BIBLIOGRAPHY SAB-IT, LENIE B. APRIL 2013....
BIBLIOGRAPHY
SAB-IT, LENIE B. APRIL 2013. Yield of Amaranth (Amaranthus viridis) Shoot
Topped at Various Stages After Seedling Emergence. Benguet State University, La
Trinidad, Benguet.
Adviser: Silvestre L. Kudan, PhD
ABSTRACT
Results of the study revealed that Amaranth (Amaranthus viridis) shoot topped five
weeks after seedling emergence produced the highest profit, the highest number of shoots
harvested, had the biggest stem diameter, the highest yield and profit. No shoot topping
(control) treatment had the lowest yield and lowest profit which was significantly lower
from the other treatments.
In terms of profit, amaranth shoot topped five weeks after seedling emergence
obtained the highest net profit of P1,672.41 followed by shoot topping six weeks after
emergence which had net profit of P1,417.72; shoot topped seven weeks after emergence
with P979.98; and amaranth plants shoot topped four weeks after emergence had a net
profit of P232.34.
Yield of Amaranth (Amaranthus viridis) Shoot Topped at Various Stages After Seedling
Emergence | SAB-IT, LENIE B. APRIL 2013
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Total Number of Lateral Shoots Harvested per Plot
Table 1 shows the number of shoots harvested per plot. Amaranth shoot- topped
five weeks after emergence produced the most shoots per plot followed by those plants
topped six weeks after emergence, seven weeks after emergence and four weeks after
emergence. The plants allowed to grow without shoot topping had the least lateral shoots.
However, there were no significant differences among the different treatments studied.
Table 1. Total number of lateral shoots harvested per plot
TREATMENT
MEAN
________________________________________________________________________
No shoot topping (Control)
962.00a
Topped four weeks after emergence
1,829.66a
Topped five weeks after emergence
2,351.00a
Topped six weeks after emergence
2,039.66a
Topped seven weeks after emergence
1,901.66a
Means with the same letter are not significant at 5% level by DMRT
Yield of Amaranth (Amaranthus viridis) Shoot Topped at Various Stages After Seedling
Emergence | SAB-IT, LENIE B. APRIL 2013
Total Yield per Plot
As presented in Table 2, the highest yield was produced from the plants topped five
weeks after emergence followed by plants topped six weeks after emergence, seven weeks
after emergence and plants topped four weeks after emergence, all of which have similar
total yield that significantly differed over the yield of plants without shoot topping.
The significantly lower yield from plants without shoot topping is due to the few
production of lateral shoots as shown in Table 1. According to George (1985), it is
customary to pinch out the growing point of the cultivars which have a relatively small
apical inflorescence for four weeks after planting to encourage development of secondary
shoots.
Table 2. Total yield per plot (kg)
TREATMENT
MEAN
________________________________________________________________________
No topping (Control)
3.09b
Topped four weeks after emergence
5.68a
Topped five weeks after emergence
8.07a
Topped six weeks after emergence
7.19a
Topped seven weeks after emergence
6.82a
Means with the same letter are not significantly different at 5% by DMRT
Yield of Amaranth (Amaranthus viridis) Shoot Topped at Various Stages After Seedling
Emergence | SAB-IT, LENIE B. APRIL 2013
Total Yield per Plant
Similar to the total yield per plot, the yield per plant from those that were topped
four to seven weeks after emergence did not differ significantly but significantly surpassed
the total yield per plant from those that were not topped at all (Table 3). It was apparent in
this yield data that topping the plants five weeks after emergence enhanced the production
of more lateral shoots compared to the other stages after emergence. It might be that the
plants are too young below five weeks, the plants have passed the vegetative stage already
thus, the production of lateral shoots in declining.
Table 3. Total yield per plant (g)
TREATMENT
MEAN
________________________________________________________________________
No topping (Control)
64.42b
Topped four weeks after emergence
118.51a
Topped five weeks after emergence
168.12a
Topped six weeks after emergence
149.89a
Topped seven weeks after emergence
142.25a
Means with the same letter are not significantly different at 5% by DMRT
Yield of Amaranth (Amaranthus viridis) Shoot Topped at Various Stages After Seedling
Emergence | SAB-IT, LENIE B. APRIL 2013
Diameter of the Main Stem
The stem diameter from the from the plants topped four weeks after emergence had
the smallest measurement while plants topped five weeks after emergence had the biggest
diameter as shown in Table 4. However, the differences among the treatments in the stem
diameter were not significant. This means that the shoot topping at the different stages did
not affect the growth of the main stem.
