity.
25
Development refers to the improvement of the farmers’ social and
economic status is the primary objective of development projects.
Development then is the increase of farm income as attributed to
technologies and innovations introduced that can improve and increase
yield or production per unit area of land.
Key players refers to individuals such as the politicians of both the
municipal and Barangay level that are have influence on constituting and
implementing policies and laws in the community.
Markets refers to places where the vegetable crops are sold so that
tons of harvested vegetable crops are exchanged into money. There are
small town markets where various vegetables are sold for every day
consumption, but bulk of the production are sold in the La Trinidad
Vegetable Trading Post where institutional buyers and big – time
vegetable merchants are purchasing vegetables to be delivered in
different regions of the country.
Provincial agricultural development plan this is a plan for
development used by the Provincial Agriculture office to boost the
production of vegetables in Bauko, Mountain Province. This includes
improvements like farm to market roads, agro – technologies and linkages
that can impact on increasing farmers’ income which can be translated as
increase in the economic status of the farmers.
26
Stakeholders are organizations, groups of farmers or associations
that have an influence to the farming community of Bauko. In some
extents, big – time farmers with several laborers and appreciable wide
track of lands are included in this category. Some organizations or
associations have an impact of the marketing system of the area.
Technology refers to products and services utilized by the farmers
in vegetable production management practices such as seeds, fertilizers,
pesticides and others.
Vegetable crops refers to the varieties of particular semi –
temperate plants cultivated by farmers in Bauko. Examples of these are
potato, cabbage, Chinese cabbage, Lettuce, Broccoli etc.
Vegetable farmers are the individuals directly involve or
practitioners of vegetable production in Bauko. These farmers are doing
the farm activities from seedling to harvesting stage regardless of age and
gender.
Vegetable producing community Bauko, Mountain Province is
identified as vegetable community in the sense that throughout the year,
vegetable production is always the occupation of majority of the farmers in
the area. In other words, semi – temperate vegetables are the main
products of the community.
27
Vegetable production practices refers to the cultural practices
applied in vegetable – producing town of Bauko. In the production of
vegetables, series of activities should be done to ensure desirable growth
and development of plants. This includes land preparation, irrigation, and
crop protection practices in the whole duration of the cropping season.
Vegetable- related services refers to services provided by
government or non – government institutions to farmers like infrastructures
like packing house where postharvest practices and services are done,
linkages and marketing systems to boost the economic status of farmers.
Vegetable Technologies are innovations that are introduced in
Bauko, Mountain Province. Source may be from the offshoot of farm
researches provided by both the government or non – government
institutions.
28
METHODOLOGY
Locale of the Study
The study was conducted in Bauko, Mountain Province. Itlies on
the southwestern part of Mountain Province bounded on the north by
Besao and Sagada municipalities; on the south by the municipality of
Hungduan, Ifugao; on the east by the municipality of Sabangan, Mountain
Province and on the west by the municipality of Tadian, Mountain
Province.
The municipality is composed of 22 Barangays strategically
situated from north to south and within the longitude of 16°15’ to 17°04’
north and latitude of 120° 50’ west to 120° 56’ east. The municipal
government is located at Barangay Abatan about 121 kilometers from
Baguio City, about 34 kilometers from Bontoc, the seat of the Provincial
Government, about 8 kilometers to Tadian Municipal Hall, about 19
kilometers to Sabangan Municipal Hall and about 32 kilometers to the
Municipal Hall of Buguias, Benguet as its adjacent neighboring
municipalities. Bauko is known to be the center of semi – temperate
vegetable crop production of Mountain Province as it possesses cool
temperature and favorable microclimate parameters conducive to farming
and agricultural development.
29
Figure 2. The location of the study area
(Source: MPDO, Bauko, Mountain Province)
30
Barangays of Bauko adjacent to high – elevation areas of Benguet
like Sinto, Monamon Sur, Sadsadan, Pactil and other areas experience
the same weather conditions like that of Atok, Mankayan, Buguias, Bakun,
Tublay, and Kibungan in the province of Benguet.
The study covered the most populous number of farmers in the
municipality. There were four (4) identified barangays namely: Sinto
,Monamon Sur, Monamon Norte and Sadsadan. These barangays were
chosen because they are the major producers of commercially grown
vegetables in the municipality.
The data were gathered from November to December 2011.
Personal interviews with the farmers were very administered to support
the findings of study. Field visitation and documentations were done to
observe the actual farming practices of farmers.. Photo documentation
was done to complement the data collected to emphasize site descriptions
and crops grown.
Respondents of the Study
The stratified purposive sampling technique was used to obtain the
number of respondents of the study in the identified Barangays of Bauko,
Mountain Province. The study was administered through survey
questionnaires to at least 40 percent of the vegetable farmers of the
31
community representing the whole farming community of Bauko, Mt.
Province.
Research Methods
The study used the descriptive and normative survey methodto
present actual and current situations of the research area during the time
of the study. Also, the data gathered were summarized and reduced to
meaningful values in order to describe the characteristics of the sample
used in the study.
Structured survey questionnaires were used to facilitate an
organized means of extracting useful information from the farmer. It
guides the enumerator in communicating with the farmers a systematic
flow of questions that can collect reliable answers from the farmers.
For objective number one, the description of vegetable – producing
communities of Bauko, Mt. Province was obtained using the designed
interview questions. It was arranged in textual and tabular models and
analyzed using the frequency and Chi – square test. For objective two and
three, regression analysis, factor analysis, and multiple regression
analysis was used to analyze the data.
32
Instrumentation
The survey questionnaire is the main instrument used in data
gathering. The parts of the questionnaire are the following; Part I are the
characteristics of the respondents; Part II are the farming condition of the
respondents; Part III are the factors affecting the production of the
respondents; Part IV are the benefits derived from farming; and Part V are
the constraints experienced in farming. The questionnaire was supported
by interview.
Data Collection and Analysis
Pertinent data were collected through, interviews were
administered to respondents in selected barangays of Bauko. Aside from
primary information obtained from interviews, secondary data were
gathered or reviewed from the official reports filed in the Municipal and
Provincial Agriculture Offices to suffice and back up the lacking and
needed information.
Appropriate statistical methods were utilized to obtain information
or data for descriptive and quantitative interpretation. Stratified random
sampling was used in selecting the respondents, and textual and tabular
models were used in tabulation of the data and analysis.
33
The following statistical tools were used to analyze and interpret the
data/variables: Chi – square (x2) test equal distribution; ANOVA, equal
frequency of related samples; regression analysis to account for the
factors affecting the dependent variable; factor analysis, a data reduction
process, to identify variables that have significant relationship to the study;
multiple regression analysis, to measure the extent of the contribution of
the independent variable to the dependent variable.
34
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Socio – Demographic Profile
Table 1 presents the socio – demographic profile of the
respondents such as age, gender, marital status, and educational
attainment, and years in farming experience.
Age. Significant results were observed in the age distribution of the
respondents in the four Barangays of the study. The age distribution of the
respondents is very wide but it appears it follows a trend. The farmers in
Barangays Sadsadan Proper, Sinto and Monamon Sur are younger with
ages 21 – 30 compared to the farmers of Monamon Norte. In Barangay
Sinto 18 respondents (72%) ages from 21 – 30 are already engaged in
farming. Only three respondents age 51 – 60 are engaged in farming
activities compared to or 16% farmers from Monamon Norte.
Gender. Statistical analysis reveals no significant differences
among the respondents though it can be observed that in all of the
Barangays, more males are involved in the farming activities. Highest
number of males with 92% respondents is observed at Sadsadan Proper
while lowest with 72% respondents is found in Monamon Sur. For the
female respondents, highest number involved in farming with 28% is
observed at Monamon Sur while lowest with 8% respondents is in
Sadsadan Proper (Table 1).
35
Table 1. Socio – demographic profile of the respondents
BARANGAY
PROFILE
Monamon
Monamon
Sadsadan
Sinto
Norte
Sur
Proper
No.
%
No.
%
No.
%
No. %
Age (year)
< 20
2
8
5
20
3
12
2
8
21 – 30
2
8
8
32
13
52
18
72
31 – 40
4
16
6
24
6
24
2
8
41 – 50
13
52
5
20
2
8
2
8
51 – 60
4
16
1
4
1
4
1
4
Sub - total
25
100
25
100
25
100 25 100
X2c = 0.00***
Gender
Male
20
80
18
72
23
92
21
84
Female
5
20
7
28
2
8
4
16
Sub - total
25
100
25
100
25
100 25 100
X2c = 0.357ns
Marital Status
Single
2
8
3
12
3
12
5
20
Married
23
92
22
88
22
88
20
80
Sub-total
25
100
25
100
25
100 25 100
X2c = 0.736ns*
** – highly significant/ns – not significant
36
Table 1. Continued . . .
BARANGAY
PROFILE
Monamon
Monamon
Sadsadan
Sinto
Norte
Sur
Proper
No.
%
No.
%
No.
%
No. %
Educational Attainment
Elementary level
2
8
0
0
2
8
0
0
Elementary graduate
3
12
5
20
4
16
6
24
High school level
3
12
8
32
8
32
4
16
High school graduate 10
40
9
36
3
12
10
40
Vocational
2
8
0
0
2
8
3
12
College level
1
4
3
12
4
16
2
8
College graduate
4
16
0
0
2
8
0
0
Sub - total
25
100
25
100
25
100 25 100
X2c = 0.101ns
** – highly significant/ns – not significant
Marital status. All of the Barangays showed almost similar marital
status of the respondents as shown in Table 1. Almost all of the
respondents were male with 92% in Barangay Monamon Norte, 88% in
Barangay Monamon Sur and Sadsadan Proper and 80% in Barangay
Sinto. No respondents were widows or widower.
Educational attainment. Wide distribution of educational attainment
were obtained from the farmers which were statistically analyzed that
showed no significant differences among the distribution of the
respondents of the four Barangays, it can be observed that most of the
37
respondents attained either high school level or high school graduate.
From the total respondent of the four Barangays, only 24% farmer
respondents graduated from college. However finishing from college did
not mean escaping the farm activities. Based on the interviews conducted,
farmers went back to farming because of lack of employment and lesser
salaries provided by the institution they used to work.
The result on the socio-demographic profile of the respondents
implies that there is significant difference in age level of farmers which
means that there are different characteristics and attitudes of farmers as
regard to vegetable farming is concern and not much in the gender,
marital status and educational attainment which is no significant difference
among the four study areas.
Farming Condition of the Respondents
Years in farming. Statistical analysis reveals significant number of
years of active farming by the respondents (Table 2). The wide distribution
of years of active farming by the respondents is affected by the age of the
participants. From the previous table, older age of the respondents is
proportional to their active engagement to farming. The younger the age of
the respondents, the lesser engagement and exposure to farming
activities. Majority of the respondents have 5 – 20 years of active farming
38
while the remaining respondents have less than five years or more than
21 years of farming exposure.
Crops planted. Table 2, Plate 1, 2 & 3 shows the crops grown by
the respondents. It shows that in the four study areas there are various
crops planted categorized as to root crops (Potato, Carrots and Radish);
leafy vegetables (Chinese Cabbage, Cabbage, Lettuce and Celery);
legumes (beans and peas); and other crop is pepper. It shows in the table
that Barangay Sinto showed the highest various crops planted followed by
Barangay Monamon Sur and Norte the least crop variation planted in
Sadsadan Proper.
Plate 1. Potato plantation in Sinto, Bauko, Mountain Province
39
Plate 2. Carrots plantation at vegetative stage (Monamon Sur)
Plate 3. Husband & wife respondents harvesting carrots at
Monamon Sur
40
Plate 4.Leafy vegetable plantation (cabbage)
Plate 5. Mr. Jhonuel Tocnang, harvesting cabbage in Monamon
Norte Barangay
41
Table 2.Farming condition of the respondents
BARANGAY
PROFILE
Monamon
Monamon
Sadsadan
Sinto
Norte
Sur
Proper
No.
%
No.
%
No.
%
No.
%
Years in Farming
< 5
4
16
4
16
1
4
2
8
5 – 10
2
8
9
36
3
12
18
72
11 – 15
2
8
6
24
10
40
2
8
16 – 20
10
40
4
16
6
24
1
4
21 – 25
3
12
1
4
1
4
1
4
26 – 30
3
12
1
4
3
12
1
4
> 30
1
4
0
0
1
4
0
0
Sub – total
25
100
25
100
25
100
25
100
X2c = 0.001**
Crops Planted
Root Crops
31
44.28 41
46.06
23 58.97 48 50.52
Leafy Vegetables
26
31.14 23
25.84
12 30.76 26 27.36
Legumes
12
17.14 25
28.08
2
5.12
21 22.10
Others: Pepper
2
2.85
0
0
2
5.12
0
0
Sub-total (MR)
70
89
39
95
Farming Approach
Conventional
20
80
23
92
22
88
16
64
Organic
5
20
2
8
3
12
9
36
Sub-total
25
100
25
100
25
100
25
100
Market Outlet
Trading post
18
40.90 23
85.18
22 61.11 16 59.25
Hangar market
5
11.36
2
7.40
3
8.3
5
18.51
DM - Bauko
0
36.36
0
0
2
5.55
0
0
DM - La Trinidad,
16
0
0
6
16.66
0
0
Beng.
LaTOP
5
11.36
2
7.40
3
8.88
6
22.22
Sub-total (MR)
44
27
36
27
42
Table 2. Continued . . .
BARANGAY
PROFILE
Monamon Monamon Sadsadan
Sinto
Norte
Sur
Proper
No.
%
No.
%
No.
%
No.
%
Farming Income
< 10,000
5
20
4
16
3
12
2
8
10,000 – 20,000
11
44
14
56
17
68
7
28
21,000 – 30,000
6
24
3
12
2
8
5
20
31,000 – 40,000
2
8
2
8
1
4
7
28
41,000 – 50,000
1
4
2
8
1
4
2
8
> 50,000
0
0
0
0
1
4
2
8
Sub - total
25 100 25 100
25
100
25
100
X2c = 0.195ns
Geographical Location
Hilly
4
16
3
12
5
20
3
12
Sloppy
8
32
1
4
8
32
1
4
Rolling
6
24
3
12
7
28
5
20
Flat
7
28
18
72
5
20
16
64
Sub - total
25 100 25 100
25
100
25
100
X2c = 0.001**
Elevation of the Farm
< 750
6
24
0
0
0
0
0
0
751 – 1,000
2
8
1
4
13
52
0
0
1,001 – 1,250
9
36
1
4
5
20
2
8
1,251 – 1,500
3
12
2
8
3
12
3
12
1,501 – 1,750
4
16
3
12
4
16
6
24
1,751 – 2,000
1
4
17
68
0
0
13
52
> 50,000
0
0
1
4
0
0
1
4
Sub - total
25 100 25 100
25
100
25
100
X2c = 0.957ns
Legend: ** – highly significant; ns – not significant;
(MR) – Multiple Response
43
The frequency of the data per crop obtained has a multiple
responses maybe because of the wide experience of the farmers to
highland agriculture. Most of them are knowledgeable to the crops they
cultivate such that they do not specialize in one crop only but with several
crops that suitably grow in their respective areas. Example, farmers plant
potato on the month of September and then harvest it on December. After
potato, they plant cabbage, and after cabbage, they plant carrots and so
on. After exhausting their farm with the corresponding crops, they again
rotate the crops and follow another cropping pattern.
Farming approach. Furthermore, it can be noted that most of the
respondents are involved in conventional farming. Only 5, 2, 3 and 9
farmers are practicing organic agriculture in Monamon Norte, Monamon
Sur, Sadsadan Proper and Sinto, respectively. According to the interview,
the reason why few farmers engaged in organic farming is due to high
cost of farm inputs and more time devoted to care and maintenance
practice and market problems most especially if there are no market
outlet.
Market outlet. There are nine respondents in Barangay Sinto out of
25 respondents are sold to organic agriculture. This translates to 36% of
the farmers of the Barangay and 9% percent of the respondents in the four
Barangays of the Municipality excluding the organic farmers of Monamon
44
Norte, Sur and Sadsadan Proper. In all, 19 respondents are practicing
organic agriculture. This is about 19% of the total number of respondents
in the interview. In the market outlet, conventional farmers usually bring
their product to the trading post where their produce is accepted. Only
those organic produce were disposed in the La Trinidad Organic
Practitioners (LaTOP). Other market outlets were also mentioned but most
of the outlets are based in La Trinidad, Benguet such that the respondents
have to bring their product to the place at every harvest season.
Farmers’ income. Statistical analysis showed insignificant results of
the income of farmers in the four Barangays of the municipality. Most of
the time, prices of the commodities are affected by the supply of the
corresponding produce. Aside from middlemen who dictates the price,
weather has a bearing on the quality of the products that are delivered to
the market. According to the respondents, when there is oversupply of one
crop like cabbage, price goes down in just a short time. On the part of the
farmer, this will cause tremendous decrease in their income and the
capital will also be compromised. There are also times when the prices
are up such that their income is thrice to four times their capital. In other
words, it is very hard to stabilize the prices of the commodities. In the
organic practitioners, they claim that the prices of their products are
already established such that there is no rushing of harvesting especially
45
that they have a direct market. According to them, a small parcel of land
can match hectares of land when devoted to organic agriculture. From the
table, it can be observed that most of the participants have less than
10,000 to 40,000 income per cropping. Only in Sinto where seven
participants claimed that their income per cropping ranges from 31,000 to
40,000 but there are also farmer respondents have income higher than
50,000.
Geographical location. There are four types of geographical
locations in the Barangays of Bauko namely; hilly, sloppy, rolling and flat.
In Monamon Norte, most of the farms are located in sloppy areas;
Monamon Sur and Sinto, majority of the farms are located in flat surface
since the area is in the summit with wide arable lands. In Barangay
Sadsadan Proper, most farms are located in the back slope of Mount Data
forest reserve because the farmers are located in the area.
Elevation of the vegetable farm. It can be observed that the
distribution of respondents in the different elevations resulted to the
significant statistical analysis. As highlighted in the previous table,
Monamon Sur and Sinto are in the mountain summit where the farms are
located at higher elevation. It is already known that high elevation areas
posses cooler and favorable temperature and humidity conducive to
production of highland crops. Also, it was noted that temperature is ideal
46
for vegetable production although pest and diseases are prevalence but
controlled due to agro-chemical inputs..
Vegetable Production Management Practices
Knowledge on the Crops Planted
The vegetables managed by the farmers in the four Barangays of
Bauko are categorized into roots crops, leafy vegetables legumes and
others like bell pepper as shown in Table 3.
Table 3.Respondents’ knowledge on crops planted
BARANGAY
CROPS
MONAMON MONAMON SADSADAN
SINTO
NORTE
SUR
PROPER
No
%
No
%
No
%
No.
%
Root Crops
Potato
17
50
22 61.11 25
75.75
24
57.14
Carrot
17
50
14 38.88
8
24.24
18
42.85
Sub - total
34
36
33
42
Leafy Vegetables
Chinese
8
23.52
3
13.04
2
7.14
4
15.38
cabbage
Cabbage
16 47.05 19 82.60 25
8.92
21
80.76
Lettuce
8
23.52
1
4.34
1
3.57
1
3.84
Celery
2
5.88
0
0
0
0
0
0
Sub - total
34
23
28
26
47
Table 3. Continued . . .
BARANGAY
CROPS
MONAMON MONAMON SADSADAN
SINTO
NORTE
SUR
PROPER
No
%
No
%
No
%
No.
%
Legumes
Bean
11 91.66
2
8
14
82.35
8
27.58
Peas
1
8.33
23
98
3
17.64
21
72.41
Sub - total
12
25
17
29
Others
Pepper
15
100
5
50
0
0
0
0
Radish
0
0
5
50
0
0
4
100
Sub - total
15
10
0
4
(MR) Multiple Response
As mentioned earlier, farmers in Bauko have broad knowledge on
highland vegetable production. It was noted, some farmers knew the
production technique of several crops whogrew them simultaneously,
especially those established farmers particularly those engaged in
planting potato, cabbage, broccoli, carrots and garden pea at the same
time.
Crop Management Practices
Table 4 presents the respondents’ cropping per year, source of
irrigation and availability of irrigation and other management or
applications on the vegetable production of the selected four Barangays of
Bauko.
48
Cropping per year. Significant statistical results are obtained in the
source of irrigation and irrigation availability.
Based on cropping per year, almost all of the respondents have
similar cropping per year regardless of the Barangay. Most of the
respondents have two to three croppings in a year followed by more than
three times for short term crops and only three out of the total respondents
claimed that they only plant once in a year. Of course cropping season is
dictated by the availability of irrigation and some other factors. It can also
be observed that rain is the major source of irrigation of all the
respondents in the research. This is because during rainy season,
moisture is always available. In mountain summits like that of Monamon
Sur and Sinto, rain is the main source of irrigation. In fact, farmers of the
area schedule their cropping season during the onset of rainy season
because they have no other source of water supply. Unlike other parts of
Monamon Norte which is located at the back slope of the mountain that
have springs. On the availability of irrigation, most of the respondents
claimed that they have average to good source of irrigation that facilitates
their crop cultivation and production as shown in Plate 6.
49
Table 4.Respondents management practices on crops planted
BARANGA
Y
PARTICULARS
MONAMON
MONAMON
SADSADAN
SINTO
NORTE
SUR
PROPER
No
%
No
%
No
%
No
%
Cropping /Year
1x
1
4
1
4
1
4
0
0
2 – 3x
22
88
22
88
23
92
21
84
> 3x
3
12
2
8
1
4
3
12
Sub - total
25
25
25
25
X2c = 0.957ns
Source of Irrigation
Spring
21
42
6
24
4
16
4
16
River
4
8
4
16
2
8
3
12
Rain
25
50
15
60
19
76
18
72
Sub - total
50
25
25
25
X2c = 0.00**
Irrigation Availability
Poor
0
0
2
8
3
12
4
16
Average
5
20
19
76
20
80
16
64
Good
20
80
4
16
2
8
5
20
Sub – total
25
25
25
25
X2c = 0.00**
Pesticides Application
Insecticide
20
44.44
23
47.91
22
46.80
16 39.02
Fungicide
20
44.44
23
47.91
22
46.80
16 39.02
Botanicals
5
11.11
2
4.16
3
6.38
9
21.95
Sub – total
45
48
47
41
Weed Control
Mechanical
25
55.55 25 52.08
25
53.19
25 80.64
Herbicides
20
44.44 23 47.91
22
46.80
16 51.61
Sub – total (MR)
45
48
47
31
Commercial Fertilizer
Complete
18
56.25 23 43.39
22
42.30
16 45.71
Urea
8
25.00 23 43.39
22
42.30
16 45.71
Yara
6
18.75
7
13.20
8
15.38
3
8.57
Sub – total (MR)
32
53
52
35
50
Table 4. Continued . . .
BARANGAY
CROPS
MONAMON MONAMON SADSADAN
SINTO
NORTE
SUR
PROPER
No
%
No
%
No
%
No.
%
Method of Application
Side dress
19
76
23
50
22
50
16
50
Basal
6
24
23
50
22
50
16
50
Sub – total (MR)
25
46
44
32
Composts Application
PCM
0
0
5
71.42
1
25
7
43.75
Vermi/compost
5
100
2
28.57
3
75
9
56.25
Sub – total
5
7
4
16
Manure Application
Chicken
20
100
23
92
22
88
16
64
Ruminant
0
0
2
8
3
12
9
36
Sub – total
20
25
25
25
Legend: ** – highly Significant; ns – not significant;
(MR) – Multiple Response
Plate 6. Source of irrigation (river)
51
Plate 7. Rain burst application in watering the vegetable farm in Sinto,
water hose directly connected from the creek
Crop protection. It can be noted that there are two groups of
participants according to crop protection strategies. The respondents that
observe conventional agriculture are using petro – based chemicals like
insecticide and fungicide to control pests and diseases. Organic
practitioners at the same time use botanicals instead of the agrochemicals
mentioned.
52
This is also true with weed control. Conventional farmers use
herbicides or weedicides while organic farmers use manual or mechanical
weed control such as uprooting the weeds or timing of planting.
Commercial Fertilizer Application. Conventional farmers use
complete, urea and yara specifically for side dress and basal application.
Regardless of the Barangay, as long as they are conventional farmers, the
practice is almost similar from planting, fertilization and crop protection.
The total number of respondents that use the synthetic fertilizers are
lesser than the total number of the respondents of the four Barangays of
Bauko. The remaining 19 respondents practice organic farming which
largely exclude the use of the synthetic fertilizers. They depend on natural
fertilizer such as farm composts and animal manures as their source of
plant-required nutrients and minerals.
Application of organic fertilizer. The organic fertilizers used by the
farmers include processed chicken manure but the organic practitioners
make use of Vermicompost and manures of ruminants. Only those
conventional farmers make use of chicken dung which is processed as
chicken manure (PCM) locally called ―siglat‖ including Vermicompost
derived from the compost made from composting process using
earthworm like African night crawlers that feed on organic materials.
53
Characteristics of the Farm Cultivated by the Respondents
Area cultivated. It can be noted that majority of all the respondents
cultivated varying farm area of less than one hectare. Only three out of all
the participants possess more than 1.5 hectares. Unlike the farmers in
lowland areas, wide tracks of land are obvious such that ownership can
also be in several hectares. In the four Barangays of Bauko, seldom that
farmers own very wide areas of land since the geographical terrain of
Bauko mountainous.
Tenurial status. Furthermore, the respondents in Monamon Norte,
Sur and Sinto, farms are located within the Barangay except three
respondents in Sadsadan Proper. This means that in terms of distance
from their farms to their homes accessibility is not compromised.
Moreover, ownership of the land is majority among the participants. Only
few of them were leasee and tenants at three and four respondents,
respectively.
54
Table 5.Characteristics of area cultivated by the respondents
BARANGAY
PARTICULAR MONAMON MONAMON SADSADAN
SINTO
NORTE
SUR
PROPER
Area (x 1,000 m2)
No
%
No
%
No
%
No
%
< 1
18
72
5
20
1
4
1
4
1.0 – 2.5
3
12
9
36
5
20
2
8
2.501 – 5.0
3
12
5
20
7
28
3
12
5.01 – 7.5
1
4
4
16
4
16
7
28
7.501 – 10.0
0
-
1
4
3
12
8
32
10.01 – 10.50
0
-
1
4
4
16
2
8
> 10.50
0
-
0
-
1
4
2
8
Sub - total
25
25
25
25
X2c = 0.00**
Location
Within the
25
100
25
100
22
88
25
100
Barangay
Outside
0
-
0
-
3
12
0
-
Barangay
Sub - total
25
25
25
25
X2c = 0.065NS
Manure
Chicken
20
80
23
92
22
88
16
64
Ruminant
0
-
2
8
3
12
9
36
Sub - total
20
25
25
25
X2c = 0.065ns
Distance to market (km)
< 100
1
4
0
-
0
-
0
-
101 – 150
24
96
25
100
25
100
25
100
Sub - total
25
25
25
25
X2c = 1.00ns
Legend: ** – highly Significant; ns – not significant
55
Table 5. Continued . . .
BARANGAY
PARTICULAR MONAMON MONAMON SADSADAN
SINTO
NORTE
SUR
PROPER
No
%
No
%
No
%
No
%
Means of transport
Jeep
2
8
1
4
1
4
1
4
Truck
25
92.5
24
96
24
96
24
96
Sub - total
27
25
25
25
Road structure
Concrete
25
89.2
25
92.5
25
100
25
92.5
8
9
9
Gravel
3
10.7
2
7.40
0
-
2
7.40
1
Sub - total
28
27
25
27
Ave. travel time (hr)
4 – 6
24
96
25
100
25
100
25
100
> 6
1
4
0
-
0
-
0
-
Sub – total
25
25
25
25
X2c = 1.00ns
Legend: ** – highly Significant; ns – not significant
Accessibility to market. The common distance from the farms of the
respondents to wholesale markets is 101 to 150 kilometers. The means of
transportation is either jeep or truck passing through concrete pavements
particularly the halsema highway prior to reaching the wholesale markets.
The average travel time is 4 – 6 hours regardless of the Barangay where
the participants are located.
56
Plate 8. Trucks of harvested cabbage ready for transport at the La
Trinidad vegetable training post
Production Information for the Last Cropping
Crop produced. Table 6 presents the last crop produced by the
respondent prior to the interview. Potato, carrot, cabbage, lettuce, celery,
peas, pepper, and radish were the crops planted by the respondents.
57
Table 6. Last crop produced during the interview
BARANGAY
CROPS
MONAMON MONAMON SADSADAN
SINTO
NORTE
SUR
PROPER
No
%
No
%
No
%
No
%
Root crop
Potato
8
61.53
19
79.16
11
57.89 21
75
Carrot
5
38.46
5
8320.
8
42.10 7
28
Sub - total
13
24
19
28
Leaf
Cabbage
5
41.66
3
10
9
90
3
10
Lettuce
4
33.33
0
-
1
10
0
-
Celery
3
25
0
-
0
-
0
-
Sub - total
12
3
10
3
Legumes
Bean
4
80
2
40
0
-
4 66.66
Peas
1
20
3
60
1
100
2 33.33
Sub - total
5
5
1
6
Others
Pepper
5
100
0
-
0
-
0
-
Radish
0
-
0
-
2
100
0
-
Sub - total
5
0
2
0
Area planted (1,000 m2)
< 1
23
92
2
8
1
14
9
36
1.0 – 2.5
2
8
23
92
24
96
16
64
Sub - total
25
25
25
25
Area harvested (1,000 m2)
< 1
23
92
2
8
1
1
9
36
1.0 – 2.5
2
8
23
92
24
96
16
64
Sub - total
25
25
25
25
X2c = 0.00**
Legend: ** – highly Significant;
** - significant
58
Table 6. Continued . . .
