BIBLIOGRAPHY CODOD, CLAIRINEL C. ...
BIBLIOGRAPHY
CODOD, CLAIRINEL C. APRIL 2013. Potential Study on the Predation of
Carabid Beetles on Snails and Slugs. Benguet State University, La Trinidad, Benguet.
Adviser: Bonie S. Ligat, MSc.
ABSTRACT
The study was conducted at Mite Predators Rearing House (MPRH) Balili, La
Trinidad, Benguet from August to September 2011. Adult snails and slugs were
handpicked one day before the experiment from the mound of grasses to Balili
Experimental Farm and from the small scale of Oyster mushroom owned by Codod’s
family at Happy Homes Magsaysay Avenue Baguio City. The study aimed to record the
days snails and slugs died, longevity of adult carabid beetles and total number slugs died.
Microscope and digital camera were used in observing and recording.
Two (2) species of Carabid Beetle were collected: Harpalus tardus and Patobus
longicornis. That was collected.
The predator searched its prey simultaneously. The predator used its forelegs in
catching and holding while mandibles were used in eating its prey. They chewed the
integument and suck the body contents of the prey by means of their mandibulary and
maxillary by rotation of its head and wagging of the antennae.
. Potential Study on the Predation of Carabid Beetles on Snails and Slugs |
CODOD, CLAIRINEL C. APRIL 2013
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Identification of Predators.
Species. There were two (2) monitored species of Carabid beetles that were used in
the study Harpalus tardus Panzer (Figure 8) and Patrobus longicornis Eaton (Figure 9).
Their habitat is usually moist area and some are semi aquatic and the site at
Caponga, Acop Benguet and Bosleng, Atok Benguet.
Figure 8. Adult Carabid beetle Harpalus tardus (Panzer)
Figure 9. Adult Patrobus longicornis (Eaton) predating on adult snail
. Potential Study on the Predation of Carabid Beetles on Snails and Slugs |
CODOD, CLAIRINEL C. APRIL 2013
The results of predation rate of adult carabid beetle Patrobus longicornis for snails,
it is shown in table 1 and Harpalus tardus for slugs, it is shown in (table 2) were
determined.
The data collected present the days Carabid beetle Patrobus longicorns consumed
the snail: with the ratio of one Patobus longicornis and one snail with a replication of ten.
The total average of the days snail died was 11.9%. On the other hand total average of the
longevity of carabid beetle was 17.2.
The data shows that predator consumed its prey from seven to sixteen days though
from the observation some of the carabid beetles leave their prey without consuming the
whole snails and the carabid beetle died between fourteen to twenty four days after feeding
on the snails.
Table1. Number of snails and slugs eaten/consumed by carabid beetles
SPECIES OF PREDATORS
CONSUMPTION (30 DAYS)
Harpalus Tardus
5
Patrobus longicornis
10
Table 2. Days of consumption of predator to single prey
PREY
DAYS CONSUMPTION
Snail
7
10
13
9
14
8
15
16
16
11
. Potential Study on the Predation of Carabid Beetles on Snails and Slugs |
CODOD, CLAIRINEL C. APRIL 2013
Table 2 continued . . .
PREY
DAYS CONSUMPTION
Slugs
12
19
25
31
The data collected present the days carabid beetle Harpalus tardus consumed the
slugs: with the ratio of ten carabid beetle Harpalus tardus and one slugs there is only one
total number of slug that was consumed on the day of twelve, nineteen, twenty five
respectively, while on the thirty first day there were two slugs consumed.
On the other hand, out of fifty (50) carabid beetles that serves as predator until the
last days where all slugs consumed there were a total number of five carabid beetle
observed dead.
Feeding Behavior
The predator searched its prey simultaneously. The predator uses its forelegs in
catching and holding the prey while mandibles were used in eating its prey. The sickle
shaped mandible is trusted integument and suck the body contents of the prey by means of
their mandibulary and maxillary with rotation of its head and wagging of its antennae.
Other Collected Insects
Aside from the Carabid beetles there were other insect predators/beneficial insect
that were found from two sites. These were the Ants, thrips, cockroach, katydid, lady bug
beetle, rove beetle, snout beetle, crickets, housefly and dung beetle.
The collected Carabid beetle has a total number of fifty, where mostly observed
and collected at composed grasses commonly found at the edge of the field where other
. Potential Study on the Predation of Carabid Beetles on Snails and Slugs |
CODOD, CLAIRINEL C. APRIL 2013
insects are also observed such as ants, cockroaches including snails, these insects serves as
food. The reason Patrobus longicornis Carabid beetles were present in that particular area
is because of the favorable condition that maintains the soil’s moisture for the survival of
the predator.
. Potential Study on the Predation of Carabid Beetles on Snails and Slugs |
CODOD, CLAIRINEL C. APRIL 2013
SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
Summary
The study was conducted at Mite Predators Rearing House (MPRH) located at
Balili, La Trinidad, Benguet from August 2011 to September 2011 to record the number
of snails and slugs eaten/consumed by Carabid bettles in 30 days and days of consumption
of predator to single prey.