Table 4. Diameter of the main stem (cm)
TREATMENT
MEAN
________________________________________________________________________
No topping (Control)
4.32a
Topped four weeks after emergence
1.32a
Topped five weeks after emergence
4.36a
Topped six weeks after emergence
4.3a
Topped seven weeks after emergence
4.11a
Means with the same letter are not significantly different at 5% by DMRT
Yield of Amaranth (Amaranthus viridis) Shoot Topped at Various Stages After Seedling
Emergence | SAB-IT, LENIE B. APRIL 2013
Frequency of Harvesting Shoots/Leaves for Five Months Duration
The frequency of harvesting amaranth ranges from 10 to 14 times (Table 5). The
plants without shoot topping had the lowest while the plants topped four weeks after
emergence had the most but the observed differences were not significant.
Figure 8, 9 and 10 show the harvested shoots of amaranth and the packing done
before it was delivered to the market for sale.
Table 5. Frequency of harvestingshoots/leaves for five months duration
TREATMENT
MEAN
________________________________________________________________________
No topping (Control)
10a
Topped four weeks after emergence
14a
Topped five weeks after emergence
13a
Topped six weeks after emergence
12a
Topped seven weeks after emergence
11a
Means with the same letter are not significantly different at 5% by DMRT
Yield of Amaranth (Amaranthus viridis) Shoot Topped at Various Stages After Seedling
Emergence | SAB-IT, LENIE B. APRIL 2013
Figure 8. Newly harvested Amaranth shoots ready for packing.
Yield of Amaranth (Amaranthus viridis) Shoot Topped at Various Stages After Seedling
Emergence | SAB-IT, LENIE B. APRIL 2013
Figure 9. Amaranth shoots packed and weighed 250 grams per pack.
Figure 10. Properly packed amaranth shoots to be delivered at Benguet State University
Organic market.
Yield of Amaranth (Amaranthus viridis) Shoot Topped at Various Stages After Seedling
Emergence | SAB-IT, LENIE B. APRIL 2013
Cost and Return Analysis
As presented in Table 6, Amaranth topped five weeks after emergence obtained the
highest profit (P1, 672.41) followed by topping the plants six ,seven and four weeks after
emergence. The plants without shoot topping had the lowest profit of P232.34.
In terms of return on cash expenses, shoot topping of plants five weeks after
emergence obtained 223.41% or P2.23 for every peso spent in the production of amaranth
in five months. In descending order, this was followed by topping six, seven, four weeks
after emergence and without shoot topping with P1.91, P1.78, P1.35, and P0.33,
respectively.
Based on the total expenses in the experiment and the total yield sold in the market,
the production cost per kilo is P39.40. This means that the selling price of P100.00 per kilo
can be lowered so that all people can afford to buy organically produced amaranth.
Yield of Amaranth (Amaranthus viridis) Shoot Topped at Various Stages After Seedling
Emergence | SAB-IT, LENIE B. APRIL 2013
Table 6. Economic analysis per treatment from 15sq m area
TREATMENTS
_____________________________________________________
ITEMS
T1
T2
T3
T4
T5
________________________________________________________________________
A.YIELD (kg) 9.277
17.067
24.21
21.585
20.485
B. SALES (Php) 927.70 1706.70 2421.00 2158.50 2048.50
C. EXPENSES
Seeds
7.20
7.20
7.20
7.20 7.20
Alnus
Compost 75.00 75.00 75.00
75.00 75.00
Cellophane 12.95 23.80 33.60
30.10 28.35
Sticker 15.99 29.30 41.37
37.06 34.91
Labor cost
Cleaning 18.74
18.74 18.74
18.74 18.74
Digging Plots 31.25 31.25 31.25
31.25 31.25
Planting 18.74 18.74 18.74
18.74 18.74
Irrigation 18.74
18.74 18.74
18.74 18.74
Harvesting 190.10 190.10 190.10 190.10 190.10
Depreciation cost
G.I. pipes 150.65 150.65 150.65 150.65 150.65
Plastic roofing 131.94 131.94 131.94 131.94 131.94
________________________________________________________________________
Expenses (Php) 695.36 726.72 748.59 740.78 736.88
________________________________________________________________________
Net Profit
232.34 979.98 1,672.41 1,417.72 1,311.62
________________________________________________________________________
ROE(%)
33.41 134.85 223.41 191.38
178.00
RANK
5
4
1
2
3
Note: The selling price per kilo of Amaranth at the BSU Organic market is P100.00/kg
only.
