BIBLIOGRAPHY BACAGAN, CHRSTINA...
BIBLIOGRAPHY
BACAGAN, CHRSTINA F. APRIL 2011. Communication Strategies on the
Practice of Chono, a Traditional Wedding of Sadanga, Mt. Province. Benguet State
University, La Trinidad, Benguet.
Adviser: Anna Liza B. Wakat, MDc.
ABSTRACT
The study was conducted to document the communication strategies on the
practice of Chono, a traditional wedding of Sadanga, Mt. Province. Five key informants
were personally interviewed by the researcher.
The objectives of the study were to determine the processes being done during the
practice of Chono; determine the communication strategies being used in the practice of
Chono; and determine the communication strategies being done to pass down the practice
from one generation to another.
The Chono involved many processes. These processes were Te-er (rest), Kedag,
Dekat, Among, Dawis, Piswid or Luwad, and another Te-er. There were many different
communication strategies used in the practice. These included communication strategies
in communicating the Chono within and outside the community; communication among
the families of the couple to wed; communication with the unseen spirits; and the use of
symbolic materials for communication. There were no deliberate ways being done to pass
down the practice from one generation to another but the practice could be learned
through observation and participating in the practice.
Communication strategies used in the practice of Chono should be continued and
maintained. A video documentation of the practice should be made to help the
community preserve their culture so that the younger generation and people not from the
community could watch it. Further studies must also be conducted to support and validate
the findings of this study.
INTRODUCTION
Rationale
Communication is the transmitting of information, ideas, values, beliefs and
attitudes from one person to another. It is the cement that holds society together. Without
it, society would fall apart. This social process includes all the ways by which man shares
with fellow man what are in his mind and heart (Maslog, 1988). Thus, without
communication, it would be impossible to pass along the elements of a culture from one
generation to next and from one place to another (Ruben, 1988).
Everything that had been known and discovered way back times would have been
forgotten long and would have never thought to exist if it was not for communication.
Living forever is not such to humans, thus, he has to relay or pass on whatever he had
acquired to his children who would otherwise do it to his children for knowledge of one
generation need not die with its creators.
Although cultures change and disappear over time, there are those societies who
were able to survive. There are a lot of tribal groups found in the Philippines which were
able to preserve their own culture that until to this time, they are practicing. These were
maybe tribes who had better communication strategies though it had been through oral
communication only.
The people of Sadanga in Mountain Province are one ethnic group that still has
many of their traditions and practices being done this time. One of which is the practice
of Chono. Chono is the grandest of the marriage rituals and is led by the kadangyan
(wealthy) people of the community. It is the most expensive feast of the people as it
Communication Strategies On The Practice Of Chono, A Traditional Wedding
Of Sadanga, Mountain Province/Christina F. Bacagan
involves the butchering of many carabaos. Those participating in Chono must have to
finish the karang and ropis (Makchong, 2010). According to Pog-ok (2010), the
minimum number of carabao that a leader of Chono would butcher is seven carabaos and
this could go higher as ten carabaos. On the other hand, the second to the leader would
butcher a minimum of six carabaos while the participants other than the leader and the
second to the leader would butcher a minimum of one carabao.
Some economists term this mass celebration as an “economic suicide” but to the
community folks “it is the realization of their grandest dreams akin to a graduation”
(Barangay Profile, 2010). According to Guinaowa (2010), Chono is a “ragragsak di
kakadangyan” (merriment of the wealthy/ rich people of the community). Pog-ok (2010)
said that Chono is a form to show and know who has savings and this is also the time to
call the relatives. Nawey-wey (2010) supported this when he said that the community
does the Chono to gather their relatives and to get to know each other. This was
somewhat also a family reunion.
At this time that the people are in the generation of modernization and
technology, there is a chance that these rich cultures may be forgotten and disregarded
though not at once but little by little. Moreover, despite the richness of our cultures, many
are still ignorant on such practices and traditions which every ethnic group or tribe
performs. Awas (2009) cited that lack of standardization and documentation of
indigenous technologies and practices hinders the transmission of indigenous knowledge
to the next generation within the community.
There are literatures about Chono that could be found but not studies on
communication strategies used in Chono, thus, this study has float up.
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Statement of the Problem
Generally, the study aimed to identify the communication strategies being used in
the practice of Chono.
Specifically, it aimed to answer the following questions:
1. What are the processes being done in the practice of Chono?
2. What are the communication strategies being used in the practice of Chono?
3. What are the communication strategies being done to pass down the practice
from one generation to another?
Objectives of the Study
The study tried to identify the communication strategies being used in the practice
of Chono.
It specifically intended to:
1. determine the processes being done during the practice of Chono;
2. determine the communication strategies being used in the practice of Chono;
and
3. determine the communication strategies being done to pass down the practice
from one generation to another.
Importance of the Study
The major purpose of this study was to provide insights and documents for the
people of the community with regards to the practice of Chono. Moreover, this study
aimed to provide information which will be available not only to the people of the
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community where it is being practiced but also to any interested individual or group from
other communities who wish to understand the said practice.