Two sites were established as collection sites, the species Harpalus tardus was
collected from dried chicken dung at Caponga, Acop Benguet. They were placed on a
container and brought to the laboratory for examination.
The species Patrobus longicornis was collected under harborages beside the field
at Bosleng, Atok Benguet. They were placed on a container and brought to the laboratory
for identification.
The predator searched its prey simultaneously. The predator uses its forelegs in
catching and holding while mandibles were used eating its prey. They chewed the
integument and suck the body contents of the prey by means of their mandibulary and
maxillary by rotation of its head and wagging of the antennae.
Conclusion
It is therefore concluded that based on the results obtained in the study, the carabid
beetles really consumed snails and slugs.
Carabid beetles should conserve, as they are important that will help reduce the
population of snails and slugs in farms.
. Potential Study on the Predation of Carabid Beetles on Snails and Slugs |
CODOD, CLAIRINEL C. APRIL 2013
Recommendation
It is recommended that further study on Carabid beetles should be done for whole
year duration to know their activities.
. Potential Study on the Predation of Carabid Beetles on Snails and Slugs |
CODOD, CLAIRINEL C. APRIL 2013
LITERATURE CITED
CAREY, B. 2005. The Carabid Beetles. Retrieved July 10, 2008 from
http://gardening.wsu.edu/library/inse002/inse002.htm
CLARK, M. S., J. M. LUNA, N. D. STONE, and R.R. YOUNGMAN. 1994. Generatist
predator consumption of army worm ( Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) and effect of
predator removal on damage in no-till corn. Environmrntal entomology 23:617-
622.
CLAUSEN, B. 1962. Entomophagus Insect. USA, New York. Kafner Publishing
Company. Pp 258-259.
KROMP, B. 1999. Carabid Beetles in Sustainable Agriculture: A View on Pest Control
Efficacy, Cultivation Impacts and Enhancement. Agriculture, Ecosystem and
environment 74: 187-228.
MADDISON, D. R. 2006Carabid Beetles. Retrieved June 10, 2011 from
http://insects.about.com/od/beetles/p/carabidae.htm
STEHR, F. W., (Ed). 1987. Immature Insects. Lowa: Kendall Publishing Company. P.197.
. Potential Study on the Predation of Carabid Beetles on Snails and Slugs |
CODOD, CLAIRINEL C. APRIL 2013
CODOD, CLAIRINEL C. APRIL 2013. Potential Study on the Predation of
Carabid Beetles on Snails and Slugs. Benguet State University, La Trinidad, Benguet.
Adviser: Bonie S. Ligat, MSc.
ABSTRACT
The study was conducted at Mite Predators Rearing House (MPRH) Balili, La
Trinidad, Benguet from August to September 2011. Adult snails and slugs were
handpicked one day before the experiment from the mound of grasses to Balili
Experimental Farm and from the small scale of Oyster mushroom owned by Codod’s
family at Happy Homes Magsaysay Avenue Baguio City. The study aimed to record the
days snails and slugs died, longevity of adult carabid beetles and total number slugs died.
Microscope and digital camera were used in observing and recording.
Two (2) species of Carabid Beetle were collected: Harpalus tardus and Patobus
longicornis. That was collected.
The predator searched its prey simultaneously. The predator used its forelegs in
catching and holding while mandibles were used in eating its prey. They chewed the
integument and suck the body contents of the prey by means of their mandibulary and
maxillary by rotation of its head and wagging of the antennae.
. Potential Study on the Predation of Carabid Beetles on Snails and Slugs |
CODOD, CLAIRINEL C. APRIL 2013
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Identification of Predators.
Species. There were two (2) monitored species of Carabid beetles that were used in
the study Harpalus tardus Panzer (Figure 8) and Patrobus longicornis Eaton (Figure 9).
Their habitat is usually moist area and some are semi aquatic and the site at
Caponga, Acop Benguet and Bosleng, Atok Benguet.
Figure 8. Adult Carabid beetle Harpalus tardus (Panzer)
Figure 9. Adult Patrobus longicornis (Eaton) predating on adult snail
. Potential Study on the Predation of Carabid Beetles on Snails and Slugs |
CODOD, CLAIRINEL C. APRIL 2013
The results of predation rate of adult carabid beetle Patrobus longicornis for snails,
it is shown in table 1 and Harpalus tardus for slugs, it is shown in (table 2) were
determined.
The data collected present the days Carabid beetle Patrobus longicorns consumed
the snail: with the ratio of one Patobus longicornis and one snail with a replication of ten.
The total average of the days snail died was 11.9%. On the other hand total average of the
longevity of carabid beetle was 17.2.