Yield of Amaranth (Amaranthus viridis) Shoot Topped at Various Stages After Seedling
Emergence | SAB-IT, LENIE B. APRIL 2013
SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
Summary
The study was conducted from November 2012 to March 2013 at Balili Organic
Farms of Benguet State University, La Trinidad, Benguet purposely to determine the best
stage of growth from seedling emergence to pinch out the shoot of amaranth, determine
the yield of amaranth, how many times of shoot harvesting can be done in five months and
compute for the profitability of the shoo topping study.
The results obtained, can be summarized as follows:
1. the best stage to shoot top amaranth is five weeks after emergence in order to
obtain the highest yield and profit;
2. shoot topping amaranth four weeks after emergence might be too early as the
growth of the main stem is affected and shoot topping after six weeks from emergence
might be late as the lateral shoots production was declining;
3. the frequency of harvesting the lateral shoots of Amaranthus viridis when shoot
topped ranges from 11 to 14 in five months; and
4. the profit from shoot topping ranges from P979.98 to P1,672.41 in 15sq m of
land under greenhouse condition.
Conclusion
Based on the results presented and discussed, it is best to shoot topped Amaranthus
viridis five weeks after seedling emergence.
Yield of Amaranth (Amaranthus viridis) Shoot Topped at Various Stages After Seedling
Emergence | SAB-IT, LENIE B. APRIL 2013
Recommendation
It is therefore recommended that Amaranthus viridis be shoot topped five weeks
after emergence to obtain higher yield and profit.
Yield of Amaranth (Amaranthus viridis) Shoot Topped at Various Stages After Seedling
Emergence | SAB-IT, LENIE B. APRIL 2013
LITERATURE CITED
BEAZLEY, M. 1997. Creative Vegetable Gardening. Octupos Publishing Group Limited,
2-4 Heron Quays, London E14 4JP. P.162.
DE MACVEAN,A. L. and E. POLL.1997. Ethnobotany. Tropical Tree Seed Manual,
USD Forest Service, edt. J.A. Vozzo. P.63.
FAO. 1994. Neglected Crops: 1942 from a different perspective. David Memorial Library
Cataloguing in Publication Data. P. 146.
GEORGE, R. A. T. 1985. Vegetable Seed Production. United States of America,
Longman Inc., New York. Pp.295-296.
GRUBBEN, G. H. 1984. AMARANTH: Modern Prospect for Ancient Crop. National
Academy Press, Washington, D.C. P.8.
GRUBBEN, J .H. and O.A. Denton. 2004. Plant Resources of Tropical Africa. PROTA
Foundation, Wageningen; Backhuys, Leiden; CTA, Wageningen. Pp. 68-74.
JUAN, R., P. S. BELTON and R. N. TAYLOR. 2007. “Electrophoretic Characterization
of Amaranthus L. seed proteins and its systematic implication”. Botanical Journal
of the Linnear Society 155: 57-63.
PURSEGLOVE, J. W. 1968. Tropical Crops Dicotyledons. Longman Group Ltd,
Longman House Burn Mill, Harlow, Essex, U. K. P624.
SAUER, J. D.1967. The Grain Amaranths and their Relatives: A Revised Taxonomic
Geographic. Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden. Pp.103-137
SAUNDERS, R. M. and BECKER, R. 1984. Amaranthus: A potential food and Feed
Resource. Am. Assoc. Cereal Chemists: St, Paul, MN. P.20.
SOOBY, J., R. D. MYERS and D. BRENNER. 2007. Amaranth: Production Guide for
theCentral United States, A Guide to Growing and Marketing. University of
Nebraska Cooperative Extension EC 98- 151-S. Pp.103-105.
