BIBLIOGRAPHY NGAWIT DENVER N. APRIL 2012....
BIBLIOGRAPHY
NGAWIT DENVER N. APRIL 2012. Growth and Yield of Four Varieties of Bush
Snap Beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L) Inoculated with BSU Indigenous Microbial Organisms
(IMO) under La Trinidad, Benguet condition. Benguet State University.
Adviser: Janet P. Pablo, M.Sc
ABSTRACT
The study was conducted to determine the growth and yield of the different varieties
of bush snap beans; determine the effect of Benguet State University indigenous microbial
organisms (IMO) inoculation on the bush snap bean varieties; determine the interaction
effect of BSU-IMO inoculation and the different bush bean varieties; and determine the
profitability of using BSU indigenous microbial organisms (IMO) inoculation in bush snap
bean production under La Trinidad, Benguet condition.
The inoculation of BSU-IMO did not significantly increase the growth and yield of
the bush bean varieties. In most of the parameters gathered, no significant differences were
recorded as an effect of the variety except for pod length. The non-application of BSU-
IMO for bush bean production is more profitable.
Growth and Yield of Four Varieties of Bush Snap Beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L) Inoculated
with BSU Indigenous Microbial Organisms (IMO) under La Trinidad, Benguet condition
NGAWIT DENVER N. APRIL 2012
INTRODUCTION
Bush bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) is a bushy and determinate crop, and is
commercially grown in the highlands of the Cordillera. It is considered as one of the leading
farm crops in Benguet and Mountain Province, grown for its economic value and also for
its nutrients as it is an important source of fibers, riboflavin and niacin as well as some
phosphorous, calcium and iron (Loakan, 2003).
Bush beans, being a legume have the ability to fix nitrogen from the atmosphere
through the action of nitrogen-fixing bacteria present in its roots known as Rhizobium. This
ability of legumes gives them the advantage over any other crops for enabling to supply
themselves partially with nitrogen and helps in the maintenance of soil fertility level.
For profitable production, the introduction of high yielding varieties is of great
importance for successful production. Another practice is the enhancement of the nitrogen
fixing capability of the crop through inoculation. New varieties as well as modern cultural
practices such as effective inoculation are more scientific approaches towards a greater and
successful production.
Inoculation is known to have an important role in legume production. Inoculation
or introducing proper strain of bacteria to legume seeds intended for planting by adding
Rhizobium will create the legume to secure nitrogen from the air (Pog-ok, 2001).
Mass destruction of beneficial microorganisms in the soil is brought by man’s
excessive use of chemicals and inorganic fertilizer in farming, mostly in every cropping.
Moreover, intensified cultivation requiring continuous and excessive application of those
inputs makes the soil acidic and causes deterioration of natural ecosystem. Consequently,
Growth and Yield of Four Varieties of Bush Snap Beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L) Inoculated
with BSU Indigenous Microbial Organisms (IMO) under La Trinidad, Benguet condition
NGAWIT DENVER N. APRIL 2012
this results to irreversible decline in productivity with time per unit area even with
increasing farm inputs.
Several factors have been mentioned to cause low quality and yield. One of these
factors is the leaching and mineralization of soil nutrients due to excessive use of
agricultural chemicals. Some of the beneficial microorganisms are also becoming
eliminated due to over application of chemical fertilizers and pesticides which make the
soil unfavorable for both the soil microorganism and the crop.
Due to the increasing population and with the economic crisis and changing
climate, there is a need to increase the production through the use of good varieties and
appropriate cultural management of crops.
Using good and new varieties for local farmers may be the solution of the low-
yielding problem that had been observed and reported. Thus, evaluating different bean
varieties is essential in identifying the best variety for a given location.
On the other hand, legume inoculants play an important role in leguminous crops
as they prevent early nitrogen starvation, increase the chance of the young plants to
nodulate and enrich the soil when allowed to decompose. Thus, the study would like to
determine the effect of legume inoculation in the improvement of the yield of legumes
using effective microorganisms.
The study aimed to:
1. determine the growth and yield of the different varieties of bush snap
beans;
2. determine the effect of Benguet State University indigenous
microbial organisms (IMO) inoculation on the bush snap bean varieties;
Growth and Yield of Four Varieties of Bush Snap Beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L) Inoculated
with BSU Indigenous Microbial Organisms (IMO) under La Trinidad, Benguet condition
NGAWIT DENVER N. APRIL 2012
3. determine the interaction effect of BSU indigenous microbial
organisms (IMO) inoculation and the different bush bean varieties; and
4. determine the profitability of using BSU indigenous microbial
organisms IMO inoculation in bush snap bean production under La Trinidad,
Benguet condition.
The study was conducted at the Benguet State University Experimental
Station at Balili, La Trinidad, Benguet from November 2011 to January 2012.
Growth and Yield of Four Varieties of Bush Snap Beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L) Inoculated
with BSU Indigenous Microbial Organisms (IMO) under La Trinidad, Benguet condition
NGAWIT DENVER N. APRIL 2012
REVIEW OF LITERATURE
Varietal Evaluation
Different varieties which were grown under the same method of culture have a great
variation in the yielding ability. A variety that yields well in one region is not a guarantee
that it will perform well in another region (Reily and Shry, 1991).
Bean performs best in soil that are well structured and heavy rich loam with an
optimum ph range of 5.6-6.8. It is a short day crop, sensitive to photo period. Its growth
and development are favored mildly by cool environments, while high temperatures delay
flowering (Bawang, 2006).
Work and Carew (1995) states that varietal evaluation is important to observe the
performance character such as yield, earliness, vigor, maturity and quality because
different varieties have a wide range difference of a plant, in size and in yield performance.
Further, improving crop performance, productivity, plant breeding and using new
developments in agricultural biotechnology will allow the increase in crop yields and
maintenance of yield stability without increasing land usage (Reddy and Hodges, 2000).
Cultural Management Practices
The growth and yield of snap beans are best in high elevations. Yield was
significantly low in lower evaluations maturity was longer in higher evaluations than in
lower evaluations.
Dwarf or bush cultivars which do not require support are early maturing while the
climbing or pole cultivars which require support take longer period of to mature and have
a longer bearing season.
Growth and Yield of Four Varieties of Bush Snap Beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L) Inoculated
with BSU Indigenous Microbial Organisms (IMO) under La Trinidad, Benguet condition
NGAWIT DENVER N. APRIL 2012
Ware and Swiader (2002) stated that seeds should be planted 0.5 to 1.0 inch deep
in heavy soil and 1.5 inches in sandy soils so that they will obtain adequate moisture. Beans
are moderately deep rooted crops in which a constant supply of moisture is needed to
maximize yield and quality and to maintain uniformly. The plant should use as much as
0.2 inch of water per day during dry season. A shortage of moisture during flowering can
cause blossoms and pods to drops. Deformed pods can result from water stress due to low
soil moisture or excessive transpiration.
The flowering of “green matured” pods start 60 days from planting under La
Trinidad condition (Kudan, 1991). In warmer area it is earlier to mature while in higher
elevations takes longer period with cooler temperature. Harvesting is dependent on the
variety used, location and temperature. Seeds are harvested after the pods are mature and
when seed moisture content is approximately 16 to 20 percent. Harvesting and handling
low-moisture beans (less than 14%) may result in mechanical and seed loss.
Legumes and Rhizobium
Legumes are crucial to the balance of nature. They convert nitrogen from the air
into ammonia, a soluble form of nitrogen, which is readily utilized by plants. The ability
of legume crops to fix atmospheric nitrogen often result in a lower utilization of inorganic
nitrogen sources in the soil profile as compared to non-fixing crops. In this way, inorganic
nitrogen is conserve for the following crops unless it is lost by votalization, leaching, or
dentrification (Evans, 1991).
Rhizobial inoculation significantly increases the nodule weight and number during
the first cropping but the effect of Rhizobial inoculation on nodulation was no longer
detected during the succeeding legume crop.
Growth and Yield of Four Varieties of Bush Snap Beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L) Inoculated
with BSU Indigenous Microbial Organisms (IMO) under La Trinidad, Benguet condition
NGAWIT DENVER N. APRIL 2012
Inoculation should be practiced to hasten the trapping of the atmospheric nitrogen.
Inoculation introduces to the plant the bacteria, “Rhizobium” which is capable of trapping
atmospheric nitrogen for plant use at early stage. The bacteria that multiply and grow on
the roots of legumes change the nitrogen in the soil air biochemically in to a fixed from
attached to the root nodules.