The data shows that predator consumed its prey from seven to sixteen days though
from the observation some of the carabid beetles leave their prey without consuming the
whole snails and the carabid beetle died between fourteen to twenty four days after feeding
on the snails.
Table1. Number of snails and slugs eaten/consumed by carabid beetles
SPECIES OF PREDATORS
CONSUMPTION (30 DAYS)
Harpalus Tardus
5
Patrobus longicornis
10
Table 2. Days of consumption of predator to single prey
PREY
DAYS CONSUMPTION
Snail
7
10
13
9
14
8
15
16
16
11
. Potential Study on the Predation of Carabid Beetles on Snails and Slugs |
CODOD, CLAIRINEL C. APRIL 2013
Table 2 continued . . .
PREY
DAYS CONSUMPTION
Slugs
12
19
25
31
The data collected present the days carabid beetle Harpalus tardus consumed the
slugs: with the ratio of ten carabid beetle Harpalus tardus and one slugs there is only one
total number of slug that was consumed on the day of twelve, nineteen, twenty five
respectively, while on the thirty first day there were two slugs consumed.
On the other hand, out of fifty (50) carabid beetles that serves as predator until the
last days where all slugs consumed there were a total number of five carabid beetle
observed dead.
Feeding Behavior
The predator searched its prey simultaneously. The predator uses its forelegs in
catching and holding the prey while mandibles were used in eating its prey. The sickle
shaped mandible is trusted integument and suck the body contents of the prey by means of
their mandibulary and maxillary with rotation of its head and wagging of its antennae.
Other Collected Insects
Aside from the Carabid beetles there were other insect predators/beneficial insect
that were found from two sites. These were the Ants, thrips, cockroach, katydid, lady bug
beetle, rove beetle, snout beetle, crickets, housefly and dung beetle.
The collected Carabid beetle has a total number of fifty, where mostly observed
and collected at composed grasses commonly found at the edge of the field where other
. Potential Study on the Predation of Carabid Beetles on Snails and Slugs |
CODOD, CLAIRINEL C. APRIL 2013
insects are also observed such as ants, cockroaches including snails, these insects serves as
food. The reason Patrobus longicornis Carabid beetles were present in that particular area
is because of the favorable condition that maintains the soil’s moisture for the survival of
the predator.
. Potential Study on the Predation of Carabid Beetles on Snails and Slugs |
CODOD, CLAIRINEL C. APRIL 2013
SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
Summary
The study was conducted at Mite Predators Rearing House (MPRH) located at
Balili, La Trinidad, Benguet from August 2011 to September 2011 to record the number
of snails and slugs eaten/consumed by Carabid bettles in 30 days and days of consumption
of predator to single prey.
Two sites were established as collection sites, the species Harpalus tardus was
collected from dried chicken dung at Caponga, Acop Benguet. They were placed on a
container and brought to the laboratory for examination.
The species Patrobus longicornis was collected under harborages beside the field
at Bosleng, Atok Benguet. They were placed on a container and brought to the laboratory
for identification.
The predator searched its prey simultaneously. The predator uses its forelegs in
catching and holding while mandibles were used eating its prey. They chewed the
integument and suck the body contents of the prey by means of their mandibulary and
maxillary by rotation of its head and wagging of the antennae.
Conclusion
It is therefore concluded that based on the results obtained in the study, the carabid
beetles really consumed snails and slugs.
Carabid beetles should conserve, as they are important that will help reduce the
population of snails and slugs in farms.
. Potential Study on the Predation of Carabid Beetles on Snails and Slugs |
CODOD, CLAIRINEL C. APRIL 2013
Recommendation
It is recommended that further study on Carabid beetles should be done for whole
year duration to know their activities.
. Potential Study on the Predation of Carabid Beetles on Snails and Slugs |
CODOD, CLAIRINEL C. APRIL 2013
LITERATURE CITED
CAREY, B. 2005. The Carabid Beetles. Retrieved July 10, 2008 from
http://gardening.wsu.edu/library/inse002/inse002.htm
CLARK, M. S., J. M. LUNA, N. D. STONE, and R.R. YOUNGMAN. 1994. Generatist
predator consumption of army worm ( Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) and effect of
predator removal on damage in no-till corn. Environmrntal entomology 23:617-
622.
CLAUSEN, B. 1962. Entomophagus Insect. USA, New York. Kafner Publishing
Company. Pp 258-259.
KROMP, B. 1999. Carabid Beetles in Sustainable Agriculture: A View on Pest Control
Efficacy, Cultivation Impacts and Enhancement. Agriculture, Ecosystem and
environment 74: 187-228.
MADDISON, D. R. 2006Carabid Beetles. Retrieved June 10, 2011 from
http://insects.about.com/od/beetles/p/carabidae.htm
STEHR, F. W., (Ed). 1987. Immature Insects. Lowa: Kendall Publishing Company. P.197.
. Potential Study on the Predation of Carabid Beetles on Snails and Slugs |
CODOD, CLAIRINEL C. APRIL 2013