Yield of Amaranth (Amaranthus viridis) Shoot Topped at Various Stages After Seedling
Emergence | SAB-IT, LENIE B. APRIL 2013
SAB-IT, LENIE B. APRIL 2013. Yield of Amaranth (Amaranthus viridis) Shoot
Topped at Various Stages After Seedling Emergence. Benguet State University, La
Trinidad, Benguet.
Adviser: Silvestre L. Kudan, PhD
ABSTRACT
Results of the study revealed that Amaranth (Amaranthus viridis) shoot topped five
weeks after seedling emergence produced the highest profit, the highest number of shoots
harvested, had the biggest stem diameter, the highest yield and profit. No shoot topping
(control) treatment had the lowest yield and lowest profit which was significantly lower
from the other treatments.
In terms of profit, amaranth shoot topped five weeks after seedling emergence
obtained the highest net profit of P1,672.41 followed by shoot topping six weeks after
emergence which had net profit of P1,417.72; shoot topped seven weeks after emergence
with P979.98; and amaranth plants shoot topped four weeks after emergence had a net
profit of P232.34.
Yield of Amaranth (Amaranthus viridis) Shoot Topped at Various Stages After Seedling
Emergence | SAB-IT, LENIE B. APRIL 2013
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Total Number of Lateral Shoots Harvested per Plot
Table 1 shows the number of shoots harvested per plot. Amaranth shoot- topped
five weeks after emergence produced the most shoots per plot followed by those plants
topped six weeks after emergence, seven weeks after emergence and four weeks after
emergence. The plants allowed to grow without shoot topping had the least lateral shoots.
However, there were no significant differences among the different treatments studied.
Table 1. Total number of lateral shoots harvested per plot
TREATMENT
MEAN
________________________________________________________________________
No shoot topping (Control)
962.00a
Topped four weeks after emergence
1,829.66a
Topped five weeks after emergence
2,351.00a
Topped six weeks after emergence
2,039.66a
Topped seven weeks after emergence
1,901.66a
Means with the same letter are not significant at 5% level by DMRT
Yield of Amaranth (Amaranthus viridis) Shoot Topped at Various Stages After Seedling
Emergence | SAB-IT, LENIE B. APRIL 2013
Total Yield per Plot
As presented in Table 2, the highest yield was produced from the plants topped five
weeks after emergence followed by plants topped six weeks after emergence, seven weeks
after emergence and plants topped four weeks after emergence, all of which have similar
total yield that significantly differed over the yield of plants without shoot topping.
The significantly lower yield from plants without shoot topping is due to the few
production of lateral shoots as shown in Table 1. According to George (1985), it is
customary to pinch out the growing point of the cultivars which have a relatively small
apical inflorescence for four weeks after planting to encourage development of secondary
shoots.
Table 2. Total yield per plot (kg)
TREATMENT
MEAN
________________________________________________________________________
No topping (Control)
3.09b
Topped four weeks after emergence
5.68a
Topped five weeks after emergence
8.07a
Topped six weeks after emergence
7.19a
Topped seven weeks after emergence
6.82a
Means with the same letter are not significantly different at 5% by DMRT
Yield of Amaranth (Amaranthus viridis) Shoot Topped at Various Stages After Seedling
Emergence | SAB-IT, LENIE B. APRIL 2013
Total Yield per Plant
Similar to the total yield per plot, the yield per plant from those that were topped
four to seven weeks after emergence did not differ significantly but significantly surpassed
the total yield per plant from those that were not topped at all (Table 3). It was apparent in
this yield data that topping the plants five weeks after emergence enhanced the production
of more lateral shoots compared to the other stages after emergence. It might be that the
plants are too young below five weeks, the plants have passed the vegetative stage already
thus, the production of lateral shoots in declining.
Table 3. Total yield per plant (g)
TREATMENT
MEAN
________________________________________________________________________
No topping (Control)
64.42b
Topped four weeks after emergence
118.51a
Topped five weeks after emergence
168.12a
Topped six weeks after emergence
149.89a
Topped seven weeks after emergence
142.25a
Means with the same letter are not significantly different at 5% by DMRT
Yield of Amaranth (Amaranthus viridis) Shoot Topped at Various Stages After Seedling
Emergence | SAB-IT, LENIE B. APRIL 2013
Diameter of the Main Stem
The stem diameter from the from the plants topped four weeks after emergence had
the smallest measurement while plants topped five weeks after emergence had the biggest
diameter as shown in Table 4. However, the differences among the treatments in the stem
diameter were not significant. This means that the shoot topping at the different stages did
not affect the growth of the main stem.