Fiarawan (2001) noted that in terms of plant height, pod yield and seed yield, there
is significant interaction effect between the Rhizobial strains and rice bean varieties. The
varieties inoculated with TAL 899 or TAL 117 produced the best potential for nodulation,
nitrogen fixation and yield production. Inoculation of legume seed is usually recommended
in order to obtain the highest rate of fixation.
There are many benefits derived from effective inoculation such as the reduction of
demand for soil nitrogen, prevention of early nitrogen starvation and improvement of the
grain and protein yield.
Growth and Yield of Four Varieties of Bush Snap Beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L) Inoculated
with BSU Indigenous Microbial Organisms (IMO) under La Trinidad, Benguet condition
NGAWIT DENVER N. APRIL 2012
MATERIALS AND METHODS
A total land area of 150 m2 was used in the experiment. The area was divided into
three blocks, consisting of four plots each with a dimension of 1m x 5 m. The experimental
area was laid-out in a split-plot design with three replications (Figure 1). Four entries of
bush snap beans were used in the study. Two seeds were sown per hill at a distance of 20
cm between rows and 20 cm between hills. The different bush bean varieties and soil
inoculation with indigenous microorganisms (IMO) served as treatments. Inoculants
served as main plot while the bush snap bean varieties as sub-plot. The IMO that was used
in this experiment were bought at the BSU Organic Market.
Main plot-Inoculation (IC)
IC1- No Inoculation (Control)
IC2- With inoculation
Sub plot-Bush Snap Bean Varieties (V)
V1- Contender
V2- Hab 63
V3- Sablan
V4-Hab 19
The IMO and Procedure of Inoculation
Indigenous Microorganism is a wettable powder containing microbial bacteria. It
was developed for seed/seedling inoculation, microbial Inoculants, compost activator and
soil conditioner. Rhizobium is nitrogen- fixing bacteria present in the roots and reported
Growth and Yield of Four Varieties of Bush Snap Beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L) Inoculated
with BSU Indigenous Microbial Organisms (IMO) under La Trinidad, Benguet condition
NGAWIT DENVER N. APRIL 2012
Figure 1. Overview of the experimental area and at planting
Growth and Yield of Four Varieties of Bush Snap Beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L) Inoculated
with BSU Indigenous Microbial Organisms (IMO) under La Trinidad, Benguet condition
NGAWIT DENVER N. APRIL 2012
to fix atmospheric nitrogen and help in maintenance of soil fertility level. The IMO was
developed by Mr. Eric Tinoyan from the BSU organic market. Which was collected from
the forest at Klondykes, Camp One, Tuba Benguet. The method of application will be to
sprinkle contents to 100 m2 area before land preparation.
The data gathered were the following:
1. Number of days from sowing to emergence. This was recorded by counting the
number of days from planting to the time at least 50% of plants have fully emerged.
2. Number of days from emergence to flowering. This was recorded by counting
the days from emergence to the day when at least 50% of the plants have fully opened
flowers.
3. Number of days from flowering to pod setting. This was recorded by counting
the number of days starting from flowering to the day when pods set formed.
4. Number of days from emergence to first harvesting. This was recorded by
counting days from emergence to first harvesting
5. Number of days from emergence to last harvesting. This was recorded by
counting the number of days from emergence to last harvesting.
6. Initial plant height (cm). This was taken by measuring one week after emergence
from the base to the plant at the ground level to the tip of the youngest shoots using the
meter stick from ten sample plants.
7. Final plant height (cm). This was taken by measuring from the base of the plant
at the ground level to the youngest shoots before the first harvest, using a meter stick from
ten sample plants.
Growth and Yield of Four Varieties of Bush Snap Beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L) Inoculated
with BSU Indigenous Microbial Organisms (IMO) under La Trinidad, Benguet condition
NGAWIT DENVER N. APRIL 2012
8. Number of flower cluster per plant. The numbers of flowers cluster per plant
were counted from ten sample plants per plot.
9. Number of flowers per cluster. The numbers of flowers per cluster were counted
from ten sample plants per plot.
10. Number of pods per cluster. The number of pods per cluster was
counted from ten sample plants per plot.
11. Percentage pod set per cluster. This was determined using the formula:
% Pod Setting = Total No. of Pods per Cluster x 100
Total No. of Flower per Cluster
12. Length of marketable pods (cm). Ten samples pods were picked at random from
each plot and their length was measured from pedicel end to blossom end using the veirner
caliper.
13. Width of marketable pods (cm). This was obtained by measuring ten random
sample pods per plot using the veirner caliper.
14. Weight of marketable pods (kg). The marketable pods were harvested and
weighted every harvesting period. Marketable must be free from insect pest, diseases and
not deformed.
15. Weight of non-marketable pods (kg). The non marketable pods were those
affected by insect pest, diseases, and deformed pods. It was weighed at harvest.
16. Total yield per plot. This was obtained by weighing all the harvested marketable
fresh pods per plot.
17. Computed fresh pod yield per hectare. This was determined using the formula:
Yield (t/ha) = Yield/5m2 x 2
Growth and Yield of Four Varieties of Bush Snap Beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L) Inoculated
with BSU Indigenous Microbial Organisms (IMO) under La Trinidad, Benguet condition
NGAWIT DENVER N. APRIL 2012
18. a) Reaction to pod borer. This was noted by assessing the degree of infestation
by pod borer using the following scale used at BSU-IPB Highland Crop Research Station,
(Tandang L. et al., 2008).
Scale
Description
Remarks
1
No infection
High resistance
2
1-25% of total plant/plot
Mild resistance
is infested
3
26-50% of the total plant/plot is Moderate resistances
infested
4
51 - 75% of the total plant/plot
Susceptible
is infested
5
76-100% of the total plant/plot
Very susceptible
is infested
b) Reaction to bean rust. This was noted by assessing the degree of infection caused
by bean rust that infested the crop using the following scale used at BSU-IPB, Highland
Crop Research Station, (Tandang L. et al., 2008).
Scale
Description
Remarks
1
No infection
High resistance
2
1-25% of total plant/plot
Mild resistance
is infested
3
26-50% of the total plant/plot
Moderate resistances
is infested
4
51 - 75% of the total plant/plot
Susceptible
is infested
5
76-100% of the total plant/plot
Very susceptible
is infested
Growth and Yield of Four Varieties of Bush Snap Beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L) Inoculated
with BSU Indigenous Microbial Organisms (IMO) under La Trinidad, Benguet condition
NGAWIT DENVER N. APRIL 2012
19. Return on Cash Expenses. This was computed using the following formula:
ROCE= Gross Sales- Total Expenses x 100
Total Expenses
20. Agro-Climatic Data. The average monthly temperature, relative humidity,
rainfall and sunshine duration was taken at Philippine Atmospheric Geophysical and
Astronomical Services Administration (PAGASA), Agronomical Meteorological Station.
Analysis of Data
All quantitative data were analyzed using the Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) for
Split Plot Design with three replications. The significance of differences among the
treatment means were tested using the Duncan’s Multiple Range Test (DMRT) at 5% level
of significance.
Growth and Yield of Four Varieties of Bush Snap Beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L) Inoculated
with BSU Indigenous Microbial Organisms (IMO) under La Trinidad, Benguet condition
NGAWIT DENVER N. APRIL 2012
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Agro- climatic Data During
the Study Period
Table 1 shows the temperature, relative humidity, rainfall and sunshine duration
during the study. Average temperature ranged from 15.5 to 19.5oC, with a maximum
temperature of 25o C while the minimum temperature was 14oC. The relative humidity
was 84 to 87%, rainfall of 2.20 to 6.40 ml and sunshine duration of 244 to 340 mins.
The agro climatic data during the conduct of the study was favorable for bush
bean production. Snap beans grow best in areas with temperature between 150C to 210C.
Also, bush bean varieties can tolerate low temperature better than the climbing varieties
(HARRDEC, 2000). Since the rainfall amount is not significant, regular irrigation was
done.
Table 1 Agro-climatic data during the study period (November 2011-January 2012)
TEMPERATURE RELATIVE RAINFALL SUNSHINE
MONTHS
MAX MIN AVE
HUMIDITY AMOUNT DURATION
(OC) (OC) (OC)
(%)
(mm)
(min)
NOVEMBER 24 15 19.5
86
2.20
257
DECEMBER 17 14 15.5
87
6.40
244
JANUARY 25 14 19.5
84
3.20
340
Growth and Yield of Four Varieties of Bush Snap Beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L) Inoculated
with BSU Indigenous Microbial Organisms (IMO) under La Trinidad, Benguet condition
NGAWIT DENVER N. APRIL 2012
Days from Sowing to Emergence,
Flowering, Pod Set, and Harvesting
Effect of inoculation. There were no significant differences observed on the
number of days to emergence, flowering, and pod setting and to harvesting of the four
bush snap bean varieties as affected by the inoculation of BSU indigenous microbial
organism (IMO).