Furthermore, this study may serve as instruments for the IPs and as guidelines to
those who will conduct a study of the same scope and other related fields.
Scope and Limitations of the Study
The study focused on the communication strategies used in the practice of Chono
in Sadanga, Mountain Province. Other practices were not included. Also, the community
people’s perceptions were not tackled.
Communication Strategies On The Practice Of Chono, A Traditional Wedding
Of Sadanga, Mountain Province/Christina F. Bacagan
REVIEW OF LITERATURE
The Bontoks
Mountain Province is home to different groups that include the Kankana-eys in
the west and south and the Bontoks who are found in the central and eastern portions of
the province, particularly in the municipalities of Bontoc, Barlig and Sadanga (Cordillera
Schools Group, Inc., 2003).
Based on their mythology, according to Jenks (1905) as cited by the Cordillera
Schools Group, Inc. (2003), the Bontoks were said to have descended from a brother and
sister who survived a great flood during the mythical period. Historians and
anthropologists, however, believe the Bontoks are descendants of Indonesian and Malay
immigrants who landed in the Easter coast of Northern Luzon and moved to the
hinterlands of the cordillera before finding themselves in the areas occupied by the
present-day Bontoks. The Bontoks, however, have no memory of such invasion and
migration. They claim to have lived in their present dwelling place since time
immemorial and they have always called themselves the ipukao- the people.
Courtship, Marriage and Wedding Rituals
Bontok courtship and marriage involve round of activities which are to be
followed by the couple for a successful marriage (Cordillera Schools Group, Inc., 2003).
According to Botengan (1976) as cited by the Cordillera Schools Group, Inc.
(2003), courtships usually take place in the olog that is visited by the boys, bachelors and
widowers. Generally, young boys do the courting but a girl who fancies a boy is allowed
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to initiate. She sends a ganta of dried black beans (faratong) to the house of the boy
through an old woman. If the boy is agreeable, he accepts the dried beans. However, he
may send back the dried beans if he does not like the idea but he has to pay back the old
woman with a bundle of firewood.
The boys and girls freely mix in the olog and build friendships. Initially, there are
no serious involvements; the meetings are fun-filled evenings where the boys begin to
fancy certain girls whom they visit regularly. As a sign of his affection, the young man
also visits the home of the girl’s parents to help in the household chores (Cordillera
Schools Group, Inc., 2003).
If the feelings are mutual, the couple informs their respective parents and they are
betrothed. Even before the actual nuptial rites, the betrothed couple can sleep together in
the olog before they move to the house of either party or stay there, the woman
performing their duties as a wife (Cordillera Schools Group, Inc., 2003).
Whether the proposal of marriage is initiated by the man or by the woman, the
sending of the black beans is considered the first step in the formal marriage procedure.
After the delivery of the black beans by a woman messenger, the parents of the woman
send another elderly woman messenger to inform the parents of the man that the slabs of
salted pork of about one kilogram (khaku) will be sent. Upon receipt of a positive
response, the girl’s parents inform their immediate relatives who gather the next day to
send off the salted meat. Meanwhile, the bachelor’s relatives also gather at the man’s
house to welcome the meat that is carried from the woman’s house by a man of good
standing in the community. The salted meat is either cooked and partaken of by the
gathered people or distributed to relatives. If the meat is to be distributed, it has to be
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cooked and cut in chunks to be distributed that same evening by eight male friends of the
groom who go in pairs to deliver the chunks of meat to the relatives of both the bride and
groom. In exchange for the meat, the groom’s parents take cooked glutinous rice (sapa)
to the woman’s house. The bride’s parents and relatives also pound and cooked glutinous
rice to be added to the sapa from the man’s house and distributed also to their relatives
(Cordillera Schools Group, Inc., 2003).
While the messengers are distributing the glutinous rice, both the families of the
bride and groom butcher a chicken for the manmanok (a ceremony involving the
butchering of only a chicken) to celebrate their exchange of food (insukatan nan makan),
a ritual that is prerequisite for each family’s partaking of each other’s food according to
Botengan (1976) as cited by the Cordillera Schools Group, Inc. (2003). After the
exchange ritual, the farey may be started right that evening. A bundle of pitch wood is
sent by the groom’s parents to the olog of the bride through and elderly woman neighbor.
This is a message that tells the bride (accompanied by a girl’s friend) to go down to the
house of the groom. The groom’s parents must wake up early to wait for the bride and her
friend who upon their arrival sit down for a minute or two and then immediately depart to
their olog where they are not to sleep but sit around the fire until morning (Cordillera
Schools Group, Inc., 2003).
The following day is called kamat, (to sew tight) where the parents of the bride go
to the groom’s house bringing with them a basket of rice and some salted meat. The
kaulog of the bride are also invited to the house of the groom to pound enough palay for
the karang (the formal declaration of a couple as man and wife) to be celebrated in the
evening of kamat. It is considered the man marriage rite and is the last stage of the ritual
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for most people unless they can continue with the lopis, a bigger and more elaborate
marriage ritual (Cordillera Schools Group, Inc., 2003).