Table 4. Diameter of the main stem (cm)
TREATMENT
MEAN
________________________________________________________________________
No topping (Control)
4.32a
Topped four weeks after emergence
1.32a
Topped five weeks after emergence
4.36a
Topped six weeks after emergence
4.3a
Topped seven weeks after emergence
4.11a
Means with the same letter are not significantly different at 5% by DMRT
Yield of Amaranth (Amaranthus viridis) Shoot Topped at Various Stages After Seedling
Emergence | SAB-IT, LENIE B. APRIL 2013
Frequency of Harvesting Shoots/Leaves for Five Months Duration
The frequency of harvesting amaranth ranges from 10 to 14 times (Table 5). The
plants without shoot topping had the lowest while the plants topped four weeks after
emergence had the most but the observed differences were not significant.
Figure 8, 9 and 10 show the harvested shoots of amaranth and the packing done
before it was delivered to the market for sale.
Table 5. Frequency of harvestingshoots/leaves for five months duration
TREATMENT
MEAN
________________________________________________________________________
No topping (Control)
10a
Topped four weeks after emergence
14a
Topped five weeks after emergence
13a
Topped six weeks after emergence
12a
Topped seven weeks after emergence
11a
Means with the same letter are not significantly different at 5% by DMRT
Yield of Amaranth (Amaranthus viridis) Shoot Topped at Various Stages After Seedling
Emergence | SAB-IT, LENIE B. APRIL 2013
Figure 8. Newly harvested Amaranth shoots ready for packing.
Yield of Amaranth (Amaranthus viridis) Shoot Topped at Various Stages After Seedling
Emergence | SAB-IT, LENIE B. APRIL 2013
Figure 9. Amaranth shoots packed and weighed 250 grams per pack.
Figure 10. Properly packed amaranth shoots to be delivered at Benguet State University
Organic market.
Yield of Amaranth (Amaranthus viridis) Shoot Topped at Various Stages After Seedling
Emergence | SAB-IT, LENIE B. APRIL 2013
Cost and Return Analysis
As presented in Table 6, Amaranth topped five weeks after emergence obtained the
highest profit (P1, 672.41) followed by topping the plants six ,seven and four weeks after
emergence. The plants without shoot topping had the lowest profit of P232.34.
In terms of return on cash expenses, shoot topping of plants five weeks after
emergence obtained 223.41% or P2.23 for every peso spent in the production of amaranth
in five months. In descending order, this was followed by topping six, seven, four weeks
after emergence and without shoot topping with P1.91, P1.78, P1.35, and P0.33,
respectively.
Based on the total expenses in the experiment and the total yield sold in the market,
the production cost per kilo is P39.40. This means that the selling price of P100.00 per kilo
can be lowered so that all people can afford to buy organically produced amaranth.
Yield of Amaranth (Amaranthus viridis) Shoot Topped at Various Stages After Seedling
Emergence | SAB-IT, LENIE B. APRIL 2013
Table 6. Economic analysis per treatment from 15sq m area
TREATMENTS
_____________________________________________________
ITEMS
T1
T2
T3
T4
T5
________________________________________________________________________
A.YIELD (kg) 9.277
17.067
24.21
21.585
20.485
B. SALES (Php) 927.70 1706.70 2421.00 2158.50 2048.50
C. EXPENSES
Seeds
7.20
7.20
7.20
7.20 7.20
Alnus
Compost 75.00 75.00 75.00
75.00 75.00
Cellophane 12.95 23.80 33.60
30.10 28.35
Sticker 15.99 29.30 41.37
37.06 34.91
Labor cost
Cleaning 18.74
18.74 18.74
18.74 18.74
Digging Plots 31.25 31.25 31.25
31.25 31.25
Planting 18.74 18.74 18.74
18.74 18.74
Irrigation 18.74
18.74 18.74
18.74 18.74
Harvesting 190.10 190.10 190.10 190.10 190.10
Depreciation cost
G.I. pipes 150.65 150.65 150.65 150.65 150.65
Plastic roofing 131.94 131.94 131.94 131.94 131.94
________________________________________________________________________
Expenses (Php) 695.36 726.72 748.59 740.78 736.88
________________________________________________________________________
Net Profit
232.34 979.98 1,672.41 1,417.72 1,311.62
________________________________________________________________________
ROE(%)
33.41 134.85 223.41 191.38
178.00
RANK
5
4
1
2
3
Note: The selling price per kilo of Amaranth at the BSU Organic market is P100.00/kg
only.