Effect of variety. The result showed no significant differences on the number of
days from sowing to emergence, flowering, and pod setting and to harvesting. The four
bush snap bean varieties uniformly emerged eight days after sowing, flowered 33 days
from sowing and set pods eight days from flowering as shown in Table 1. Harvesting was
done at 55 and 59 days from sowing.
Interaction effect. No significant interaction effect was observed on the four bush
bean varieties and inoculation on the number of days from sowing to emergence, flowering,
pod setting and to harvesting.
Table 2. Days from sowing to emergence, flowering, pod set, and harvesting of the four
bush bean varieties applied with inoculants
TREATMENT
DAYS FROM SOWING TO HARVESTING
EMERGENCE FLOWERING POD SET FIRST LAST
Inoculation (A)
W/ BSU IMO
8
33
41
55
59
W/o BSU IMO
8
33
41
55 59
Variety (B)
Contender
8
33
41
55
59
Sablan
8
33
41
55
59
Han 19
8
33
41
55
59
Hab 63
8
33
41
55
59
AxB
ns
ns
ns
ns
ns
CV (a) %
0
0
0
0
0
Growth and Yield of Four Varieties of Bush Snap Beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L) Inoculated
with BSU Indigenous Microbial Organisms (IMO) under La Trinidad, Benguet condition
NGAWIT DENVER N. APRIL 2012
CV (b) %
0
0
0
0
0
Plant Height
Effect of inoculation. There were no significant differences among the four bush
snap bean varieties and the application of BSU indigenous microbial organisms (IMO) on
the plant height at 14 and 48 days after sowing. The final mean height ranges from 26.42
to 28.33cm.
Effect of variety. The plant height at 14 DAS of the four bush snap beans varieties
was significantly different. Hab 19 was the tallest plant with an initial height of 12.21cm
while the shortest plant was Contender with a height of 11.50cm. No significances on the
final plant height of the different varieties were recorded.
The significant differences could be attributed to the inherent characteristics of the
entries and adaptability to climatic condition. Plant height could influence the number of
pods per plants even in dwarf varieties. The taller the plants, the higher the number of pods
per plant that could be expected due to possible higher photosynthetic rate brought about
by longer sunshine duration (Borricano, 2008).
Interaction effect. There were no significant interaction effects between the
inoculation of BSU indigenous microbial organisms and the four bush snap bean varieties
on the height of the plants at 14 and 48 DAS.
Growth and Yield of Four Varieties of Bush Snap Beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L) Inoculated
with BSU Indigenous Microbial Organisms (IMO) under La Trinidad, Benguet condition
NGAWIT DENVER N. APRIL 2012
Table 3. Plant height of the four bush bean varieties applied with inoculants
TREATMENT
HEIGHT (cm)
INITIAL (14 DAS)
FINAL (48 DAS)
Inoculation (A)
W/ BSU IMO
11.79
28.33
W/o BSU IMO
11.72
26.42
Variety (B)
Contender
11.50c
27.00
Hab 63
11.80b
27.50
Sablan
11.60bc
27.33
Hab 19
12.12a
27.67
AxB
ns
ns
CV (a) %
6.51
4.89
CV (b) %
1.85
3.52
Means with same letter are not significantly different at 5% level by DMRT.
Number of Flower Cluster, Flower per Cluster,
Pods per Cluster and Percent Pod Setting
Effect of inoculation. No significant differences on the number of flower cluster,
number of flower per cluster, percentage of pods per cluster and the number of pods per
cluster as affected by the inoculation of BSU indigenous microbial organisms (IMO) on
the four bush snap bean varieties as shown in Table 4.
Effect of variety. The results showed that there were no significant differences
between the varieties on the number of flower cluster, number of flower per cluster, percent
of pods per cluster and pods per cluster produced as shown in Figure 2. Numerically, Hab
63 had the highest percent pod setting of 63.55%.
Interaction effect. There was no significant interaction effect between the
inoculations of BSU indigenous microbial organisms among the four varieties of bush snap
beans on the number of flower cluster produced, number of flower per cluster, percent pod
setting.
Growth and Yield of Four Varieties of Bush Snap Beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L) Inoculated
with BSU Indigenous Microbial Organisms (IMO) under La Trinidad, Benguet condition
NGAWIT DENVER N. APRIL 2012
Table 4. Number of flower cluster, pods per cluster, percent pod setting, and flower per
cluster of the four bush bean varieties applied with inoculants
TREATMENT
NUMBER
FLOWER FLOWER PER
PODS PER %POD
CLUSTER CLUSTER
CLUSTER SETTING
Inoculation (A)
W/ BSU IMO
3.56
3.44
2.20
62.45
W/o BSU IMO 3.50
3.48
2.15
61.82
Variety (B)
Contender
3.48
3.37
2.18
61.70
Hab 63
3.52
3.42
2.17
63.55
Sablan 3.52
3.48
2.18
62.78
Hab 19
3.60
3.58
2.17
60.52
AxB
ns
ns
ns
ns
CV (a) %
4.48
1.58
4.36
1.6
CV (b) %
7.40
6.39
4.20
1.7
Means followed by common letter are not significantly different at 5% level DMRT.
Figure 2. Flower and pod cluster of the bush bean varieties inoculated with BSU-IM
Growth and Yield of Four Varieties of Bush Snap Beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L) Inoculated
with BSU Indigenous Microbial Organisms (IMO) under La Trinidad, Benguet condition
NGAWIT DENVER N. APRIL 2012
Reaction to Pod Borer and Bean Rust
Regardless of the inoculation treatment and the different bush bean varieties used,
all of the plants showed mild resistance to pod borer and bean rust except for Hab 63 with
moderate resistance to pod borer. The plants inoculated with BSU-indigenous microbial
organisms (IMO) showed 1-25% infection and infestation of the total plant per 5m2.
Pod Width and Length
Effect of inoculation. There was no significant differences on the effect of BSU
indigenous microbial organisms (IMO) inoculation on the pod width and length of the four
varieties of bush snap beans with 0.79 to 0.81 cm. On the pod length, application of BSU-
IMO significantly produce the longest pod of 13.98cm. Pod length is one of the criteria use
to determine the marketability of legume pods. Consumers and buyers of beans usually
prefer longer pods than shorter ones (Viernes, 2000).
Effect of variety. No significant difference was noted on the different varieties of
bush snap beans in terms of width of marketable pods. In terms of length Contender and
Hab 19 significantly produced the longest pods of 14.16 and 13.88cm but comparable with
Sablan (13.41 cm). On the contrary, the snap bean with narrow pods are considered to be
desirable in the market and generally preferred by consumers (Calya-en, 2009).
Interaction effect. There were no significant interaction was recorded in terms of
pod length and width as affected by the inoculation of BSU indigenous microbial
organisms and the four varieties of bush snap beans.
Growth and Yield of Four Varieties of Bush Snap Beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L) Inoculated
with BSU Indigenous Microbial Organisms (IMO) under La Trinidad, Benguet condition
NGAWIT DENVER N. APRIL 2012
Table 5. Width and length of marketable pods of the four bush snap bean varieties applied
with inoculants
TREATMENT
POD
WIDTH
LENGTH
(cm)
(cm)
Inoculation (A)
W/ BSU IMO
0.79
13.98a
W/o BSU IMO
0.8
13.65b
Variety (B)
Contender
0.79
14.16a
Hab 63
0.77
13.41b
Sablan
0.81
13.41ab
Hab 19
0.81
13.88a
AxB
ns
ns
CV (a) %
2.7
0.61
CV (b) %
4.54
2.44
Means with common letter are not significantly different at 5% level DMRT.
Marketable and Non-marketable
Yield, Total and Computed Yield
Effect of inoculation. Inoculation did not significantly increase the weight of
marketable, non-marketable fresh pods, total and computed yield. The four varieties of
bush snap bean mean yield range from 1.12 to 1.22kg/3m2 and 0.33 to 0.36 kg/3m2,
respectively. As cited by Giller and Wilson (1991), Phaseolus vulgaris was considered as
poor nitrogen fixing grain legumes but under optional conditions, nitrogen fixation is up to
72% of nitrogen and in longer growing seasons amounts to 125kg /ha.