Preparations for the karang start at dusk of the day of the kamat when the bride’s
parents bring salted pork to the groom’s house. The groom’s parents must also have an
available equivalent of the salted pork. The salted pork meat is cooked and one relative
each from the two households butcher the two chickens supplied by the bride and the
groom’s parents to be used for the prayer or invocation (kapya). The biggest feathers of
the chickens are stuck into the karang, the main implement used by the old man who
prays for a good, prosperous and healthy life for the new couple. After the meat is
cooked, each of the two female parents prepare two plates containing rice, one leg of
chicken and the upper half of the chicken from the head down the back to the pomade
tank (tuwid). These are used for the kapya prayer to be said by the members of the
couple. Food is then served to the gathered relatives after this ceremony according to
Botengan (1976) as cited by the Cordillera Schools Group, Inc. (2003).
The following day is called putut (to half) so named because only the immediate
relatives, the parents, the siblings, and the first cousins of the couple are invited to get
together for breakfast as an indication that the marriage ritual is nearing the end. At this
stage, all those that participated in the marriage rituals must observe the restrictions with
the family members. They are to abstain from doing activities such as going to work out
in the fields, eating fresh foods or attending funeral rites until the prohibition period is
over (Cordillera Schools Group, Inc., 2003).
The ngilin period provides time for the observance of signs whether the marriage
should go on to be consummated, postponed or the occurrence of thunder and lighting,
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the newlyweds can now live formally as husband and wife but they are not allowed to
consummate the union at least after five days more. Older men give their blessings to the
couple during the manmanok performed by the bride’s parents. After this, the karob
rituals follow. This is the final rite performed before the new couples are allowed to sleep
together (Cordillera Schools Group, Inc., 2003).
The Chono
The Chono is one of the most important of all wedding ceremonies. Only the rich
families with the hereditary right to practice it in the social ability perform such an
expensive ceremony participate in it. This involves an elaborate round of rituals and
activities that lasts for more than a month and entails the butchering of several caraboas,
pigs and chickens to be partaken of by the invited guests and members of the village.
According to Reid (1961) as cited by the Cordillera Schools Group, Inc. (2003), the
Chono should be participated in on three separate occasions for a “successful marriage”.
During the days preceding the actual starting date of chono, the participating
families begin making preliminary arrangements. They store large quantities of rice,
fayas or rice wine (tapey) and salt to preserve the meat to be butchered during the
following days. A ceremonial leader (pomango) is also selected to assume the
responsibilities of leadership for the occasion (Cordillera Schools Group, Inc., 2003).
The first day of chono feast is siwag, a ceremony performed to officially begin the
restrictions for the villagers. During the three days of siwag, the old men chosen to
perform the ceremony (maniwag) watch out for omens and initiate the restrictions (afig)
that must be adhered to by the villagers and the chono participants (chomno). This is
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followed by koskos (lit., stripping of bark) where the pomango and a group of young
kinsmen helpers go to the mountain and cut pine trees that they take back to the village.
The timber is used for hanging carabao heads killed for the chono. The first carabao
killed is called the salag, said “to have particular value in producing fruitful and
successful marriages”, according to Reid (1961) as cited by the Cordillera Schools
Group, Inc. (2003).
Following the sacrifice of the salag is the kedkechag (lit., to chase), where able-
bodied men let loose a carabao in the mountain, chase it and kill it with spears. This is
done every day for four days. The meat of the carabaos killed is salted for the big day.
After the kedkechag, the pomango leads the other men to the mountains where they cut
timber for the vat stands (challatey) and gather a thin straight branch to serve as the
sanchag. The sanchag is a symbol of fertility that is erected together with the sagkipik, a
frame where the sanchag is tied in position. A day before the wedding proper, the
participating families are expected to kill a large pig, the head of which is placed on the
shelf of the sagkipik. This starts the merry making that continues through the day and into
the night.
Invited visitors and guest arrive the following day and join the celebration
characterized by much dancing and drinking of sugarcane wine (fayas). The guests
disperse the next day carrying with them share of uncooked salted wine meat. This does
not, however, end the chono. Feasting and other ceremonies continue for several days.
Chickens are butchered and the animal heads are taken down from sagkipik and cooked
for the villagers to eat (Cordillera Schools Group, Inc., 2003).
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Culminating the entire chono period is the sakap-ot. This involves the butchering
of a final pig sacrifice. This also ends the afig restrictions put on all the villagers who
may now return to work in their rice fields and start their normal village activities that
were put to a stop for nearly two months (Cordillera Schools Group, Inc., 2003).
Importance of Cultural Practices in Promoting
Community Development
According to Alvarez as cited by Esplanada (2009), culture is an engine for
economic growth, a building block of our social creation, an asset of our national pride
and a force for education and social transformation, as well as an effective tool for
cultural diplomacy.