Yield of Amaranth (Amaranthus viridis) Shoot Topped at Various Stages After Seedling
Emergence | SAB-IT, LENIE B. APRIL 2013
SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
Summary
The study was conducted from November 2012 to March 2013 at Balili Organic
Farms of Benguet State University, La Trinidad, Benguet purposely to determine the best
stage of growth from seedling emergence to pinch out the shoot of amaranth, determine
the yield of amaranth, how many times of shoot harvesting can be done in five months and
compute for the profitability of the shoo topping study.
The results obtained, can be summarized as follows:
1. the best stage to shoot top amaranth is five weeks after emergence in order to
obtain the highest yield and profit;
2. shoot topping amaranth four weeks after emergence might be too early as the
growth of the main stem is affected and shoot topping after six weeks from emergence
might be late as the lateral shoots production was declining;
3. the frequency of harvesting the lateral shoots of Amaranthus viridis when shoot
topped ranges from 11 to 14 in five months; and
4. the profit from shoot topping ranges from P979.98 to P1,672.41 in 15sq m of
land under greenhouse condition.
Conclusion
Based on the results presented and discussed, it is best to shoot topped Amaranthus
viridis five weeks after seedling emergence.
Yield of Amaranth (Amaranthus viridis) Shoot Topped at Various Stages After Seedling
Emergence | SAB-IT, LENIE B. APRIL 2013
Recommendation
It is therefore recommended that Amaranthus viridis be shoot topped five weeks
after emergence to obtain higher yield and profit.
Yield of Amaranth (Amaranthus viridis) Shoot Topped at Various Stages After Seedling
Emergence | SAB-IT, LENIE B. APRIL 2013
LITERATURE CITED
BEAZLEY, M. 1997. Creative Vegetable Gardening. Octupos Publishing Group Limited,
2-4 Heron Quays, London E14 4JP. P.162.
DE MACVEAN,A. L. and E. POLL.1997. Ethnobotany. Tropical Tree Seed Manual,
USD Forest Service, edt. J.A. Vozzo. P.63.
FAO. 1994. Neglected Crops: 1942 from a different perspective. David Memorial Library
Cataloguing in Publication Data. P. 146.
GEORGE, R. A. T. 1985. Vegetable Seed Production. United States of America,
Longman Inc., New York. Pp.295-296.
GRUBBEN, G. H. 1984. AMARANTH: Modern Prospect for Ancient Crop. National
Academy Press, Washington, D.C. P.8.
GRUBBEN, J .H. and O.A. Denton. 2004. Plant Resources of Tropical Africa. PROTA
Foundation, Wageningen; Backhuys, Leiden; CTA, Wageningen. Pp. 68-74.
JUAN, R., P. S. BELTON and R. N. TAYLOR. 2007. “Electrophoretic Characterization
of Amaranthus L. seed proteins and its systematic implication”. Botanical Journal
of the Linnear Society 155: 57-63.
PURSEGLOVE, J. W. 1968. Tropical Crops Dicotyledons. Longman Group Ltd,
Longman House Burn Mill, Harlow, Essex, U. K. P624.
SAUER, J. D.1967. The Grain Amaranths and their Relatives: A Revised Taxonomic
Geographic. Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden. Pp.103-137
SAUNDERS, R. M. and BECKER, R. 1984. Amaranthus: A potential food and Feed
Resource. Am. Assoc. Cereal Chemists: St, Paul, MN. P.20.
SOOBY, J., R. D. MYERS and D. BRENNER. 2007. Amaranth: Production Guide for
theCentral United States, A Guide to Growing and Marketing. University of
Nebraska Cooperative Extension EC 98- 151-S. Pp.103-105.
Yield of Amaranth (Amaranthus viridis) Shoot Topped at Various Stages After Seedling
Emergence | SAB-IT, LENIE B. APRIL 2013