Effect of variety. Table 6 and Figure 3 showed that there was no significant
differences among the four varieties as observed in terms of marketable and non-
marketable weight of fresh pods. Numerically, Hab 63 produced the heaviest marketable
pods (1.83kg/3m2), while Sablan had the lowest non-marketable pods (0.30kg/3m2). The
lowest was recorded in Hab 19 (0.10kg/3m2). Computed yield ranges from 4.86 to
Growth and Yield of Four Varieties of Bush Snap Beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L) Inoculated
with BSU Indigenous Microbial Organisms (IMO) under La Trinidad, Benguet condition
NGAWIT DENVER N. APRIL 2012
5.26tons/ha. Low yield was attributed to the unexpected and unreasonable actions of some
people; all of the unharvested pods of the four bush snap bean varieties were stolen.
Harvesting was done twice only.
Interaction effect. No significant interaction effect was noted in terms of the
marketable, non-marketable weight of fresh pods, total and computed yield of the four
varieties of bush snap beans and the inoculation of BSU indigenous microbial organisms
(IMO).
Table 6. Yield of marketable and non-marketable pods (kg/3m2) of the four bush snap bean
applied with inoculants
TREATMENT
YIELD (Kg/3m2)
COMPUTED
MARKETABLE
NON
TOTAL
YIELD
MARKETABLE
(t/ha)
Inoculation (A)
W/ BSU IMO
1.12
0.36
1.49
4.97
W/o BSU IMO
1.22
0.33
1.58
5.27
Variety (B)
Contender
1.23
0.38
1.62
5.41
Hab 63
1.83
0.32
1.48
4.93
Sablan
1.20
0.30
1.53
5.10
Hab 19
1.10
0.37
1.50
5.00
AxB
ns
ns
ns
ns
CV (a) %
8.88
4.87
12.72
13.76
CV (b) %
8.85
6.43
26.51
28.21
Growth and Yield of Four Varieties of Bush Snap Beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L) Inoculated
with BSU Indigenous Microbial Organisms (IMO) under La Trinidad, Benguet condition
NGAWIT DENVER N. APRIL 2012
Contender
Marketable Non-marketable
Hab 63
Marketable Non-marketable
Sablan
Marketable Non-marketable
Hab 19
Marketable Non-marketable
Figure 3. Marketable and non-marketable pods inoculated with BSU-IMO
Growth and Yield of Four Varieties of Bush Snap Beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L) Inoculated
with BSU Indigenous Microbial Organisms (IMO) under La Trinidad, Benguet condition
NGAWIT DENVER N. APRIL 2012
Contender
Marketable Non-marketable
Hab 63
Marketable Non-marketable
Sablan
Marketable Non-marketable
Hab 19
Marketable Non-marketable
Figure 4. Marketable and non-marketable pods without inoculation of BSU-IMO
Growth and Yield of Four Varieties of Bush Snap Beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L) Inoculated
with BSU Indigenous Microbial Organisms (IMO) under La Trinidad, Benguet condition
NGAWIT DENVER N. APRIL 2012
Return on Cash Expense
Effect of inoculation. As shown in Table 7, inoculation gave the least return on cash
expense of 6 to 29% while no application of inoculation realized an average of 458%
ROCE. The high cost of inoculant attribute to low ROCE obtained.
Effect of variety. Among the varieties, Contender obtained the highest ROCE
(235%) while the lowest was recorded in Hab 19 (227%).
Interaction effect. Bush bean varieties Sablan and Hab 63 not applied with
inoculants recorded the highest ROCE of 476%. On the contrary, the same varieties had
the lowest ROCE when applied with BSU-IMO of 6%.
Table 8 Return on Cash Expense of the four Bush Bean varieties applied with inoculants
TREATMENT
YIELD
GROSS
COST OF
NET ROCE
(Kg/9m2) INCOME PRODUCTION INCOME
(%)
(PhP)
(PhP) (PhP)
W/ BSU IMO
Contender
5.1
91.80
71.25
20.55
29
Sablan
4.2
75.60
71.25
4.35
6
Hab 63
4.2
75.60
1.25
4.35
6
Hab 19
4.5
81.00
71.25
9.75
14
Mean
14
W/o BSU IMO
Contender
4.5
81.00
15.00
66.00
440
Sablan
4.8
86.4
15.00
71.40
476
Hab 63
4.8
86.4
15.00
71.40
476
Hab 19
4.5
81.00
15.00
66.00
440
________________________________________________________________________
Mean
458
Selling price = PhP18.00/kg
Expenses = Inoculants at PhP125/bag x 3 bags; seed cost at PhP50.00/125g
Growth and Yield of Four Varieties of Bush Snap Beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L) Inoculated
with BSU Indigenous Microbial Organisms (IMO) under La Trinidad, Benguet condition
NGAWIT DENVER N. APRIL 2012
SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
Summary
The effect of inoculation with Benguet State University Indigenous Microbial
Organisms (BSU-IMO) on four bush snap bean varieties were studied. The different
varieties used were Contender, Sablan, Hab 63 and Hab 19. The study was conducted at
the experimental station of Benguet State University at Balili, La Trinidad, Benguet on
November 2011 to January 2012.
Among the inoculation treatments used, no significant differences were observed
in most of the parameters measured except on the pod length where the longest pods was
recorded in bush bean applied with BSU-IMO. Also the highest ROCE was obtained in
bush beans without inoculation.
There were no significant differences among the four bush snap bean on the growth
and yield parameters except for pod length. Contender and Hab 19 had the longest pods
comparable with Sablan.
Highest ROCE was obtained in plants without inoculation, although positive ROCE
was obtained in all the varieties either with or without inoculation.
No significant interaction effect was noted in all the data measured as affected by
the application of inoculation and the different bush bean varieties.
Conclusion
Results of the study show that inoculation of BSU indigenous microbial organisms
does not affect the growth and yield of bush beans and not profitable for bush bean
production.
Growth and Yield of Four Varieties of Bush Snap Beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L) Inoculated
with BSU Indigenous Microbial Organisms (IMO) under La Trinidad, Benguet condition
NGAWIT DENVER N. APRIL 2012
Findings show also that all of the varieties had a comparable performance in terms
of growth and yield. Although, Contender had the highest ROCE.
It is further concluded that non-inoculation and bush bean varieties, Sablan and
Hab19 be used for it gave the highest return on cash expense.
Recommendation
On bush bean production, inoculation with BSU indigenous microbial organisms is
not recommended while all the four varieties maybe used.
Growth and Yield of Four Varieties of Bush Snap Beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L) Inoculated
with BSU Indigenous Microbial Organisms (IMO) under La Trinidad, Benguet condition
NGAWIT DENVER N. APRIL 2012
LITERATURE CITED
BAWANG, F.T.2006. Production and Post harvest Technology of Vegetables in Mid
Elevation and High Altitude Tropics. Baguio Allied Printers, Benguet State
University, La Trinidad, Benguet. Pp. 146-147.
BORRICANO, D. F. 2008. Growth and Seed Yield Performance of Bush Bean Varieties
Planted at Different Months under La Trinidad, Benguet Condition. BS Thesis,
Benguet State University, La Trinidad, Benguet. Pp. 12-13.
CALYA-EN, S. M. 2009. On-Farm Trial of Promoting Varieties of Pole Snap Bean at
Balili, Mankayan, Benguet. BS Thesis. Benguet State University, La Trinidad,
Benguet. Pp. 2-5.
EVANS, J.1991. Wheat response after temperature crop legumes in South Eastern
Australia. Australian Journal of Agricultural Research. Pp. 43, 155-156.
FIARAWAN, K. 2001. Nodulation of rice bean (Vigna umbellate) under La Trinidad
Condition. BS Thesis. BSU, La Trinidad, Benguet. P21.
GILLER, K. E. and K.J. WILSON. 1991. Nitrogen Fixation in Tropical Cropping Systems.
CAB International, Red Wood Press La Trinidad, Benguet., U.K. Pp. 127-129, 133-
134.
HIGHLAND AGRICULTURAL and RESOURCES RESEARCH and DEVELOPMENT
CONS0RTIUM (HARRDEC). 2000. Snap bean farmer production guide.
Brochure. P. 2.
KUDAN, S.L. 1991. How to grow Snap Bean. Department of Crop Science. BSU La
Trinidad, Benguet Technical Bulletin Number 4. Pp. 18-21.
LOAKAN, M. S. 2003. Evaluation of Alno-derived selections of snap bean obtained
from Different source in Benguet. BS Thesis. Benguet State University, La
Trinidad, Benguet. Pp 1, 11.
PASTOR, C. P. 2005. Growth and seed yield performance of bush bean varieties
under Tadiangan, Tuba, Benguet. BS Thesis. Benguet State University, La
Trinidad, Benguet. Pp.14-15.