BARANGAY
CROPS
MONAMON MONAMON SADSADAN
SINTO
NORTE
SUR
PROPER
No
%
No
%
No
%
No
%
Quantity harvested
< 2,500
13
52
2
8
12
48
19 76
2,501 – 5,000
6
24
6
24
9
36
1
4
5,001 – 7,500
3
12
8
32
2
8
3
12
> 7,500
3
12
9
36
2
8
12 45
Sub - total
25
25
25
25
X2c = 0.00**
Price (PhP)
< 6
1
4
2
8
3
12
1
4
7 – 10
6
24
7
28
4
16
3
12
11 – 15
4
16
7
28
9
36
7
28
16 – 20
1
6
8
32
2
8
8
32
21 – 25
2
8
1
4
2
8
4
16
26 – 30
3
12
0
-
2
8
2
8
31 – 35
2
8
0
-
3
12
0
-
> 35
6
24
0
-
1
4
0
-
Sub - total
25
25
25
25
X2c=0.018*
Sales (PhP x 1,000)
< 10
2
8
1
4
1
4
2
8
11 – 20
6
24
8
32
3
12
6
24
21 – 30
3
12
14
56
6
24
4
16
31 – 40
1
4
0
-
7
28
4
16
41 – 50
3
12
0
-
2
8
0
-
51 – 60
3
12
0
-
3
12
0
-
61 – 70
5
20
0
-
1
4
0
-
> 70
2
8
2
8
2
8
9
36
Sub - total
25
25
25
25
Legend: ** – highly Significant;
** - significant
59
Based on the listed data, potato appears to be the majority crop
that is planted by the respondents. From the interview, in the month of
September, most farmers plant potato followed by five respondents each
for carrots, cabbage snap beans, peas, pepper and lettuce, then celery
and radish. In Monamon Norte, several respondents are located in the
lower elevated portions of the barangay such that the crops are so much
of the vegetable usually planted in high elevation areas. These are snap
beans and pepper. The top three producers of potato are Sinto, Monamon
Sur and Sadsadan Proper with 21, 19 and 11 respondents, respectively.
For carrots, Sadsadan Proper and Sinto are the top producers at that time
with eight and seven respondents, respectively.
Area planted. The total area planted, harvested and the quantity
harvested by the participants is shown in Table 6. It can be noted that in
Monamon Norte, 92% of the participants cultivate less than 1,000 square
meters. On the other hand, majority of the participants of the other three
Barangays cultivated land area ranging from 1,000 to 2,500 square
meters.
Area. For the area planted, harvested and quantity harvested,
significant statistical results were obtained. This means that the
respondents from different Barangays have varied distributions on the
corresponding subject. It can also be observed that the lesser area
60
cultivated, so is the quantity of the harvest. This case is true in Monamon
Norte with 23 respondents cultivating less than 1,000 square meters
harvested a corresponding quantity of less than 2,500 kilograms.
Nevertheless, this case is not applicable to those farmers that planted
peas, beans and pepper because the weight of the produce is much
lighter when compared to cabbage, carrot, Chinese cabbage and the like.
Price. The price per kilogram of commodity planted by the
respondents is also presented in Table 6. Statistical analysis showed
significant differences on the prices of the commodities per barangay. This
means that there are important differences of the price distribution
obtained by the respondents upon marketing the commodities per
barangay.
As mentioned earlier, the prices of vegetables are fluctuating. It is
very difficult to stabilize the prices since there are lot of variables that
dictates the price like middlemen, weather, supply, presence of pest and
diseases, and importation. Farmers especially those that are practicing
conventional agriculture are in the ―hit and miss‖ system of planting and
marketing. They plant their crops but they are not sure how much price
does the market offer during the time of harvest.
Price per kilogram. Table 6 shows the total gross sales of the
respondents during the last cropping. Statistical analysis revealed
61
significant differences on gross sales of the respondents per barangay. In
all of the sales bracket, the respondents were unequally distributed which
means some farmers have higher or lower income when compared to
other respondents. Six farmer respondents claimed that their sales is less
than P 10,000 while majority of the total respondents said that their sales
ranges from P 21,000 to P 30,000. Next sales bracket with P 11,000 to P
20, 000 values were filled up by 23 respondents. Highest sales claimed by
the respondents are more than P 70,000. Nine farmers from Sinto said
they have that kind of sales during the last cropping. Only two each from
the remaining Barangay have sales exceeding the P 70,000 mark.
Attitude Towards Farming by the Respondents
Attitude. All of the respondents across the four study Barangays of
Bauko claimed that farming is risky.
Types of risks. Majority of the respondents agree that these risks
are erosion, pest and diseases, market prices, typhoons and high prices of
inputs or a combination of both. Erosion is pronounced in the area
because annual rainfall in towns nearby Benguet is high. In most cases, if
there is a typhoon, erosion does happen. Pests and diseases continue to
flourish in the area as stated by the respondents as shown in plate 9.
62
Plate 9. Occurrence of pest and diseases in the vegetable farm
The proliferation of pests and diseases in the area is a serious
threat to their occupation, thus, adding risk to their livelihood. Another
pressure aside from the unstable market value of their crops is the
continued high prices of agricultural or farming inputs. The fast oil price
hike continue to increase the value of farm inputs, thus, adding burden to
conventional farmer practitioners. These scenarios made the respondents
think that farming is risky.
63
Table 7.Respondentsattitude towards farming
BARANGAY
MONAMON MONAMON SADSADAN
SINTO
ATTITUDE
NORTE
SUR
PROPER
No
%
No
%
No
%
No
%
Is farming risky?
Yes
25
100
25
100
25
100
25
100
No
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
Sub - total
25
25
25
25
Types of risks
Erosion
25
20
25
20
25
20
25
20
Pests and
25
20
25
20
25
20
25
20
diseases
Market prices
25
20
25
20
25
20
25
20
Typhoon
25
20
25
20
25
20
25
20
High prices of
25
20
25
20
25
20
25
20
inputs
Sub - total
125
125
125
125
Farming is high maintenance ?
Yes
20
80
23
92
22
88
16
64
No
5
20
2
8
3
12
9
36
Sub - total
25
25
25
25
Causes
Irrigation
25
29.41
25
26.59
25
25.77 25 34.44
Excavation
20
23.52
23
24.46
25
25.77 16 21.91
Terrace
20
23.52
23
24.46
25
25.77 16 21.91
High prices of
20
23.52
23
24.46
22
22.68 16 21.91
inputs
Sub - total
85
94
97
73
64
Maintenance. It can be noted that all of the conventional farmers
agree that farming is high maintenance in contrast to the organic farmers
that everybody disagree (Table 7).
Plate 10. Riprapping of the field to prevent further erosion
Causes. Results show that farming needs high maintenance
through irrigation, excavation, terracing and high prices of inputs.
Irrigation is needed by plants in all of the growth stages such that limited
water may inhibit the plant growth and development of the plant. It should
be sufficient to guarantee a good yield and harvest to the farmers.
65
Excavation on the other hand is very expensive. In places where rainfall
is very high, erosion is pronounced such that excavation is likely to
happen. Another factor that adds to excavation is when farmers expand
their area cultivated. The terrain of Bauko is not flat such that terracing is
needed not only to create flat surface but to prevent further erosion of the
area.
Plate 11. Excavation/expansion of cultivated land
66
Skills and Level of Adoption of Technologies
Provided by the Government and
Non-government Institutions
The Potato Production Practices
Planting season. It can be observed that majority of all the
participants from across the Barangays are aware that tubers are best at
dry season during seedling stage. Only 12 respondents, nine in Sadsadan
Proper and four in Monamon Norte are not aware of the latter. Statistical
analysis revealed significant results on the variances of awareness and
application of the awareness in potato production. In Monamon Sur and
Sinto, all of the farmers are aware of the idea and they applied it in their
farms. In Sadsadan Proper, 64% are aware while the remaining are not.
Planting distance. The awareness of the respondents on the plant
optimum distance is presented in Table 8. Statistical analysis on the
awareness and whether it was applied during the last cropping showed
significant results. It can be observed that almost all of the respondents
from the Barangays are aware of the optimum plant distance of 30 x 30
cm. Only 16 respondents (7 in Monamon Norte and 9 in Sadsadan
Proper) are not aware of the proper planting distance. During the
interview, the farmers are doing the proper distancing of potato seedlings
which is 30 x 30 cm, this maybe because they observe it on their
neighbors and apply it as a practice. On the other hand, some farmers
67
knew the proper distance of planting tubers but did not plant potato that
made the inconsistent data results.
Table 8.Respondents attitude towards farming on potato at seedling stage
BARANGAY
AWARENESS
MONAMON MONAMON SADSADAN
SINTO
NORTE
SUR
PROPER
No.
%
No.
%
No.
%
No.
%
A1.Tubers are best at dry season.
Yes
21
84
25
100
16
64
25
100
No
4
16
0
-
9
36
0
-
Sub - total
25
25
25
25
X2c = 0.000**
A2. Used last cropping
Yes
8
32
17
68
8
32
16
64
No
17
68
8
32
17
68
9
36
Sub - total
25
25
25
25
X2c = 0.012*
B1. Planting distance (30 x 30cm)
Yes
18
72
25
100
16
64
25
100
No
7
28
0
-
9
36
0
-
Sub - total
25
25
25
25
m X2c = 0.000**
B2. Used last cropping
Yes
5
20
17
68
8
32
16
64
No
20
80
8
32
17
68
9
36
Sub - total
25
25
25
25
X2c = 0.00**
C1. Cuttings are good during dry
season.
Yes
6
24
12
48
16
64
20
80
No
19
76
13
52
9
36
5
20
Sub – total
25
25
25
25
M X2c = 0.002**
68
Table 8. Continued . . .
BARANGAY
AWARENESS
MONAMON MONAMON SADSADAN
SINTO
NORTE
SUR
PROPER
No.
%
No.
%
No.
%
No.
%
C2. Used last cropping
Yes
6
24
12
48
16
64
20
80
No
19
76
13
52
9
36
5
20
Sub - total
25
25
25
25
X2c = 0.416ns
D1. Apply fertilizer following the
RR
Yes
13
52
18
72
14
56
13
52
No
12
48
7
28
11
44
12
48
Sub – total
25
25
25
25
X2c = 0.429ns
D2. Used last cropping
Yes
5
20
17
68
5
20
7
28
No
20
80
8
32
20
80
18
72
Sub - total
25
25
25
25
X2c = 0.000**
**Highly significant; ns – Not significant
Planting stock. It was noted that the awareness of the respondents
on the potato cuttings technology during the seedling stage is very high
across the four Barangays. It appears that more respondents in Sinto
(80%) are aware of the technology. This was followed by Sadsadan
Proper with 64%, Monamon Sur with 48% and lastly Monamon Norte with
24% only. Despite their various level of awareness, the technology was
not used during the last cropping. This is because farmers store their own
potato seedlings that is why seedlings are readily available.
69
Fertilizer application. Table 8 presents the awareness of the
respondents on the proper recommended rate of fertilizer application
during the seedling stage. Respondents from the four Barangays differ on
their awareness of the technology. Despite the differences observed
across the Barangays, statistical analysis showed no significant results.
However, statistical analysis showed significant differences across
Barangays on whether the technology was applied during the last
cropping season. Since farmers do not usually bring their soils for
laboratory analysis, they split their application. The only thing that could
affect their yield and practice is the quantity of fertilizers that they apply to
the soil.
The Awareness on the Application of Pesticide
to the Potatoes During the Vegetative Stage
Pesticide Application. Results show that farmers across the
Barangays significantly differ in the pesticide application awareness.
Farmers in Monamon Sur are 100% aware of the technology compared to
Sadsadan Proper, with only eight spraying when pest and disease appear
on potatoes. In terms of awareness distribution, the respondents in all the
Barangays significantly differ on their awareness and their application
during the last cropping. Specifically, organic agriculture respondents
70
agree to this technology and apply to their farms but not with the use of
petro – based chemicals but with the use of botanicals.
Sanitation. Significant statistical results on the sanitation practices
of organic farmers on the vegetative stage of potatoes are shown in Table
9. Almost all of the respondents, organic or conventional agree to practice
sanitation. They believe that pest and disease are favored when the
farmer does not apply sanitation, however, only a few of the respondents
apply it for the reason that only less are practicing organic agriculture in
the four Barangays and that their last crop is not potato.
Plate 12. Fertilizer application and hilling –up 45 days after
transplanting
71
On the other hand, some of the conventional farmers do practice
sanitation while others do not. The farmers that do not practice sanitation
are those farmers that are tenants. Most of the time, when the tenants
have much work to do, sanitation is compromised because they are
dependent to pesticide.
Table 9. Potato production practices of the respondents at vegetative
stage.
BARANGAY
AWARENESS
MONAMON MONAMON SADSADAN
SINTO
NORTE
SUR
PROPER
No
%
No
%
No
%
No
%
A1.Spray pesticide following the RR
Yes
15
60
25
100
8
32
14
56
No
10
40
0
-
17
68
11
44
Sub - total
25
25
25
25
X2c = 0.000**
A2. Used last cropping
Yes
5
20
17
68
5
20
7
28
No
20
80
8
32
20
80
18
72
Sub - total
25
25
25
25
X2c = 0.000**
B1. Sanitation
Yes
17
68
25
100
18
72
23
92
No
8
32
0
-
7
28
2
8
Sub - total
25
25
25
25
m X2c = 0.004**
** – Highly significant
72
Table 9. Continued . . .
BARANGAY
AWARENESS
MONAMON MONAMON SADSADAN
SINTO
NORTE
SUR
PROPER
No
%
No
%
No
%
No
%
B2. Used last cropping
Yes
4
16
2
8
8
32
9
36
No
19
76
23
92
17
68
16
64
Sub - total
25
25
25
25
X2c = 0.069ns
C1. Hilling up base after 45 DAP
Yes
12
48
25
100
16
64
25
100
No
13
52
0
-
9
36
0
-
Sub – total
25
25
25
25
M X2c = 0.000**
C2. Used last cropping
Yes
2
8
17
68
8
32
7
28
No
23
92
8
32
17
68
18
72
Sub - total
25
25
25
25
X2c = 0.000**
Irrigation needed
Yes
23
92
25
100
25
100
25
100
No
2
8
0
-
0
-
0
-
Sub – total
25
25
25
25
X2c = 0.255NSM
D2. Used last cropping
Yes
4
16
17
68
7
28
7
28
No
21
84
8
32
18
72
18
72
Sub - total
25
25
25
25
X2c = 0.001**
** – Highly significant
ns – Not significant
Hilling up. Furthermore, respondents are awareness on hilling up
73
practice done at the plant base after 45 days from planting to cover the
tubers from exposing against the sun. One hundred percent (100%) of the
respondents in Barangays Monamon Sur and Sinto are aware of the
technology while 16 and 12 out of 25 participants are aware in Barangays
Sadsadan Proper and Monamon Norte, respectively. Also, they apply the
technology during the last cropping if it is potato, if it is not potato, the
farmers did not apply the technology. Other respondents claimed that they
apply it in their farms but they are not aware of the purpose of the
technology (Plate 12).
Irrigation. It can be noted that almost all of the respondents across
the four barangays are aware of irrigating the plants when needed. This is
because they believe that the plants will be stunted or delayed (matiltil or
makutiyeg– local dialect) when water is not available during the cropping
season or at times when moisture is needed by the plants during critical
physiological plant stages. Only two respondents from Monamon Norte
are not aware because they claimed that they just apply the water
because they don’t know when plants actually need moisture. Significant
results are observed on the respondents whether they applied the
technology or not. However, most of the potato farmers claimed that they
did not used the technology since their cropping was done at rainy months
74
which mean water is always available and sometimes abundant so that
farmers do not need to irrigate their potatoes.
The Awareness on the Maturity of Potatoes
Harvest tubers when vegetative parts start to dry. It can be noted
that all of the farmers are aware when leaves start to dry (provided, the
exact month of maturity of the potatoes is consumed), the tubers are
ready. They can harvest and market depending on the market value.
Other farmers claimed that even if the leaves does not wilt or dry, they will
try to sample the tubers. If the size classification of the tubers is favorable
to the farmer, they can harvest it especially when the price is high.
Tubers can be stored in the soil in high altitude areas where the
temperature is low. All of the respondents across the barangays are aware
of storing the matured tubers. This is why the high altitude (kada – local
dialect) areas that can be farmed are invaded by the farmers because
they can stock their tubers upto three months when the prices of potatoes
drop. The farmers harvest the potatoes until the prices are favorable
However, when the prices hike, it is the farmer’s discretion to harvest and
market potatoes. Compared to low – elevated areas, they cannot not store
their tubers at longer times because the tubers may rot and must be dug
and market them immediately.
75
Table10. Potato production practices of the respondents at maturity to
harvest stage.
BARANGAY
AWARENESS
MONAMON MONAMON SADSADAN
SINTO
NORTE
SUR
PROPER
No
%
No
%
No
%
No
%
A1.Harvest when vegetative parts start to dry
Yes
25
100
25
100
25
100
25
100
No
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
Sub - total
25
25
25
25
A2. Used last cropping
Yes
4
16
17
68
11
44
6
24
No
21
84
8
32
14
56
19
76
Sub - total
25
25
25
25
X2c = 0.002**m
B1. Tubers can be stored in soil in cool areas
Yes
25
100
25
100
25
100
25
100
No
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
Sub - total
25
25
25
25
B2. Used last cropping
Yes
15
60
3
12
9
36
3
12
No
15
60
3
12
9
36
3
12
Sub - total
25
25
25
25
X2c = 0.000**m
Legend: ** - Highly Significant
The Awareness on Cabbage, Chinese
Cabbage and Lettuce Production
During Seedling Stage
Seeds should be planted on seedbed to facilitate ease control over
the plants when water is scarce. Significant results on the awareness of
the respondents in planting cabbage, Chinese cabbage, broccoli or lettuce
76
seedbed during seedling stage can be seen in Table 11. This practice is to
control or facilitate ease over the plants especially when water is scarce.
Only in Monamon Norte where five respondents are not aware of the
technology but they claimed that they apply it whenever they plant the
crops. They observed pest and disease control derived from the training of
farmers. It was noted that the technology was practiced decades ago,
some of the farmers adopted the technology without understanding the
rationale behind. During the interview, they do not know the application
and use of planting the seeds on the seedbed first and then transplanting
it when ready. They just apply and follow because they have seen and
heard about it from other farmers as a usual practice.
Days from planting to transplanting. In higher elevation areas, the
seedlings can be ready but in low elevation areas where the temperature
is warmer, seedlings can be ready at 20 days (Table 11). Majority of
respondents across the four Barangays are aware of the technology.
Specifically, 100% of the respondents in Monamon Sur and Sadsadan
Proper while 92% and 64% Barangays Sinto and Monamon Norte,
respectively.
77
Table 11.Respondents attitude towards farming on cabbage, Chinese
cabbage and lettuce at seedling stage.
BARANGAY
AWARENESS
MONAMON MONAMON
SADSADAN
SINTO
NORTE
SUR
PROPER
No
%
No
%
No
%
No
%
A1.Seeds should be planted on seedbed.
Yes
20
80
25
100
25
100
25
100
No
5
20
0
-
0
-
0
-
Sub - total
25
25
25
25
X2c = 0.004**
A2. Used last cropping
Yes
15
60
3
13.04
9
36
3
17.64
No
10
64
20
86.95
16
64
14 82.35
Sub - total
25
25
25
25
X2c = 0.001**
B1. This also allows pest and disease control.
Yes
19
76
24
96
20
80
22
88
No
6
24
1
4
5
20
3
12
Sub - total
25
25
25
25
B2. Used last cropping
Yes
15
60
3
12
11
44
3
12
No
10
40
22
88
14
56
22
88
Sub - total
25
25
25
25
X2c = 0.00**m
C1. Seedling be ready at 30 days in cooler
areas but 20 days in warm area.
Yes
16
64
25
100
25
100
23
92
No
9
36
0
-
0
-
2
8
Sub - total
25
25
25
25
X2c = 0.01**m
C2. Used last cropping
Yes
13
52
3
12
10
40
3
12
No
12
48
22
88
15
60
22
88
Sub - total
25
25
25
25
X2c = 0.003**m
** – Highly significant
78
Table 11. Continued . . .
BARANGAY
AWARENESS
MONAMON MONAMON
SADSADAN SINTO
NORTE
SUR
PROPER
No
%
No
%
No
%
No %
D1. Planting distance (20 x 20cm)
Yes
16
64
23
92
25
100
19
76
No
9
36
2
8
0
-
6
24
Sub - total
25
25
25
25
X2c = 0.003**m
D2. Used last cropping
Yes
13
52
3
12
11
44
3
12
No
12
48
22
88
14
56
22
88
Sub - total
25
25
25
25
X2c = 0.002*m
** – Highly significant
* – Significant
Planting Distance. The awareness of respondent on the proper
distancing of cabbage, Chinese cabbage and lettuce during the seedling
stage is shown in Table 11. Statistical analysis revealed significant
differences on the number of respondents among the barangays. In
Sadsadan Proper, all of the respondents are aware of the technology. This
was followed by Monamon Sur with 23 respondents, Sinto with 19
respondents and Monamon Norte with 16 respondents. When asked when
it was used during the last cropping, there are farmers that did not answer
―yes‖. This is because their last crop is either potato, carrot or others that
are not cabbage, Chinese cabbage and lettuce. Despite that their answer
79
is no, they still claim that they use the proper distancing of planting the
seedlings. It can be observed that there are varying awareness across the
four Barangays of Bauko. Significant statistical results revealed that
respondents from Monamon Sur are aware of the technology. The least
Barangay is Monamon Norte and Sinto. However, their awareness seems
to be compensated by their application. The respondents claimed that
they do not know the proper distancing in technical perspective but when
they plant their seedling, they make use of 20 x 20 cm. They are also
aware that when the spaces in between the seedlings are wider, so is the
head to be bigger and heavier. The practice is followed based on their
observation and lessons gained from other farmers.
The Awareness on the Vegetative Stage
of Cabbage, Chinese Cabbage and
Lettuce Production System
Fertilizer application. Nutrients are required by plant for growth and
development. Without such, it would be very difficult for plant to perform
well such that addition of fertilizers is a must. Hilling – up is done to apply
fertilizer to the soil and topping it with little soil to cover the nutrients. In the
Table, it can be observed that majority of the respondent hills up the soil
two weeks after transplanting. Only 12 respondents from the total number
are not aware. Significant results were obtained on whether the
respondents applied the technology or not. It can be observed that there
80
are more respondents who did not apply the technology. The increased
number of the respondents is contributed by the organic practitioners
because they do not apply the synthetic fertilizers.
Irrigation. Results of analysis showed no significant differences on
the awareness, but significantly different on whether the practice of the
technology was applied. As mentioned earlier, there are farmers whose
last crop is not cabbage, Chinese cabbage or lettuce that could be a factor
in the differences. Another factor is that the weather was rainy during their
last crop such that there is excess in moisture. Nevertheless, farmers still
claim that they irrigate their crops as need.
Weeding. No significant differences were observed on the
difference across the Barangays. This is because they are sold to the idea
that weeds are competitors of plants. Weeds compete with the plants for
water, space, nutrients and sunlight.
Water availability. Table 12shows the awareness of the
respondents on the idea that water should always be available so that
head hardening will not be disrupted. All of the respondents are aware of
the idea such that no significant differences were observed. They usually
concentrate or see to it that water is available at this stage to assure good
and favorable head formation. As observed when head is not hardened,
marketability and shelf life is affected.
81
Table 12.Respondents attitude towards farming on cabbage, Chinese
cabbage and lettuce at vegetative stage.
BARANGAY
AWARENESS
MONAMON MONAMON
SADSADAN
SINTO
NORTE
SUR
PROPER
No
%
No
%
No
%
No %
A1.Plants are hilled up with fertilizers 2 weeks
after transplanting
Yes
21
84
24
96
22
88
21 84
No
4
16
1
4
3
12
4
16
Sub - total
25
25
25
25
X2c = 0.550ns
A2. Used last cropping
Yes
12
48
3
12
11
44
3
12
No
13
8
22
88
14
56
22
88
Sub - total
25
25
25
25
X2c = 0.009**
B1. Irrigation should be as needed.
Yes
23
92
25
100
23
92
24
96
No
2
8
0
-
2
8
1
4
Sub - total
25
25
25
25
X2c = 0.769ns
B2. Used last cropping
Yes
13
52
3
12
9
36
2
8
No
12
48
22
88
16
64
23
92
Sub - total
25
25
25
25
X2c = 0.002**
C1.Weeding should be done to avoid
competition.
Yes
25
100
25
100
25
100
25
100
No
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
Sub - total
25
25
25
25
C2. Used last cropping
Yes
13
52
3
12
10
40
3
12
No
12
48
22
88
15
60
22
88
Sub - total
25
25
24
25
X2c = 0.003**
82
Table 12. Continued . . .
BARANGAY
AWARENESS
MONAMON MONAMON
SADSADAN
SINTO
NORTE
SUR
PROPER
No
%
No
%
No
%
No %
D1. Planting distance (20 x 20cm)
Yes
25
100
25
100
25
100
25
100
No
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
Sub - total
25
25
25
25
D2. Used last cropping
Yes
13
52
3
12
9
36
3
12
No
12
48
22
88
15
60
22
88
Sub - total
25
25
25
25
X2c = 0.003***
** – Highly significant
ns – Not significant
Attitude Towards Farming on Cabbage,
Chinese Cabbage And Lettuce
at Maturity Stage
All of the respondents believe that when cabbage, Chinese
cabbage and lettuce will over mature cracking will take place. Farmers
harvest their crops before they over mature to prevent the products from
becoming non-marketable due to cracks and other mechanical damages
as shown in table 13.
83
Table 13.Respondents attitude towards farming on cabbage, Chinese
cabbage and lettuce at maturity stage.
BARANGAY
AWARENESS
MONAMON MONAMON
SADSADAN
SINTO
NORTE
SUR
PROPER
No
%
No
%
No
%
No
%
A1. Harvest when heads hardened or gained maximum
maturity
Yes
25
100
25
100
25
100
25 100
No
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
Sub - total
25
25
25
25
A2. Used last cropping
Yes
12
48
3
12
11
44
3
12
No
13
8
22
88
14
56
22
88
Sub - total
25
25
25
25
X2c = 0.003**
** – Highly significant
The Beans and Pea Production
at Seedling Stage
Seed selection. The awareness of the respondents in selecting
their seeds prior to planting of beans and garden pea is shown in table 26.
significant statistical results were observed on the difference of awareness
of the respondents across the four barangays. It can be noted that in
Sinto, all of the farmers are aware of the selection of seeds. In Monamon
Norte, the least number of participants that were aware of the selection
have only 21 participants. Despite the difference of aware and non –
aware participants, majority of the farmers with a total number of 91
respondents(91%) are aware against only 9 (9%) that were not aware.
84
Table 14. Respondents attitude towards farming on beans and garden pea
at seedling stage.
BARANGAY
AWARENESS
MONAMON
MONAMON
SADSADAN
SINTO
NORTE
SUR
PROPER
No
%
No
%
No
%
No
%
A1.Select seeds that are not destroyed or deformed.
Yes
21
84
23
92
23
92
25
100
No
4
16
2
8
2
8
0
-
Sub - total
25
25
25
25
X2c = 0.275ns
A2. Used last cropping
Yes
3
12
5
20
1
4
6
24
No
22
88
20
80
24
96
19
76
Sub - total
25
25
25
25
X2c = 0.198ns
B1. Plant in plots thoroughly prepared.
Yes
25
100
25
100
25
100
25
100
No
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
Sub - total
25
25
25
25
B2. Used last cropping
Yes
3
12
5
20
1
4
6
24
No
22
88
20
80
24
96
19
76
Sub - total
25
25
25
25
X2c = 0.198ns
C1. Distance is 5-7 inch for pole beans; 10‖ for
bush snap bean; 5‖ for sweet pea.
Yes
22
88
21
85
20
80
17
68
No
3
12
4
6
5
20
8
32
Sub - total
25
25
25
25
X2c = 0.431ns
C2. Used last cropping
Yes
13
52
3
12
10
40
3
12
No
12
48
22
88
15
60
22
88
Sub - total
25
25
25
25
X2c = 0.198ns
D1. Irrigate immediately after planting.
Yes
25
100
25
100
25
100
25
100
No
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
Sub - total
25
25
25
25
D2. Used last cropping
Yes
3
12
5
20
1
4
6
24
No
22
88
20
80
24
96
19
76
Sub - total
25
25
25
25
X2c = 0.200ns
85
Planting. All of the respondents thoroughly prepare the plots prior to
planting. Accordingly, the leveling of the surface will help them plant in a
more uniform depth. The equal depth allows more uniform germination
and plant growth. Thus, putting trellises will be much easier as shown in
Table 14.
Distance. Significant results were obtained in the distribution of
respondents across the four barangays. It can be noted that in Monamon
Norte, more respondents are aware of the 5 – 7 inches plant distance for
pole beans; 10 inches for bush and snap beans; and 5 inches for sweet
peas at seedling stage. This was followed by Monamon Sur with 21
respondents, Sadsadan Proper with 20 and Sinto with only 17,
respectively. When asked why the others does not aware of the proper
distance, some respondents just estimated the planting distance. During
wet months, proper distancing is observed. When water is about to be
scarce, some claimed that they make the distance of the plants closer or
increase the density to conserve water.
Irrigation. Also, table 14 presents the awareness of the
respondents in the application of water during seedling stage. All of the
respondents are aware that the seeds should be watered immediately
after planting to facilitate germination. According to them, when the seeds
86
are not germinated, there are possibilities that the seeds were eaten by
ants and other soil organisms or the seeds are not good planting stocks.
The Beans and Garden Pea Production at Vegetative Stage.
Hilling up. All of the respondents agree that the plants should be
hilled-up three weeks after emergence. According to them, this practice
will help conserve water, provide mechanical anchorage, and control
weeds while providing additional nutrient.
Table 15.Respondents attitude towards farming on beans and garden pea
at vegetative stage.
BARANGAY
AWARENESS
MONAMON MONAMON
SADSADAN
SINTO
NORTE
SUR
PROPER
No
%
No
%
No
%
No
%
A1.hill up three weeks after emergence.
Yes
25
100
25
100
25
100
25 100
No
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
Sub - total
25
25
25
25
A2. Used last cropping
Yes
3
12
5
20
1
4
6
24
No
22
88
20
80
24
96
19
76
Sub - total
25
25
25
25
X2c = 0.198nsm
B1. For pole beans, put trellis .if the shoots start to emerge.