Also, celebrations of festivals such as the Dayaw Festival which has the primary
purpose to: provide venue for indigenous peoples (IP) to celebrate the richness of their
cultures; allow cultural exchanges that will foster deeper cultural understanding to sustain
a culture of peace; provide opportunity to discuss IP rights; give students and other
people a chance to deepen their awareness and appreciation of indigenous cultures;
recognize the expertise and contributions of indigenous communities; and advocate for
the preservation as well as integration of traditional culture into the national cultural
mainstream (NCCA, 2010).
According to the NCCA-Intangible Heritage Committee, the role of the darangen
(comes from the Maranao word “darang,” which means “to narrate, in the form of a song
or chant.” ) in Maranao offers valuable clues into how the Maranao people relied on oral
traditions to provide societal norms and solutions to certain economic, cultural and
historical issues in their society. The darangen remains an important source of
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information regarding the Maranao value system, social etiquette, mythology and
marriage customs and traditions. Ancient Maranao society was highly structured, and
prescribed a strict code of behavior. In addition, the darangen explores the relationship
between the earth-bound society and the more mythical sky kingdoms. More
importantly, the darangen contains the Maranao theories of governance and strategies for
war and combat. The epic is a story of how communities struggled to maintain peace and
defended their territories from invaders. It is inevitable that the epic would be filled with
advice for the warrior, such as how to handle a sword, how to declare war, and enter into
treaties (NCCA, 2001).
In the study of Nuval (2010) he cited that Ba’diw (oldest way of storytelling in the
form of chants among Ibalois) practice gives impact and significance to the societal
development of the community like agriculture, politics, community relations, family
ties, health, and education.
According to Cotde, as cited by Nuval (2010), their success was brought about by
these cultural practices.
Challenges in the Preservation and Transmission
of Indigenous Practices
In the study of Dayao (2010), she cited some constrains in the transmission of
Bugkalot cultural practice such as story telling of local folklores as follows: death of
elders and stories, negative notion on folk stories, cultural ethnocide, lack of time and
interest, uncooperative interest among youth, and poor orientation of children on orality
as their indigenous culture and advancement of technology.
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Of Sadanga, Mountain Province/Christina F. Bacagan
In addition, the challenge lies on the prevailing factors in the modern society such
as influences of religious beliefs, economic migration, education, and cultural
deterioration (Nuval, 2010).
The conversion of the Ifugao who practices Hudhud (a chant recited during
harvesting and weeding of rice, funeral wakes, and bone-washing (bogwa) rituals) to
Christianity weakened their traditional culture. The few people who know all the epics
are now old, and young people are not inclined toward the practice of this tradition
(NCCA, 2001).
Definitions of Terms
The following terms are herein conceptually defined to give a clearer
understanding of the study.
Bontoks. Used to refer to the ethnolinguistic group while the term Bontoc is used
to refer to the central Bontoc town or municipality.
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Of Sadanga, Mountain Province/Christina F. Bacagan
METHODOLOGY
Locale and Time of the Study
The study was conducted in Sadanga, Mountain Province (Figure 1). Sadanga is
a 5th class municipality in the province of Mountain Province, Philippines. According to
the 2007 Philippine Census Information, it has a population of 9,706 people in 1,628
households. It has an area of 32.2 sq mi. It has eight (8) barangays namely Anabel,
Betwagan, Belwang, Bekigan, Poblacion, Sacasacan, Saclit, and Demang.
Sadanga, Mountain Province was chosen as the locale of the study because they
practice Chono in their community.
The study was conducted February-March 2011.
Respondents of the Study
There were five key informants who were interviewed about the practice of
Chono. Their ages range from 60 to 80 years old.
The youngest among them was Jose Bannagao who is 62 years old and hails from
Barangay Belwang. Other key informants were Inver Pog-ok who was from Barangay
Belwang and Fassong Guinaowa who was from Barangay Bekigan and both were 65
years old. Older key informant was George Makchong with the age of 71 and was from
Barangay Betwagan. The oldest of them was Kayat Nawey-wey who was 80 years old
and was from Barangay Poblacion.
Four of the key informants were male while only one is a female, Inver Pog-ok.
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Figure 1. Map of Mountain Province showing the locale of the study
The key informants were participants of Chono in the past. They were considered
as elders in the community and they were trusted to be knowledgeable with regards to the
practice.
Data Collection
This study collected data from five key informants through an interview schedule.
Guide questions were used to gather the data. The medium of language used during the
interview was the dialect of Belwang, Sadanga, Mountain Province. This was then
translated to English.
Communication Strategies On The Practice Of Chono, A Traditional Wedding
Of Sadanga, Mountain Province/Christina F. Bacagan
Data Gathered
The data gathered included: the processes being done during the practice of
Chono; the communication strategies used in the practice of Chono; and, the
communication strategies being done to pass down the practice from one generation to
another.
Data Analysis
The data gathered were consolidated, tabulated, and were presented through a
narrative form.