POG-OK, J. F. 2001. On-farm evaluation of potential varieties of pole snap beans at Pico,
La Trinidad, Benguet. BS Thesis. Benguet State University, La Trinidad, Benguet.
Pp. 22-23.
REDDY, K.R. and H.F. HODGES. 2000. Climate Change and Global Crop Productivity.
CABI Publishing, New York. Pp 472.
Growth and Yield of Four Varieties of Bush Snap Beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L) Inoculated
with BSU Indigenous Microbial Organisms (IMO) under La Trinidad, Benguet condition
NGAWIT DENVER N. APRIL 2012
REILY, H. E. and C. L. SHRY. 1991. Introductory Horticulture. 4th ed. New York.
Delmar Publisher, Inc. P. 562.
TANDANG, L. L, KIMEU, A. M, AMLOS, B. A, BAGTILA, J. G, KEBASEN, B. A
and MAGHIRANG, G. R. 2008. Development and Evaluation of Snap Bean
(Phaseolus vulgaris) Cultivars for the Philippine Highlands. A paper presented
during the 2009Agency in House Review at Benguet State University, La Trinidad
Benguet. P. 17.
TINOYAN, E. 2011.Personal Communication. BSU organic market, La Trinidad,
Benguet.
VIERNES, E. E. 2000. Increasing Productivity of Pole Snap Beans Through the use of
Effective Micro Organism (EM). BS Thesis. Benguet State University, La Trinidad
Benguet. P.18
WARE, G. W. and SWIADER J. M. 2002. Producing Vegetables Crops. U.S.A: the Inter
State Printers and publishers, Inc. Pp. 252-253.
WORK, D. and J. CAREW. 1995. Vegetable production and Marketing.2nd ed. New York:
Wiley Book company. Pp. 103-107.
Growth and Yield of Four Varieties of Bush Snap Beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L) Inoculated
with BSU Indigenous Microbial Organisms (IMO) under La Trinidad, Benguet condition
NGAWIT DENVER N. APRIL 2012
NGAWIT DENVER N. APRIL 2012. Growth and Yield of Four Varieties of Bush
Snap Beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L) Inoculated with BSU Indigenous Microbial Organisms
(IMO) under La Trinidad, Benguet condition. Benguet State University.
Adviser: Janet P. Pablo, M.Sc
ABSTRACT
The study was conducted to determine the growth and yield of the different varieties
of bush snap beans; determine the effect of Benguet State University indigenous microbial
organisms (IMO) inoculation on the bush snap bean varieties; determine the interaction
effect of BSU-IMO inoculation and the different bush bean varieties; and determine the
profitability of using BSU indigenous microbial organisms (IMO) inoculation in bush snap
bean production under La Trinidad, Benguet condition.
The inoculation of BSU-IMO did not significantly increase the growth and yield of
the bush bean varieties. In most of the parameters gathered, no significant differences were
recorded as an effect of the variety except for pod length. The non-application of BSU-
IMO for bush bean production is more profitable.
Growth and Yield of Four Varieties of Bush Snap Beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L) Inoculated
with BSU Indigenous Microbial Organisms (IMO) under La Trinidad, Benguet condition
NGAWIT DENVER N. APRIL 2012
INTRODUCTION
Bush bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) is a bushy and determinate crop, and is
commercially grown in the highlands of the Cordillera. It is considered as one of the leading
farm crops in Benguet and Mountain Province, grown for its economic value and also for
its nutrients as it is an important source of fibers, riboflavin and niacin as well as some
phosphorous, calcium and iron (Loakan, 2003).
Bush beans, being a legume have the ability to fix nitrogen from the atmosphere
through the action of nitrogen-fixing bacteria present in its roots known as Rhizobium. This
ability of legumes gives them the advantage over any other crops for enabling to supply
themselves partially with nitrogen and helps in the maintenance of soil fertility level.
For profitable production, the introduction of high yielding varieties is of great
importance for successful production. Another practice is the enhancement of the nitrogen
fixing capability of the crop through inoculation. New varieties as well as modern cultural
practices such as effective inoculation are more scientific approaches towards a greater and
successful production.
Inoculation is known to have an important role in legume production. Inoculation
or introducing proper strain of bacteria to legume seeds intended for planting by adding
Rhizobium will create the legume to secure nitrogen from the air (Pog-ok, 2001).
Mass destruction of beneficial microorganisms in the soil is brought by man’s
excessive use of chemicals and inorganic fertilizer in farming, mostly in every cropping.
Moreover, intensified cultivation requiring continuous and excessive application of those
inputs makes the soil acidic and causes deterioration of natural ecosystem. Consequently,
Growth and Yield of Four Varieties of Bush Snap Beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L) Inoculated
with BSU Indigenous Microbial Organisms (IMO) under La Trinidad, Benguet condition
NGAWIT DENVER N. APRIL 2012
this results to irreversible decline in productivity with time per unit area even with
increasing farm inputs.
Several factors have been mentioned to cause low quality and yield. One of these
factors is the leaching and mineralization of soil nutrients due to excessive use of
agricultural chemicals. Some of the beneficial microorganisms are also becoming
eliminated due to over application of chemical fertilizers and pesticides which make the
soil unfavorable for both the soil microorganism and the crop.
Due to the increasing population and with the economic crisis and changing
climate, there is a need to increase the production through the use of good varieties and
appropriate cultural management of crops.
Using good and new varieties for local farmers may be the solution of the low-
yielding problem that had been observed and reported. Thus, evaluating different bean
varieties is essential in identifying the best variety for a given location.
On the other hand, legume inoculants play an important role in leguminous crops
as they prevent early nitrogen starvation, increase the chance of the young plants to
nodulate and enrich the soil when allowed to decompose. Thus, the study would like to
determine the effect of legume inoculation in the improvement of the yield of legumes
using effective microorganisms.
The study aimed to:
1. determine the growth and yield of the different varieties of bush snap
beans;
2. determine the effect of Benguet State University indigenous
microbial organisms (IMO) inoculation on the bush snap bean varieties;
Growth and Yield of Four Varieties of Bush Snap Beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L) Inoculated
with BSU Indigenous Microbial Organisms (IMO) under La Trinidad, Benguet condition
NGAWIT DENVER N. APRIL 2012
3. determine the interaction effect of BSU indigenous microbial
organisms (IMO) inoculation and the different bush bean varieties; and
4. determine the profitability of using BSU indigenous microbial
organisms IMO inoculation in bush snap bean production under La Trinidad,
Benguet condition.
The study was conducted at the Benguet State University Experimental
Station at Balili, La Trinidad, Benguet from November 2011 to January 2012.
Growth and Yield of Four Varieties of Bush Snap Beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L) Inoculated
with BSU Indigenous Microbial Organisms (IMO) under La Trinidad, Benguet condition
NGAWIT DENVER N. APRIL 2012
REVIEW OF LITERATURE
Varietal Evaluation
Different varieties which were grown under the same method of culture have a great
variation in the yielding ability. A variety that yields well in one region is not a guarantee
that it will perform well in another region (Reily and Shry, 1991).
Bean performs best in soil that are well structured and heavy rich loam with an
optimum ph range of 5.6-6.8. It is a short day crop, sensitive to photo period. Its growth
and development are favored mildly by cool environments, while high temperatures delay
flowering (Bawang, 2006).
Work and Carew (1995) states that varietal evaluation is important to observe the
performance character such as yield, earliness, vigor, maturity and quality because
different varieties have a wide range difference of a plant, in size and in yield performance.
Further, improving crop performance, productivity, plant breeding and using new
developments in agricultural biotechnology will allow the increase in crop yields and
maintenance of yield stability without increasing land usage (Reddy and Hodges, 2000).
Cultural Management Practices
The growth and yield of snap beans are best in high elevations. Yield was
significantly low in lower evaluations maturity was longer in higher evaluations than in
lower evaluations.
Dwarf or bush cultivars which do not require support are early maturing while the
climbing or pole cultivars which require support take longer period of to mature and have
a longer bearing season.
Growth and Yield of Four Varieties of Bush Snap Beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L) Inoculated
with BSU Indigenous Microbial Organisms (IMO) under La Trinidad, Benguet condition
NGAWIT DENVER N. APRIL 2012
Ware and Swiader (2002) stated that seeds should be planted 0.5 to 1.0 inch deep
in heavy soil and 1.5 inches in sandy soils so that they will obtain adequate moisture. Beans
are moderately deep rooted crops in which a constant supply of moisture is needed to
maximize yield and quality and to maintain uniformly. The plant should use as much as
0.2 inch of water per day during dry season. A shortage of moisture during flowering can
cause blossoms and pods to drops. Deformed pods can result from water stress due to low
soil moisture or excessive transpiration.