Yes
25
100
25
100
25
100
25
100
No
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
Sub - total
25
25
25
25
B2. Used last cropping
Yes
3
12
5
20
1
4
6
24
No
22
88
20
80
24
96
19
76
Sub - total
25
25
25
25
X2c = 0.198ns
87
Table 15. Continued . . .
BARANGAY
AWARENESS
MONAMON MONAMON
SADSADAN
SINTO
NORTE
SUR
PROPER
No
%
No
%
No
%
No
%
C1. Pesticide application 10 days before fruit picking
Yes
25
100
25
100
25
100
25
100
No
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
Sub - total
25
25
25
25
C2. Used last cropping
Yes
0
-
5
20
1
4
6
24
No
25
100
20
80
24
96
19
76
Sub - total
25
25
25
25
X2c = 0.016*m
* – significant
ns – not significant
Putting of trellis. The respondents are aware of putting trellis on
pole beans when shoots start emerging which all of the respondents agree
on the technique. Accordingly, ease or control over the plants are
facilitated when trellis are provided early and that plant roots will not be
damaged.
Pesticide application. The recommendation of pesticide application
prior to fruit picking should not be less than ten days. It can be noted that
all the respondents across the barangays agree to this standard.
The awareness of the respondents on fruit – picking of beans and
peas during physiological maturity is shown in Table 15. As observed, all
of the barangays have common idea on the fruits which should be
88
physiologically mature and desirable before harvesting. Also, immature
fruits are light, easily damaged and have short shelf life. The common
market is the La Trinidad Trading Post. Middlemen usually peg the price
and physiological maturity. In most cases, only those that is desirable are
marketable.
Table 16. Benefits in vegetable production practices of the respondents
BARANGAY
BENEFITS
MONAMON
MONAMON
SADSADAN
SINTO
NORTE
SUR
PROPER
No
%
No
%
No
%
No
%
Annual income derived from farming (x 1,000).
< 20
4
16
5
20
9
36
8
32
21 – 40
20
80
7
28
8
32
9
36
41 – 60
1
4
9
36
5
20
4
16
> 60
0
-
4
16
3
12
4
16
Sub - total
25
25
25
25
X2c = 0.200ns
Annual income derived from other sources (x 1,000).
< 20
23
92
8
32
19
76
3
12
21 – 40
2
8
12
48
3
12
19
76
41 – 60
0
-
5
20
3
12
3
12
Sub - total
25
25
25
25
X2c = 0.000**m
House improvements
Renovation
9
36
5
20
4
16
4
16
Construction of
9
36
6
24
3
12
5
20
new house
Construction of
3
12
2
8
0
-
4
16
new house in
other places
Sub - total
25
25
25
25
89
Table 16. Continued . . .
BARANGAY
BENEFITS
MONAMON
MONAMON
SADSADAN
SINTO
NORTE
SUR
PROPER
No
%
No
%
No
%
No
%
Appliances
TV
20
44.44
16
39.02
8
24.2
9
26.47
4
Radio
25
55.55
25
60.97
25
75.7
25
73.52
5
Sub - total
45
41
33
34
Equipment
Water pump
3
12
6
24
1
4
8
32
Washing
2
8
3
12
0
-
3
12
machine
Sub - total
25
25
25
25
Vehicles
Elf
3
12
7
28
3
12
9
36
Car
2
8
3
12
3
12
4
16
Sub - total
25
25
25
25
Education of children
Professional
2
10
6
27.27
3
8.33
8
36.36
College level
10
50
4
18.18
13
36.1
5
22.72
1
High school
4
20
7
31.81
11
30.5
6
27.27
5
Elementary
4
20
5
22.72
9
25
3
13.63
Sub - total
20
22
36
22
** – highly significant
M
ns – Not significant
90
Benefits Derived by the Respondents
In Vegetable Production Practices
Results of statistical analysis revealed that there are differences on
the annual income derived from farming and outside farming activities of
the respondents. On the annual income of the respondents from farming,
80% of the respondents in Monamon Norte claimed that they earn PhP
21,000 to 40,000. Sixteen percent claimed to earn less than PhP20,000
a year and only one percent earn income of about PhP 41,000 to 60,000 a
year. Highest annual income derived from farming can be noted in
Monamon Sur and Sinto with more than PhP 60,000. Highest number of
respondents with less than PhP 20,000 income a year can be observed in
Sadsadan Proper. On the other hand, 23 out of 25 respondents in
Monamon Norte claimed to have other sources of income other than
farming with less than PhP 20,000 a year. Two (2) out of the 25
respondents have PhP 21,000 – 40,000 a year. Highest annual income
from other can be noted in Monamon Sur with PhP 41,000 – 60,000.
According to the respondents, these sources are accumulated labor from
other farms that needed manpower, trucking, and hauling.
There are several benefits derived by the respondents in vegetable
production namely; house improvements, purchase of appliances,
equipment and vehicles. On house improvements, majority of the
respondents constructed new houses out of vegetable farming.
91
This was followed by house renovation and finally, construction of
new house in other places. Television and radio were also purchased by
the participants to add convenience on their living. According to them,
radio is more prioritized than television for them to monitor the prices and
listen to commercials on new agricultural inputs or products. Aside from
that, radio serves as a form of entertainment for themselves by listening
to music both country and love songs as well as drama in real life which
inspires them to work hard for their family.
The table also presents the equipment of the respondents. Water
pump and washing machine are the equipment however, water pump
according to the respondents is more necessary than washing machine.
Other respondents claimed that they do not need water pump because
they have a good source of irrigation. The vehicles of the respondents
were either car or elf however, elf is more helpful to the respondents
because it can aid in transportation of both farm produce and farm inputs.
Marketing of Produce
Table 17 shows the types of outlet of the respondents. There are
four types of market outlet of the respondents in disposing their produce.
They are wholesalers, retailers, wholesaler – retailer and assemblers. For
all of the respondents wholesaler is the most popular buyer of their
products.
92
Table 17. Types of market outlet of the respondents
BARANGAY
OUTLETS
MONAMON
MONAMON
SADSADAN
SINTO
NORTE
SUR
PROPER
No
%
No
%
No
%
No
%
Outlets
Wholesaler
25
80.64
25
78.12
25
86.20
25
71.42
Retailer
2
6.45
3
9.37
0
-
6
17.14
Wholesaler –
2
456.
4
152.
4
44.44
4
11.42
retailer
Assembler
2
6.45
0
-
0
-
0
-
Sub - total
31
32
29
35
From the interview, they claim that they dispose their products to
wholesaler to make the transaction quick and they can go back home to
do other farming activities. Some of the farmers especially those
respondents practicing organic agriculture do not bring their products to
the Trading post instead in market outlets like LaTOP. It can be noted
further that respondents seldom bring their products to assembler.
Table 18 presents the method of sale and modes of payment
applied by the respondents. It can be observed that on the method of sale,
there are two identified methods, they are either delivered or picked up. All
of the respondents delivered their produce to the market and according to
them, they are paid in cash.
93
Table 18. Method of sale and mode of payment applied by the
respondents.
BARANGAY
MARKETING
MONAMON
MONAMON
SADSADAN
SINTO
NORTE
SUR
PROPER
No
%
No
%
No
%
No
%
Methods of sale
Delivered
25
100
25
100
25
100
25
100
Picked - up
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
Sub - total
25
25
25
25
Modes of payment
Cash
25
100
25
100
25
100
25
100
Credit
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
Sub - total
25
25
25
25
The duration of the respondents’ products to the market is shown in
Table 19. Farmers sell their products to the market per Barangay for
several years. Younger farmers, have shorter disposition of agricultural
products. This means that the older farmers have longer duration of
product disposition. Based on the table, it was observed that more
respondents are in the bracket < 5 years to 15 years which means that
age and active years of farming has a relationship to the duration of selling
the products to the market.
94
Table 19. Duration of selling respondents products to the market
BARANGAY
DURATION
MONAMON
MONAMON
SADSADAN
SINTO
NORTE
SUR
PROPER
No
%
No
%
No
%
No
%
Years
< 5
9
36
4
16
2
8
5
20
6 - 10
5
20
9
36
9
36
12
48
11 - 15
4
16
7
28
7
28
4
16
16 - 20
5
20
3
12
5
20
3
12
> 20
2
8
2
8
2
8
1
4
Sub - total
25
25
25
25
Table 20 presents the presence of middlemen on product
disposition. Statistical analysis showed significant differences on the
presence of middlemen and maintained over the years to market their
produce. Majority of the respondents across the four barangays go
through middlemen. Accordingly, farmers practicing organic farming have
a direct market like LaTOP compared to farmers practicing conventional
agriculture who engage with middlemen. This is similar to the duration
devoted in selling products to the market. Younger farmers have shorter
duration to dispose their products compared to farmers engaged with
middlemen. It was further noted that farmers do not go through middlemen
to prevent cheating and non – payment of the products on time.
In Monamon Norte, 52% claimed that their middlemen deduct 1.50
pesos per kilogram of goods but majority of the respondents claimed that
the cut deducted by the middlemen depends on the condition of the
95
product and market price. This is associated with fluctuating prices of the
commodities which is closely related to various factors like weather,
supply and demand.
Table 20. Presence of middlemen and duration to obtain existing prices of
commodities.
BARANGAY
PRESENCE OF
MONAMON
MONAMON
SADSADAN
SINTO
MIDDLEMEN
NORTE
SUR
PROPER
No
%
No
%
No
%
No
%
Do you go through middlemen
Yes
20
80
23
92
24
96
16
64
No
5
20
2
8
1
4
9
36
Sub - total
25
25
25
25
X2c = 0.018*
Years
< 5
9
36
4
16
2
8
7
28
6 – 10
5
20
15
60
9
36
9
36
11 – 15
4
16
4
16
7
28
4
16
16 – 20
5
20
1
4
5
20
3
12
> 20
2
8
2
8
2
8
2
8
Sub - total
25
25
25
25
X2c = 0.022*
Pesos/kg deducted by middlemen
1.50
13
52
0
-
0
-
0
-
2.00
4
16
0
-
0
-
0
-
4.00
1
16
0
-
0
-
0
-
Depend
7
28
25
100
25
100
25
100
Sub - total
25
25
25
25
X2c = 0.000**
Duration of information transfer (hrs).
< 1
21
84
25
100
20
80
25
100
1 – 5
3
12
0
-
3
12
0
-
> 5
1
4
0
-
2
8
0
-
Sub - total
25
25
25
25
X2c = 0.050ns
** – highly significant; * – significant; ns – not significant
96
On the other hand, transfer of information in obtaining the current or
existing prices ranges from less than an hour to more than five hours. It
can be noted that almost all of the respondents obtained prices less than
an hour because of the presence of technology like cellular phones. Other
respondents claimed that they sometimes depend on the radio for a more
complete and precise listing of commodities in the La Trinidad Trading
Post.
In addition, Table 21 presents the income of the respondents’
income during the last cropping. Farmers, across the barangays have a
distributed income. It was noted that the highest income from 15
respondents have PhP 11,000 to 20,000 in Sadsadan Proper, only one (1)
respondent claimed that his income last cropping was more than PhP
40,000. Compared with other respondents, the highest total number of
respondents across the barangays is 32% with PhP 11,000 to 20,000.
Furthermore, the various income of the respondents is dependent on the
existing price of various commodities the farmers’ sell. However, it was
noted that unstable pricing of the commodities is related with income
instability ’ encountered during the cropping season.
97
Table 21. Respondents’ income during the last cropping
BARANGAY
INCOME
MONAMON
MONAMON
SADSADAN
SINTO
NORTE
SUR
PROPER
No
%
No
%
No
%
No
%
Pesos (X 1,000)
< 10
12
48
12
48
2
8
1
4
11 - 20
5
20
7
28
15
60
5
20
21 - 30
5
20
8
32
4
16
12
48
31 - 40
2
8
2
8
2
8
5
20
> 40
1
4
4
16
3
12
2
8
Sub - total
25
25
25
25
X2c = 0.001**
** – highly significant
Problems and Constraints
The problems and constraints experienced by the respondents in
farming is presented in Table 22. There are three problems identified
concerning irrigation, namely; low scarce and rain dependency. It was
noted that farmers depend on rain for their farming activities. Without rain,
the cropping per year could be reduced. Also, in view of this, rain affects
the annual cropping during production because of in sufficient moisture
and necessary irrigation for plant growth and development.
There are seven components of crop protection identified in the
Table35. These are (1) high cost of farm inputs, (2) insect and disease
resistance to chemicals, (3) low resistance of plants to pest and disease,
(4) high incidence of pest and diseases, (5) soil pollution, (6) lack of
98
knowledge on crop production and (7) calamity which are identified and
noted by the farmers.
This could be attributed to the occurrence of calamities as observed
by organic and conventional farming practitioners. These were followed
by the lack of knowledge and technical experiences on crop production.
Table 22. Problems and constraints experienced in farming by the
respondents.
BARANGAY
PROBLEMS
MONAMON
MONAMON
SADSADAN
SINTO
NORTE
SUR
PROPER
No
%
No
%
No
%
No
%
Irrigation
Low
10
43.47
5
33.33
8
42.10
7
41.17
Scarce
9
39.13
8
53.33
2
10.52
6
35.29
Rainfed
4
17.39
2
13.33
9
47.36
4
23.52
Sub - total
23
15
19
17
Crop protection
High cost of
20
15.50
23
15.54
22
14.37
16
13.22
farm inputs
Insect and
20
15.50
23
15.54
22
14.37
16
13.22
disease resistance
to chemicals
Low resistance
20
15.50
23
15.54
22
14.37
16
13.22
of plants to pest
and diseases
High incidence
20
15.50
23
15.54
22
14.37
16
13.22
of pest and disease
Soil pol ution
20
15.50
23
15.54
22
14.37
16
13.22
Lack of
4
3.100
8
5.40
18
11.76
16
13.22
knowledge on crop
production
Calamity
25
19.37
25
16.89
25
16.33
25
20.66
Sub - total
129
148
153
121
99
Table 22. Continued . . .
BARANGAY
PROBLEMS
MONAMON
MONAMON
SADSADAN
SINTO
NORTE
SUR
PROPER
No
%
No
%
No
%
No
%
Marketing system
Unstable
20
18.51
23
20
22
20
16
20
prices of
commodities
Perishability of
20
18.51
23
20
22
20
16
20
the products
Over supply of
20
18.51
23
20
22
20
16
20
commodities
Presence of
23
18.51
23
20
22
20
16
20
middlemen
Problem on
25
23.14
23
20
22
20
16
20
vegetable
importation
Sub - total
108
115
110
80
Transportation
Unavailable
1
3.84
2
7.40
3
10.71
3
10.71
High transport
25
96.15
25
92.59
25
89.28
25
89.28
cost
Sub - total
23
15
19
17
Another issue is the marketing system that is applied when selling
the products. It was identified that the markets are associated with issues
like unstable prices of various commodities, perishability of the products,
presence of middlemen and problem on vegetable importation influence
the income of the farmer-respondents. Also, low prices of goods reduce
income of the respondents associated with the perishability of the
products which are damaged influencing the income because of increase
100
of non-marketable products. Other farmers mentioned that they sell their
goods even if the prevailing price is low to prevent their products from
rotting and degradation. On the other hand, over supply of commodities
also affects the prices of goods. When the supply exceeds the demand,
prices will drop such that the farmers income will again be reduced and
farm capital were compromised. Importation of vegetable also affect farm
income by increasing supply causing price reduction or less marketability
of the goods especially when the imported products are often of better
quality and the prices of the imported goods are cheaper than the local
products.
One important factor affecting farm income is the availability of
transportation. Unavailability of transportation can hamper immediate
selling especially when the price is high or its absence can delay
marketing and can increase postharvest losses to the products. High
transport cost can reduce the income of farmers or respondents especially
when they are transported via trucking or rents. The fare, rent or freight
cost is deducted directly to the sales of the respondents.
101
Relationship of the Farmers and Current
Vegetable Production Management Practices
Table 23 presents the membership of the respondentsto farmers’
organization or groups. It was observed that respondents with
membership to organization are found only in two barangays namely;
Monamon Norte and Sadsadan Proper. The remaining barangays have no
membership at all. There are five groups identified namely; farmer’s
supply, farmer’s organization, organic farming, Buguias Land bank and
Sinpangabong. Specifically, eight (8) respondents are members of
farmer’s supply. This was followed by organic farming (26.21%),Buguias
Land bank(15.78%), Sinpangabong (10 .52%) and Farmer’s Organization
with 11.11% respectively. In terms of membership status, all of the
participants in Monamon Norte and Sadsadan Proper are active members
because they believe that they have access to technologies, credit loans,
market and social purposes.
The perception of the respondents on farmers and current
vegetable production management practices is shown in Table 24. It can
be noted that two barangays (Monamon Sur and Sinto) have decided
whether or not to change the current vegetable production system while
the remaining two remained the same.
102
Table 23. Membership of the respondents to farmers organizations or
groups.
BARANGAY
MEMBERSHIP
MONAMON
MONAMON
SADSADAN
SINTO
NORTE
SUR
PROPER
No
%
No
%
No
%
No
%
Type of group
Coop
3
12
-
-
-
-
-
-
Organization
22
88
-
-
8
100
-
-
Sub - total
25
0
8
0
Name of group
Farmers
8
42.10
-
-
-
-
-
-
supply
Farmers’
1
11.11
-
-
-
-
-
-
organization
Organic
5
26.31
-
-
3
100
-
-
farming
BuguiasLandbank
3
15.78
-
-
-
-
-
-
Sinpangabong
2
10.52
-
-
-
-
-
-
Sub - total
19
0
3
0
Status
Officer
0
-
0
-
0
-
-
-
Member
25
100
-
-
4
100
-
-
Sub - total
25
0
4
0
Reasons for
joining the group
Access to
25
31.25
-
-
4
100
-
-
technologies
Access to
25
31.25
-
-
4
100
-
-
credit loans
Access to
25
31.25
-
-
4
100
-
-
market
Social
5
6.25
-
-
4
100
-
-
purposes
Sub - total
80
0
4
0
103
The factors associated with changes are the (1) usual practice is
obsolete, (2) need to upgrade technologies, (3) unpredicted weather and
climate, (4) pest and disease resistance and (5) unproductive soil.
Furthermore, it was noted that only two barangays, namely Monamon
Norte and Sadsadan Proper have identified the reasons like what is the
change in the current farming system.
Table 24. Respondents’ perception on farmers and current vegetable
management practices
BARANGAY
PERCEPTION
MONAMON
MONAMON
SADSADAN
SINTO
NORTE
SUR
PROPER
No
%
No
%
No
%
No
%
Is there a need to change the current vegetable
production management practices
Yes
13
52
-
-
22
84.61
-
-
No
12
48
-
-
4
15.38
-
-
Sub - total
25
0
26
0
Name of group
Farmers
11
18.33
-
-
1
1.42
-
-
supply
Farmers’
10
16.66
-
-
3
4.28
-
-
organization
Organic
13
21.66
-
-
22
31.42
-
-
farming
BuguiasLandbank
13
21.66
-
22
31.42
-
-
Sinpangabong
13
21.66
-
-
22
3142
-
-
Sub - total
60
0
0
104
Relationship of Development Interventions on the Vegetable Production
Management Practices in Bauko, Mountain Province
Figure 3 shows the improved framework derived out of the research
study to show the relationship of the vegetable farming and the
development of Bauko, Mountain Province. Vegetable production is a
regular activity of the local residents in Bauko, Mountain Province. It has
provided an arena of increased production and profitability especially on
the different vegetable commodities marketed locally and which were
transported to nearby towns and provinces. Because of these activities,
the development of Bauko has tremendously improved through the
different technologies that were introduced by local officials and partners
in agricultural development including the shared knowledge, skills,
attitudes and behavior of farmers and their communities.
The most interesting point observed during the conduct of the study
is the transformation of the farmers to become more open to new
development interventions particularly on agricultural technologies and the
reforms the local government has instituted to improve the system of
production management system of vegetable farmers and the local
government officials in the conduct of agricultural development planning
and programming.
105
Figure 3. Improved framework showing the relationship of the Vegetable
Farming and the Development of Bauko, Mountain Province
(Masillem and Aquino 2012).
As a result, the cycle of interventions and improved processes has
created a new dimension of agricultural development in the primary
vegetable producing areas of Bauko, Mountain Province.
Furthermore, issues, constraints and problems are identified during
vegetable production activities, these are immediately addressed by the
farmers because they are assured with technological interventions coming
from local development-oriented individuals and institutions.
106
In view of these, therefore, it is very important that vegetable
producing communities must delineate and identify specific commodities
to produce to avoid surplus or unbalanced distribution of products within
and outside the municipality and nearby towns and provinces.
The research has provided a new direction in characterizing
vegetable communities which could be replicated to other areas with
similar conditions. If this will be operationalized, it is an assurance that
communities can direct their agricultural development to the fullest without
compromising the different and existing resources found in the area.
107
SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
Summary
The study sought to characterize the vegetable – producing
communities of Bauko, Mt. Province. Specifically, it described the
vegetable – producing communities, determined the factors affecting the
production management practices and analyzed the relationship of
development intervention on the vegetable production management
practices in Bauko.
Interview schedule and secondary data were used to gather
pertinent data. Data were tabulated and analyzed using descriptive
statistics and hypotheses were tested using the t – test, chi square test,
and Fishers exact test.
The relevant findings of the study are the following:
1. The farmers’ age range from < 20 to 60 years old mostly male
married and are high school graduate. They have been farming for
more than 30 years but majority of the respondents are farming 5 –
10 years from the interview.
2. The farms of the respondents were classified as hilly, sloppy, rolling
and flat with elevation ranging from < 750 to > 2,000 meters above
sea level. The sources of irrigation are rain, spring and river. The
108
area cultivated by the respondents is less than 1.5 hectares. Few
respondents cultivated an area of more than one hectare. It was
also noted that ownership of the land is majority of the farmers and
are located within the barangay.
The distance of farm to market by the respondents takes
about 101 – 150 kilometers with 4 – 6 hours travel time in concrete
pavement using jeepney’s and trucks as a means of transportation.
3. The crops grown by the respondents are root crops, leafy
vegetables, legumes and other crops such as pepper and radish.
Based on the data, potato is the majority crop planted by the
respondents namely; Monamon Sur, Sadsadan and Sinto.
The farmer-respondents are knowledgeable on the
production of root crops, leafy vegetable and legumes conducted
more than three times a year with proper management including
crop protection measures and fertilization cultivated in an area
ranging from < 1,000 m2 to > 10,500 m2 located within or outside
the Barangay.
The quantity harvested ranges from < 2,500 – 7,500 with a
significant differences of the prices of the commodities per
Barangay. Their income ranges from PhP< 10,000 to >PhP 50,000
109
that depends on the price ranges of their respective commodities at
the time they sold their produce.
4. Difference in respondents’ attitude towards production of potato, leafy
vegetables, legumes and other crops from seedlings to maturity stage
was obtained. The farming approaches used are conventional and
organic and their produce was marketed mainly at the La Trinidad
Vegetable Trading Post.
5. There were types of market outlets of the respondents. These are
wholesaler, retailer, wholesaler – retailer and assembler. Products
were delivered to the market and paid in cash. Presence of middlemen
was also observed and deductions to respondents’ sales were noted.
Transfer of information to the respondents takes1 to 5 hours.
Significant statistical results were obtained on the benefits derived by
the respondents from other sources and the presence of middlemen on
the marketing system of the respondents.
The respondents in all the Barangays claimed that and majority
agrees that the risks to this farming activities are the following:
erosion, pest and diseases, market prices, typhoon and high prices of
farm inputs.
On the other hand, conventional farmers said that farming is
high maintenance due to excavation, terracing, high farm inputs and
110
irrigation. The skills of farmers identified were awareness on the
proper planting distance of vegetables, awareness on the proper
planting of stocks, proper fertilizer application, correct timing of
irrigation, pesticide application, hilling-up, sanitation, and correct timing
of harvesting vegetables at maturity.
The benefits derived by the respondents in vegetable production
practices revealed significant statistical differences on the annual
income derived from farming and outside farming activities. Other
benefits are house improvements, purchase of appliances, equipment
and vehicles. Majority of the respondents constructed new houses
from other places out of vegetable farming.
6. The problems encountered by the respondents in the study are
irrigation, crop protection, marketing system and transportation. Fewer
respondents are members of farmers’ groups or organization. The
perception of respondents’ towards current vegetable management
practices should be changed.
Conclusions
The farmer-respondents of Bauko, Mountain Province generally
differs in terms of age, gender, educational attainment and years of active
faming. They also differ in terms of crops they planted which are largely
market – driven.
111
The farms are located in hilly, sloppy, rol ing and flat areas of
Bauko scattered within <750 to >2,000 meters above sea level elevation.
The farm depends on spring, rain and river as source of irrigation. The
respondents generally differ on the area cultivated and harvested.
The factors affecting the production management practices of the
respondents generally differs in terms of skills on the production of root
crops, leafy vegetables, legumes from seedling to maturity stage, and
presence of middlemen on the marketing system of the respondents.
The problems encountered by the respondents are common. The
irrigation problems, marketing system – presence of middlemen and
transportation were known.
Recommendations
Based on the findings and conclusions, the following are
recommended:
1. Since there is a significant difference on the farming communities of
Bauko, Mt. Province particularly the source of irrigation and water
availability, area cultivated and harvested, the local government should
study the sources of water and how will these sources of irrigation will be
conserved and made available to the more farmers. Ordinances to protect
the watersheds should be fully implemented to add the volume of water for
the growing population of farmers. The local government should also
112
invest on technologies on maximizing farm resources with efficient inputs
to augment the income during lean season. Population grows so is the
need for wider areas to cultivate. With the farms no longer expanding, the
government may help in conducting seminars in management of
resources so that income from the farm will be used economically and
efficiently.
2. As suggested by the respondents, the government should also look into
ordinances or laws to protect the farmers against the abuse of the
middlemen. The deductions made by the middlemen should be regulated
and the rise should at least be standardized so that the farmers’ income
will not be compromised. Crop zoning will also be a good milestone of the
local government to prevent over supply of commodities so that prices will
not be unstable in a given time.
113
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"Principles of Crop Production, Theories, Techniques and
Technology". Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle River, NJ.
BELLESTEROS, M. and A. CRUZ, 2006. Land reform Changes in Land
Ownership Concentration.
BAS, 2000. Bureau of Agricultural Statistics. Cordillera Vegetable
Production.
BAS, 2005. Bureau of Agricultural Statistics. Distribution of value of
Production in Agriculture.
BAS, 2007. Bureau of Agricultural Statistics. Total Annual Production
Volume of Vegetables.
BAUKO MUNICIPAL PROFILE. 2005.
BERG, P., and M. SINGER, 2003.George Beadle: An Uncommon Farmer.
The Emergence of Genetics in the 20th century. Cold Springs
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CARINO, 2007. Offering Multi-benefit to Farmers and Environment
through Vegetable Agroforestry. Published in BAR Chronicle Vol
11. 4. April 2010.
CHRISPEELS, M.J.; SADAVA, D.E. 1994. "Farming Systems:
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Regional Agri-food Systems. The case of the Philippines.
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DORWARD, et. al.,2005. Rural Livelihood Agriculture and making Markets
Work for the Poor.
EARLES, R. and P. WILLIAMS,. 2005. ATTRA National Sustainable
Agriculture Information Service. Fayetville, AR. "Sustainable
Agriculture: An Introduction".
FAO, 2011.Farming Systems and Poverty.
HOLMER, et. al., 2006. Urban Home garden and Allotment Gardens for
Sustainable Livelihoods.
IBON Foundation Incorporated, 2007. http://ibonfoundation.redpages.ph
MINNIS, P., 2009. People and Plants in Ancient Eastern North America.
Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, D.C.
PIMENTEL, D. T.W. CULLINEY, and T. BASHORE. 1996. "Public health
risks associated with pesticides and natural toxins in foods in
Radcliffe's IPM World Textbook".
RUTTAN, V, 1999. "Biotechnology and Agriculture: A Skeptical
Perspective". AgBioForum2 (1): 54–60.
http://www.mindfully.org/GE/Skeptical-Perspective-VW-Ruttan.htm.
SERE, C.; STEINFELD, H.; GROENEWELD, J. 1995."Description of
Systems in World Livestock Systems - Current status issues and
trends". U.N. Food and Agriculture Organization. Rome.
SEXTON,R.J., 2000. "Industrialization and Consolidation in the US Food
Sector: Implications for Competition and Welfare". American
Journal of Agricultural Economics.
STEINFELD, H.; GERBER, P.; WASSENAAR, T.; CASTEL, V.;
ROSALES, M.; de HAAN, C. 2006.U.N. Food and Agriculture
Organization. Rome. "Livestock's Long Shadow - Environmental
issues and options.".
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TEGTMEIER, E.M.; DUFFY, M. 2005."External Costs of Agricultural
Production in the United States". The Earths can Reader in
SustainableAgriculture.http://www.organicvalley.coop/fileadmin/pdf/
ag_costs_IJAS2004.pdf.
U.N. FAO, 2008. Rome. "Analysis of farming systems".
USDA ERS. Agricultural Productivity in the United States.
WORLD BANK 2007. Agriculture for Development
World Development Report, 2007. The development of the Vegetable
Industry.
116
APPENDICES
Appendix A.
REQUEST LETTER TO CONDUCT STUDY
November 25, 2011
THE BARANGAY CAPTAIN
Sinto, Bauko
Mountain Province
Sir:
I have the honor to request your permission to float a questionnaire
to all selected farmers in your barangay.
This is in connection with the gathering of data needed by the
undersigned in the writing of her thesis entitled, ―Characterization of
Vegetable Producing Community in Bauko, Mountain Province in partial
fulfillment of the requirements for the Degree Master in Community
Development. Rest assured that all answers given in the questionnaire will
be confidential. The result of the study will provide development planners
especially the LGU’s of Bauko, information relevant to crop zoning and
programming and other sustainable development project of the
municipality. Your earnest approval to this request is highly appreciated.
Thank you and God Bless!