Communication Strategies On The Practice Of Chono, A Traditional Wedding
Of Sadanga, Mountain Province/Christina F. Bacagan
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Processes Involved in the Practice of Chono
Te-er (rest day for the whole community). According to the key informants, a
Chono would start and end with a te-er. The first te-er would last for a day. During this
day, no guests or outsiders were allowed to enter the community. During the te-er, the
oldest man in the community would get a chicken from the house of the sumikchat
(leader of Chono) and would go and butcher it at the Papatay. The following day, the
first carabao called sarag would be butchered by men sent by the sumikchat (leader of
Chono). The meat of the sarag will be eaten by the umili during the evening and the
morning of the following day.
Kedag (to chase). The day after the killing of the sarag was called the Kedag.
Kedag would take as long as five days. On the first day, men would butcher a carabao
owned by the sumikchat. On the second day, the kumadwa (second to sumikchat) would
have a carabao of his be butchered. On the third day, the third carabao of the sumikchat
would be butchered. Both the sumikchat and the kumadwa would have two of their
carabaos be butchered on the fourth day. On the last day of Kedag, all the participants of
the Chono would have their carabaos be butchered.
Dawis. Next to Kedag was the Dawis. Dawis lasted for two days. Early morning
of the first day, men would continue to butcher the carabaos if any left. Invitations would
be sent also. Moreover, men who are present at the house of the sumikchat (leader of
Chono) and the kumadwa (second to sumikchat) would put up the fansar, an elevated
platform or tower made of pine tree wood. This fansar was where the heads of the
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carabaos were hung for the guests to see. The next day, the other participants will have
their fansar be put up.
Among (merriment day). After the Dawis was the Among. Guests would go and
eat at their respective co-clan members who invited them and give also their
surpon/supon (gifts) which may be in terms of cash or kind. The ragragsak (merriment)
would include the playing of pattong (gongs) by the men and the dancing of sagni (native
dance) by the women. Group of men led by the elders would sing also the ayyeng while a
group of women sing their serwe-ey. This would last overnight. The following day of the
Among, the guests would go home.
Piswid. One week after the Among was the Piswid or Luwad. The sumikchat
(leader of Chono) and the kumadwa (second to sumikchat) would each butcher a pig and
cook together with any left meat of the carabaos to be eaten by the umili (whole
community people). They would put up a fansar on the same day. The following day, the
common participants would do the same, butcher a pig and put up a fansar, cook any left
meat of the carabaos together with the meat of the pig and would be eaten by the umili.
Te-er. After the Piswid, the umili would remove the fansar and then they would
have te-er (rest) for two to three days.
Communication Strategies Involved in the Practice
Communication within and outside the Community. According to Bannagao,
Chono would start when one of the kadangyans in the community thought of wanting his
children to have Chono. He would call his co-kadangyans in the community to come and
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join him drink fayash in his agamang (rice granary). While they drink fayash, he would
then mention that he thought of having Chono and that his children would be the leader.
Bannagao added that this news would spread in the community through those
people present in the agamang. This happens when they go home, tell their family about
it until it spreads from house to house and the whole community. This is still a story by
word of mouth but is expected to really happen. According to him, it was believed that
once someone said that he would have Chono and this did not happen, he would die.
When the person who thought of having Chono is ready for the Chono, he would
do the senga. He would have a pig be butchered and the umili would go and eat in his
home. After everyone had eaten, he would then formally announce that he would let his
children have Chono and that they would lead the Chono. He would display a ligao
(winnowing basket) filled with chunks of meat of which one has the biggest slice. Those
who would join the Chono would get a piece of meat from the ligao. The person who
picked the biggest slice would mean that he would be second to the sumikchat (leader of
Chono) and would be called kumadwa (second). It is here that they would know the
temporary number of those who would join the Chono.
According to Bannagao, the participating families, especially those who have
thought late of joining the Chono would be given at least a week to gather and prepare
the necessary materials needed for the upcoming Chono. When the leader have seen that
everybody has returned wherever they went to get their materials, he would tell that they
would have te-er in the community to the panglakayen of the ili responsible in
disseminating information in the community. The panglakayen would then shout during
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the evening when everybody is in the community that they would have te-er the
following day to start the Chono.
The te-er would mean that everybody in the community was restricted to go to
their fields and work. It was believed that when someone had insisted of going to the
fields and he/she heard a frog croaked, he/she would die. Moreover, the te-er would also
mean that no outsider was allowed to enter the community. If an outsider has entered the
community, the essence of the te-er would be lost and they would have to reschedule
another te-er.
Bannagao said that the spreading of news in the community happen in the Ator, at
the fields when people would work together or walk together wherever they go, at the
agamang when men gather and drink the fayash of whoever had invited, and at homes
when family talk about it.
According to Bannagao, home visit was necessary when inviting a guest. The
person assigned to invite the guests from a certain place need to go personally to the
house of the invitee. Inviting the guests personally show that the person inviting is
sincere.