The flowering of “green matured” pods start 60 days from planting under La
Trinidad condition (Kudan, 1991). In warmer area it is earlier to mature while in higher
elevations takes longer period with cooler temperature. Harvesting is dependent on the
variety used, location and temperature. Seeds are harvested after the pods are mature and
when seed moisture content is approximately 16 to 20 percent. Harvesting and handling
low-moisture beans (less than 14%) may result in mechanical and seed loss.
Legumes and Rhizobium
Legumes are crucial to the balance of nature. They convert nitrogen from the air
into ammonia, a soluble form of nitrogen, which is readily utilized by plants. The ability
of legume crops to fix atmospheric nitrogen often result in a lower utilization of inorganic
nitrogen sources in the soil profile as compared to non-fixing crops. In this way, inorganic
nitrogen is conserve for the following crops unless it is lost by votalization, leaching, or
dentrification (Evans, 1991).
Rhizobial inoculation significantly increases the nodule weight and number during
the first cropping but the effect of Rhizobial inoculation on nodulation was no longer
detected during the succeeding legume crop.
Growth and Yield of Four Varieties of Bush Snap Beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L) Inoculated
with BSU Indigenous Microbial Organisms (IMO) under La Trinidad, Benguet condition
NGAWIT DENVER N. APRIL 2012
Inoculation should be practiced to hasten the trapping of the atmospheric nitrogen.
Inoculation introduces to the plant the bacteria, “Rhizobium” which is capable of trapping
atmospheric nitrogen for plant use at early stage. The bacteria that multiply and grow on
the roots of legumes change the nitrogen in the soil air biochemically in to a fixed from
attached to the root nodules.
Fiarawan (2001) noted that in terms of plant height, pod yield and seed yield, there
is significant interaction effect between the Rhizobial strains and rice bean varieties. The
varieties inoculated with TAL 899 or TAL 117 produced the best potential for nodulation,
nitrogen fixation and yield production. Inoculation of legume seed is usually recommended
in order to obtain the highest rate of fixation.
There are many benefits derived from effective inoculation such as the reduction of
demand for soil nitrogen, prevention of early nitrogen starvation and improvement of the
grain and protein yield.
Growth and Yield of Four Varieties of Bush Snap Beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L) Inoculated
with BSU Indigenous Microbial Organisms (IMO) under La Trinidad, Benguet condition
NGAWIT DENVER N. APRIL 2012
MATERIALS AND METHODS
A total land area of 150 m2 was used in the experiment. The area was divided into
three blocks, consisting of four plots each with a dimension of 1m x 5 m. The experimental
area was laid-out in a split-plot design with three replications (Figure 1). Four entries of
bush snap beans were used in the study. Two seeds were sown per hill at a distance of 20
cm between rows and 20 cm between hills. The different bush bean varieties and soil
inoculation with indigenous microorganisms (IMO) served as treatments. Inoculants
served as main plot while the bush snap bean varieties as sub-plot. The IMO that was used
in this experiment were bought at the BSU Organic Market.
Main plot-Inoculation (IC)
IC1- No Inoculation (Control)
IC2- With inoculation
Sub plot-Bush Snap Bean Varieties (V)
V1- Contender
V2- Hab 63
V3- Sablan
V4-Hab 19
The IMO and Procedure of Inoculation
Indigenous Microorganism is a wettable powder containing microbial bacteria. It
was developed for seed/seedling inoculation, microbial Inoculants, compost activator and
soil conditioner. Rhizobium is nitrogen- fixing bacteria present in the roots and reported
Growth and Yield of Four Varieties of Bush Snap Beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L) Inoculated
with BSU Indigenous Microbial Organisms (IMO) under La Trinidad, Benguet condition
NGAWIT DENVER N. APRIL 2012
Figure 1. Overview of the experimental area and at planting
Growth and Yield of Four Varieties of Bush Snap Beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L) Inoculated
with BSU Indigenous Microbial Organisms (IMO) under La Trinidad, Benguet condition
NGAWIT DENVER N. APRIL 2012
to fix atmospheric nitrogen and help in maintenance of soil fertility level. The IMO was
developed by Mr. Eric Tinoyan from the BSU organic market. Which was collected from
the forest at Klondykes, Camp One, Tuba Benguet. The method of application will be to
sprinkle contents to 100 m2 area before land preparation.
The data gathered were the following:
1. Number of days from sowing to emergence. This was recorded by counting the
number of days from planting to the time at least 50% of plants have fully emerged.
2. Number of days from emergence to flowering. This was recorded by counting
the days from emergence to the day when at least 50% of the plants have fully opened
flowers.
3. Number of days from flowering to pod setting. This was recorded by counting
the number of days starting from flowering to the day when pods set formed.
4. Number of days from emergence to first harvesting. This was recorded by
counting days from emergence to first harvesting
5. Number of days from emergence to last harvesting. This was recorded by
counting the number of days from emergence to last harvesting.
6. Initial plant height (cm). This was taken by measuring one week after emergence
from the base to the plant at the ground level to the tip of the youngest shoots using the
meter stick from ten sample plants.
7. Final plant height (cm). This was taken by measuring from the base of the plant
at the ground level to the youngest shoots before the first harvest, using a meter stick from
ten sample plants.
Growth and Yield of Four Varieties of Bush Snap Beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L) Inoculated
with BSU Indigenous Microbial Organisms (IMO) under La Trinidad, Benguet condition
NGAWIT DENVER N. APRIL 2012
8. Number of flower cluster per plant. The numbers of flowers cluster per plant
were counted from ten sample plants per plot.
9. Number of flowers per cluster. The numbers of flowers per cluster were counted
from ten sample plants per plot.
10. Number of pods per cluster. The number of pods per cluster was
counted from ten sample plants per plot.
11. Percentage pod set per cluster. This was determined using the formula:
% Pod Setting = Total No. of Pods per Cluster x 100
Total No. of Flower per Cluster
12. Length of marketable pods (cm). Ten samples pods were picked at random from
each plot and their length was measured from pedicel end to blossom end using the veirner
caliper.
13. Width of marketable pods (cm). This was obtained by measuring ten random
sample pods per plot using the veirner caliper.
14. Weight of marketable pods (kg). The marketable pods were harvested and
weighted every harvesting period. Marketable must be free from insect pest, diseases and
not deformed.
15. Weight of non-marketable pods (kg). The non marketable pods were those
affected by insect pest, diseases, and deformed pods. It was weighed at harvest.
16. Total yield per plot. This was obtained by weighing all the harvested marketable
fresh pods per plot.
17. Computed fresh pod yield per hectare. This was determined using the formula:
Yield (t/ha) = Yield/5m2 x 2
Growth and Yield of Four Varieties of Bush Snap Beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L) Inoculated
with BSU Indigenous Microbial Organisms (IMO) under La Trinidad, Benguet condition
NGAWIT DENVER N. APRIL 2012
18. a) Reaction to pod borer. This was noted by assessing the degree of infestation
by pod borer using the following scale used at BSU-IPB Highland Crop Research Station,
(Tandang L. et al., 2008).
Scale
Description
Remarks
1
No infection
High resistance
2
1-25% of total plant/plot
Mild resistance
is infested
3
26-50% of the total plant/plot is Moderate resistances
infested
4
51 - 75% of the total plant/plot
Susceptible
is infested
5
76-100% of the total plant/plot
Very susceptible
is infested
b) Reaction to bean rust. This was noted by assessing the degree of infection caused
by bean rust that infested the crop using the following scale used at BSU-IPB, Highland
Crop Research Station, (Tandang L. et al., 2008).
Scale
Description
Remarks
1
No infection
High resistance
2
1-25% of total plant/plot
Mild resistance
is infested
3
26-50% of the total plant/plot
Moderate resistances
is infested
4
51 - 75% of the total plant/plot
Susceptible
is infested
5
76-100% of the total plant/plot
Very susceptible
is infested
Growth and Yield of Four Varieties of Bush Snap Beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L) Inoculated
with BSU Indigenous Microbial Organisms (IMO) under La Trinidad, Benguet condition
NGAWIT DENVER N. APRIL 2012
19. Return on Cash Expenses. This was computed using the following formula:
ROCE= Gross Sales- Total Expenses x 100
Total Expenses
20. Agro-Climatic Data. The average monthly temperature, relative humidity,
rainfall and sunshine duration was taken at Philippine Atmospheric Geophysical and
Astronomical Services Administration (PAGASA), Agronomical Meteorological Station.