Very truly yours,
(Sgd) DONNALYNE APLATEN MASILLEM
Researcher
(Sgd). MARLOWE U. AQUINO
Adviser
117
Appendix B
SURVEY QUESTIONNAIRE
Date
: _________________________
Province/Municipality
: _________________________
1. Socio – Demographic Profile
A. PERSONAL PROFILE
Name
:
__________________________________
Address
:
__________________________________
Age
:
__________________________________
Gender
:
___ Male
___ Female
Marital status :
___ Single
___ Married
Highest education attained
:
_____________________
Years of active farming
:
_____________________
Crops grown
:
_____________________
Farming approach
:
___ organic
___ conventional
Market of commodities
:
___ Trading post___ Hangar Market
(BaguioCity)
___ Direct Market
Place : ____________
Estimated income per cropping :
_______________________
2. Condition of Bauko, Mountain Province
a. Geographical Locations/Elevation
___ Hilly
___ Slopy
___ Rolling
___ Flat
b. Elevation (MASL) Measure Above Sea Level:
____ Below 750 MASL
____ 751 – 1,000 MASL
____ 1,000 – 1,250 MASL
____ 1,251 – 1,500 MASL
____ 1,501 – 1,750 MASL
____ 1,751 – 2,000 MASL
____ 2,001 and above MASL
c. Annual rainfall:______
d. Temperature: ______
118
CHARACTERISTICS OF THE FARM BY PARCEL
1. Basic characteristics of farms by parcel
Largest vegetable parcel
Number of Total area
Normal yield
vegetable
cultivated
attained during
Tenurial
parcels:
the past three
Physical
status
Water
cropping
area (sq.
Location
(Enter
Availability
seasons (kg) :
meters):
(Enter codes):
codes):
(Enter codes)
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
(5)
(6)
(7)
CODES
Item (5) -
1 - W/n the barangay
Item (7) WATER
1 - Very poor
LOCATION:
2 - Outside the barangay,
AVAILABILITY:
2 – Poor
w/n the municipality
3 - Average
3 - Outside the municipality
4 - Good
5 - Very good
Item (6) -
1-Owner
TENURIAL
2-Amortizing
STATUS:
3 Leasee
4-Tenant
5-Others (Specify)
____________
2. Accessibility to major wholesale markets
Distance to the
Means of
Road
nearest wholesale
transportation Average one-way
structure
Average travel time
market (Km.):
(Enter codes):
fare (Peso)
(Enter codes)
(Minutes):
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
(5)
CODES
Item (2) - MEANS
1 – Jeep
Item (4) - ROAD
1 – Sand
OF
2 – Tricycle
STRUCTURE:
2- Asphalt
TRANSPORTATIO
3 – Truck
3 – Concrete
N:
4 - Others (Specify)
4 - Gravel
__________
5 - Others (Specify)
______
V. PRODUCTION INFORMATION FOR LAST CROPPING
Vegetable Crop
Area
Area
Quantity
Quantity
Price
Total Sales
planted
Harvested harvested
sold
(per
(sq. Meters)
(sq.
(in kilos)
(in kilos)
kilo)
Meters)
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
(5)
(6)
(7)
119
1. Potato
2. Cabbage
3. Legume
(Baguio Bean)
4.
5.
6.
7.
e. Wind velocity:
______
3. Vegetable Production Management System
a. Knowledge on vegetable production management practices
1. Crops planted (Enumerate):
1.
2.
3.
4.
2. Production Practices
Land Preparation: _____ twice ______ 3x
_____ 4x
_____ 5x
Source of irrigation: _____ spring
_____ river
_____rainfed
Crop protection:
_____ Chemicals
Insecticides
Fungicides
_________
_________
_________
_________
_________
_________
Frequency
_________
_________
_____ Botanicals
kinds ________
Weed control
_____ Mechanical
______ Herbicides
______ Kinds Pre-emergence Post emergence
___________ ___________
___________ ___________
*Fertilizers used:
Commercial (enumerate)________________________
Amounts:
_______ kgs.
______ bags
Method of Application: ______ side dressing ______ basal
Organic __________________________________
Types: ______ compost
______Manure
______ chicken dung
______ cow manure
______ commercial
3. Characteristics of farm.
Attitude towards vegetable production management system.
a.
Farming is risky. _____ yes
_____ no
If yes, what are the risks?
_____ erosion
_____ pest and diseases
_____ market prices
_____ Others
120
b.
Farming is high maintenance.
_____ Yes
______ No
If yes, what are the cause?
______ enumerate:
b.
Skil s and level of adoption of technologies provided by government and
non – government institutions.
Technology/Cultural Management Practices
Awareness
Used last cropping season?
Aware
Not
Yes
No
If No why?
aware
(enter codes)
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
(5)
3.1 Potato
3.1.1Seedlings
1. Tubers are best at dry season.
2. Plant optimum distance is 30x30 cm
3. Cuttings are good during rainy season.
4. Soaking with trichoderma as control for rotting
5. Apply fertilizer following the recommended rate. If there is
no analysis, split application of the fertilizer is
recommended.
6. Others, please specify
3.1.2 Vegetative
1. Spray pesticide following the recommended rate and apply
before pest and disease appears. Prevention is better
than cure as they say.
2. For organic practitioners, always practice sanitation.
3. Hil up the plant base after 45 days from planting to cover
the tubers from exposing against the sun.
4. Irrigation should be applied as needed.
5. Others, please specify
3.1.3 Maturity to harvest
1. Harvest tubers when vegetative parts start to dry.
2. In high altitude areas, the tubers can be stored in the soil
up to two months, provided, temperature is very low.
3. Others, please specify
3.2 Cabbage/120Chinese cabbage/lettuce
3.2.1 Seedlings
1. Seeds should be planted on seedbed to facilitate ease on
control over the plants especially when water is scarce.
2. This will also allow pest and disease control.
3. In higher elevation areas, seedlings can be ready at 30
days but can be planted by 20 days onwards on low
elevated areas
4. Plant distance is 20 x 20 cm. (the wider the space, the
bigger the head)
5. Others, please specify
3.2.2 Vegetative
1. Plants are hilled up with fertilizers at 2 weeks after
transplanting.
2. Irrigation should be done as needed.
121
3. Weeding should be done to avoid competition by the
weeds.
4. At head formation stage, water should always be available
so that head hardening wil not be disrupted.
5. Others, please specify
3.2.3Maturity to harvest
1. Harvest cabbage/Chinese cabbage when the heads
hardened or gain its maximum maturity because if not, the
heads will crack as a result of over maturity.
3.3 Beans/garden pea
3.3.1 Seedlings
1. Select seeds that are not destroyed or deformed.
2. Plant in plots thoroughly prepared
3. Distance is 5-7 inch for pole beans; 10 inch for bush snap
beans; 5 inch for sweet peas
4. Irrigate immediately after planting
5. Others, please specify
3.3.2 Vegetative
1. Thin leaves that are drying or those leaves that are old.
2. Hil up plants at three weeks after emergence.
3. For pole beans, put trel is if the shoots start to emerge.
4. Apply pesticide 10 days before fruit picking.
5. Others, please specify
3.3.3 Maturity to harvest
1. Pick the fruit at the desired physiological maturity.
Codes (Item 5) Reasons: 1 –unavailability of inputs
2 – limited information
3 – high price of input
4 – labor intensive/cumbersome
5 - Others (specify):________________
c.
Benefits in vegetable production system.
1. Annual Income derived from vegetable production
____ Less than P 20,000
____ P 21,000 – P 40,000
____ P 41,000 – P 60,000
____ P 61,000 – P 80,000
____ P 81,000 – P 100,000
____ Above P 100,000
2. Annual income derived from sources other than farming
____ Less than P 20,000
____ P 21,000 – P 40,000
____ P 41,000 – P 60,000
____ P 61,000 – P 80,000
____ P 81,000 – P 100,000
____ Above P 100,000
122
House improvements :___ Renovation
___ Construction of new house
___ Construction of additional houses in other places
Furniture/house wares purchased from farm gains/income
___ Appliances ( ___ TV ___Radio ___Oven; Others: ______________)
___ Equipment like machineries (water pumps, etc..)
__________________________________________________
___ Other investments like cars, elf etc. _________________________
Education of children
:
___ professionals
___ College level
___ High School
___ Elementary
MARKETING OF PRODUCE
1. Type/s of outlet (Enter code/s)
______________________
2. Method/s of sale (Encircle code/s)
1 – Delivered 2 - Picked up
3. Mode/s of payment (Encircle code/s)
1 – Cash 2 – Credit
4. How long have you been selling to this/these outlet/s?
5. Do you go through a middleman?
1 Yes 2 No
(Encircle code)
6. If yes, how long have you been transacting with the middleman?
7. How much premium does the middleman usual y get?
8. How long does it usually take you to obtain information about the prevailing sel ing price?
9. How much profit (in pesos) did you earn last cropping?
CODES FOR TYPE OF OUTLET:
1-Wholesaler
2-Retailer
3-Wholesaler-retailer
4-Assembler
5-Others (Specify)__________
d.
Problems and constraints experienced in farming.
1.
Irrigation
_____ low
_____ scarce _______ rainfed
2. Crop protection _____ high costs of farm inputs
_____ insect and disease resistance to chemicals
_____ low resistance of plants to pests and diseases
_____ high incidence of pests and diseases
_____ soil pollution
_____ lack of knowledge on crop production
(technical know-how and trainings)
_____ calamity (typhoons)
3.
Marketing system
_____ unstable prices of commodities
_____ perishability of products
_____ over supply of commodities
_____ presence of middlemen
_____ problem on vegetable importation
4. Transportation
_____ unavailable
_____ high transport cost
123
4. Relationship of the farmers and the current vegetable production management
practices
a. Membership to farmers’ organization or groups.
____ Cooperative
____ Organization ( name of organization); ________
____ Others ( Specify ). _________________
Reasons for joining such organization:
_____ Access to technologies
_____ Access to credits or loans
_____ Access to market
_____ Social purposes
b. Status as member of coop or organization
____Officer
____ Member
____ Number of years in coop.
c. Farmers and current vegetable production management practices.
Is there a need to change the current vegetable production management
practices?
_______ Yes
_______ No
If yes, why?
_______ Usual practice is obsolete
_______ Need to upgrade technologies and equipment
_______ Unpredictable weather and climate
_______ Pest and disease resistance
______ Unproductive soil
______ Others
124
BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCH
Everything has its humble beginnings. The researcher believes that
life begun when her parents brought her to the world on January 27, 1974
at Sangilo Mines, Itogon, Benguet. She was the second child of Dr. Patrick
B. Aplaten (+) and Mrs. Constancia Aplaten, both educators at the
secondary level. In this home she had four playmates as she grew up,
three brothers, and a sister where memories were imprinted some scenes
of their days. Looking back on her early years, she remember herself as
an active child who is always fascinated of all the things around her.
Though life then is hard, she had a comfortable upbringing and enjoyed a
normal, active childhood.
When education for the siblings is about to start, the family moved
to Guinzadan Sur, Bauko, Mountain Province where she started to learn
her ABC’s in this little hometown. She continued her secondary education
at Guinzadan National High School until she graduated in 1991. After
125
graduation, she was thinking of what to do next but then she was
reminded of her father who used to play soil in the garden planting
different kinds of vegetables for their consumption. Right at that moment,
her heart is dedicated to nature.
Since many aspects of human life depends on agriculture, the
researcher decided to take up Bachelor of Science in Agriculture at
Benguet State University majoring in Soil Science and minor in Extension
Education where she graduated in March, 1996.
She is married to James Paulino Masillem, a native of Besao and
Mankayan, Benguet by whom they are blessed with three children:
Michelle, Nicole and Kristhna Keziah. At present, she is working at
Mountain Province State Polytechnic College – College of Forestry and
Agriculture, Tadian campus as an Assistant Professor.
To her, education is a very precious tool in life. It is the knowledge
of putting one's potentials to maximum use and cannot be measured by
money, fame and other things. Education is the only treasure that one
keeps and that which nobody can take away from us.
COMMUNITY IN BAUKO, MOUNTAIN PROVINCE
DONNALYNE A. MASILLEM
SUBMITTED TO THE FACULTY OF THE OPEN UNIVERSITY
BENGUET STATE UNIVERSITY, LA TRINIDAD, BENGUET
IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS
FOR THE DEGREE
MASTER IN COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT
APRIL 2012
i
Benguet State University
Open University
La Trinidad, Benguet 2601
Tel. (074)309-2353
www.bsu.edu.ph
STATEMENT OF AUTHORSHIP
This is to certify that the study is original and was undertaken solely
in fulfillment of the requirements for the degree
Master in Community Development at the Open
University, Benguet State University
La Trinidad, Benguet.
It does not contain any work published elsewhere
except in parts where reference is made.
DONNALYNE A. MASILLEM
Name and Signature of Student
Date: ____________________
ii
Contribution No.: MCD 2012-036-135
Republic of the Philippines
BENGUET STATE UNIVERSITY
La Trinidad, Benguet
OPEN UNIVERSITY
This thesis hereto attached, entitled “CHARACTERIZATION OF
VEGETABLE PRODUCING COMMUNITY IN BAUKO, MOUNTAIN
PROVINCE,” prepared and submitted by DONNALYNE A. MASILLEM in
partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of MASTER IN
COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT, is hereby accepted.
ANALYN B. GARCILIAN, MSRD
JOSE G. BALAOING, Ph.D.
Member
Member
Date Signed: _______________
Date Signed: ___________
MARLOWE U. AQUINO, Ph.D.
Chairperson/Adviser
Date Signed: ______________
LITA MOLITAS-COLTING, Ph.D.
Director
Date Signed: _______________
iii
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
This book would not have been possible without the guidance and
the help of several individuals who in one way or another contributed and
extended their valuable assistance in the preparation and completion of
this study. My apologies to those I could not mention personally one by
one.
First and foremost, to my adviser Dr. Marlowe U. Aquino, whose
sincerity, perseverance and encouragement I will never forget. His
perpetual energy and enthusiasm in research had motivated me. In
addition, he was always accessible and willing to help. As a result, my
research life became smooth and rewarding. Special thanks also to my
committee members and advisory panel, Dr. Jose G. Balaoing and Ms.
Analyn B. Garcilian for their unselfish and unfailing support to complete
my study despite their busy schedules.
Dr. Nieves A. Dacyon, MPSPC President for the study grant, the
MPSPC College of Forestry family for their kindness and untiring words of
encouragement. I am very grateful to my indeed friends and colleagues
Mr. Alexander T. Baldic, Mr. Rico D. Chacapna, Mr. Rodel T. Abnasan,
Ms. Michelle S. Valdez, Dr. Annabelle B. de Vera, and Ms. Wileen Chiara
T. Lasangen for their moral support, insights shared, motivations, and
invaluable friendship. To all my students who used to encourage and
iv
continuously sent messages saying “you can do it” lifted my spirit to move
on. Thanks also to Joy and Elvira who attended to my children during my
absence for which my mere expression of thanks likewise does not
suffice.
To the respondents of the study who cooperated and provided the
necessary information; special thanks to Mr. Cirilo Lagman who patiently
helped me gather and collate the data, and LGU-Bauko for the literatures
needed in the study. Furthermore, I cherished the prayers and support of
my Christian family lead by Rev. Paulo and Beatrice Ducay. I treasured all
precious moments we shared and would really like to thank them.
Last but not the least, words fail me to express my appreciation to
my beloved husband James P. Masillem, whose dedication, unflagging
love, support and encouragement has taken the load off my shoulder
throughout my life. Despite the distance, I owe him for being unselfishly let
his passions, and ambitions collide with mine.
The memories of my father, for whom I am indebted, for even
without his presence, his continued guidance and encouragement I still
remember are my driving force to continue my graduate studies. As a
typical father, he worked industriously to support our family and had
spared more effort to provide the best possible environment for me to
grow up and attend school. He had never complained in spite of all the
v
hardships in his life. Although he is no longer with us, he is forever
remembered. I am sure he shares our joy and happiness in heaven. I
cannot ask for more from my mother, Constancia as she is simply perfect.
She is also my spiritual counsel who drew me close to the Lord. I have no
suitable word that can fully describe her everlasting love to me. I
remember her constant support when I encountered difficulties. She used
to be with my eldest daughter since I could not spare my time being with
her. I feel proud of my in-laws, mother Betty P. Masillem, brothers Paul,
Oliver, Wendell, Jovanne, Sherwin and sister Annaliza who were my best
counselors during the time I thought of giving up.
My children Michelle, Nicole and Kristhna Keziah who patiently
bear waiting for me to come home. I remember many cold and sleepless
nights I was not with them. I appreciate their personal support, great
patience and cheering me up at all times.
Above all, to our Almighty God, who has been my inspiration and
for answering my prayers and giving me the strength to plod on despite
my constitution wanting to give up and throw in the towel, as I hurdle all
the obstacles in the completion of this research work. To them, this book
is dedicated.
DONNALYNE A. MASILLEM
vi
ABSTRACT
DONNALYNE A. MASILLEM, April 2012. Characterization of
Vegetable Producing Community in Bauko, Mt. Province. Benguet State
University, La Trinidad, Benguet.
Adviser: Marlowe U. Aquino, Ph.D.
Vegetable production in Bauko, Mountain Province is an old activity
by the local residents. This describes the different production
management practices and relationships including the different
interventions used by the farmers. The ages of farmers of Bauko ranges
from < 20 to 60 years old. The farming years ranges from < 5 to > 30
years by producing such as root crop, leafy vegetables, legumes,
capsicum and other crops with 1 to 3 cropping’s per year. The farm size of
the respondents ranges from < 1,000 m2 to > 10,500 m2.
The farmers practice the conventional and organic farming with an
income ranging from <PhP 10,000 to >PhP 50,000.Farm produce are sold
in La Trinidad Trading Post, Hangar Market in Baguio City, and local
markets in Bauko and La Trinidad, Benguet like the La Trinidad Organic
Practitioners Market (LaTop).
vii
The farming communities of Bauko are classified into hilly, sloppy,
rolling and flat with elevation ranges from < 750 to > 2,000 meters above
sea level. The sources of irrigation are spring, river and rain respectively.
The crop protection measures are synthetic and botanicals,
including weed control using chemical, mechanical and fertilizers such as
synthetic and organic from composts and chicken manure. The farmers
are confronted with risky problems like soil erosion, pests and diseases,
market prices, typhoons and high prices of inputs including high
maintenance due to irrigation, excavation, terracing and high prices of
farm inputs. The benefits derived by the respondents in vegetable
production are increased in annual income, source of livelihood and
community activities. These are affected by the presence of middlemen
supported by pricing and commission derived by deductions per kilogram
of produce ranging from 1 to 4 pesos or higher depending on the prices of
commodities.
Most of the problems and constraints are related to lack of
irrigation, poor crop protection practices, unstable marketing system, and
high costs of transportation which affect the performance of current
vegetable production management system.
Also, it is affected by membership to organizations wherein this
provides access to loan, technologies and social growth. It is necessary
viii
that current vegetable management practices must be changed in order to
focus and utilize latest production technologies, address unpredicted
weather and climate, and improve the control of pest and diseases and
enhance the condition of the soil for more productive endeavor.
ix
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
Title Page …………………………………………………………………
i
Statement of Authorship ………………………………………………...
ii
Approval Sheet ………………………………………………………….
iii
Acknowledgements ……………………………………………………..
iv
Abstract …………………………………………………………………..
vii
Table of Contents ……………………………………………………….
x
List of Tables …………………………………………………………….
xiii
List of Figures ……………………………………………………………
x
List of Plates …………………………………………………………….
x
INTRODUCTION ………………………………………………………..
1
Background of the Study ……………………………………………
1
Statement of the Problem ………………………………………….
1
Objectives of the Study ……………………………………………..
8
Importance of the Study ……………………………………………
9
Scope and Delimitation of the Study ………………………………
10
REVIEW OF LITERATURE …………………………………………….
12
Farming Systems ……………………………………………………
12
Vegetable Producing Communities ………………………………
13
Conventional Agriculture …………………………………………
15
x
Vegetable Production Management
System in Bauko, Mt. Province ……………………………………
16
Vegetable Marketing ………………………………………………
17
Conceptual Framework ……………………………………………
19
Operational Definition of Terms ………………………………….
24
METHODOLOGY ………………………………………………………..
20
Locale of the Study ……………………………………………….
20
Respondents of the Respondents …… ………………………….
28
Research Methods …………………………………………………
31
Instrumentation ……………………………………………………..
32
Data Collection and Analysis ……………………………………...
34
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION… ………………………………………
34
Socio-Demographic Profile of the Respondents ……………….
34
Vegetable Production Management Practices ………………….
46
Characteristics of the Farm Cultivated by the Participants …….
53
Production Information for the Last Cropping ……………………
56
Attitude Towards Farming by the Respondents …………………
61
Skills and Level of Adoption of Technologies
Provided by the Government and
Non-Government Institutions ……………………………………..
66
SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS ………..
107
Summary ……………………………………………………………
107
xi
Conclusions …………………………………………………………
110
Recommendations …………………………………………………
111
LITERATURE CITED ……………………………………………………
113
APPENDICES ……………………………………………………………
116
A. Request Letter to Conduct Study ………………………………
116
B. Survey Questionnaire ……………………………………………
117
BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCH ……………………………………………..
124
xii
LIST OF TABLES
Table No.
Page
1. Socio – demographic profile of the respondents …………...
35
2. Farming conditions of the respondents ………………………
41
3. Knowledge on crops planted by the respondents …………..
46
4. Crop management practices of the respondents ……………
49
5. Characteristics of the farm cultivated by
the respondents ………………………………………………..
54
6. Crops produced during the interview …………………………
57
7. Respondents attitude towards farming ……………………….
63
8. Respondents attitude towards potato farming at
seedling stage …………………………………………………..
67
9. Potato production practices of the respondents
at vegetative stage ……………………………………………..
71
10. Potato production practices of the respondents
At maturity to harvesting stage ………………………………..
75
11. Respondents attitude towards farming in cabbage,
Chinese cabbage, and lettuce at seedling stage ……………
77
12. Respondents attitude towards farming in cabbage,
Chinese cabbage, and lettuce at vegetative stage ………….
81
13. Respondents attitude towards farming in cabbage,
Chinese cabbage, and lettuce at maturity stage …………….
83
14. Respondents attitude towards farming on
beans and garden pea at seedling stage ……………………
84
xiii
15. Respondents attitude towards farming on
beans and garden pea at vegetative stage ………………….
86
16. Benefits in vegetable production practices
of the respondents ……………………………………………...
88
17. Types of market outlet of the respondents ………………….
92
18. Method of sale and mode of payments by the
Respondents …………………………………………………….
93
19. Duration of selling products to the market
By the respondents ……………………………………………..
94
20. Presence of middlemen and duration to
Obtain existing prices of commodities ………………………..
95
21. Respondents income during the last cropping ……………..
97
22. Problems and constraints experienced in
Farming by the respondents …………………………………..
98
23. Membership of the respondents to farmers’
Organizations or groups ……………………………………….. 102
24. Respondents perception on farmers’ and current
Current vegetable production management practices ……...
103
xiv
LIST OF FIGURES
Figure No.
Page
1
Conceptual framework of the study ……………………..
20
2
Map of the study area ………………………………………
29
3
Improved conceptual framework ………………………….
105
LIST OF PLATES
Plate No.
Page
1
Potato plantation in Sinto, Bauko, Mountain Province………
38
2
Carrots plantation at vegetative stage (Monamon Sur)……..
39
3
Husband & wife respondents harvesting carrots
39
at Monamon Sur…………………………………………………
4
Leafy vegetable plantation (cabbage) ……………………….
40
5
Mr. Jhonuel Tocnang, harvesting cabbage in
40
Monamon Norte Barangay…………………………………….
6
Source of irrigation (river)………………………………………
50
7
Rain burst application in watering the vegetable
farm in Sinto, water hose directly connected
from the creek……………………………………………………
51
8
Trucks of harvested cabbage ready for transport
at the La Trinidad vegetable training post……………………
56
9
Occurrence of pest and diseases in the vegetable farm……
62
10
Riprapping of the field to prevent further erosion……………
64
xv
11
Excavation/expansion of cultivated land……………………
65
12
Fertilizer application and hilling –up 45 days
70
after transplanting…………………………………………….
xvi
1
INTRODUCTION
Background of the Study
Farming is done in the soil in small rows or blocks, often primarily
for consumption on the farm, with the excess sold in or traded to
neighbors or nearby towns. It was only after the late 60’s when vegetable
farming became a lucrative business of the area. Due to the needs to
market vegetables while fresh, vegetable gardening has high labor
demands. Several economic models exist for vegetable farms: farms may
grow large quantities of a few varieties of vegetables and sell them in bulk
to major markets or middlemen, which requires large growing operations;
farms may produce for local customers, which requires a larger
distribution effort; farms may produce a variety of vegetables for sale
through on-farm stalls, local farmer's markets, or direct market operations.
This is quite different from commodity farm products like wheat and maize
which do not have the ripeness problems and are sold off in bulk to the
local granary. Large cities often have a central produce market which
handles vegetables in a commodity-like manner, and manages distribution
to most supermarkets and restaurants (Dingal and Conception, 2004).
The economy of the Philippines is driven by agriculture. In 2006, it
directly contributed 18.7%, with flow-on effects about 75% of GDP as well
as 40% of market transactions, and 70% of employment (Bureau of
2
Agricultural Statistics, 2007 & IBON, 2007). There are 4.8 million
agricultural farms covering 9.7 million ha, with 1.9 million under1 ha and 2
million between 1.0 and 3.0 ha (2002 census data - BAS, 2007d).Average
subsistence/household farm sizes is 2 ha, and a large proportion of
farmers still use animal power for cultivation (IBON, 2007).
Most farms (79% = 8 million ha) are owned or partly owned, and
56% of farms (5.4 million ha) are divided into two or three blocks (BAS,
2007). Less than none-third of landowners own > 80% of agricultural land,
with around 52% of farms (= 51% of farmland) under lease or tenure
(IBON, 2007). To date, land reforms have had mixed success (Ballesteros
& Cruz, 2006).
In addition to land ownership, another concern is the conversion of
forest into vegetable farms. The Department of Environment and Natural
Resources (DENR) reported that in the Cordillera Administrative Region
(CAR) alone, an average of 220 hectares of forest land is being converted
every year into vegetable gardens; this represents a serious threat for the
province's approximately 200,000 hectares of forests (Cariño, 2007).
The vegetable industry contributes > 30% to total agricultural
production, and a major component of GDP (UNDP, 2006). Production is
based on highland and lowland cropping in the wet and dry seasons.
Some new enterprises are focusing on intensive cultivation and/or
3
production under contract for export, processing, or for high-end retail and
food industry markets. There are also focused initiatives to stimulate peri-
urban horticulture (Holmer and Drescher, 2005;Holmer and Miso, 2006).
According to the Bureau of Agricultural Statistics (2005), the
average vegetable yield in the Philippines was 10.65 t/ha. While this
compares favorably with other countries in South East Asia there is
considerable potential to increase yields through improved farm practices
and investment in new technologies. While vegetables are produced
extensively throughout the Philippines archipelago, the majority of
commercial production is conducted on the main island of Luzon (73%)
(Remotigue, 2005).
In Northern Philippines, Benguet and Mountain Provinces
composed of 81, 594 farm households and covering 32,643 hectares
produced 80% of the country’s total vegetable production. Mountain
Province shows great potential for development not only because of its
abundant natural resources but more so because of its naturally pleasing
and amazing sceneries, culture, and hardworking people who are open to
new ideas and innovations and who ready partners are for progress. Crop
production is the province’s main economic activity. Agricultural crops
are varied by geographic location. Currently, some 31,300 hectares are
cultivated, producing over 471,200 tons per annum. While potato is the
4
most widely cultivated crop (8,120 hectares), cabbage, Chinese cabbage,
carrots, chayote, beans, lettuce and broccoli are the other major vegetable
crops produced (Dingal and Conception, 2006).
Accordingly, farmers usually harvest and sell their produce to
assembler-wholesalers who transport the produce to the La Trinidad
Vegetable Trading Post and Baguio City Market. The La Trinidad
Vegetable Trading Post was established to thwart the practice of
middlemen intercepting cargoes and directing them to non consignees
who offered higher prices. As envisaged, the trading post has reduced the
number of middlemen and increased the prices of the commodities, thus
increasing the income of farmers. It is believed that some 8,840 farmers
deliver their produce to the La Trinidad Vegetable Trading Post and
5,580farmers deliver produce to the Baguio City Market. Other farmers
deliver their produce to nearby barangays, municipalities and to adjacent
provinces such asLa Union, Pangasinan and Nueva Vizcaya during
scheduled market days. The majority of fresh vegetables go directly to the
metro Manila markets.
The municipality of Bauko, Mountain Province is gifted with a fertile
soil within which farming and vegetable gardening is the major source of
household income. About 85% of its total household heads/labor force is
engaged in this occupation. Referring to the records of the Municipal
5
Agriculture Office, the approximate land area devoted for agriculture is
about 6,705 hectares or 37.76% of the total land area of the municipality.
From this figure, vegetable production area has the largest share in the
pie covering 4,058.2 hectares followed by palay area of 1,116 hectares.
The remaining portions of the agricultural lands are planted with fruit trees
and other crops. Vegetable areas are mostly found in upper Bauko while
palay, citrus and other crops are grown in Lower Bauko.
The vegetable industry has an important role in the community
since it is the key asset for productivity improvement, export market
development, income generation, and livelihood improvement in the
community. Agriculture is receiving increasing attention as an instrument
for growth, especially with the World Development Report (2008) titled
―Agriculture for Development‖ (World Bank, 2007). In that report
institutional innovations are seen as key to achieve not only agricultural
growth, but also to include poor smallholders in this growth. These
institutional innovations are expected to be able to overcome various
market failures, including missing or incomplete input and output markets,
factor markets (including financial markets) and insurance markets. The
Report sees a particular important role for the ―third sector‖—communities,
collective action, and NGOs— in overcoming some of the market and
state failures, with special attention for producers’ organizations (POs,
6
which can be defined as an agreement among farmers to coordinate some
activities, such as jointly purchasing inputs or delivering produce to clients)
as fundamental to reducing transaction costs in markets, achieving market
power and raising farmers’ voices in national and international policy
forums. More pointedly, Dorward et al., (2005) argue that current
emphasis in research and policy discussions on the institutional
environment (such as property rights, regulations, policies, informal rules,
etc.) in Africa is at the expense of sufficient attention to institutional
arrangements. They call for more investigation of arrangements,
especially for attention to those, such as producers’ organizations, that do
not fit the textbook model of competition and exchange among atomized
market players.