According to Bannagao, the people chosen to invite the guests are the relatives of
both the couple’s family. This is because they know whom to invite and where to find the
people to be invited. The people assigned to invite the guests would be paid with kinds
such as meat and rice when they arrive together with the guests during the Among. The
kinds given would be a means of appreciation and thanking for the effort of the person.
Communication within the Families of the Chomno. According to Bannagao,
someone among the parents of the couple would have to think of having the couple have
Communication Strategies On The Practice Of Chono, A Traditional Wedding
Of Sadanga, Mountain Province/Christina F. Bacagan
Chono first. The head of the family usually does this. When both parents have agreed that
they will let their children have Chono, they would go and talk with the parents of their
child’s groom or bride in their house. They would have to agree both before they discuss
and plan what to do.
Among the most discussed topic was who would provide the materials needed
during the Chono. If the parents of the groom said that they would provide five carabaos
and the parents of the bride said that they would provide three carabaos, and then they
would agree to butcher eight carabaos during the Chono. This would likewise happen on
the providing of the rice, fayash, and other materials. It is not necessary that the groom’s
parents would provide the higher number but this would depend on who is able to
provide.
If both families of the couple agreed on such matters, they would then start to
prepare or gather the materials needed.
Communication with the Unseen Spirits. According to Bannagao, offering a
prayer to Kabunian usually happens when they butcher an animal. It also happens when
men chant the ayyeng and the women chant the serwe-ey and when kapya/kapia is done.
Bannagao said that the men who butchered the chicken at the Papatay would say
a prayer first before killing it. The Papatay is a sacred place where a sacred tree is found.
It is a place where offerings and prayers for the umili are being done.The content of the
prayer usually would be asking Kabunian to let all the chomno live long and that the
Chono would go well.
When the sarag was to be butchered, the prayer would be to ask Kabunian to
bless the meat so that it would be enough for everybody in the community. The
Communication Strategies On The Practice Of Chono, A Traditional Wedding
Of Sadanga, Mountain Province/Christina F. Bacagan
butchering of sarag, the first carabao to be butchered would mean that butchering of
carabaos needed would be done simultaneously according to the sequence of who would
have his carabao be butchered.
Bannagao said that prayers were said every time an animal was to be butchered
during the kedag. The prayer would be asking Kabunian to bless the meat so that it would
be enough to feed all the guests and the umili. Prayers are also being said when rice were
to be cooked. The prayer would usually be asking Kabunian to bless the rice so that it
would be in excess so that it would be enough to feed everybody.
According to Bannagao, the kapya/kapia is done when guests arrive in the
community during the Among. The guests usually arrive by group according to the place
where they came from. These guests would be met by group of men sent by the
sumikchat. These men would bring with them gongs and would play it wherever they
would meet the guests. After playing the gongs, the leader of the men who was usually
the eldest would say a prayer. The prayer usually was to ask Kabunian to make every
guest be safe and in peace and be in good health while they were in the community.
As the guests play the gongs and dance the sagni during the night of the Among,
group of men and women usually the old folks would chant the ayyeng and the serwe-ey
on different rooms of the house of the chomno. The ayyeng of the men and the serwe-ey
of the women usually talk about the couple to have many children, especially sons. The
chant would also ask Kabunian to bless their marriage life and the couple’s taraken to
become abundant and so with their pagey and crops. The chant starts by chanting the
word ayyeng and serwe-ey first then the prayer or favor asked then ends it with the word
ayyeng or serwe-ey. This happens every time a new favor/prayer is said. Among the
Communication Strategies On The Practice Of Chono, A Traditional Wedding
Of Sadanga, Mountain Province/Christina F. Bacagan
group, there is one who would lead the chant by chanting first the words then it would be
repeated by the others. The leader is usually someone who is good in composing a chant
and a prayer. This was according to Bannagao.
These prayers are being done by the elders of the community. It maybe the eldest
present or whoever was asked to do so.
Symbolic Materials for Communication. According to the key informant, a
podong (Figure 2) was used to give a sign that the community was having te-er. This was
made of the young leaves of the reeds. This was tied like a knot and be placed standing
firm on all entrance to the community. An elder from the community would go and offer
a prayer at the Papatay together with the podong made before it would be distributed on
all the entrance into the community. The prayer usually would ask Kabunian to bless the
chomno and that their family would be always in good health.
The tapey (rice wine) must always be brought when going to the Papatay. This
was being offered to Kabunian. The men would call for Kabunian and the spirits to join
them for drink and would ask them to bless the couple so that they would live long.
According to Bannagao, it was believed that when you go do the prayers at the Papatay
without tapey, the person/s would be whipped by the unseen spirits and they will become
sick.
The fansar (Figure 3) was made up of pine tree wood. It was a structure made of
four posts in pairs and is paired diagonally by two woods and has a flat wood on top. This
is being put up just in front of the chomno’s house. This was where the heads of the
carabaos butchered were hung for show off and for everybody to see. The more carabao
heads hung, the wealthier the chomno.