Analysis of Data
All quantitative data were analyzed using the Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) for
Split Plot Design with three replications. The significance of differences among the
treatment means were tested using the Duncan’s Multiple Range Test (DMRT) at 5% level
of significance.
Growth and Yield of Four Varieties of Bush Snap Beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L) Inoculated
with BSU Indigenous Microbial Organisms (IMO) under La Trinidad, Benguet condition
NGAWIT DENVER N. APRIL 2012
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Agro- climatic Data During
the Study Period
Table 1 shows the temperature, relative humidity, rainfall and sunshine duration
during the study. Average temperature ranged from 15.5 to 19.5oC, with a maximum
temperature of 25o C while the minimum temperature was 14oC. The relative humidity
was 84 to 87%, rainfall of 2.20 to 6.40 ml and sunshine duration of 244 to 340 mins.
The agro climatic data during the conduct of the study was favorable for bush
bean production. Snap beans grow best in areas with temperature between 150C to 210C.
Also, bush bean varieties can tolerate low temperature better than the climbing varieties
(HARRDEC, 2000). Since the rainfall amount is not significant, regular irrigation was
done.
Table 1 Agro-climatic data during the study period (November 2011-January 2012)
TEMPERATURE RELATIVE RAINFALL SUNSHINE
MONTHS
MAX MIN AVE
HUMIDITY AMOUNT DURATION
(OC) (OC) (OC)
(%)
(mm)
(min)
NOVEMBER 24 15 19.5
86
2.20
257
DECEMBER 17 14 15.5
87
6.40
244
JANUARY 25 14 19.5
84
3.20
340
Growth and Yield of Four Varieties of Bush Snap Beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L) Inoculated
with BSU Indigenous Microbial Organisms (IMO) under La Trinidad, Benguet condition
NGAWIT DENVER N. APRIL 2012
Days from Sowing to Emergence,
Flowering, Pod Set, and Harvesting
Effect of inoculation. There were no significant differences observed on the
number of days to emergence, flowering, and pod setting and to harvesting of the four
bush snap bean varieties as affected by the inoculation of BSU indigenous microbial
organism (IMO).
Effect of variety. The result showed no significant differences on the number of
days from sowing to emergence, flowering, and pod setting and to harvesting. The four
bush snap bean varieties uniformly emerged eight days after sowing, flowered 33 days
from sowing and set pods eight days from flowering as shown in Table 1. Harvesting was
done at 55 and 59 days from sowing.
Interaction effect. No significant interaction effect was observed on the four bush
bean varieties and inoculation on the number of days from sowing to emergence, flowering,
pod setting and to harvesting.
Table 2. Days from sowing to emergence, flowering, pod set, and harvesting of the four
bush bean varieties applied with inoculants
TREATMENT
DAYS FROM SOWING TO HARVESTING
EMERGENCE FLOWERING POD SET FIRST LAST
Inoculation (A)
W/ BSU IMO
8
33
41
55
59
W/o BSU IMO
8
33
41
55 59
Variety (B)
Contender
8
33
41
55
59
Sablan
8
33
41
55
59
Han 19
8
33
41
55
59
Hab 63
8
33
41
55
59
AxB
ns
ns
ns
ns
ns
CV (a) %
0
0
0
0
0
Growth and Yield of Four Varieties of Bush Snap Beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L) Inoculated
with BSU Indigenous Microbial Organisms (IMO) under La Trinidad, Benguet condition
NGAWIT DENVER N. APRIL 2012
CV (b) %
0
0
0
0
0
Plant Height
Effect of inoculation. There were no significant differences among the four bush
snap bean varieties and the application of BSU indigenous microbial organisms (IMO) on
the plant height at 14 and 48 days after sowing. The final mean height ranges from 26.42
to 28.33cm.
Effect of variety. The plant height at 14 DAS of the four bush snap beans varieties
was significantly different. Hab 19 was the tallest plant with an initial height of 12.21cm
while the shortest plant was Contender with a height of 11.50cm. No significances on the
final plant height of the different varieties were recorded.
The significant differences could be attributed to the inherent characteristics of the
entries and adaptability to climatic condition. Plant height could influence the number of
pods per plants even in dwarf varieties. The taller the plants, the higher the number of pods
per plant that could be expected due to possible higher photosynthetic rate brought about
by longer sunshine duration (Borricano, 2008).
Interaction effect. There were no significant interaction effects between the
inoculation of BSU indigenous microbial organisms and the four bush snap bean varieties
on the height of the plants at 14 and 48 DAS.
Growth and Yield of Four Varieties of Bush Snap Beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L) Inoculated
with BSU Indigenous Microbial Organisms (IMO) under La Trinidad, Benguet condition
NGAWIT DENVER N. APRIL 2012
Table 3. Plant height of the four bush bean varieties applied with inoculants
TREATMENT
HEIGHT (cm)
INITIAL (14 DAS)
FINAL (48 DAS)
Inoculation (A)
W/ BSU IMO
11.79
28.33
W/o BSU IMO
11.72
26.42
Variety (B)
Contender
11.50c
27.00
Hab 63
11.80b
27.50
Sablan
11.60bc
27.33
Hab 19
12.12a
27.67
AxB
ns
ns
CV (a) %
6.51
4.89
CV (b) %
1.85
3.52
Means with same letter are not significantly different at 5% level by DMRT.
Number of Flower Cluster, Flower per Cluster,
Pods per Cluster and Percent Pod Setting
Effect of inoculation. No significant differences on the number of flower cluster,
number of flower per cluster, percentage of pods per cluster and the number of pods per
cluster as affected by the inoculation of BSU indigenous microbial organisms (IMO) on
the four bush snap bean varieties as shown in Table 4.
Effect of variety. The results showed that there were no significant differences
between the varieties on the number of flower cluster, number of flower per cluster, percent
of pods per cluster and pods per cluster produced as shown in Figure 2. Numerically, Hab
63 had the highest percent pod setting of 63.55%.
Interaction effect. There was no significant interaction effect between the
inoculations of BSU indigenous microbial organisms among the four varieties of bush snap
beans on the number of flower cluster produced, number of flower per cluster, percent pod
setting.
Growth and Yield of Four Varieties of Bush Snap Beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L) Inoculated
with BSU Indigenous Microbial Organisms (IMO) under La Trinidad, Benguet condition
NGAWIT DENVER N. APRIL 2012
Table 4. Number of flower cluster, pods per cluster, percent pod setting, and flower per
cluster of the four bush bean varieties applied with inoculants
TREATMENT
NUMBER
FLOWER FLOWER PER
PODS PER %POD
CLUSTER CLUSTER
CLUSTER SETTING
Inoculation (A)
W/ BSU IMO
3.56
3.44
2.20
62.45
W/o BSU IMO 3.50
3.48
2.15
61.82
Variety (B)
Contender
3.48
3.37
2.18
61.70
Hab 63
3.52
3.42
2.17
63.55
Sablan 3.52
3.48
2.18
62.78
Hab 19
3.60
3.58
2.17
60.52
AxB
ns
ns
ns
ns
CV (a) %
4.48
1.58
4.36
1.6
CV (b) %
7.40
6.39
4.20
1.7
Means followed by common letter are not significantly different at 5% level DMRT.
Figure 2. Flower and pod cluster of the bush bean varieties inoculated with BSU-IM
Growth and Yield of Four Varieties of Bush Snap Beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L) Inoculated
with BSU Indigenous Microbial Organisms (IMO) under La Trinidad, Benguet condition
NGAWIT DENVER N. APRIL 2012
Reaction to Pod Borer and Bean Rust
Regardless of the inoculation treatment and the different bush bean varieties used,
all of the plants showed mild resistance to pod borer and bean rust except for Hab 63 with
moderate resistance to pod borer. The plants inoculated with BSU-indigenous microbial
organisms (IMO) showed 1-25% infection and infestation of the total plant per 5m2.
Pod Width and Length
Effect of inoculation. There was no significant differences on the effect of BSU
indigenous microbial organisms (IMO) inoculation on the pod width and length of the four
varieties of bush snap beans with 0.79 to 0.81 cm. On the pod length, application of BSU-
IMO significantly produce the longest pod of 13.98cm. Pod length is one of the criteria use
to determine the marketability of legume pods. Consumers and buyers of beans usually
prefer longer pods than shorter ones (Viernes, 2000).
Effect of variety. No significant difference was noted on the different varieties of
bush snap beans in terms of width of marketable pods. In terms of length Contender and
Hab 19 significantly produced the longest pods of 14.16 and 13.88cm but comparable with
Sablan (13.41 cm). On the contrary, the snap bean with narrow pods are considered to be
desirable in the market and generally preferred by consumers (Calya-en, 2009).