Statement of the Problem
The presence of documented agricultural practices of Bauko
concerns a lot in many development efforts. A recommendation to such
development plans and programs will not be progressive without knowing
the history of the area and the present farming systems being used in the
production of agricultural products such as vegetables, root crops and
other various commodities. Issues and concerns in this changing scenario
of the vegetable industry should be examined to identify ways to improve
7
its performance not only in terms of efficiency but also in terms of equity
where small scale producers have the chance to compete and prosper.
The characterization of farming systems in Bauko, Mountain
Province will result to multiple gains as follows: (a) greater effectiveness of
policies and programs in achieving development objectives; (b) greater
efficiency in resource allocation and management; and (c) greater equity
impact of policies, plans and programs.
Although the interrelationships between different and unpredictable
variables are identified across different areas of Bauko, there are still
important factors to be considered. The study therefore, attempted to
answer the following questions:
1. What is the condition of the vegetable producing communities of
Bauko, Mountain Province?
2. What are the factors affecting the vegetable production
management practices of the farmers in terms of the following:
a. Knowledge on vegetable production management;
b. Attitude towards vegetable production management;
c. Skills on the vegetable production management;
d. Level of adoption of technologies provided by government or
non-government institutions;
e. Benefits on the vegetable production; and
8
f. Constraints experienced on vegetable farming.
3. What is the relationship between the farmers’ characteristics and
current vegetable production management in the development of Bauko,
Mountain Province?
Objectives of the Study
The study aimed to determine the following:
1. Describe the condition of the vegetable producing communities
of Bauko, Mountain Province.
2. Determine the factors affecting the vegetable production
management practices of farmers in terms of the following:
a. Knowledge on vegetable production management;
b. Attitude towards vegetable production management;
c. Skills on the vegetable production management;
d. Level of adoption of technologies provided by government or
non-government institutions;
e. Benefits on the vegetable production; and
f. Constraints experienced on vegetable farming.
3. Analyze the relationship between the farmers’ characteristics and
current vegetable production management in the development of Bauko,
Mountain Province.
9
Importance of the Study
Many times, the whole production process focuses on the
prevailing price such that unpredictability of crops to be planted always
happens. Other farmers observe the planting season for potato falls in the
months of August to September and harvest it on December. The factor
that is almost stable is the temperature of Bauko. Temperature sensitive
crops are divided into upland and lowland condition. Upland crops
including crucifers, potato, garden peas, carrots and lettuce are observed
in high elevation areas of Bauko. The enumerated crops are rotated and
can be observed throughout the year in the respective areas. Lowland
crops such as rice cannot be observed in vegetable-producing areas. Mid-
elevation areas are planted with bell pepper, cucurbits and some upland
vegetables. Knowing these different variables thru careful analysis with
the aid of proper and systematic documentation resulted to an enhanced
and precise decision in coming up an accurate and detailed crop
programming or crop zoning in Bauko, Mountain Province.
It is important that key players and stakeholders be identified
especially when they have influence in policy – making so that crop
programming or zoning will be included. The regulation of vegetable
production will increase the profitability of farmers especially when the
supply of vegetables will not exceed the demand of the market. The
10
regulated supply of vegetables and utilization of what crops are suited for
planting in different places will also ensure continuous marketing of
products thus can be translated into continuous income for farmers. The
adoption of policies, including a focus on high-valued vegetables coupled
with trade and market reform, could contribute substantially to several of
the plan’s socio-economic targets.
Results of the study may provide development planners’ especially
the LGU of Bauko Department of Agriculture, information relevant to crop
zoning and programming or sustainable development program/project
formulation for the study area; help farmers realize better profits; give
project implementers’ ideas in properly monitoring and evaluating
programs being implemented; and serves as reference for students,
professionals and researchers in relation to the same study on the
vegetable production management system.
Scope and Delimitation of the Study
The study focused on selected vegetable producing communities of
Bauko namely: Sinto, Monamon Sur, Monamon Norte and Sadsadan. The
data focused on the problems, condition of the vegetable producing
communities of Bauko, Mountain Province; the factors affecting the
vegetable production management practices of the farmers in terms of the
11
knowledge, attitudes, skills, level of adoption of technologies, benefits
gained and constraints experienced on the vegetable production
management; and the relationship between the farmers’ characteristics
and current vegetable production management practices in the
development of Bauko, Mountain Province.
12
REVIEW OF LITERATURE
Farming Systems
A farming system is defined as a population of individual farm
systems that have broadly similar resource bases, enterprise patterns,
household livelihoods and constraints, and for which similar development
strategies and interventions would be appropriate. Depending on the scale
of the analysis, a farming system can encompass a few dozen or many
millions of households (Food and Agriculture Organization, 2011). The
classification of the farming systems of developing regions has been
based on the following criteria: (a) available natural resource base,
including water, land, grazing areas and forest; climate, of which altitude is
one important determinant; landscape, including slope; farm size, tenure
and organization; and (b)dominant pattern of farm activities and household
livelihoods, including field crops, livestock, trees, aquaculture, hunting and
gathering, processing and off-farm activities; and taking into account the
main technologies used, which determine the intensity of production and
integration of crops, livestock and other activities (FAO, 2011).
Cropping systems vary among farms depending on the available
resources and constraints; geography and climate of the farm;
government policy; economic, social and political pressures; and the
philosophy and culture of the farmer (Acquaah, 2002 & UNFAO,2002).
13
Shifting cultivation (or slash and burn) is a system in which forests are
burnt, releasing nutrients to support cultivation of annual and then
perennial crops for a period of several years (Chrispeels & Sadava, 1994).
Then the plot is left fallow to re-grow forest, and the farmer moves to a
new plot, returning after many more years (10-20). This fallow period is
shortened if population density grows, requiring the input of nutrients
(fertilizer or manure) and some manual pest control. Annual cultivation is
the next phase of intensity in which there is no fallow period. This requires
even greater nutrient and pest control inputs.
Vegetable – Producing Communities
In the high – elevation areas of Bauko, Mt. Province, vegetable
production was introduced. Semi – temperate crops such as carrots,
cabbage, Chinese cabbage, lettuce, potato, sweet pepper, garden peas,
and broccoli are planted. Today, further industrialization lead to the use of
monocultures when one cultivar is planted on a large acreage. Because of
the low biodiversity, nutrient use is uniform and pests tend to build up,
necessitating the greater use of pesticides and fertilizers. Multiple
cropping, in which several crops are grown sequentially in one year, and
intercropping, when several crops are grown at the same time are other
kinds of annual cropping systems known as polycultures (Chrispeels and
Sadava, 1994).
14
In other semi – temperate environments near and similar to Bauko,
condition, all of these cropping systems are practiced. Also, the timing and
extent of agriculture may be limited by rainfall, either not allowing multiple
annual crops in a year, or requiring irrigation. In all of these environments
perennial crops are grown (coffee, chocolate) and systems are practiced
such as agroforestry. In temperate environments, where ecosystems were
predominantly grassland or prairie, highly productive annual cropping is
the dominant farming system (Chrispeels and Sadava, 1994).
Furthermore, the last 20 years has seen the intensification,
concentration and specialization of agriculture, relying upon new
technologies of agricultural chemicals (fertilizers and pesticides),
mechanization, and plant breeding (hybrids and GMO's). In the past few
decades, a move towards sustainability in agriculture has also developed,
integrating ideas of socio-economic justice and conservation of resources
and the environment within a farming system. This has led to the
development of many responses to the conventional agriculture approach,
including organic agriculture, urban agriculture, community supported
agriculture, ecological or biological agriculture, integrated farming and
holistic management, as well as an increased trend towards agricultural
diversification.
15
Conventional Agriculture
Crop alteration has been practiced by humankind for thousands of
years, since the beginning of civilization. Altering crops through breeding
practices changes the genetic make-up of a plant to develop crops with
more beneficial characteristics for humans, for example, larger fruits or
seeds, drought-tolerance, or resistance to pests. Significant advances in
plant breeding ensued after the work of geneticist Gregor Mendel. His
work on dominant and recessive alleles gave plant breeders a better
understanding of genetics and brought great insights to the techniques
utilized by plant breeders. Crop breeding includes techniques such as
plant selection with desirable traits, self-pollination and cross-pollination,
and molecular techniques that genetically modify the organism (Sere,
Steinfeld, and Groeneweld,1995). The Green Revolution popularized the
use of conventional hybridization to increase yield many folds by creating
"high-yielding varieties". For example, average yields of corn (maize) in
the USA have increased from around 2.5 tons per hectare (t/ha) (40
bushels per acre) in 1900 to about 9.4 t/ha (150 bushels per acre) in 2001.
Similarly, worldwide average wheat yields have increased from less than 1
t/ha in 1900 to more than 2.5 t/ha in 1990. South American average wheat
yields are around 2 t/ha, African under 1 t/ha, Egypt and Arabia up to 3.5
to 4 t/ha with irrigation. In contrast, the average wheat yield in countries
16
such as France is over 8 t/ha. Variations in yields are due mainly to
variation in climate, genetics, and the level of intensive farming techniques
(use of fertilizers, chemical pest control, growth control to avoid lodging
(Ruttan, 1999).
Pesticide use has increased since 1950 to 2.5 million tons annually
worldwide, yet crop loss from pests has remained relatively constant
(Pimentel, et al., 1996). Pesticides select for pesticide resistance in the
pest population, leading to a condition termed the 'pesticide treadmill' in
which pest resistance warrants the development of a new pesticide.
Vegetable Production Management
System in Bauko, Mt. Province
According to the Bureau of Agricultural Statistics (2005), the
average vegetable yield in the Philippines was 10.65 t/ha. While this
compares favorably with other countries in South East Asia, there is
considerable potential to increase yields through improved farm practices
and investment in new technologies.
Cabbages and tomatoes are planted all over the country (Digal and
Concepcion, 2004). The Cordillera Autonomous Region (CAR) in Northern
Luzon is the major producer of cabbages and is responsible for 73 percent
of cabbage production in the Philippines.
17
The Bureau of Agricultural Statistics (2000) stated that there are
two types of agricultural production practiced by the Cordillera’s
peasantry: production for self-subsistence and production for commerce.
All peasant communities engage in crop production for commerce to some
degree. But not all communities still engage in crop production for self-
subsistence. Some 45,000 peasant households derive their wherewithal
solely from the commercial production of temperate-clime crops – mostly
vegetables plus a few fruits and flowers. These include the majority of
peasant households in the most highly elevated municipalities of the
Cordillera: practically all of those in the municipalities of La Trinidad, Tuba,
Tublay, Atok, Kibungan, Bakun, Mankayan, and Buguias in the province of
Benguet; most of those in the municipalities of Sabangan and Bauko in
the Mountain Province and Tinoc in the province of Ifugao; about half of
those in the municipality of Tadian, Mountain Province, and several of
those in Kiangan, Ifugao.
Vegetable Marketing
Around 75-85 percent of vegetables in the Philippines are sold
through thetraditional supply chain, where the wet markets and vegetable
traders play major roles. Farmers are generally price takers, accepting
whatever price the traders give them in a spot market. While spot market
18
trading is highly risky for the farmers and even the traders, it can also be
highly profitable (Digal and Concepcion, 2004).
Digal, et al., (2006) showed that there was an increase in the price
of vegetables along the chain at each stage of transfer. The margins
however, were generally higher at the retail stage. Value-adding activities
like cleaning, sorting and packaging did not add significantly to the costs,
but by performing these activities, intermediaries were able to achieve a
higher value. Not unexpectedly, retailers have the highest margin, but they
also incur the highest costs in handling and product loss.
Farmers usually harvest and sell their produce to assembler-
wholesalers who transport the produce to the La Trinidad Vegetable
Trading Post and Baguio City Market. The La Trinidad Vegetable Trading
Post was established to thwart the practice of middlemen intercepting
cargoes and directing them to non-consignees who offered higher prices.
As envisaged, the trading post has reduced the number of middlemen and
increased the prices of the commodities, thus increasing the income of
farmers. It is believed that some 8,840 farmers deliver their produce to the
La Trinidad Vegetable Trading Post and 5,580farmers deliver produce to
the Baguio City Market. Other farmers deliver their produce to nearby
barangays, municipalities and to adjacent provinces such as La Union,
19
Pangasinan and Nueva Vizcaya during scheduled market days. The
majority of fresh vegetables go directly to the Metro Manila markets.
Conceptual Framework
Figure 1 shows the variables of the study. There are three factors
involved in the study namely; the crops, farmers and their practices. Crops
planted determine the practices the farmer should cultivate. It also
determines the farm whether it is upland, lowland, etc. Crops require
various climatic and weather parameters aside from farming practices.
Lowland rice for example needs elevated temperature and satiable
irrigation, while cabbage requires low temperature and enough moisture
but the soil should be well – drained.
Farmers are the ones directly involved in agricultural activities.
They are the ones responsible in applying cultural practices suitable to the
crops they are raising. In upland vegetable farming, from land preparation
to harvesting for a certain crop may differ from lowland vegetable farming.
Farmers used to upland vegetable farming will have difficulty when
brought to lowland condition and vice versa.
Cultural practices influence the crop. Proper management practices
employed for certain can increase yield parameters that can be translated
20
to profit. In contrast, improper crop management may result to undesirable
yield and can be translated to decreased profit.
Figure 1. Conceptual framework of the study
Various crops require varied cultural practices and it takes several
years of trial and error experimentation by farmers before perfecting the
exact practices at a given crop on a given time.
21
The identification of key players and various stakeholders with the
present community resources basing from the Provincial Agricultural
Development Plan will have primary impact on the crops planted or
production scheme will regulate over production or supply of commodities
to prevent economic loss due to less marketability of the products or due
to loss of profits. The identification of crops suitable in one location or
rotation of crops from one place to another can resolve the extreme
production of corresponding commodities. This can lead to a profitable
production when the supply does not exceed the demand. The farmers will
also be identified in relation to their places and they will be equipped with
the technologies provided by the Municipal Agricultural Office. Cultural
practices for every crop will also be reviewed to enhance the farmers’
skills and capacities.
Furthermore, the study looks into the development of markets for
the commodities produced in the area in terms of the sustainability of best
yield and profitability of each product harvested. One output will be the
recommendation of crop zoning to regulate over production of one crop
and less production of other crops that can cause extreme prices of the
commodities. The planning and programming for agricultural development
will be looked upon so that further improvement will be sought if there are
gaps to be addressed or lapses that needs attention.
22
There are three factors that will be involved in the study namely; the
crops, farmers and their practices. Crops planted determine the practices
the farmer should employ. It also determines the farm whether it is upland,
lowland, etc. crops require various climatic and weather parameters aside
from farming practices. Lowland rice for example needs elevated
temperature and satiable irrigation, while cabbage requires low
temperature and enough moisture but the soil should be well – drained.
Farmers are the ones directly involved in agricultural activities.
They are the ones responsible in applying cultural practices suitable to the
crops they are raising. In upland vegetable farming, from land preparation
to harvesting for a certain crop may differ from lowland vegetable farming.
Farmers used to upland vegetable farming will have difficulty when
brought to lowland condition and vice versa.
Cultural practices influence the crop. Proper management practices
employed for certain can increase yield parameters that can be converted
to profit. In contrast, improper crop management may lead to undesirable
yield and can result to a decrease in profit. Various crop require varied
cultural practices and it takes several years of trial and error
experimentation by farmers before perfecting the exact practices at a
given crop on a given time.
23
The identification of key players and various stakeholders with the
present community resources basing from the Provincial Agricultural
Development Plan will have primary impact on the crops planted or
production scheme that will regulate over production or supply of
commodities to prevent economic loss due to less marketability of the
products or due to loss of profits.
The identification of crops suitable in one location or rotation of
crops from place to place can resolve the extreme production of
corresponding commodities. This can lead to a profitable production when
the supply does not exceed the demand. The farmers will also be
identified in relation to their places and they will be equipped with the
technologies provided by the Municipal Agricultural Office. Cultural
practices for every crop will also be reviewed to enhance the farmers’
skills and capacities.
Further, the study looks into the development of markets for the
commodities produced in the area in terms of the sustainability of best
yield and profitability of each product harvested. One output will be the
recommendation of crop zoning to regulate over production of one crop
and less production of other crops that can cause extreme prices of the
commodities. The planning and programming for agricultural development
24
will be looked upon so that further improvement will be sought if there are
gaps to be addressed or lapses that needs attention.
Operational Definition of Terms
The following terms are defined according to how they are used in
the study:
Agricultural development planning and programming are series of
activities or actions programmed to be accomplished on a given span of
time that is designed to advance the capacities of farmers in terms of farm
production with the use of innovations and other interventions and
increase yield or production per unit area of land.
Characterization is a term that is used to describe the personal
profile, socio - demographic profile, cultural practices, and needs
assessment of farmers in Bauko, Mountain Province.
Community resources are the community assets such as land and
water relative to agriculture, funds and farmers’ income on a particular
cropping.
Crop zoning refers to one of the many strategies that can be used
to limit over production of one crop. Over production of one crop can
reduce the marketability of the product in terms of exceeding the demand.
This will be translated into less farmers’ income due to low price of the
corresponding commodity.
25
Development refers to the improvement of the farmers’ social and
economic status is the primary objective of development projects.
Development then is the increase of farm income as attributed to
technologies and innovations introduced that can improve and increase
yield or production per unit area of land.
Key players refers to individuals such as the politicians of both the
municipal and Barangay level that are have influence on constituting and
implementing policies and laws in the community.
Markets refers to places where the vegetable crops are sold so that
tons of harvested vegetable crops are exchanged into money. There are
small town markets where various vegetables are sold for every day
consumption, but bulk of the production are sold in the La Trinidad
Vegetable Trading Post where institutional buyers and big – time
vegetable merchants are purchasing vegetables to be delivered in
different regions of the country.
Provincial agricultural development plan this is a plan for
development used by the Provincial Agriculture office to boost the
production of vegetables in Bauko, Mountain Province. This includes
improvements like farm to market roads, agro – technologies and linkages
that can impact on increasing farmers’ income which can be translated as
increase in the economic status of the farmers.
26
Stakeholders are organizations, groups of farmers or associations
that have an influence to the farming community of Bauko. In some
extents, big – time farmers with several laborers and appreciable wide
track of lands are included in this category. Some organizations or
associations have an impact of the marketing system of the area.
Technology refers to products and services utilized by the farmers
in vegetable production management practices such as seeds, fertilizers,
pesticides and others.
Vegetable crops refers to the varieties of particular semi –
temperate plants cultivated by farmers in Bauko. Examples of these are
potato, cabbage, Chinese cabbage, Lettuce, Broccoli etc.
Vegetable farmers are the individuals directly involve or
practitioners of vegetable production in Bauko. These farmers are doing
the farm activities from seedling to harvesting stage regardless of age and
gender.
Vegetable producing community Bauko, Mountain Province is
identified as vegetable community in the sense that throughout the year,
vegetable production is always the occupation of majority of the farmers in
the area. In other words, semi – temperate vegetables are the main
products of the community.
27
Vegetable production practices refers to the cultural practices
applied in vegetable – producing town of Bauko. In the production of
vegetables, series of activities should be done to ensure desirable growth
and development of plants. This includes land preparation, irrigation, and
crop protection practices in the whole duration of the cropping season.
Vegetable- related services refers to services provided by
government or non – government institutions to farmers like infrastructures
like packing house where postharvest practices and services are done,
linkages and marketing systems to boost the economic status of farmers.
Vegetable Technologies are innovations that are introduced in
Bauko, Mountain Province. Source may be from the offshoot of farm
researches provided by both the government or non – government
institutions.
28
METHODOLOGY
Locale of the Study
The study was conducted in Bauko, Mountain Province. Itlies on
the southwestern part of Mountain Province bounded on the north by
Besao and Sagada municipalities; on the south by the municipality of
Hungduan, Ifugao; on the east by the municipality of Sabangan, Mountain
Province and on the west by the municipality of Tadian, Mountain
Province.
The municipality is composed of 22 Barangays strategically
situated from north to south and within the longitude of 16°15’ to 17°04’
north and latitude of 120° 50’ west to 120° 56’ east. The municipal
government is located at Barangay Abatan about 121 kilometers from
Baguio City, about 34 kilometers from Bontoc, the seat of the Provincial
Government, about 8 kilometers to Tadian Municipal Hall, about 19
kilometers to Sabangan Municipal Hall and about 32 kilometers to the
Municipal Hall of Buguias, Benguet as its adjacent neighboring
municipalities. Bauko is known to be the center of semi – temperate
vegetable crop production of Mountain Province as it possesses cool
temperature and favorable microclimate parameters conducive to farming
and agricultural development.
29
Figure 2. The location of the study area
(Source: MPDO, Bauko, Mountain Province)
30
Barangays of Bauko adjacent to high – elevation areas of Benguet
like Sinto, Monamon Sur, Sadsadan, Pactil and other areas experience
the same weather conditions like that of Atok, Mankayan, Buguias, Bakun,
Tublay, and Kibungan in the province of Benguet.
The study covered the most populous number of farmers in the
municipality. There were four (4) identified barangays namely: Sinto
,Monamon Sur, Monamon Norte and Sadsadan. These barangays were
chosen because they are the major producers of commercially grown
vegetables in the municipality.
The data were gathered from November to December 2011.
Personal interviews with the farmers were very administered to support
the findings of study. Field visitation and documentations were done to
observe the actual farming practices of farmers.. Photo documentation
was done to complement the data collected to emphasize site descriptions
and crops grown.
Respondents of the Study
The stratified purposive sampling technique was used to obtain the
number of respondents of the study in the identified Barangays of Bauko,
Mountain Province. The study was administered through survey
questionnaires to at least 40 percent of the vegetable farmers of the
31
community representing the whole farming community of Bauko, Mt.
Province.
Research Methods
The study used the descriptive and normative survey methodto
present actual and current situations of the research area during the time
of the study. Also, the data gathered were summarized and reduced to
meaningful values in order to describe the characteristics of the sample
used in the study.
Structured survey questionnaires were used to facilitate an
organized means of extracting useful information from the farmer. It
guides the enumerator in communicating with the farmers a systematic
flow of questions that can collect reliable answers from the farmers.
For objective number one, the description of vegetable – producing
communities of Bauko, Mt. Province was obtained using the designed
interview questions. It was arranged in textual and tabular models and
analyzed using the frequency and Chi – square test. For objective two and
three, regression analysis, factor analysis, and multiple regression
analysis was used to analyze the data.
32
Instrumentation
The survey questionnaire is the main instrument used in data
gathering. The parts of the questionnaire are the following; Part I are the
characteristics of the respondents; Part II are the farming condition of the
respondents; Part III are the factors affecting the production of the
respondents; Part IV are the benefits derived from farming; and Part V are
the constraints experienced in farming. The questionnaire was supported
by interview.
Data Collection and Analysis
Pertinent data were collected through, interviews were
administered to respondents in selected barangays of Bauko. Aside from
primary information obtained from interviews, secondary data were
gathered or reviewed from the official reports filed in the Municipal and
Provincial Agriculture Offices to suffice and back up the lacking and
needed information.
Appropriate statistical methods were utilized to obtain information
or data for descriptive and quantitative interpretation. Stratified random
sampling was used in selecting the respondents, and textual and tabular
models were used in tabulation of the data and analysis.
33
The following statistical tools were used to analyze and interpret the
data/variables: Chi – square (x2) test equal distribution; ANOVA, equal
frequency of related samples; regression analysis to account for the
factors affecting the dependent variable; factor analysis, a data reduction
process, to identify variables that have significant relationship to the study;
multiple regression analysis, to measure the extent of the contribution of
the independent variable to the dependent variable.
34
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Socio – Demographic Profile
Table 1 presents the socio – demographic profile of the
respondents such as age, gender, marital status, and educational
attainment, and years in farming experience.
Age. Significant results were observed in the age distribution of the
respondents in the four Barangays of the study. The age distribution of the
respondents is very wide but it appears it follows a trend. The farmers in
Barangays Sadsadan Proper, Sinto and Monamon Sur are younger with
ages 21 – 30 compared to the farmers of Monamon Norte. In Barangay
Sinto 18 respondents (72%) ages from 21 – 30 are already engaged in
farming. Only three respondents age 51 – 60 are engaged in farming
activities compared to or 16% farmers from Monamon Norte.
Gender. Statistical analysis reveals no significant differences
among the respondents though it can be observed that in all of the
Barangays, more males are involved in the farming activities. Highest
number of males with 92% respondents is observed at Sadsadan Proper
while lowest with 72% respondents is found in Monamon Sur. For the
female respondents, highest number involved in farming with 28% is
observed at Monamon Sur while lowest with 8% respondents is in
Sadsadan Proper (Table 1).
35
Table 1. Socio – demographic profile of the respondents
BARANGAY
PROFILE
Monamon
Monamon
Sadsadan
Sinto
Norte
Sur
Proper
No.
%
No.
%
No.
%
No. %
Age (year)
< 20
2
8
5
20
3
12
2
8
21 – 30
2
8
8
32
13
52
18
72
31 – 40
4
16
6
24
6
24
2
8
41 – 50
13
52
5
20
2
8
2
8
51 – 60
4
16
1
4
1
4
1
4
Sub - total
25
100
25
100
25
100 25 100
X2c = 0.00***
Gender
Male
20
80
18
72
23
92
21
84
Female
5
20
7
28
2
8
4
16
Sub - total
25
100
25
100
25
100 25 100
X2c = 0.357ns
Marital Status
Single
2
8
3
12
3
12
5
20
Married
23
92
22
88
22
88
20
80
Sub-total
25
100
25
100
25
100 25 100
X2c = 0.736ns*
** – highly significant/ns – not significant
36
Table 1. Continued . . .
BARANGAY
PROFILE
Monamon
Monamon
Sadsadan
Sinto
Norte
Sur
Proper
No.
%
No.
%
No.
%
No. %
Educational Attainment
Elementary level
2
8
0
0
2
8
0
0
Elementary graduate
3
12
5
20
4
16
6
24
High school level
3
12
8
32
8
32
4
16
High school graduate 10
40
9
36
3
12
10
40
Vocational
2
8
0
0
2
8
3
12
College level
1
4
3
12
4
16
2
8
College graduate
4
16
0
0
2
8
0
0
Sub - total
25
100
25
100
25
100 25 100
X2c = 0.101ns
** – highly significant/ns – not significant
Marital status. All of the Barangays showed almost similar marital
status of the respondents as shown in Table 1. Almost all of the
respondents were male with 92% in Barangay Monamon Norte, 88% in
Barangay Monamon Sur and Sadsadan Proper and 80% in Barangay
Sinto. No respondents were widows or widower.
Educational attainment. Wide distribution of educational attainment
were obtained from the farmers which were statistically analyzed that
showed no significant differences among the distribution of the
respondents of the four Barangays, it can be observed that most of the
37
respondents attained either high school level or high school graduate.
From the total respondent of the four Barangays, only 24% farmer
respondents graduated from college. However finishing from college did
not mean escaping the farm activities. Based on the interviews conducted,
farmers went back to farming because of lack of employment and lesser
salaries provided by the institution they used to work.
The result on the socio-demographic profile of the respondents
implies that there is significant difference in age level of farmers which
means that there are different characteristics and attitudes of farmers as
regard to vegetable farming is concern and not much in the gender,
marital status and educational attainment which is no significant difference
among the four study areas.
Farming Condition of the Respondents
Years in farming. Statistical analysis reveals significant number of
years of active farming by the respondents (Table 2). The wide distribution
of years of active farming by the respondents is affected by the age of the
participants. From the previous table, older age of the respondents is
proportional to their active engagement to farming. The younger the age of
the respondents, the lesser engagement and exposure to farming
activities. Majority of the respondents have 5 – 20 years of active farming
38
while the remaining respondents have less than five years or more than
21 years of farming exposure.
Crops planted. Table 2, Plate 1, 2 & 3 shows the crops grown by
the respondents. It shows that in the four study areas there are various
crops planted categorized as to root crops (Potato, Carrots and Radish);
leafy vegetables (Chinese Cabbage, Cabbage, Lettuce and Celery);
legumes (beans and peas); and other crop is pepper. It shows in the table
that Barangay Sinto showed the highest various crops planted followed by
Barangay Monamon Sur and Norte the least crop variation planted in
Sadsadan Proper.
Plate 1. Potato plantation in Sinto, Bauko, Mountain Province
39
Plate 2. Carrots plantation at vegetative stage (Monamon Sur)
Plate 3. Husband & wife respondents harvesting carrots at
Monamon Sur
40
Plate 4.Leafy vegetable plantation (cabbage)
Plate 5. Mr. Jhonuel Tocnang, harvesting cabbage in Monamon
Norte Barangay
41
Table 2.Farming condition of the respondents
BARANGAY
PROFILE
Monamon
Monamon
Sadsadan
Sinto
Norte
Sur
Proper
No.
%
No.
%
No.
%
No.
%
Years in Farming
< 5
4
16
4
16
1
4
2
8
5 – 10
2
8
9
36
3
12
18
72
11 – 15
2
8
6
24
10
40
2
8
16 – 20
10
40
4
16
6
24
1
4
21 – 25
3
12
1
4
1
4
1
4
26 – 30
3
12
1
4
3
12
1
4
> 30
1
4
0
0
1
4
0
0
Sub – total
25
100
25
100
25
100
25
100
X2c = 0.001**
Crops Planted
Root Crops
31
44.28 41
46.06
23 58.97 48 50.52
Leafy Vegetables
26
31.14 23
25.84
12 30.76 26 27.36
Legumes
12
17.14 25
28.08
2
5.12
21 22.10
Others: Pepper
2
2.85
0
0
2
5.12
0
0
Sub-total (MR)
70
89
39
95
Farming Approach
Conventional
20
80
23
92
22
88
16
64
Organic
5
20
2
8
3
12
9
36
Sub-total
25
100
25
100
25
100
25
100
Market Outlet
Trading post
18
40.90 23
85.18
22 61.11 16 59.25
Hangar market
5
11.36
2
7.40
3
8.3
5
18.51
DM - Bauko
0
36.36
0
0
2
5.55
0
0
DM - La Trinidad,
16
0
0
6
16.66
0
0
Beng.