Communication Strategies On The Practice Of Chono, A Traditional Wedding
Of Sadanga, Mountain Province/Christina F. Bacagan
Figure 2. Pictures of Podong
Communication Strategies On The Practice Of Chono, A Traditional Wedding
Of Sadanga, Mountain Province/Christina F. Bacagan
Illustrated by: Anna Liza Pindog
Figure 3. Illustration of fansar
Photo by: Salvador Guingar
Figure 4. Picture of carabao
heads hung
Communication Strategies On The Practice Of Chono, A Traditional Wedding
Of Sadanga, Mountain Province/Christina F. Bacagan
Passing Down the Practice from One Generation to Another
The key informants learned how the Chono was being done by witnessing it from
their parents and because they needed to know. According to Pog-ok, she had to know
because she was one of the participants in the past. Moreover, she added that as they
perform the Chono during the times they had participated, they have learned the process.
According to Bannagao, he had learned how the practice was being done through
observing it as it was being done. He said that he believes that that was how the others
learned about it because accordingly, the how’s of Chono are not really being taught like
in school. Instead, it was more on self learning. Moreover, he said that some may have
also learned about Chono in the Ator especially when the event has occurred during the
time because it was also being discussed there. Furthermore, he added that like him, most
of those who really know how Chono was being done have been participants before and
have gone through the process.
Communication Strategies On The Practice Of Chono, A Traditional Wedding
Of Sadanga, Mountain Province/Christina F. Bacagan
SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
Summary
The study was conducted to determine the communication strategies being used
in the practice of Chono. Specifically, it aimed to determine the processes being done in
the practice of Chono and to determine the communication strategies used in the practice.
The data were gathered through an interview schedule with the key informant.
The data gathering was conducted on March 2011.
According to Bannagao, a key informant, Chono was being led by a kadangyan
from the community. He said that the processes of Chono would start with a te-er of one
day followed by kedag, Among, Piswid, and then another te-er which would end the
Chono.
Bannagao said that Chono would come out when someone among the kadangyans
thought of having so. Senga was being done to inform this to the umili and to know who
would join the upcoming Chono. The spreading of news in the community happens in the
Ator, at home, and wherever people are gathered to talk about it.
According to Bannagao, prayers were being said every time an animal was to be
butchered and rice was to be cooked, during kapia/kapya, and during the singing of the
ayyeng and the serwe-ey during the night time of the Among. This prayer was offered to
Kabunian, the name of the god of the umili and was done by the elders of the community.
He also said that the very symbolic material needed during the Chono would be
the tapey, butchering of the sarag, the Papatay, and the fansar. Without the tapey, the
person offering at the Papatay could become sick. Kedag would not be possible without
Communication Strategies On The Practice Of Chono, A Traditional Wedding
Of Sadanga, Mountain Province/Christina F. Bacagan
butchering first the sarag which was believed to bring prosperity to the family involved
in the Chono. On the other hand, without the fansar, the chomno would not be able to tell
the people how many carabaos they have butchered.
According to Bannagao, certain relatives of the couple were assigned to do the
dekat/chekat or the invitation of the guests for the upcoming Chono. They were being
paid with kinds such as meat and rice as a sign of appreciation and thanking after they
have returned from wherever they were assigned to invite.
According to the key informants, Chono was not being taught. Instead, it was a
self learned process through observation or being a participant in the practice.
Conclusions
Based on the findings of the study, the following conclusions were drawn:
1. The Chono involves many processes and requires butchering of carabaos. It is a
celebration which involves the whole community.
2. There are many different communication strategies involved in the practice of
Chono specifically in communicating the Chono within and outside the community,
communicating with the unseen spirit, passing down the practice from one generation to
another, and through the use of the different symbolic materials.
3. There are no deliberate ways being done to pass down the practice but the
practice could be learned through observation and participating in the practice.
Recommendations
Based on the results of the study, the following recommendations were derived:
Communication Strategies On The Practice Of Chono, A Traditional Wedding
Of Sadanga, Mountain Province/Christina F. Bacagan
1. The communication strategies applied in the practice of Chono should be
continued and maintained.
2. Further studies must be conducted to support and validate the findings of this
study. Studies on the traditional practices of Mountain Province and the Cordillera must
also be done.
3. A video documentation on the practice of Chono should be made to help the
community preserve their culture and so that the younger generation and people not from
the community could watch it.
Communication Strategies On The Practice Of Chono, A Traditional Wedding
Of Sadanga, Mountain Province/Christina F. Bacagan
LITERATURE CITED
AWAS, F. 2009. Staged Bendian as a Medium of Community Dialogue and Action for
Development and Cultural Integrated in Contemporary Kabayan, Benguet,
Philippines.MS Thesis. Benguet State University, La Trinidad, Benguet. P. 24.
BARANGAY PROFILE OF SADANGA, MOUNTAIN PROVINCE. 2010
CORDILLERA SCHOOLS GROUP, INC. 2003. Ethnography of the Major
Ethnolinguistic Groups in the Cordillera. Quezon City: New Day Publishers. Pp.