Interaction effect. There were no significant interaction was recorded in terms of
pod length and width as affected by the inoculation of BSU indigenous microbial
organisms and the four varieties of bush snap beans.
Growth and Yield of Four Varieties of Bush Snap Beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L) Inoculated
with BSU Indigenous Microbial Organisms (IMO) under La Trinidad, Benguet condition
NGAWIT DENVER N. APRIL 2012
Table 5. Width and length of marketable pods of the four bush snap bean varieties applied
with inoculants
TREATMENT
POD
WIDTH
LENGTH
(cm)
(cm)
Inoculation (A)
W/ BSU IMO
0.79
13.98a
W/o BSU IMO
0.8
13.65b
Variety (B)
Contender
0.79
14.16a
Hab 63
0.77
13.41b
Sablan
0.81
13.41ab
Hab 19
0.81
13.88a
AxB
ns
ns
CV (a) %
2.7
0.61
CV (b) %
4.54
2.44
Means with common letter are not significantly different at 5% level DMRT.
Marketable and Non-marketable
Yield, Total and Computed Yield
Effect of inoculation. Inoculation did not significantly increase the weight of
marketable, non-marketable fresh pods, total and computed yield. The four varieties of
bush snap bean mean yield range from 1.12 to 1.22kg/3m2 and 0.33 to 0.36 kg/3m2,
respectively. As cited by Giller and Wilson (1991), Phaseolus vulgaris was considered as
poor nitrogen fixing grain legumes but under optional conditions, nitrogen fixation is up to
72% of nitrogen and in longer growing seasons amounts to 125kg /ha.
Effect of variety. Table 6 and Figure 3 showed that there was no significant
differences among the four varieties as observed in terms of marketable and non-
marketable weight of fresh pods. Numerically, Hab 63 produced the heaviest marketable
pods (1.83kg/3m2), while Sablan had the lowest non-marketable pods (0.30kg/3m2). The
lowest was recorded in Hab 19 (0.10kg/3m2). Computed yield ranges from 4.86 to
Growth and Yield of Four Varieties of Bush Snap Beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L) Inoculated
with BSU Indigenous Microbial Organisms (IMO) under La Trinidad, Benguet condition
NGAWIT DENVER N. APRIL 2012
5.26tons/ha. Low yield was attributed to the unexpected and unreasonable actions of some
people; all of the unharvested pods of the four bush snap bean varieties were stolen.
Harvesting was done twice only.
Interaction effect. No significant interaction effect was noted in terms of the
marketable, non-marketable weight of fresh pods, total and computed yield of the four
varieties of bush snap beans and the inoculation of BSU indigenous microbial organisms
(IMO).
Table 6. Yield of marketable and non-marketable pods (kg/3m2) of the four bush snap bean
applied with inoculants
TREATMENT
YIELD (Kg/3m2)
COMPUTED
MARKETABLE
NON
TOTAL
YIELD
MARKETABLE
(t/ha)
Inoculation (A)
W/ BSU IMO
1.12
0.36
1.49
4.97
W/o BSU IMO
1.22
0.33
1.58
5.27
Variety (B)
Contender
1.23
0.38
1.62
5.41
Hab 63
1.83
0.32
1.48
4.93
Sablan
1.20
0.30
1.53
5.10
Hab 19
1.10
0.37
1.50
5.00
AxB
ns
ns
ns
ns
CV (a) %
8.88
4.87
12.72
13.76
CV (b) %
8.85
6.43
26.51
28.21
Growth and Yield of Four Varieties of Bush Snap Beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L) Inoculated
with BSU Indigenous Microbial Organisms (IMO) under La Trinidad, Benguet condition
NGAWIT DENVER N. APRIL 2012
Contender
Marketable Non-marketable
Hab 63
Marketable Non-marketable
Sablan
Marketable Non-marketable
Hab 19
Marketable Non-marketable
Figure 3. Marketable and non-marketable pods inoculated with BSU-IMO
Growth and Yield of Four Varieties of Bush Snap Beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L) Inoculated
with BSU Indigenous Microbial Organisms (IMO) under La Trinidad, Benguet condition
NGAWIT DENVER N. APRIL 2012
Contender
Marketable Non-marketable
Hab 63
Marketable Non-marketable
Sablan
Marketable Non-marketable
Hab 19
Marketable Non-marketable
Figure 4. Marketable and non-marketable pods without inoculation of BSU-IMO
Growth and Yield of Four Varieties of Bush Snap Beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L) Inoculated
with BSU Indigenous Microbial Organisms (IMO) under La Trinidad, Benguet condition
NGAWIT DENVER N. APRIL 2012
Return on Cash Expense
Effect of inoculation. As shown in Table 7, inoculation gave the least return on cash
expense of 6 to 29% while no application of inoculation realized an average of 458%
ROCE. The high cost of inoculant attribute to low ROCE obtained.
Effect of variety. Among the varieties, Contender obtained the highest ROCE
(235%) while the lowest was recorded in Hab 19 (227%).
Interaction effect. Bush bean varieties Sablan and Hab 63 not applied with
inoculants recorded the highest ROCE of 476%. On the contrary, the same varieties had
the lowest ROCE when applied with BSU-IMO of 6%.
Table 8 Return on Cash Expense of the four Bush Bean varieties applied with inoculants
TREATMENT
YIELD
GROSS
COST OF
NET ROCE
(Kg/9m2) INCOME PRODUCTION INCOME
(%)
(PhP)
(PhP) (PhP)
W/ BSU IMO
Contender
5.1
91.80
71.25
20.55
29
Sablan
4.2
75.60
71.25
4.35
6
Hab 63
4.2
75.60
1.25
4.35
6
Hab 19
4.5
81.00
71.25
9.75
14
Mean
14
W/o BSU IMO
Contender
4.5
81.00
15.00
66.00
440
Sablan
4.8
86.4
15.00
71.40
476
Hab 63
4.8
86.4
15.00
71.40
476
Hab 19
4.5
81.00
15.00
66.00
440
________________________________________________________________________
Mean
458
Selling price = PhP18.00/kg
Expenses = Inoculants at PhP125/bag x 3 bags; seed cost at PhP50.00/125g
Growth and Yield of Four Varieties of Bush Snap Beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L) Inoculated
with BSU Indigenous Microbial Organisms (IMO) under La Trinidad, Benguet condition
NGAWIT DENVER N. APRIL 2012
SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
Summary
The effect of inoculation with Benguet State University Indigenous Microbial
Organisms (BSU-IMO) on four bush snap bean varieties were studied. The different
varieties used were Contender, Sablan, Hab 63 and Hab 19. The study was conducted at
the experimental station of Benguet State University at Balili, La Trinidad, Benguet on
November 2011 to January 2012.
Among the inoculation treatments used, no significant differences were observed
in most of the parameters measured except on the pod length where the longest pods was
recorded in bush bean applied with BSU-IMO. Also the highest ROCE was obtained in
bush beans without inoculation.
There were no significant differences among the four bush snap bean on the growth
and yield parameters except for pod length. Contender and Hab 19 had the longest pods
comparable with Sablan.
Highest ROCE was obtained in plants without inoculation, although positive ROCE
was obtained in all the varieties either with or without inoculation.
No significant interaction effect was noted in all the data measured as affected by
the application of inoculation and the different bush bean varieties.
Conclusion
Results of the study show that inoculation of BSU indigenous microbial organisms
does not affect the growth and yield of bush beans and not profitable for bush bean
production.
Growth and Yield of Four Varieties of Bush Snap Beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L) Inoculated
with BSU Indigenous Microbial Organisms (IMO) under La Trinidad, Benguet condition
NGAWIT DENVER N. APRIL 2012
Findings show also that all of the varieties had a comparable performance in terms
of growth and yield. Although, Contender had the highest ROCE.
It is further concluded that non-inoculation and bush bean varieties, Sablan and
Hab19 be used for it gave the highest return on cash expense.
Recommendation
On bush bean production, inoculation with BSU indigenous microbial organisms is
not recommended while all the four varieties maybe used.
Growth and Yield of Four Varieties of Bush Snap Beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L) Inoculated
with BSU Indigenous Microbial Organisms (IMO) under La Trinidad, Benguet condition
NGAWIT DENVER N. APRIL 2012
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Growth and Yield of Four Varieties of Bush Snap Beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L) Inoculated
with BSU Indigenous Microbial Organisms (IMO) under La Trinidad, Benguet condition
NGAWIT DENVER N. APRIL 2012