LaTOP
5
11.36
2
7.40
3
8.88
6
22.22
Sub-total (MR)
44
27
36
27
42
Table 2. Continued . . .
BARANGAY
PROFILE
Monamon Monamon Sadsadan
Sinto
Norte
Sur
Proper
No.
%
No.
%
No.
%
No.
%
Farming Income
< 10,000
5
20
4
16
3
12
2
8
10,000 – 20,000
11
44
14
56
17
68
7
28
21,000 – 30,000
6
24
3
12
2
8
5
20
31,000 – 40,000
2
8
2
8
1
4
7
28
41,000 – 50,000
1
4
2
8
1
4
2
8
> 50,000
0
0
0
0
1
4
2
8
Sub - total
25 100 25 100
25
100
25
100
X2c = 0.195ns
Geographical Location
Hilly
4
16
3
12
5
20
3
12
Sloppy
8
32
1
4
8
32
1
4
Rolling
6
24
3
12
7
28
5
20
Flat
7
28
18
72
5
20
16
64
Sub - total
25 100 25 100
25
100
25
100
X2c = 0.001**
Elevation of the Farm
< 750
6
24
0
0
0
0
0
0
751 – 1,000
2
8
1
4
13
52
0
0
1,001 – 1,250
9
36
1
4
5
20
2
8
1,251 – 1,500
3
12
2
8
3
12
3
12
1,501 – 1,750
4
16
3
12
4
16
6
24
1,751 – 2,000
1
4
17
68
0
0
13
52
> 50,000
0
0
1
4
0
0
1
4
Sub - total
25 100 25 100
25
100
25
100
X2c = 0.957ns
Legend: ** – highly significant; ns – not significant;
(MR) – Multiple Response
43
The frequency of the data per crop obtained has a multiple
responses maybe because of the wide experience of the farmers to
highland agriculture. Most of them are knowledgeable to the crops they
cultivate such that they do not specialize in one crop only but with several
crops that suitably grow in their respective areas. Example, farmers plant
potato on the month of September and then harvest it on December. After
potato, they plant cabbage, and after cabbage, they plant carrots and so
on. After exhausting their farm with the corresponding crops, they again
rotate the crops and follow another cropping pattern.
Farming approach. Furthermore, it can be noted that most of the
respondents are involved in conventional farming. Only 5, 2, 3 and 9
farmers are practicing organic agriculture in Monamon Norte, Monamon
Sur, Sadsadan Proper and Sinto, respectively. According to the interview,
the reason why few farmers engaged in organic farming is due to high
cost of farm inputs and more time devoted to care and maintenance
practice and market problems most especially if there are no market
outlet.
Market outlet. There are nine respondents in Barangay Sinto out of
25 respondents are sold to organic agriculture. This translates to 36% of
the farmers of the Barangay and 9% percent of the respondents in the four
Barangays of the Municipality excluding the organic farmers of Monamon
44
Norte, Sur and Sadsadan Proper. In all, 19 respondents are practicing
organic agriculture. This is about 19% of the total number of respondents
in the interview. In the market outlet, conventional farmers usually bring
their product to the trading post where their produce is accepted. Only
those organic produce were disposed in the La Trinidad Organic
Practitioners (LaTOP). Other market outlets were also mentioned but most
of the outlets are based in La Trinidad, Benguet such that the respondents
have to bring their product to the place at every harvest season.
Farmers’ income. Statistical analysis showed insignificant results of
the income of farmers in the four Barangays of the municipality. Most of
the time, prices of the commodities are affected by the supply of the
corresponding produce. Aside from middlemen who dictates the price,
weather has a bearing on the quality of the products that are delivered to
the market. According to the respondents, when there is oversupply of one
crop like cabbage, price goes down in just a short time. On the part of the
farmer, this will cause tremendous decrease in their income and the
capital will also be compromised. There are also times when the prices
are up such that their income is thrice to four times their capital. In other
words, it is very hard to stabilize the prices of the commodities. In the
organic practitioners, they claim that the prices of their products are
already established such that there is no rushing of harvesting especially
45
that they have a direct market. According to them, a small parcel of land
can match hectares of land when devoted to organic agriculture. From the
table, it can be observed that most of the participants have less than
10,000 to 40,000 income per cropping. Only in Sinto where seven
participants claimed that their income per cropping ranges from 31,000 to
40,000 but there are also farmer respondents have income higher than
50,000.
Geographical location. There are four types of geographical
locations in the Barangays of Bauko namely; hilly, sloppy, rolling and flat.
In Monamon Norte, most of the farms are located in sloppy areas;
Monamon Sur and Sinto, majority of the farms are located in flat surface
since the area is in the summit with wide arable lands. In Barangay
Sadsadan Proper, most farms are located in the back slope of Mount Data
forest reserve because the farmers are located in the area.
Elevation of the vegetable farm. It can be observed that the
distribution of respondents in the different elevations resulted to the
significant statistical analysis. As highlighted in the previous table,
Monamon Sur and Sinto are in the mountain summit where the farms are
located at higher elevation. It is already known that high elevation areas
posses cooler and favorable temperature and humidity conducive to
production of highland crops. Also, it was noted that temperature is ideal
46
for vegetable production although pest and diseases are prevalence but
controlled due to agro-chemical inputs..
Vegetable Production Management Practices
Knowledge on the Crops Planted
The vegetables managed by the farmers in the four Barangays of
Bauko are categorized into roots crops, leafy vegetables legumes and
others like bell pepper as shown in Table 3.
Table 3.Respondents’ knowledge on crops planted
BARANGAY
CROPS
MONAMON MONAMON SADSADAN
SINTO
NORTE
SUR
PROPER
No
%
No
%
No
%
No.
%
Root Crops
Potato
17
50
22 61.11 25
75.75
24
57.14
Carrot
17
50
14 38.88
8
24.24
18
42.85
Sub - total
34
36
33
42
Leafy Vegetables
Chinese
8
23.52
3
13.04
2
7.14
4
15.38
cabbage
Cabbage
16 47.05 19 82.60 25
8.92
21
80.76
Lettuce
8
23.52
1
4.34
1
3.57
1
3.84
Celery
2
5.88
0
0
0
0
0
0
Sub - total
34
23
28
26
47
Table 3. Continued . . .
BARANGAY
CROPS
MONAMON MONAMON SADSADAN
SINTO
NORTE
SUR
PROPER
No
%
No
%
No
%
No.
%
Legumes
Bean
11 91.66
2
8
14
82.35
8
27.58
Peas
1
8.33
23
98
3
17.64
21
72.41
Sub - total
12
25
17
29
Others
Pepper
15
100
5
50
0
0
0
0
Radish
0
0
5
50
0
0
4
100
Sub - total
15
10
0
4
(MR) Multiple Response
As mentioned earlier, farmers in Bauko have broad knowledge on
highland vegetable production. It was noted, some farmers knew the
production technique of several crops whogrew them simultaneously,
especially those established farmers particularly those engaged in
planting potato, cabbage, broccoli, carrots and garden pea at the same
time.
Crop Management Practices
Table 4 presents the respondents’ cropping per year, source of
irrigation and availability of irrigation and other management or
applications on the vegetable production of the selected four Barangays of
Bauko.
48
Cropping per year. Significant statistical results are obtained in the
source of irrigation and irrigation availability.
Based on cropping per year, almost all of the respondents have
similar cropping per year regardless of the Barangay. Most of the
respondents have two to three croppings in a year followed by more than
three times for short term crops and only three out of the total respondents
claimed that they only plant once in a year. Of course cropping season is
dictated by the availability of irrigation and some other factors. It can also
be observed that rain is the major source of irrigation of all the
respondents in the research. This is because during rainy season,
moisture is always available. In mountain summits like that of Monamon
Sur and Sinto, rain is the main source of irrigation. In fact, farmers of the
area schedule their cropping season during the onset of rainy season
because they have no other source of water supply. Unlike other parts of
Monamon Norte which is located at the back slope of the mountain that
have springs. On the availability of irrigation, most of the respondents
claimed that they have average to good source of irrigation that facilitates
their crop cultivation and production as shown in Plate 6.
49
Table 4.Respondents management practices on crops planted
BARANGA
Y
PARTICULARS
MONAMON
MONAMON
SADSADAN
SINTO
NORTE
SUR
PROPER
No
%
No
%
No
%
No
%
Cropping /Year
1x
1
4
1
4
1
4
0
0
2 – 3x
22
88
22
88
23
92
21
84
> 3x
3
12
2
8
1
4
3
12
Sub - total
25
25
25
25
X2c = 0.957ns
Source of Irrigation
Spring
21
42
6
24
4
16
4
16
River
4
8
4
16
2
8
3
12
Rain
25
50
15
60
19
76
18
72
Sub - total
50
25
25
25
X2c = 0.00**
Irrigation Availability
Poor
0
0
2
8
3
12
4
16
Average
5
20
19
76
20
80
16
64
Good
20
80
4
16
2
8
5
20
Sub – total
25
25
25
25
X2c = 0.00**
Pesticides Application
Insecticide
20
44.44
23
47.91
22
46.80
16 39.02
Fungicide
20
44.44
23
47.91
22
46.80
16 39.02
Botanicals
5
11.11
2
4.16
3
6.38
9
21.95
Sub – total
45
48
47
41
Weed Control
Mechanical
25
55.55 25 52.08
25
53.19
25 80.64
Herbicides
20
44.44 23 47.91
22
46.80
16 51.61
Sub – total (MR)
45
48
47
31
Commercial Fertilizer
Complete
18
56.25 23 43.39
22
42.30
16 45.71
Urea
8
25.00 23 43.39
22
42.30
16 45.71
Yara
6
18.75
7
13.20
8
15.38
3
8.57
Sub – total (MR)
32
53
52
35
50
Table 4. Continued . . .
BARANGAY
CROPS
MONAMON MONAMON SADSADAN
SINTO
NORTE
SUR
PROPER
No
%
No
%
No
%
No.
%
Method of Application
Side dress
19
76
23
50
22
50
16
50
Basal
6
24
23
50
22
50
16
50
Sub – total (MR)
25
46
44
32
Composts Application
PCM
0
0
5
71.42
1
25
7
43.75
Vermi/compost
5
100
2
28.57
3
75
9
56.25
Sub – total
5
7
4
16
Manure Application
Chicken
20
100
23
92
22
88
16
64
Ruminant
0
0
2
8
3
12
9
36
Sub – total
20
25
25
25
Legend: ** – highly Significant; ns – not significant;
(MR) – Multiple Response
Plate 6. Source of irrigation (river)
51
Plate 7. Rain burst application in watering the vegetable farm in Sinto,
water hose directly connected from the creek
Crop protection. It can be noted that there are two groups of
participants according to crop protection strategies. The respondents that
observe conventional agriculture are using petro – based chemicals like
insecticide and fungicide to control pests and diseases. Organic
practitioners at the same time use botanicals instead of the agrochemicals
mentioned.
52
This is also true with weed control. Conventional farmers use
herbicides or weedicides while organic farmers use manual or mechanical
weed control such as uprooting the weeds or timing of planting.
Commercial Fertilizer Application. Conventional farmers use
complete, urea and yara specifically for side dress and basal application.
Regardless of the Barangay, as long as they are conventional farmers, the
practice is almost similar from planting, fertilization and crop protection.
The total number of respondents that use the synthetic fertilizers are
lesser than the total number of the respondents of the four Barangays of
Bauko. The remaining 19 respondents practice organic farming which
largely exclude the use of the synthetic fertilizers. They depend on natural
fertilizer such as farm composts and animal manures as their source of
plant-required nutrients and minerals.
Application of organic fertilizer. The organic fertilizers used by the
farmers include processed chicken manure but the organic practitioners
make use of Vermicompost and manures of ruminants. Only those
conventional farmers make use of chicken dung which is processed as
chicken manure (PCM) locally called ―siglat‖ including Vermicompost
derived from the compost made from composting process using
earthworm like African night crawlers that feed on organic materials.
53
Characteristics of the Farm Cultivated by the Respondents
Area cultivated. It can be noted that majority of all the respondents
cultivated varying farm area of less than one hectare. Only three out of all
the participants possess more than 1.5 hectares. Unlike the farmers in
lowland areas, wide tracks of land are obvious such that ownership can
also be in several hectares. In the four Barangays of Bauko, seldom that
farmers own very wide areas of land since the geographical terrain of
Bauko mountainous.
Tenurial status. Furthermore, the respondents in Monamon Norte,
Sur and Sinto, farms are located within the Barangay except three
respondents in Sadsadan Proper. This means that in terms of distance
from their farms to their homes accessibility is not compromised.
Moreover, ownership of the land is majority among the participants. Only
few of them were leasee and tenants at three and four respondents,
respectively.
54
Table 5.Characteristics of area cultivated by the respondents
BARANGAY
PARTICULAR MONAMON MONAMON SADSADAN
SINTO
NORTE
SUR
PROPER
Area (x 1,000 m2)
No
%
No
%
No
%
No
%
< 1
18
72
5
20
1
4
1
4
1.0 – 2.5
3
12
9
36
5
20
2
8
2.501 – 5.0
3
12
5
20
7
28
3
12
5.01 – 7.5
1
4
4
16
4
16
7
28
7.501 – 10.0
0
-
1
4
3
12
8
32
10.01 – 10.50
0
-
1
4
4
16
2
8
> 10.50
0
-
0
-
1
4
2
8
Sub - total
25
25
25
25
X2c = 0.00**
Location
Within the
25
100
25
100
22
88
25
100
Barangay
Outside
0
-
0
-
3
12
0
-
Barangay
Sub - total
25
25
25
25
X2c = 0.065NS
Manure
Chicken
20
80
23
92
22
88
16
64
Ruminant
0
-
2
8
3
12
9
36
Sub - total
20
25
25
25
X2c = 0.065ns
Distance to market (km)
< 100
1
4
0
-
0
-
0
-
101 – 150
24
96
25
100
25
100
25
100
Sub - total
25
25
25
25
X2c = 1.00ns
Legend: ** – highly Significant; ns – not significant
55
Table 5. Continued . . .
BARANGAY
PARTICULAR MONAMON MONAMON SADSADAN
SINTO
NORTE
SUR
PROPER
No
%
No
%
No
%
No
%
Means of transport
Jeep
2
8
1
4
1
4
1
4
Truck
25
92.5
24
96
24
96
24
96
Sub - total
27
25
25
25
Road structure
Concrete
25
89.2
25
92.5
25
100
25
92.5
8
9
9
Gravel
3
10.7
2
7.40
0
-
2
7.40
1
Sub - total
28
27
25
27
Ave. travel time (hr)
4 – 6
24
96
25
100
25
100
25
100
> 6
1
4
0
-
0
-
0
-
Sub – total
25
25
25
25
X2c = 1.00ns
Legend: ** – highly Significant; ns – not significant
Accessibility to market. The common distance from the farms of the
respondents to wholesale markets is 101 to 150 kilometers. The means of
transportation is either jeep or truck passing through concrete pavements
particularly the halsema highway prior to reaching the wholesale markets.
The average travel time is 4 – 6 hours regardless of the Barangay where
the participants are located.
56
Plate 8. Trucks of harvested cabbage ready for transport at the La
Trinidad vegetable training post
Production Information for the Last Cropping
Crop produced. Table 6 presents the last crop produced by the
respondent prior to the interview. Potato, carrot, cabbage, lettuce, celery,
peas, pepper, and radish were the crops planted by the respondents.
57
Table 6. Last crop produced during the interview
BARANGAY
CROPS
MONAMON MONAMON SADSADAN
SINTO
NORTE
SUR
PROPER
No
%
No
%
No
%
No
%
Root crop
Potato
8
61.53
19
79.16
11
57.89 21
75
Carrot
5
38.46
5
8320.
8
42.10 7
28
Sub - total
13
24
19
28
Leaf
Cabbage
5
41.66
3
10
9
90
3
10
Lettuce
4
33.33
0
-
1
10
0
-
Celery
3
25
0
-
0
-
0
-
Sub - total
12
3
10
3
Legumes
Bean
4
80
2
40
0
-
4 66.66
Peas
1
20
3
60
1
100
2 33.33
Sub - total
5
5
1
6
Others
Pepper
5
100
0
-
0
-
0
-
Radish
0
-
0
-
2
100
0
-
Sub - total
5
0
2
0
Area planted (1,000 m2)
< 1
23
92
2
8
1
14
9
36
1.0 – 2.5
2
8
23
92
24
96
16
64
Sub - total
25
25
25
25
Area harvested (1,000 m2)
< 1
23
92
2
8
1
1
9
36
1.0 – 2.5
2
8
23
92
24
96
16
64
Sub - total
25
25
25
25
X2c = 0.00**
Legend: ** – highly Significant;
** - significant
58
Table 6. Continued . . .
BARANGAY
CROPS
MONAMON MONAMON SADSADAN
SINTO
NORTE
SUR
PROPER
No
%
No
%
No
%
No
%
Quantity harvested
< 2,500
13
52
2
8
12
48
19 76
2,501 – 5,000
6
24
6
24
9
36
1
4
5,001 – 7,500
3
12
8
32
2
8
3
12
> 7,500
3
12
9
36
2
8
12 45
Sub - total
25
25
25
25
X2c = 0.00**
Price (PhP)
< 6
1
4
2
8
3
12
1
4
7 – 10
6
24
7
28
4
16
3
12
11 – 15
4
16
7
28
9
36
7
28
16 – 20
1
6
8
32
2
8
8
32
21 – 25
2
8
1
4
2
8
4
16
26 – 30
3
12
0
-
2
8
2
8
31 – 35
2
8
0
-
3
12
0
-
> 35
6
24
0
-
1
4
0
-
Sub - total
25
25
25
25
X2c=0.018*
Sales (PhP x 1,000)
< 10
2
8
1
4
1
4
2
8
11 – 20
6
24
8
32
3
12
6
24
21 – 30
3
12
14
56
6
24
4
16
31 – 40
1
4
0
-
7
28
4
16
41 – 50
3
12
0
-
2
8
0
-
51 – 60
3
12
0
-
3
12
0
-
61 – 70
5
20
0
-
1
4
0
-
> 70
2
8
2
8
2
8
9
36
Sub - total
25
25
25
25
Legend: ** – highly Significant;
** - significant
59
Based on the listed data, potato appears to be the majority crop
that is planted by the respondents. From the interview, in the month of
September, most farmers plant potato followed by five respondents each
for carrots, cabbage snap beans, peas, pepper and lettuce, then celery
and radish. In Monamon Norte, several respondents are located in the
lower elevated portions of the barangay such that the crops are so much
of the vegetable usually planted in high elevation areas. These are snap
beans and pepper. The top three producers of potato are Sinto, Monamon
Sur and Sadsadan Proper with 21, 19 and 11 respondents, respectively.
For carrots, Sadsadan Proper and Sinto are the top producers at that time
with eight and seven respondents, respectively.
Area planted. The total area planted, harvested and the quantity
harvested by the participants is shown in Table 6. It can be noted that in
Monamon Norte, 92% of the participants cultivate less than 1,000 square
meters. On the other hand, majority of the participants of the other three
Barangays cultivated land area ranging from 1,000 to 2,500 square
meters.
Area. For the area planted, harvested and quantity harvested,
significant statistical results were obtained. This means that the
respondents from different Barangays have varied distributions on the
corresponding subject. It can also be observed that the lesser area
60
cultivated, so is the quantity of the harvest. This case is true in Monamon
Norte with 23 respondents cultivating less than 1,000 square meters
harvested a corresponding quantity of less than 2,500 kilograms.
Nevertheless, this case is not applicable to those farmers that planted
peas, beans and pepper because the weight of the produce is much
lighter when compared to cabbage, carrot, Chinese cabbage and the like.
Price. The price per kilogram of commodity planted by the
respondents is also presented in Table 6. Statistical analysis showed
significant differences on the prices of the commodities per barangay. This
means that there are important differences of the price distribution
obtained by the respondents upon marketing the commodities per
barangay.
As mentioned earlier, the prices of vegetables are fluctuating. It is
very difficult to stabilize the prices since there are lot of variables that
dictates the price like middlemen, weather, supply, presence of pest and
diseases, and importation. Farmers especially those that are practicing
conventional agriculture are in the ―hit and miss‖ system of planting and
marketing. They plant their crops but they are not sure how much price
does the market offer during the time of harvest.
Price per kilogram. Table 6 shows the total gross sales of the
respondents during the last cropping. Statistical analysis revealed
61
significant differences on gross sales of the respondents per barangay. In
all of the sales bracket, the respondents were unequally distributed which
means some farmers have higher or lower income when compared to
other respondents. Six farmer respondents claimed that their sales is less
than P 10,000 while majority of the total respondents said that their sales
ranges from P 21,000 to P 30,000. Next sales bracket with P 11,000 to P
20, 000 values were filled up by 23 respondents. Highest sales claimed by
the respondents are more than P 70,000. Nine farmers from Sinto said
they have that kind of sales during the last cropping. Only two each from
the remaining Barangay have sales exceeding the P 70,000 mark.
Attitude Towards Farming by the Respondents
Attitude. All of the respondents across the four study Barangays of
Bauko claimed that farming is risky.
Types of risks. Majority of the respondents agree that these risks
are erosion, pest and diseases, market prices, typhoons and high prices of
inputs or a combination of both. Erosion is pronounced in the area
because annual rainfall in towns nearby Benguet is high. In most cases, if
there is a typhoon, erosion does happen. Pests and diseases continue to
flourish in the area as stated by the respondents as shown in plate 9.
62
Plate 9. Occurrence of pest and diseases in the vegetable farm
The proliferation of pests and diseases in the area is a serious
threat to their occupation, thus, adding risk to their livelihood. Another
pressure aside from the unstable market value of their crops is the
continued high prices of agricultural or farming inputs. The fast oil price
hike continue to increase the value of farm inputs, thus, adding burden to
conventional farmer practitioners. These scenarios made the respondents
think that farming is risky.
63
Table 7.Respondentsattitude towards farming
BARANGAY
MONAMON MONAMON SADSADAN
SINTO
ATTITUDE
NORTE
SUR
PROPER
No
%
No
%
No
%
No
%
Is farming risky?
Yes
25
100
25
100
25
100
25
100
No
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
Sub - total
25
25
25
25
Types of risks
Erosion
25
20
25
20
25
20
25
20
Pests and
25
20
25
20
25
20
25
20
diseases
Market prices
25
20
25
20
25
20
25
20
Typhoon
25
20
25
20
25
20
25
20
High prices of
25
20
25
20
25
20
25
20
inputs
Sub - total
125
125
125
125
Farming is high maintenance ?
Yes
20
80
23
92
22
88
16
64
No
5
20
2
8
3
12
9
36
Sub - total
25
25
25
25
Causes
Irrigation
25
29.41
25
26.59
25
25.77 25 34.44
Excavation
20
23.52
23
24.46
25
25.77 16 21.91
Terrace
20
23.52
23
24.46
25
25.77 16 21.91
High prices of
20
23.52
23
24.46
22
22.68 16 21.91
inputs
Sub - total
85
94
97
73
64
Maintenance. It can be noted that all of the conventional farmers
agree that farming is high maintenance in contrast to the organic farmers
that everybody disagree (Table 7).
Plate 10. Riprapping of the field to prevent further erosion
Causes. Results show that farming needs high maintenance
through irrigation, excavation, terracing and high prices of inputs.
Irrigation is needed by plants in all of the growth stages such that limited
water may inhibit the plant growth and development of the plant. It should
be sufficient to guarantee a good yield and harvest to the farmers.
65
Excavation on the other hand is very expensive. In places where rainfall
is very high, erosion is pronounced such that excavation is likely to
happen. Another factor that adds to excavation is when farmers expand
their area cultivated. The terrain of Bauko is not flat such that terracing is
needed not only to create flat surface but to prevent further erosion of the
area.
Plate 11. Excavation/expansion of cultivated land
66
Skills and Level of Adoption of Technologies
Provided by the Government and
Non-government Institutions
The Potato Production Practices
Planting season. It can be observed that majority of all the
participants from across the Barangays are aware that tubers are best at
dry season during seedling stage. Only 12 respondents, nine in Sadsadan
Proper and four in Monamon Norte are not aware of the latter. Statistical
analysis revealed significant results on the variances of awareness and
application of the awareness in potato production. In Monamon Sur and
Sinto, all of the farmers are aware of the idea and they applied it in their
farms. In Sadsadan Proper, 64% are aware while the remaining are not.
Planting distance. The awareness of the respondents on the plant
optimum distance is presented in Table 8. Statistical analysis on the
awareness and whether it was applied during the last cropping showed
significant results. It can be observed that almost all of the respondents
from the Barangays are aware of the optimum plant distance of 30 x 30
cm. Only 16 respondents (7 in Monamon Norte and 9 in Sadsadan
Proper) are not aware of the proper planting distance. During the
interview, the farmers are doing the proper distancing of potato seedlings
which is 30 x 30 cm, this maybe because they observe it on their
neighbors and apply it as a practice. On the other hand, some farmers
67
knew the proper distance of planting tubers but did not plant potato that
made the inconsistent data results.
Table 8.Respondents attitude towards farming on potato at seedling stage
BARANGAY
AWARENESS
MONAMON MONAMON SADSADAN
SINTO
NORTE
SUR
PROPER
No.
%
No.
%
No.
%
No.
%
A1.Tubers are best at dry season.
Yes
21
84
25
100
16
64
25
100
No
4
16
0
-
9
36
0
-
Sub - total
25
25
25
25
X2c = 0.000**
A2. Used last cropping
Yes
8
32
17
68
8
32
16
64
No
17
68
8
32
17
68
9
36
Sub - total
25
25
25
25
X2c = 0.012*
B1. Planting distance (30 x 30cm)
Yes
18
72
25
100
16
64
25
100
No
7
28
0
-
9
36
0
-
Sub - total
25
25
25
25
m X2c = 0.000**
B2. Used last cropping
Yes
5
20
17
68
8
32
16
64
No
20
80
8
32
17
68
9
36
Sub - total
25
25
25
25
X2c = 0.00**
C1. Cuttings are good during dry
season.
Yes
6
24
12
48
16
64
20
80
No
19
76
13
52
9
36
5
20
Sub – total
25
25
25
25
M X2c = 0.002**
68
Table 8. Continued . . .
BARANGAY
AWARENESS
MONAMON MONAMON SADSADAN
SINTO
NORTE
SUR
PROPER
No.
%
No.
%
No.
%
No.
%
C2. Used last cropping
Yes
6
24
12
48
16
64
20
80
No
19
76
13
52
9
36
5
20
Sub - total
25
25
25
25
X2c = 0.416ns
D1. Apply fertilizer following the
RR
Yes
13
52
18
72
14
56
13
52
No
12
48
7
28
11
44
12
48
Sub – total
25
25
25
25
X2c = 0.429ns
D2. Used last cropping
Yes
5
20
17
68
5
20
7
28
No
20
80
8
32
20
80
18
72
Sub - total
25
25
25
25
X2c = 0.000**
**Highly significant; ns – Not significant
Planting stock. It was noted that the awareness of the respondents
on the potato cuttings technology during the seedling stage is very high
across the four Barangays. It appears that more respondents in Sinto
(80%) are aware of the technology. This was followed by Sadsadan
Proper with 64%, Monamon Sur with 48% and lastly Monamon Norte with
24% only. Despite their various level of awareness, the technology was
not used during the last cropping. This is because farmers store their own
potato seedlings that is why seedlings are readily available.
69
Fertilizer application. Table 8 presents the awareness of the
respondents on the proper recommended rate of fertilizer application
during the seedling stage. Respondents from the four Barangays differ on
their awareness of the technology. Despite the differences observed
across the Barangays, statistical analysis showed no significant results.
However, statistical analysis showed significant differences across
Barangays on whether the technology was applied during the last
cropping season. Since farmers do not usually bring their soils for
laboratory analysis, they split their application. The only thing that could
affect their yield and practice is the quantity of fertilizers that they apply to
the soil.
The Awareness on the Application of Pesticide
to the Potatoes During the Vegetative Stage
Pesticide Application. Results show that farmers across the
Barangays significantly differ in the pesticide application awareness.
Farmers in Monamon Sur are 100% aware of the technology compared to
Sadsadan Proper, with only eight spraying when pest and disease appear
on potatoes. In terms of awareness distribution, the respondents in all the
Barangays significantly differ on their awareness and their application
during the last cropping. Specifically, organic agriculture respondents
70
agree to this technology and apply to their farms but not with the use of
petro – based chemicals but with the use of botanicals.
Sanitation. Significant statistical results on the sanitation practices
of organic farmers on the vegetative stage of potatoes are shown in Table
9. Almost all of the respondents, organic or conventional agree to practice
sanitation. They believe that pest and disease are favored when the
farmer does not apply sanitation, however, only a few of the respondents
apply it for the reason that only less are practicing organic agriculture in
the four Barangays and that their last crop is not potato.
Plate 12. Fertilizer application and hilling –up 45 days after
transplanting
71
On the other hand, some of the conventional farmers do practice
sanitation while others do not. The farmers that do not practice sanitation
are those farmers that are tenants. Most of the time, when the tenants
have much work to do, sanitation is compromised because they are
dependent to pesticide.
Table 9. Potato production practices of the respondents at vegetative
stage.
BARANGAY
AWARENESS
MONAMON MONAMON SADSADAN
SINTO
NORTE
SUR
PROPER
No
%
No
%
No
%
No
%
A1.Spray pesticide following the RR
Yes
15
60
25
100
8
32
14
56
No
10
40
0
-
17
68
11
44
Sub - total
25
25
25
25
X2c = 0.000**
A2. Used last cropping
Yes
5
20
17
68
5
20
7
28
No
20
80
8
32
20
80
18
72
Sub - total
25
25
25
25
X2c = 0.000**
B1. Sanitation
Yes
17
68
25
100
18
72
23
92
No
8
32
0
-
7
28
2
8
Sub - total
25
25
25
25
m X2c = 0.004**
** – Highly significant
72
Table 9. Continued . . .