1-27.
DAYAO, S. 2010. Bugkalot Cultural Practices and Cultural Values from Story Telling of
Local Folk Stories Retained in the Writings of Selected Pupils in Belance
Elementary School, Nueva Viscaya. BS Thesis. Benguet State University, La
Trinidad, Benguet. P. 47.
ESPLANADA, J. 2009. RP named Asean culture capital for 2010, 2011. Philippine Daily
Inquirer. Retrieved October 20, 2010 from http://globalnation.inquirer.net/news/
breakingnews/view/20091207-240692/RP-named-Asean-culture-capital-for-2010-
2011 %3Cstrong.
GUINAOWA, F. 2010. Chono. (Personal Interview)
MAKCHONG, G. 2010. Chono. (Personal Interview)
MASLOG, C. 1988. Philippine Communication: An Introduction. Quezon City: New
Day Publishers. P. 44.
NATIONAL COMMISSION FOR CULTURE AND THE ARTS. 2010. NCCA
Celebrates Indigenous Peoples Month this October with Dayaw Festival:
Indigenous Peoples Month 2010. Retrieved October 20, 2010 from
http://www.ncca.gov.ph/about-ncca/press-releases/press-release.php?i=67.
NATIONAL COMMISSION FOR CULTURE AND THE ARTS. 2001. Intangible
Heritage. Masterpieces of the Oral and Intangible Heritage of Humanity.
Retrieved October 20, 2010 from http://www.ncca.gov.ph/about-culture-and-
arts/culture-profile/culture-profile-intangible-heritage.php.
NAWEY-WEY, K. 2010. Chono. (Personal Interview)
NUVAL, P. 2010. Ba’diw as a Communication Tool for Community Development in
Topdac, Atok, Benguet. BS Thesis. Benguet State University, La Trinidad,
Benguet. P. 60.
Communication Strategies On The Practice Of Chono, A Traditional Wedding
Of Sadanga, Mountain Province/Christina F. Bacagan
POG-OK, I. 2010. Chono. (Personal Interview)
RUBEN, B. 1988. Communication and Human Behavior. New York City: Macmillan
Publishing Company. P. 388.
Communication Strategies On The Practice Of Chono, A Traditional Wedding
Of Sadanga, Mountain Province/Christina F. Bacagan
APPENDICES
APPENDIX A
Communication Letter
Benguet State University
DEPARTMENT OF DEVELOPMENT COMMUNICATION
College of Agriculture
_________________
_________________
_________________
_________________
Sir/Madame,
Warm greetings!
I am a senior student of Bachelor of Science in Development Communication
major in Community Broadcasting of Benguet State University. At present, I am
conducting my undergraduate thesis entitled “Communication Strategies on the Practice
of Chono, a Traditional Wedding of Sadanga, Mountain Province”.
In this regard, please allow me to gather important information that will answer
the objectives of my study from the concerned people in your community. Rest assured
that all information that will be gathered is for academic purposes only.
Your approval to this request will be very much appreciated. Thank you and God
bless.
Respectfully yours,
CHRISTINA F. BACAGAN
Student Researcher
Communication Strategies On The Practice Of Chono, A Traditional Wedding
Of Sadanga, Mountain Province/Christina F. Bacagan
Noted:
ANNA LIZA B. WAKAT
Research Adviser
APPENDIX B
Guide Questions for the Key Informants
I. Socio-Demographic Profile of the Key Informants
Name: _______________________________________________
Sex: ____Male
____Female
Age: _____________
Place of Origin: _______________________________________
II: Processes Involved in the Practice
1. What are the processes being done in the practice of Chono?
_______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________.
III: Communication Strategies Being Used in the Practice
1. What are the communication strategies you are using in the practice?
_______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________.
IV: Passing of Practice from One Generation to Another
1. What are the communication strategies you do in passing down the practice
from one generation to another?
_______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________.
V: Methods of Disseminating Information and Invitations
Communication Strategies On The Practice Of Chono, A Traditional Wedding
Of Sadanga, Mountain Province/Christina F. Bacagan
1. Who are the persons responsible in disseminating information and invitations?
__________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________.
2. What are your methods in disseminating information and invitations? Please
check.
___Home visit
___Through cell phone/telephone/walkie-talkie calls
___Announcing it on radio
___Publishing it on newspapers
___Advertising it on TV
___Distribution of invitation cards
___Others (please specify)
Communication Strategies On The Practice Of Chono, A Traditional Wedding
Of Sadanga, Mountain Province/Christina F. Bacagan
Document Outline
- Communication Strategies on thePractice of Chono, a Traditional Wedding of Sadanga, Mt. Province
- BIBLIOGRAPHY
- ABSTRACT
- INTRODUCTION
- REVIEW OF LITERATURE
- METHODOLOGY
- RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
- SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
- LITERATURE CITED
- APPENDICES