BARANGAY
AWARENESS
MONAMON MONAMON SADSADAN
SINTO
NORTE
SUR
PROPER
No
%
No
%
No
%
No
%
B2. Used last cropping
Yes
4
16
2
8
8
32
9
36
No
19
76
23
92
17
68
16
64
Sub - total
25
25
25
25
X2c = 0.069ns
C1. Hilling up base after 45 DAP
Yes
12
48
25
100
16
64
25
100
No
13
52
0
-
9
36
0
-
Sub – total
25
25
25
25
M X2c = 0.000**
C2. Used last cropping
Yes
2
8
17
68
8
32
7
28
No
23
92
8
32
17
68
18
72
Sub - total
25
25
25
25
X2c = 0.000**
Irrigation needed
Yes
23
92
25
100
25
100
25
100
No
2
8
0
-
0
-
0
-
Sub – total
25
25
25
25
X2c = 0.255NSM
D2. Used last cropping
Yes
4
16
17
68
7
28
7
28
No
21
84
8
32
18
72
18
72
Sub - total
25
25
25
25
X2c = 0.001**
** – Highly significant
ns – Not significant
Hilling up. Furthermore, respondents are awareness on hilling up
73
practice done at the plant base after 45 days from planting to cover the
tubers from exposing against the sun. One hundred percent (100%) of the
respondents in Barangays Monamon Sur and Sinto are aware of the
technology while 16 and 12 out of 25 participants are aware in Barangays
Sadsadan Proper and Monamon Norte, respectively. Also, they apply the
technology during the last cropping if it is potato, if it is not potato, the
farmers did not apply the technology. Other respondents claimed that they
apply it in their farms but they are not aware of the purpose of the
technology (Plate 12).
Irrigation. It can be noted that almost all of the respondents across
the four barangays are aware of irrigating the plants when needed. This is
because they believe that the plants will be stunted or delayed (matiltil or
makutiyeg– local dialect) when water is not available during the cropping
season or at times when moisture is needed by the plants during critical
physiological plant stages. Only two respondents from Monamon Norte
are not aware because they claimed that they just apply the water
because they don’t know when plants actually need moisture. Significant
results are observed on the respondents whether they applied the
technology or not. However, most of the potato farmers claimed that they
did not used the technology since their cropping was done at rainy months
74
which mean water is always available and sometimes abundant so that
farmers do not need to irrigate their potatoes.
The Awareness on the Maturity of Potatoes
Harvest tubers when vegetative parts start to dry. It can be noted
that all of the farmers are aware when leaves start to dry (provided, the
exact month of maturity of the potatoes is consumed), the tubers are
ready. They can harvest and market depending on the market value.
Other farmers claimed that even if the leaves does not wilt or dry, they will
try to sample the tubers. If the size classification of the tubers is favorable
to the farmer, they can harvest it especially when the price is high.
Tubers can be stored in the soil in high altitude areas where the
temperature is low. All of the respondents across the barangays are aware
of storing the matured tubers. This is why the high altitude (kada – local
dialect) areas that can be farmed are invaded by the farmers because
they can stock their tubers upto three months when the prices of potatoes
drop. The farmers harvest the potatoes until the prices are favorable
However, when the prices hike, it is the farmer’s discretion to harvest and
market potatoes. Compared to low – elevated areas, they cannot not store
their tubers at longer times because the tubers may rot and must be dug
and market them immediately.
75
Table10. Potato production practices of the respondents at maturity to
harvest stage.
BARANGAY
AWARENESS
MONAMON MONAMON SADSADAN
SINTO
NORTE
SUR
PROPER
No
%
No
%
No
%
No
%
A1.Harvest when vegetative parts start to dry
Yes
25
100
25
100
25
100
25
100
No
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
Sub - total
25
25
25
25
A2. Used last cropping
Yes
4
16
17
68
11
44
6
24
No
21
84
8
32
14
56
19
76
Sub - total
25
25
25
25
X2c = 0.002**m
B1. Tubers can be stored in soil in cool areas
Yes
25
100
25
100
25
100
25
100
No
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
Sub - total
25
25
25
25
B2. Used last cropping
Yes
15
60
3
12
9
36
3
12
No
15
60
3
12
9
36
3
12
Sub - total
25
25
25
25
X2c = 0.000**m
Legend: ** - Highly Significant
The Awareness on Cabbage, Chinese
Cabbage and Lettuce Production
During Seedling Stage
Seeds should be planted on seedbed to facilitate ease control over
the plants when water is scarce. Significant results on the awareness of
the respondents in planting cabbage, Chinese cabbage, broccoli or lettuce
76
seedbed during seedling stage can be seen in Table 11. This practice is to
control or facilitate ease over the plants especially when water is scarce.
Only in Monamon Norte where five respondents are not aware of the
technology but they claimed that they apply it whenever they plant the
crops. They observed pest and disease control derived from the training of
farmers. It was noted that the technology was practiced decades ago,
some of the farmers adopted the technology without understanding the
rationale behind. During the interview, they do not know the application
and use of planting the seeds on the seedbed first and then transplanting
it when ready. They just apply and follow because they have seen and
heard about it from other farmers as a usual practice.
Days from planting to transplanting. In higher elevation areas, the
seedlings can be ready but in low elevation areas where the temperature
is warmer, seedlings can be ready at 20 days (Table 11). Majority of
respondents across the four Barangays are aware of the technology.
Specifically, 100% of the respondents in Monamon Sur and Sadsadan
Proper while 92% and 64% Barangays Sinto and Monamon Norte,
respectively.
77
Table 11.Respondents attitude towards farming on cabbage, Chinese
cabbage and lettuce at seedling stage.
BARANGAY
AWARENESS
MONAMON MONAMON
SADSADAN
SINTO
NORTE
SUR
PROPER
No
%
No
%
No
%
No
%
A1.Seeds should be planted on seedbed.
Yes
20
80
25
100
25
100
25
100
No
5
20
0
-
0
-
0
-
Sub - total
25
25
25
25
X2c = 0.004**
A2. Used last cropping
Yes
15
60
3
13.04
9
36
3
17.64
No
10
64
20
86.95
16
64
14 82.35
Sub - total
25
25
25
25
X2c = 0.001**
B1. This also allows pest and disease control.
Yes
19
76
24
96
20
80
22
88
No
6
24
1
4
5
20
3
12
Sub - total
25
25
25
25
B2. Used last cropping
Yes
15
60
3
12
11
44
3
12
No
10
40
22
88
14
56
22
88
Sub - total
25
25
25
25
X2c = 0.00**m
C1. Seedling be ready at 30 days in cooler
areas but 20 days in warm area.
Yes
16
64
25
100
25
100
23
92
No
9
36
0
-
0
-
2
8
Sub - total
25
25
25
25
X2c = 0.01**m
C2. Used last cropping
Yes
13
52
3
12
10
40
3
12
No
12
48
22
88
15
60
22
88
Sub - total
25
25
25
25
X2c = 0.003**m
** – Highly significant
78
Table 11. Continued . . .
BARANGAY
AWARENESS
MONAMON MONAMON
SADSADAN SINTO
NORTE
SUR
PROPER
No
%
No
%
No
%
No %
D1. Planting distance (20 x 20cm)
Yes
16
64
23
92
25
100
19
76
No
9
36
2
8
0
-
6
24
Sub - total
25
25
25
25
X2c = 0.003**m
D2. Used last cropping
Yes
13
52
3
12
11
44
3
12
No
12
48
22
88
14
56
22
88
Sub - total
25
25
25
25
X2c = 0.002*m
** – Highly significant
* – Significant
Planting Distance. The awareness of respondent on the proper
distancing of cabbage, Chinese cabbage and lettuce during the seedling
stage is shown in Table 11. Statistical analysis revealed significant
differences on the number of respondents among the barangays. In
Sadsadan Proper, all of the respondents are aware of the technology. This
was followed by Monamon Sur with 23 respondents, Sinto with 19
respondents and Monamon Norte with 16 respondents. When asked when
it was used during the last cropping, there are farmers that did not answer
―yes‖. This is because their last crop is either potato, carrot or others that
are not cabbage, Chinese cabbage and lettuce. Despite that their answer
79
is no, they still claim that they use the proper distancing of planting the
seedlings. It can be observed that there are varying awareness across the
four Barangays of Bauko. Significant statistical results revealed that
respondents from Monamon Sur are aware of the technology. The least
Barangay is Monamon Norte and Sinto. However, their awareness seems
to be compensated by their application. The respondents claimed that
they do not know the proper distancing in technical perspective but when
they plant their seedling, they make use of 20 x 20 cm. They are also
aware that when the spaces in between the seedlings are wider, so is the
head to be bigger and heavier. The practice is followed based on their
observation and lessons gained from other farmers.
The Awareness on the Vegetative Stage
of Cabbage, Chinese Cabbage and
Lettuce Production System
Fertilizer application. Nutrients are required by plant for growth and
development. Without such, it would be very difficult for plant to perform
well such that addition of fertilizers is a must. Hilling – up is done to apply
fertilizer to the soil and topping it with little soil to cover the nutrients. In the
Table, it can be observed that majority of the respondent hills up the soil
two weeks after transplanting. Only 12 respondents from the total number
are not aware. Significant results were obtained on whether the
respondents applied the technology or not. It can be observed that there
80
are more respondents who did not apply the technology. The increased
number of the respondents is contributed by the organic practitioners
because they do not apply the synthetic fertilizers.
Irrigation. Results of analysis showed no significant differences on
the awareness, but significantly different on whether the practice of the
technology was applied. As mentioned earlier, there are farmers whose
last crop is not cabbage, Chinese cabbage or lettuce that could be a factor
in the differences. Another factor is that the weather was rainy during their
last crop such that there is excess in moisture. Nevertheless, farmers still
claim that they irrigate their crops as need.
Weeding. No significant differences were observed on the
difference across the Barangays. This is because they are sold to the idea
that weeds are competitors of plants. Weeds compete with the plants for
water, space, nutrients and sunlight.
Water availability. Table 12shows the awareness of the
respondents on the idea that water should always be available so that
head hardening will not be disrupted. All of the respondents are aware of
the idea such that no significant differences were observed. They usually
concentrate or see to it that water is available at this stage to assure good
and favorable head formation. As observed when head is not hardened,
marketability and shelf life is affected.
81
Table 12.Respondents attitude towards farming on cabbage, Chinese
cabbage and lettuce at vegetative stage.
BARANGAY
AWARENESS
MONAMON MONAMON
SADSADAN
SINTO
NORTE
SUR
PROPER
No
%
No
%
No
%
No %
A1.Plants are hilled up with fertilizers 2 weeks
after transplanting
Yes
21
84
24
96
22
88
21 84
No
4
16
1
4
3
12
4
16
Sub - total
25
25
25
25
X2c = 0.550ns
A2. Used last cropping
Yes
12
48
3
12
11
44
3
12
No
13
8
22
88
14
56
22
88
Sub - total
25
25
25
25
X2c = 0.009**
B1. Irrigation should be as needed.
Yes
23
92
25
100
23
92
24
96
No
2
8
0
-
2
8
1
4
Sub - total
25
25
25
25
X2c = 0.769ns
B2. Used last cropping
Yes
13
52
3
12
9
36
2
8
No
12
48
22
88
16
64
23
92
Sub - total
25
25
25
25
X2c = 0.002**
C1.Weeding should be done to avoid
competition.
Yes
25
100
25
100
25
100
25
100
No
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
Sub - total
25
25
25
25
C2. Used last cropping
Yes
13
52
3
12
10
40
3
12
No
12
48
22
88
15
60
22
88
Sub - total
25
25
24
25
X2c = 0.003**
82
Table 12. Continued . . .
BARANGAY
AWARENESS
MONAMON MONAMON
SADSADAN
SINTO
NORTE
SUR
PROPER
No
%
No
%
No
%
No %
D1. Planting distance (20 x 20cm)
Yes
25
100
25
100
25
100
25
100
No
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
Sub - total
25
25
25
25
D2. Used last cropping
Yes
13
52
3
12
9
36
3
12
No
12
48
22
88
15
60
22
88
Sub - total
25
25
25
25
X2c = 0.003***
** – Highly significant
ns – Not significant
Attitude Towards Farming on Cabbage,
Chinese Cabbage And Lettuce
at Maturity Stage
All of the respondents believe that when cabbage, Chinese
cabbage and lettuce will over mature cracking will take place. Farmers
harvest their crops before they over mature to prevent the products from
becoming non-marketable due to cracks and other mechanical damages
as shown in table 13.
83
Table 13.Respondents attitude towards farming on cabbage, Chinese
cabbage and lettuce at maturity stage.
BARANGAY
AWARENESS
MONAMON MONAMON
SADSADAN
SINTO
NORTE
SUR
PROPER
No
%
No
%
No
%
No
%
A1. Harvest when heads hardened or gained maximum
maturity
Yes
25
100
25
100
25
100
25 100
No
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
Sub - total
25
25
25
25
A2. Used last cropping
Yes
12
48
3
12
11
44
3
12
No
13
8
22
88
14
56
22
88
Sub - total
25
25
25
25
X2c = 0.003**
** – Highly significant
The Beans and Pea Production
at Seedling Stage
Seed selection. The awareness of the respondents in selecting
their seeds prior to planting of beans and garden pea is shown in table 26.
significant statistical results were observed on the difference of awareness
of the respondents across the four barangays. It can be noted that in
Sinto, all of the farmers are aware of the selection of seeds. In Monamon
Norte, the least number of participants that were aware of the selection
have only 21 participants. Despite the difference of aware and non –
aware participants, majority of the farmers with a total number of 91
respondents(91%) are aware against only 9 (9%) that were not aware.
84
Table 14. Respondents attitude towards farming on beans and garden pea
at seedling stage.
BARANGAY
AWARENESS
MONAMON
MONAMON
SADSADAN
SINTO
NORTE
SUR
PROPER
No
%
No
%
No
%
No
%
A1.Select seeds that are not destroyed or deformed.
Yes
21
84
23
92
23
92
25
100
No
4
16
2
8
2
8
0
-
Sub - total
25
25
25
25
X2c = 0.275ns
A2. Used last cropping
Yes
3
12
5
20
1
4
6
24
No
22
88
20
80
24
96
19
76
Sub - total
25
25
25
25
X2c = 0.198ns
B1. Plant in plots thoroughly prepared.
Yes
25
100
25
100
25
100
25
100
No
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
Sub - total
25
25
25
25
B2. Used last cropping
Yes
3
12
5
20
1
4
6
24
No
22
88
20
80
24
96
19
76
Sub - total
25
25
25
25
X2c = 0.198ns
C1. Distance is 5-7 inch for pole beans; 10‖ for
bush snap bean; 5‖ for sweet pea.
Yes
22
88
21
85
20
80
17
68
No
3
12
4
6
5
20
8
32
Sub - total
25
25
25
25
X2c = 0.431ns
C2. Used last cropping
Yes
13
52
3
12
10
40
3
12
No
12
48
22
88
15
60
22
88
Sub - total
25
25
25
25
X2c = 0.198ns
D1. Irrigate immediately after planting.
Yes
25
100
25
100
25
100
25
100
No
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
Sub - total
25
25
25
25
D2. Used last cropping
Yes
3
12
5
20
1
4
6
24
No
22
88
20
80
24
96
19
76
Sub - total
25
25
25
25
X2c = 0.200ns
85
Planting. All of the respondents thoroughly prepare the plots prior to
planting. Accordingly, the leveling of the surface will help them plant in a
more uniform depth. The equal depth allows more uniform germination
and plant growth. Thus, putting trellises will be much easier as shown in
Table 14.
Distance. Significant results were obtained in the distribution of
respondents across the four barangays. It can be noted that in Monamon
Norte, more respondents are aware of the 5 – 7 inches plant distance for
pole beans; 10 inches for bush and snap beans; and 5 inches for sweet
peas at seedling stage. This was followed by Monamon Sur with 21
respondents, Sadsadan Proper with 20 and Sinto with only 17,
respectively. When asked why the others does not aware of the proper
distance, some respondents just estimated the planting distance. During
wet months, proper distancing is observed. When water is about to be
scarce, some claimed that they make the distance of the plants closer or
increase the density to conserve water.
Irrigation. Also, table 14 presents the awareness of the
respondents in the application of water during seedling stage. All of the
respondents are aware that the seeds should be watered immediately
after planting to facilitate germination. According to them, when the seeds
86
are not germinated, there are possibilities that the seeds were eaten by
ants and other soil organisms or the seeds are not good planting stocks.
The Beans and Garden Pea Production at Vegetative Stage.
Hilling up. All of the respondents agree that the plants should be
hilled-up three weeks after emergence. According to them, this practice
will help conserve water, provide mechanical anchorage, and control
weeds while providing additional nutrient.
Table 15.Respondents attitude towards farming on beans and garden pea
at vegetative stage.
BARANGAY
AWARENESS
MONAMON MONAMON
SADSADAN
SINTO
NORTE
SUR
PROPER
No
%
No
%
No
%
No
%
A1.hill up three weeks after emergence.
Yes
25
100
25
100
25
100
25 100
No
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
Sub - total
25
25
25
25
A2. Used last cropping
Yes
3
12
5
20
1
4
6
24
No
22
88
20
80
24
96
19
76
Sub - total
25
25
25
25
X2c = 0.198nsm
B1. For pole beans, put trellis .if the shoots start to emerge.
Yes
25
100
25
100
25
100
25
100
No
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
Sub - total
25
25
25
25
B2. Used last cropping
Yes
3
12
5
20
1
4
6
24
No
22
88
20
80
24
96
19
76
Sub - total
25
25
25
25
X2c = 0.198ns
87
Table 15. Continued . . .
BARANGAY
AWARENESS
MONAMON MONAMON
SADSADAN
SINTO
NORTE
SUR
PROPER
No
%
No
%
No
%
No
%
C1. Pesticide application 10 days before fruit picking
Yes
25
100
25
100
25
100
25
100
No
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
Sub - total
25
25
25
25
C2. Used last cropping
Yes
0
-
5
20
1
4
6
24
No
25
100
20
80
24
96
19
76
Sub - total
25
25
25
25
X2c = 0.016*m
* – significant
ns – not significant
Putting of trellis. The respondents are aware of putting trellis on
pole beans when shoots start emerging which all of the respondents agree
on the technique. Accordingly, ease or control over the plants are
facilitated when trellis are provided early and that plant roots will not be
damaged.
Pesticide application. The recommendation of pesticide application
prior to fruit picking should not be less than ten days. It can be noted that
all the respondents across the barangays agree to this standard.
The awareness of the respondents on fruit – picking of beans and
peas during physiological maturity is shown in Table 15. As observed, all
of the barangays have common idea on the fruits which should be
88
physiologically mature and desirable before harvesting. Also, immature
fruits are light, easily damaged and have short shelf life. The common
market is the La Trinidad Trading Post. Middlemen usually peg the price
and physiological maturity. In most cases, only those that is desirable are
marketable.
Table 16. Benefits in vegetable production practices of the respondents
BARANGAY
BENEFITS
MONAMON
MONAMON
SADSADAN
SINTO
NORTE
SUR
PROPER
No
%
No
%
No
%
No
%
Annual income derived from farming (x 1,000).
< 20
4
16
5
20
9
36
8
32
21 – 40
20
80
7
28
8
32
9
36
41 – 60
1
4
9
36
5
20
4
16
> 60
0
-
4
16
3
12
4
16
Sub - total
25
25
25
25
X2c = 0.200ns
Annual income derived from other sources (x 1,000).
< 20
23
92
8
32
19
76
3
12
21 – 40
2
8
12
48
3
12
19
76
41 – 60
0
-
5
20
3
12
3
12
Sub - total
25
25
25
25
X2c = 0.000**m
House improvements
Renovation
9
36
5
20
4
16
4
16
Construction of
9
36
6
24
3
12
5
20
new house
Construction of
3
12
2
8
0
-
4
16
new house in
other places
Sub - total
25
25
25
25
89
Table 16. Continued . . .
BARANGAY
BENEFITS
MONAMON
MONAMON
SADSADAN
SINTO
NORTE
SUR
PROPER
No
%
No
%
No
%
No
%
Appliances
TV
20
44.44
16
39.02
8
24.2
9
26.47
4
Radio
25
55.55
25
60.97
25
75.7
25
73.52
5
Sub - total
45
41
33
34
Equipment
Water pump
3
12
6
24
1
4
8
32
Washing
2
8
3
12
0
-
3
12
machine
Sub - total
25
25
25
25
Vehicles
Elf
3
12
7
28
3
12
9
36
Car
2
8
3
12
3
12
4
16
Sub - total
25
25
25
25
Education of children
Professional
2
10
6
27.27
3
8.33
8
36.36
College level
10
50
4
18.18
13
36.1
5
22.72
1
High school
4
20
7
31.81
11
30.5
6
27.27
5
Elementary
4
20
5
22.72
9
25
3
13.63
Sub - total
20
22
36
22
** – highly significant
M
ns – Not significant
90
Benefits Derived by the Respondents
In Vegetable Production Practices
Results of statistical analysis revealed that there are differences on
the annual income derived from farming and outside farming activities of
the respondents. On the annual income of the respondents from farming,
80% of the respondents in Monamon Norte claimed that they earn PhP
21,000 to 40,000. Sixteen percent claimed to earn less than PhP20,000
a year and only one percent earn income of about PhP 41,000 to 60,000 a
year. Highest annual income derived from farming can be noted in
Monamon Sur and Sinto with more than PhP 60,000. Highest number of
respondents with less than PhP 20,000 income a year can be observed in
Sadsadan Proper. On the other hand, 23 out of 25 respondents in
Monamon Norte claimed to have other sources of income other than
farming with less than PhP 20,000 a year. Two (2) out of the 25
respondents have PhP 21,000 – 40,000 a year. Highest annual income
from other can be noted in Monamon Sur with PhP 41,000 – 60,000.
According to the respondents, these sources are accumulated labor from
other farms that needed manpower, trucking, and hauling.
There are several benefits derived by the respondents in vegetable
production namely; house improvements, purchase of appliances,
equipment and vehicles. On house improvements, majority of the
respondents constructed new houses out of vegetable farming.
91
This was followed by house renovation and finally, construction of
new house in other places. Television and radio were also purchased by
the participants to add convenience on their living. According to them,
radio is more prioritized than television for them to monitor the prices and
listen to commercials on new agricultural inputs or products. Aside from
that, radio serves as a form of entertainment for themselves by listening
to music both country and love songs as well as drama in real life which
inspires them to work hard for their family.
The table also presents the equipment of the respondents. Water
pump and washing machine are the equipment however, water pump
according to the respondents is more necessary than washing machine.
Other respondents claimed that they do not need water pump because
they have a good source of irrigation. The vehicles of the respondents
were either car or elf however, elf is more helpful to the respondents
because it can aid in transportation of both farm produce and farm inputs.
Marketing of Produce
Table 17 shows the types of outlet of the respondents. There are
four types of market outlet of the respondents in disposing their produce.
They are wholesalers, retailers, wholesaler – retailer and assemblers. For
all of the respondents wholesaler is the most popular buyer of their
products.
92
Table 17. Types of market outlet of the respondents
BARANGAY
OUTLETS
MONAMON
MONAMON
SADSADAN
SINTO
NORTE
SUR
PROPER
No
%
No
%
No
%
No
%
Outlets
Wholesaler
25
80.64
25
78.12
25
86.20
25
71.42
Retailer
2
6.45
3
9.37
0
-
6
17.14
Wholesaler –
2
456.
4
152.
4
44.44
4
11.42
retailer
Assembler
2
6.45
0
-
0
-
0
-
Sub - total
31
32
29
35
From the interview, they claim that they dispose their products to
wholesaler to make the transaction quick and they can go back home to
do other farming activities. Some of the farmers especially those
respondents practicing organic agriculture do not bring their products to
the Trading post instead in market outlets like LaTOP. It can be noted
further that respondents seldom bring their products to assembler.
Table 18 presents the method of sale and modes of payment
applied by the respondents. It can be observed that on the method of sale,
there are two identified methods, they are either delivered or picked up. All
of the respondents delivered their produce to the market and according to
them, they are paid in cash.
93
Table 18. Method of sale and mode of payment applied by the
respondents.
BARANGAY
MARKETING
MONAMON
MONAMON
SADSADAN
SINTO
NORTE
SUR
PROPER
No
%
No
%
No
%
No
%
Methods of sale
Delivered
25
100
25
100
25
100
25
100
Picked - up
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
Sub - total
25
25
25
25
Modes of payment
Cash
25
100
25
100
25
100
25
100
Credit
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
Sub - total
25
25
25
25
The duration of the respondents’ products to the market is shown in
Table 19. Farmers sell their products to the market per Barangay for
several years. Younger farmers, have shorter disposition of agricultural
products. This means that the older farmers have longer duration of
product disposition. Based on the table, it was observed that more
respondents are in the bracket < 5 years to 15 years which means that
age and active years of farming has a relationship to the duration of selling
the products to the market.
94
Table 19. Duration of selling respondents products to the market
BARANGAY
DURATION
MONAMON
MONAMON
SADSADAN
SINTO
NORTE
SUR
PROPER
No
%
No
%
No
%
No
%
Years
< 5
9
36
4
16
2
8
5
20
6 - 10
5
20
9
36
9
36
12
48
11 - 15
4
16
7
28
7
28
4
16
16 - 20
5
20
3
12
5
20
3
12
> 20
2
8
2
8
2
8
1
4
Sub - total
25
25
25
25
Table 20 presents the presence of middlemen on product
disposition. Statistical analysis showed significant differences on the
presence of middlemen and maintained over the years to market their
produce. Majority of the respondents across the four barangays go
through middlemen. Accordingly, farmers practicing organic farming have
a direct market like LaTOP compared to farmers practicing conventional
agriculture who engage with middlemen. This is similar to the duration
devoted in selling products to the market. Younger farmers have shorter
duration to dispose their products compared to farmers engaged with
middlemen. It was further noted that farmers do not go through middlemen
to prevent cheating and non – payment of the products on time.
In Monamon Norte, 52% claimed that their middlemen deduct 1.50
pesos per kilogram of goods but majority of the respondents claimed that
the cut deducted by the middlemen depends on the condition of the
95
product and market price. This is associated with fluctuating prices of the
commodities which is closely related to various factors like weather,
supply and demand.
Table 20. Presence of middlemen and duration to obtain existing prices of
commodities.
BARANGAY
PRESENCE OF
MONAMON
MONAMON
SADSADAN
SINTO
MIDDLEMEN
NORTE
SUR
PROPER
No
%
No
%
No
%
No
%
Do you go through middlemen
Yes
20
80
23
92
24
96
16
64
No
5
20
2
8
1
4
9
36
Sub - total
25
25
25
25
X2c = 0.018*
Years
< 5
9
36
4
16
2
8
7
28
6 – 10
5
20
15
60
9
36
9
36
11 – 15
4
16
4
16
7
28
4
16
16 – 20
5
20
1
4
5
20
3
12
> 20
2
8
2
8
2
8
2
8
Sub - total
25
25
25
25
X2c = 0.022*
Pesos/kg deducted by middlemen
1.50
13
52
0
-
0
-
0
-
2.00
4
16
0
-
0
-
0
-
4.00
1
16
0
-
0
-
0
-
Depend
7
28
25
100
25
100
25
100
Sub - total
25
25
25
25
X2c = 0.000**
Duration of information transfer (hrs).
< 1
21
84
25
100
20
80
25
100
1 – 5
3
12
0
-
3
12
0
-
> 5
1
4
0
-
2
8
0
-
Sub - total
25
25
25
25
X2c = 0.050ns
** – highly significant; * – significant; ns – not significant
96
On the other hand, transfer of information in obtaining the current or
existing prices ranges from less than an hour to more than five hours. It
can be noted that almost all of the respondents obtained prices less than
an hour because of the presence of technology like cellular phones. Other
respondents claimed that they sometimes depend on the radio for a more
complete and precise listing of commodities in the La Trinidad Trading
Post.
In addition, Table 21 presents the income of the respondents’
income during the last cropping. Farmers, across the barangays have a
distributed income. It was noted that the highest income from 15
respondents have PhP 11,000 to 20,000 in Sadsadan Proper, only one (1)
respondent claimed that his income last cropping was more than PhP
40,000. Compared with other respondents, the highest total number of
respondents across the barangays is 32% with PhP 11,000 to 20,000.
Furthermore, the various income of the respondents is dependent on the
existing price of various commodities the farmers’ sell. However, it was
noted that unstable pricing of the commodities is related with income
instability ’ encountered during the cropping season.
97
Table 21. Respondents’ income during the last cropping
BARANGAY
INCOME
MONAMON
MONAMON
SADSADAN
SINTO
NORTE
SUR
PROPER
No
%
No
%
No
%
No
%
Pesos (X 1,000)
< 10
12
48
12
48
2
8
1
4
11 - 20
5
20
7
28
15
60
5
20
21 - 30
5
20
8
32
4
16
12
48
31 - 40
2
8
2
8
2
8
5
20
> 40
1
4
4
16
3
12
2
8
Sub - total
25
25
25
25
X2c = 0.001**
** – highly significant
Problems and Constraints
The problems and constraints experienced by the respondents in
farming is presented in Table 22. There are three problems identified
concerning irrigation, namely; low scarce and rain dependency. It was
noted that farmers depend on rain for their farming activities. Without rain,
the cropping per year could be reduced. Also, in view of this, rain affects
the annual cropping during production because of in sufficient moisture
and necessary irrigation for plant growth and development.
There are seven components of crop protection identified in the
Table35. These are (1) high cost of farm inputs, (2) insect and disease
resistance to chemicals, (3) low resistance of plants to pest and disease,
(4) high incidence of pest and diseases, (5) soil pollution, (6) lack of
98
knowledge on crop production and (7) calamity which are identified and
noted by the farmers.
This could be attributed to the occurrence of calamities as observed
by organic and conventional farming practitioners. These were followed
by the lack of knowledge and technical experiences on crop production.
Table 22. Problems and constraints experienced in farming by the
respondents.
BARANGAY
PROBLEMS
MONAMON
MONAMON
SADSADAN
SINTO
NORTE
SUR
PROPER
No
%
No
%
No
%
No
%
Irrigation
Low
10
43.47
5
33.33
8
42.10
7
41.17
Scarce
9
39.13
8
53.33
2
10.52
6
35.29
Rainfed
4
17.39
2
13.33
9
47.36
4
23.52
Sub - total
23
15
19
17
Crop protection
High cost of
20
15.50
23
15.54
22
14.37
16
13.22
farm inputs
Insect and
20
15.50
23
15.54
22
14.37
16
13.22
disease resistance
to chemicals
Low resistance
20
15.50
23
15.54
22
14.37
16
13.22
of plants to pest
and diseases
High incidence
20
15.50
23
15.54
22
14.37
16
13.22
of pest and disease
Soil pol ution
20
15.50
23
15.54
22
14.37
16
13.22
Lack of
4
3.100
8
5.40
18
11.76
16
13.22
knowledge on crop
production
Calamity
25
19.37
25
16.89
25
16.33
25
20.66
Sub - total
129
148
153
121
99
Table 22. Continued . . .
BARANGAY
PROBLEMS
MONAMON
MONAMON
SADSADAN
SINTO
NORTE
SUR
PROPER
No
%
No
%
No
%
No
%
Marketing system
Unstable
20
18.51
23
20
22
20
16
20
prices of
commodities
Perishability of
20
18.51
23
20
22
20
16
20
the products
Over supply of
20
18.51
23
20
22
20
16
20
commodities
Presence of
23
18.51
23
20
22
20
16
20
middlemen
Problem on
25
23.14
23
20
22
20
16
20
vegetable
importation
Sub - total
108
115
110
80
Transportation
Unavailable
1
3.84
2
7.40
3
10.71
3
10.71
High transport
25
96.15
25
92.59
25
89.28
25
89.28
cost
Sub - total
23
15
19
17
Another issue is the marketing system that is applied when selling
the products. It was identified that the markets are associated with issues
like unstable prices of various commodities, perishability of the products,
presence of middlemen and problem on vegetable importation influence
the income of the farmer-respondents. Also, low prices of goods reduce
income of the respondents associated with the perishability of the
products which are damaged influencing the income because of increase
100
of non-marketable products. Other farmers mentioned that they sell their
goods even if the prevailing price is low to prevent their products from
rotting and degradation. On the other hand, over supply of commodities
also affects the prices of goods. When the supply exceeds the demand,
prices will drop such that the farmers income will again be reduced and
farm capital were compromised. Importation of vegetable also affect farm
income by increasing supply causing price reduction or less marketability
of the goods especially when the imported products are often of better
quality and the prices of the imported goods are cheaper than the local
products.
One important factor affecting farm income is the availability of
transportation. Unavailability of transportation can hamper immediate
selling especially when the price is high or its absence can delay
marketing and can increase postharvest losses to the products. High
transport cost can reduce the income of farmers or respondents especially
when they are transported via trucking or rents. The fare, rent or freight
cost is deducted directly to the sales of the respondents.
101
Relationship of the Farmers and Current
Vegetable Production Management Practices
Table 23 presents the membership of the respondentsto farmers’
organization or groups. It was observed that respondents with
membership to organization are found only in two barangays namely;
Monamon Norte and Sadsadan Proper. The remaining barangays have no
membership at all. There are five groups identified namely; farmer’s
supply, farmer’s organization, organic farming, Buguias Land bank and
Sinpangabong. Specifically, eight (8) respondents are members of
farmer’s supply. This was followed by organic farming (26.21%),Buguias
Land bank(15.78%), Sinpangabong (10 .52%) and Farmer’s Organization
with 11.11% respectively. In terms of membership status, all of the
participants in Monamon Norte and Sadsadan Proper are active members
because they believe that they have access to technologies, credit loans,
market and social purposes.
The perception of the respondents on farmers and current
vegetable production management practices is shown in Table 24. It can
be noted that two barangays (Monamon Sur and Sinto) have decided
whether or not to change the current vegetable production system while
the remaining two remained the same.
102
Table 23. Membership of the respondents to farmers organizations or
groups.
BARANGAY
MEMBERSHIP
MONAMON
MONAMON
SADSADAN
SINTO
NORTE
SUR
PROPER
No
%
No
%
No
%
No
%
Type of group
Coop
3
12
-
-
-
-
-
-
Organization
22
88
-
-
8
100
-
-
Sub - total
25
0
8
0
Name of group
Farmers
8
42.10
-
-
-
-
-
-
supply
Farmers’
1
11.11
-
-
-
-
-
-
organization
Organic
5
26.31
-
-
3
100
-
-
farming
BuguiasLandbank
3
15.78
-
-
-
-
-
-
Sinpangabong
2
10.52
-
-
-
-
-
-
Sub - total
19
0
3
0
Status
Officer
0
-
0
-
0
-
-
-
Member
25
100
-
-
4
100
-
-
Sub - total
25
0
4
0
Reasons for
joining the group
Access to
25
31.25
-
-
4
100
-
-
technologies
Access to
25
31.25
-
-
4
100
-
-
credit loans
Access to
25
31.25
-
-
4
100
-
-
market
Social
5
6.25
-
-
4
100
-
-
purposes
Sub - total
80
0
4
0
103
The factors associated with changes are the (1) usual practice is
obsolete, (2) need to upgrade technologies, (3) unpredicted weather and
climate, (4) pest and disease resistance and (5) unproductive soil.
Furthermore, it was noted that only two barangays, namely Monamon
Norte and Sadsadan Proper have identified the reasons like what is the
change in the current farming system.
Table 24. Respondents’ perception on farmers and current vegetable
management practices
BARANGAY
PERCEPTION
MONAMON
MONAMON
SADSADAN
SINTO
NORTE
SUR
PROPER
No
%
No
%
No
%
No
%
Is there a need to change the current vegetable
production management practices
Yes
13
52
-
-
22
84.61
-
-
No
12
48
-
-
4
15.38
-
-
Sub - total
25
0
26
0
Name of group
Farmers
11
18.33
-
-
1
1.42
-
-
supply
Farmers’
10
16.66
-
-
3
4.28
-
-
organization
Organic
13
21.66
-
-
22
31.42
-
-
farming
BuguiasLandbank
13
21.66
-
22
31.42
-
-
Sinpangabong
13
21.66
-
-
22
3142
-
-
Sub - total
60
0
0
104
Relationship of Development Interventions on the Vegetable Production
Management Practices in Bauko, Mountain Province
Figure 3 shows the improved framework derived out of the research
study to show the relationship of the vegetable farming and the
development of Bauko, Mountain Province. Vegetable production is a
regular activity of the local residents in Bauko, Mountain Province. It has
provided an arena of increased production and profitability especially on
the different vegetable commodities marketed locally and which were
transported to nearby towns and provinces. Because of these activities,
the development of Bauko has tremendously improved through the
different technologies that were introduced by local officials and partners
in agricultural development including the shared knowledge, skills,
attitudes and behavior of farmers and their communities.
The most interesting point observed during the conduct of the study
is the transformation of the farmers to become more open to new
development interventions particularly on agricultural technologies and the
reforms the local government has instituted to improve the system of
production management system of vegetable farmers and the local
government officials in the conduct of agricultural development planning
and programming.
105
Figure 3. Improved framework showing the relationship of the Vegetable
Farming and the Development of Bauko, Mountain Province
(Masillem and Aquino 2012).
As a result, the cycle of interventions and improved processes has
created a new dimension of agricultural development in the primary
vegetable producing areas of Bauko, Mountain Province.
Furthermore, issues, constraints and problems are identified during
vegetable production activities, these are immediately addressed by the
farmers because they are assured with technological interventions coming
from local development-oriented individuals and institutions.
106
In view of these, therefore, it is very important that vegetable
producing communities must delineate and identify specific commodities
to produce to avoid surplus or unbalanced distribution of products within
and outside the municipality and nearby towns and provinces.
The research has provided a new direction in characterizing
vegetable communities which could be replicated to other areas with
similar conditions. If this will be operationalized, it is an assurance that
communities can direct their agricultural development to the fullest without
compromising the different and existing resources found in the area.
107
SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
Summary
The study sought to characterize the vegetable – producing
communities of Bauko, Mt. Province. Specifically, it described the
vegetable – producing communities, determined the factors affecting the
production management practices and analyzed the relationship of
development intervention on the vegetable production management
practices in Bauko.
Interview schedule and secondary data were used to gather
pertinent data. Data were tabulated and analyzed using descriptive
statistics and hypotheses were tested using the t – test, chi square test,
and Fishers exact test.
The relevant findings of the study are the following:
1. The farmers’ age range from < 20 to 60 years old mostly male
married and are high school graduate. They have been farming for
more than 30 years but majority of the respondents are farming 5 –
10 years from the interview.
2. The farms of the respondents were classified as hilly, sloppy, rolling
and flat with elevation ranging from < 750 to > 2,000 meters above
sea level. The sources of irrigation are rain, spring and river. The
108
area cultivated by the respondents is less than 1.5 hectares. Few
respondents cultivated an area of more than one hectare. It was
also noted that ownership of the land is majority of the farmers and
are located within the barangay.
The distance of farm to market by the respondents takes
about 101 – 150 kilometers with 4 – 6 hours travel time in concrete
pavement using jeepney’s and trucks as a means of transportation.
3. The crops grown by the respondents are root crops, leafy
vegetables, legumes and other crops such as pepper and radish.
Based on the data, potato is the majority crop planted by the
respondents namely; Monamon Sur, Sadsadan and Sinto.
The farmer-respondents are knowledgeable on the
production of root crops, leafy vegetable and legumes conducted
more than three times a year with proper management including
crop protection measures and fertilization cultivated in an area
ranging from < 1,000 m2 to > 10,500 m2 located within or outside
the Barangay.
The quantity harvested ranges from < 2,500 – 7,500 with a
significant differences of the prices of the commodities per
Barangay. Their income ranges from PhP< 10,000 to >PhP 50,000
109
that depends on the price ranges of their respective commodities at
the time they sold their produce.
4. Difference in respondents’ attitude towards production of potato, leafy
vegetables, legumes and other crops from seedlings to maturity stage
was obtained. The farming approaches used are conventional and
organic and their produce was marketed mainly at the La Trinidad
Vegetable Trading Post.
5. There were types of market outlets of the respondents. These are
wholesaler, retailer, wholesaler – retailer and assembler. Products
were delivered to the market and paid in cash. Presence of middlemen
was also observed and deductions to respondents’ sales were noted.
Transfer of information to the respondents takes1 to 5 hours.
Significant statistical results were obtained on the benefits derived by
the respondents from other sources and the presence of middlemen on
the marketing system of the respondents.
The respondents in all the Barangays claimed that and majority
agrees that the risks to this farming activities are the following:
erosion, pest and diseases, market prices, typhoon and high prices of
farm inputs.
On the other hand, conventional farmers said that farming is
high maintenance due to excavation, terracing, high farm inputs and
110
irrigation. The skills of farmers identified were awareness on the
proper planting distance of vegetables, awareness on the proper
planting of stocks, proper fertilizer application, correct timing of
irrigation, pesticide application, hilling-up, sanitation, and correct timing
of harvesting vegetables at maturity.
The benefits derived by the respondents in vegetable production
practices revealed significant statistical differences on the annual
income derived from farming and outside farming activities. Other
benefits are house improvements, purchase of appliances, equipment
and vehicles. Majority of the respondents constructed new houses
from other places out of vegetable farming.
6. The problems encountered by the respondents in the study are
irrigation, crop protection, marketing system and transportation. Fewer
respondents are members of farmers’ groups or organization. The
perception of respondents’ towards current vegetable management
practices should be changed.
Conclusions
The farmer-respondents of Bauko, Mountain Province generally
differs in terms of age, gender, educational attainment and years of active
faming. They also differ in terms of crops they planted which are largely
market – driven.
111
The farms are located in hilly, sloppy, rol ing and flat areas of
Bauko scattered within <750 to >2,000 meters above sea level elevation.
The farm depends on spring, rain and river as source of irrigation. The
respondents generally differ on the area cultivated and harvested.
The factors affecting the production management practices of the
respondents generally differs in terms of skills on the production of root
crops, leafy vegetables, legumes from seedling to maturity stage, and
presence of middlemen on the marketing system of the respondents.
The problems encountered by the respondents are common. The
irrigation problems, marketing system – presence of middlemen and
transportation were known.
Recommendations
Based on the findings and conclusions, the following are
recommended:
1. Since there is a significant difference on the farming communities of
Bauko, Mt. Province particularly the source of irrigation and water
availability, area cultivated and harvested, the local government should
study the sources of water and how will these sources of irrigation will be
conserved and made available to the more farmers. Ordinances to protect
the watersheds should be fully implemented to add the volume of water for
the growing population of farmers. The local government should also
112
invest on technologies on maximizing farm resources with efficient inputs
to augment the income during lean season. Population grows so is the
need for wider areas to cultivate. With the farms no longer expanding, the
government may help in conducting seminars in management of
resources so that income from the farm will be used economically and
efficiently.
2. As suggested by the respondents, the government should also look into
ordinances or laws to protect the farmers against the abuse of the
middlemen. The deductions made by the middlemen should be regulated
and the rise should at least be standardized so that the farmers’ income
will not be compromised. Crop zoning will also be a good milestone of the
local government to prevent over supply of commodities so that prices will
not be unstable in a given time.
113
LITERATURE CITED
ACQUAAH, G. 2002. Agricultural Production Systems. pp. 283-317 in
"Principles of Crop Production, Theories, Techniques and
Technology". Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle River, NJ.
BELLESTEROS, M. and A. CRUZ, 2006. Land reform Changes in Land
Ownership Concentration.
BAS, 2000. Bureau of Agricultural Statistics. Cordillera Vegetable
Production.
BAS, 2005. Bureau of Agricultural Statistics. Distribution of value of
Production in Agriculture.
BAS, 2007. Bureau of Agricultural Statistics. Total Annual Production
Volume of Vegetables.
BAUKO MUNICIPAL PROFILE. 2005.
BERG, P., and M. SINGER, 2003.George Beadle: An Uncommon Farmer.
The Emergence of Genetics in the 20th century. Cold Springs
Harbor Laboratory Press. ISBN 978-0-87969-688-7.
CARINO, 2007. Offering Multi-benefit to Farmers and Environment
through Vegetable Agroforestry. Published in BAR Chronicle Vol
11. 4. April 2010.
CHRISPEELS, M.J.; SADAVA, D.E. 1994. "Farming Systems:
Development, Productivity, and Sustainability". pp. 25-57 in Plants,
Genes, and Agriculture.Jones and Bartlett, Boston, MA.
DINGAL, L. N., and S. B. CONCEPTION. 2004. Regoverning Markets:
Securing Small Producer Participation in Restructured National And
Regional Agri-food Systems. The case of the Philippines.
114
DORWARD, et. al.,2005. Rural Livelihood Agriculture and making Markets
Work for the Poor.
EARLES, R. and P. WILLIAMS,. 2005. ATTRA National Sustainable
Agriculture Information Service. Fayetville, AR. "Sustainable
Agriculture: An Introduction".
FAO, 2011.Farming Systems and Poverty.
HOLMER, et. al., 2006. Urban Home garden and Allotment Gardens for
Sustainable Livelihoods.
IBON Foundation Incorporated, 2007. http://ibonfoundation.redpages.ph
MINNIS, P., 2009. People and Plants in Ancient Eastern North America.
Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, D.C.
PIMENTEL, D. T.W. CULLINEY, and T. BASHORE. 1996. "Public health
risks associated with pesticides and natural toxins in foods in
Radcliffe's IPM World Textbook".
RUTTAN, V, 1999. "Biotechnology and Agriculture: A Skeptical
Perspective". AgBioForum2 (1): 54–60.
http://www.mindfully.org/GE/Skeptical-Perspective-VW-Ruttan.htm.
SERE, C.; STEINFELD, H.; GROENEWELD, J. 1995."Description of
Systems in World Livestock Systems - Current status issues and
trends". U.N. Food and Agriculture Organization. Rome.
SEXTON,R.J., 2000. "Industrialization and Consolidation in the US Food
Sector: Implications for Competition and Welfare". American
Journal of Agricultural Economics.
STEINFELD, H.; GERBER, P.; WASSENAAR, T.; CASTEL, V.;
ROSALES, M.; de HAAN, C. 2006.U.N. Food and Agriculture
Organization. Rome. "Livestock's Long Shadow - Environmental
issues and options.".
115
TEGTMEIER, E.M.; DUFFY, M. 2005."External Costs of Agricultural
Production in the United States". The Earths can Reader in
SustainableAgriculture.http://www.organicvalley.coop/fileadmin/pdf/
ag_costs_IJAS2004.pdf.
U.N. FAO, 2008. Rome. "Analysis of farming systems".
USDA ERS. Agricultural Productivity in the United States.
WORLD BANK 2007. Agriculture for Development
World Development Report, 2007. The development of the Vegetable
Industry.
116
APPENDICES
Appendix A.
REQUEST LETTER TO CONDUCT STUDY
November 25, 2011
THE BARANGAY CAPTAIN
Sinto, Bauko
Mountain Province
Sir:
I have the honor to request your permission to float a questionnaire
to all selected farmers in your barangay.
This is in connection with the gathering of data needed by the
undersigned in the writing of her thesis entitled, ―Characterization of
Vegetable Producing Community in Bauko, Mountain Province in partial
fulfillment of the requirements for the Degree Master in Community
Development. Rest assured that all answers given in the questionnaire will
be confidential. The result of the study will provide development planners
especially the LGU’s of Bauko, information relevant to crop zoning and
programming and other sustainable development project of the
municipality. Your earnest approval to this request is highly appreciated.
Thank you and God Bless!
Very truly yours,
(Sgd) DONNALYNE APLATEN MASILLEM
Researcher
(Sgd). MARLOWE U. AQUINO
Adviser
117
Appendix B
SURVEY QUESTIONNAIRE
Date
: _________________________
Province/Municipality
: _________________________
1. Socio – Demographic Profile
A. PERSONAL PROFILE
Name
:
__________________________________
Address
:
__________________________________
Age
:
__________________________________
Gender
:
___ Male
___ Female
Marital status :
___ Single
___ Married
Highest education attained
:
_____________________
Years of active farming
:
_____________________
Crops grown
:
_____________________
Farming approach
:
___ organic
___ conventional
Market of commodities
:
___ Trading post___ Hangar Market
(BaguioCity)
___ Direct Market
Place : ____________
Estimated income per cropping :
_______________________
2. Condition of Bauko, Mountain Province
a. Geographical Locations/Elevation
___ Hilly
___ Slopy
___ Rolling
___ Flat
b. Elevation (MASL) Measure Above Sea Level:
____ Below 750 MASL
____ 751 – 1,000 MASL
____ 1,000 – 1,250 MASL
____ 1,251 – 1,500 MASL
____ 1,501 – 1,750 MASL
____ 1,751 – 2,000 MASL
____ 2,001 and above MASL
c. Annual rainfall:______
d. Temperature: ______
118
CHARACTERISTICS OF THE FARM BY PARCEL
1. Basic characteristics of farms by parcel
Largest vegetable parcel
Number of Total area
Normal yield
vegetable
cultivated
attained during
Tenurial
parcels:
the past three
Physical
status
Water
cropping
area (sq.
Location
(Enter
Availability
seasons (kg) :
meters):
(Enter codes):
codes):
(Enter codes)
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
(5)
(6)
(7)
CODES
Item (5) -
1 - W/n the barangay
Item (7) WATER
1 - Very poor
LOCATION:
2 - Outside the barangay,
AVAILABILITY:
2 – Poor
w/n the municipality
3 - Average
3 - Outside the municipality
4 - Good
5 - Very good
Item (6) -
1-Owner
TENURIAL
2-Amortizing
STATUS:
3 Leasee
4-Tenant
5-Others (Specify)
____________
2. Accessibility to major wholesale markets
Distance to the
Means of
Road
nearest wholesale
transportation Average one-way
structure
Average travel time
market (Km.):
(Enter codes):
fare (Peso)
(Enter codes)
(Minutes):
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
(5)
CODES
Item (2) - MEANS
1 – Jeep
Item (4) - ROAD
1 – Sand
OF
2 – Tricycle
STRUCTURE:
2- Asphalt
TRANSPORTATIO
3 – Truck
3 – Concrete
N:
4 - Others (Specify)
4 - Gravel
__________
5 - Others (Specify)
______
V. PRODUCTION INFORMATION FOR LAST CROPPING
Vegetable Crop
Area
Area
Quantity
Quantity
Price
Total Sales
planted
Harvested harvested
sold
(per
(sq. Meters)
(sq.
(in kilos)
(in kilos)
kilo)
Meters)
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
(5)
(6)
(7)
119
1. Potato
2. Cabbage
3. Legume
(Baguio Bean)
4.
5.
6.
7.
e. Wind velocity:
______
3. Vegetable Production Management System
a. Knowledge on vegetable production management practices
1. Crops planted (Enumerate):
1.
2.
3.
4.
2. Production Practices
Land Preparation: _____ twice ______ 3x
_____ 4x
_____ 5x
Source of irrigation: _____ spring
_____ river
_____rainfed
Crop protection:
_____ Chemicals
Insecticides
Fungicides
_________
_________
_________
_________
_________
_________
Frequency
_________
_________
_____ Botanicals
kinds ________
Weed control
_____ Mechanical
______ Herbicides
______ Kinds Pre-emergence Post emergence
___________ ___________
___________ ___________
*Fertilizers used:
Commercial (enumerate)________________________
Amounts:
_______ kgs.
______ bags
Method of Application: ______ side dressing ______ basal
Organic __________________________________
Types: ______ compost
______Manure
______ chicken dung
______ cow manure
______ commercial
3. Characteristics of farm.
Attitude towards vegetable production management system.
a.
Farming is risky. _____ yes
_____ no
If yes, what are the risks?
_____ erosion
_____ pest and diseases
_____ market prices
_____ Others
120
b.
Farming is high maintenance.
_____ Yes
______ No
If yes, what are the cause?
______ enumerate:
b.
Skil s and level of adoption of technologies provided by government and
non – government institutions.
Technology/Cultural Management Practices
Awareness
Used last cropping season?
Aware
Not
Yes
No
If No why?
aware
(enter codes)
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
(5)
3.1 Potato
3.1.1Seedlings
1. Tubers are best at dry season.
2. Plant optimum distance is 30x30 cm
3. Cuttings are good during rainy season.
4. Soaking with trichoderma as control for rotting
5. Apply fertilizer following the recommended rate. If there is
no analysis, split application of the fertilizer is
recommended.
6. Others, please specify
3.1.2 Vegetative
1. Spray pesticide following the recommended rate and apply
before pest and disease appears. Prevention is better
than cure as they say.
2. For organic practitioners, always practice sanitation.
3. Hil up the plant base after 45 days from planting to cover
the tubers from exposing against the sun.
4. Irrigation should be applied as needed.
5. Others, please specify
3.1.3 Maturity to harvest
1. Harvest tubers when vegetative parts start to dry.
2. In high altitude areas, the tubers can be stored in the soil
up to two months, provided, temperature is very low.
3. Others, please specify
3.2 Cabbage/120Chinese cabbage/lettuce
3.2.1 Seedlings
1. Seeds should be planted on seedbed to facilitate ease on
control over the plants especially when water is scarce.
2. This will also allow pest and disease control.
3. In higher elevation areas, seedlings can be ready at 30
days but can be planted by 20 days onwards on low
elevated areas
4. Plant distance is 20 x 20 cm. (the wider the space, the
bigger the head)
5. Others, please specify
3.2.2 Vegetative
1. Plants are hilled up with fertilizers at 2 weeks after
transplanting.
2. Irrigation should be done as needed.
121
3. Weeding should be done to avoid competition by the
weeds.
4. At head formation stage, water should always be available
so that head hardening wil not be disrupted.
5. Others, please specify
3.2.3Maturity to harvest
1. Harvest cabbage/Chinese cabbage when the heads
hardened or gain its maximum maturity because if not, the
heads will crack as a result of over maturity.
3.3 Beans/garden pea
3.3.1 Seedlings
1. Select seeds that are not destroyed or deformed.
2. Plant in plots thoroughly prepared
3. Distance is 5-7 inch for pole beans; 10 inch for bush snap
beans; 5 inch for sweet peas
4. Irrigate immediately after planting
5. Others, please specify
3.3.2 Vegetative
1. Thin leaves that are drying or those leaves that are old.
2. Hil up plants at three weeks after emergence.
3. For pole beans, put trel is if the shoots start to emerge.
4. Apply pesticide 10 days before fruit picking.
5. Others, please specify
3.3.3 Maturity to harvest
1. Pick the fruit at the desired physiological maturity.
Codes (Item 5) Reasons: 1 –unavailability of inputs
2 – limited information
3 – high price of input
4 – labor intensive/cumbersome
5 - Others (specify):________________
c.
Benefits in vegetable production system.
1. Annual Income derived from vegetable production
____ Less than P 20,000
____ P 21,000 – P 40,000
____ P 41,000 – P 60,000
____ P 61,000 – P 80,000
____ P 81,000 – P 100,000
____ Above P 100,000
2. Annual income derived from sources other than farming
____ Less than P 20,000
____ P 21,000 – P 40,000
____ P 41,000 – P 60,000
____ P 61,000 – P 80,000
____ P 81,000 – P 100,000
____ Above P 100,000
122
House improvements :___ Renovation
___ Construction of new house
___ Construction of additional houses in other places
Furniture/house wares purchased from farm gains/income
___ Appliances ( ___ TV ___Radio ___Oven; Others: ______________)
___ Equipment like machineries (water pumps, etc..)
__________________________________________________
___ Other investments like cars, elf etc. _________________________
Education of children
:
___ professionals
___ College level
___ High School
___ Elementary
MARKETING OF PRODUCE
1. Type/s of outlet (Enter code/s)
______________________
2. Method/s of sale (Encircle code/s)
1 – Delivered 2 - Picked up
3. Mode/s of payment (Encircle code/s)
1 – Cash 2 – Credit
4. How long have you been selling to this/these outlet/s?
5. Do you go through a middleman?
1 Yes 2 No
(Encircle code)
6. If yes, how long have you been transacting with the middleman?
7. How much premium does the middleman usual y get?
8. How long does it usually take you to obtain information about the prevailing sel ing price?
9. How much profit (in pesos) did you earn last cropping?
CODES FOR TYPE OF OUTLET:
1-Wholesaler
2-Retailer
3-Wholesaler-retailer
4-Assembler
5-Others (Specify)__________
d.
Problems and constraints experienced in farming.
1.
Irrigation
_____ low
_____ scarce _______ rainfed
2. Crop protection _____ high costs of farm inputs
_____ insect and disease resistance to chemicals
_____ low resistance of plants to pests and diseases
_____ high incidence of pests and diseases
_____ soil pollution
_____ lack of knowledge on crop production
(technical know-how and trainings)
_____ calamity (typhoons)
3.
Marketing system
_____ unstable prices of commodities
_____ perishability of products
_____ over supply of commodities
_____ presence of middlemen
_____ problem on vegetable importation
4. Transportation
_____ unavailable
_____ high transport cost
123
4. Relationship of the farmers and the current vegetable production management
practices
a. Membership to farmers’ organization or groups.
____ Cooperative
____ Organization ( name of organization); ________
____ Others ( Specify ). _________________
Reasons for joining such organization:
_____ Access to technologies
_____ Access to credits or loans
_____ Access to market
_____ Social purposes
b. Status as member of coop or organization
____Officer
____ Member
____ Number of years in coop.
c. Farmers and current vegetable production management practices.
Is there a need to change the current vegetable production management
practices?
_______ Yes
_______ No
If yes, why?
_______ Usual practice is obsolete
_______ Need to upgrade technologies and equipment
_______ Unpredictable weather and climate
_______ Pest and disease resistance
______ Unproductive soil
______ Others
124
BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCH
Everything has its humble beginnings. The researcher believes that
life begun when her parents brought her to the world on January 27, 1974
at Sangilo Mines, Itogon, Benguet. She was the second child of Dr. Patrick
B. Aplaten (+) and Mrs. Constancia Aplaten, both educators at the
secondary level. In this home she had four playmates as she grew up,
three brothers, and a sister where memories were imprinted some scenes
of their days. Looking back on her early years, she remember herself as
an active child who is always fascinated of all the things around her.
Though life then is hard, she had a comfortable upbringing and enjoyed a
normal, active childhood.
When education for the siblings is about to start, the family moved
to Guinzadan Sur, Bauko, Mountain Province where she started to learn
her ABC’s in this little hometown. She continued her secondary education
at Guinzadan National High School until she graduated in 1991. After
125
graduation, she was thinking of what to do next but then she was
reminded of her father who used to play soil in the garden planting
different kinds of vegetables for their consumption. Right at that moment,
her heart is dedicated to nature.
Since many aspects of human life depends on agriculture, the
researcher decided to take up Bachelor of Science in Agriculture at
Benguet State University majoring in Soil Science and minor in Extension
Education where she graduated in March, 1996.
She is married to James Paulino Masillem, a native of Besao and
Mankayan, Benguet by whom they are blessed with three children:
Michelle, Nicole and Kristhna Keziah. At present, she is working at
Mountain Province State Polytechnic College – College of Forestry and
Agriculture, Tadian campus as an Assistant Professor.
To her, education is a very precious tool in life. It is the knowledge
of putting one's potentials to maximum use and cannot be measured by
money, fame and other things. Education is the only treasure that one
keeps and that which nobody can take away from us.
Document Outline
- CHARACTERIZATION OF VEGETABLE PRODUCINGCOMMUNITY IN BAUKO, MOUNTAIN PROVINCE
- ABSTRACT
- INTRODUCTION
- REVIEW OF LITERATURE
- METHODOLOGY
- RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
- SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
- LITERATURE CITED
- APPENDICES