BIBLIOGRAPHY TONGED, ESTHER C. APRIL 2009. Diptera...
BIBLIOGRAPHY
TONGED, ESTHER C. APRIL 2009. Diptera Inhabiting Selected Vegetations at
BSU Nature Park. Benguet State University, La Trinidad, Benguet.
Adviser: Prof. Bonie S. Ligat
ABSTRACT
The study was conducted to identify the different families of Diptera; to record
the distribution of Diptera; and to determine which among the families has the most
abundant in species on the different vegetations. Collecting was done through sampling
of the different traps from May to September 2008 at Bektey, Puguis, La Trinidad,
Benguet.
The collected specimens at BSU Nature Park yielded a total of 50 species
belonging to 31 families of Diptera.
The distributions of Diptera in both vegetations were 32 species, 11 species from
the mixed forest and 7 species in coffee under pine tree.
In both vegetations, the families with the most abundant in species were:
Calliphoridae, Anthomyiidae, Agromyzidae, Cecidomyiidae, Culicidae, Drosophilidae,
Muscidae, Stratomyiidae, Heleomyzidae, and Tachinidae.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
Bibliography……………………………………………………………………..
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Abstract ………………………………………………………………………….
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Table of Contents ………………………………………………………………..
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INTRODUCTION ………………………………………………………………
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REVIEW OF LITERATURE …………………………………………………...
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MATERIALS AND METHODS ………………………………………………..
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RESULTS AND DISCUSSION ………………………………………………...
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SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
Summary ………………………………………………………………….
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Conclusion ………………………………………………………………..
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Recommendation …………………………………………………………
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LITERATURE CITED ………………………………………………………….
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INTRODUCTION
Order Diptera or true Flies is composed of 99 families. It has so many species
with so many different styles thus it is difficult to generalize. Typical adult have a single
pair of membranous wings, rarely scaled. The wings have few cross veins and moderate
number of veins. Only a pair of slender knobbed balancing organ called halters represents
the hind wings. Mouthparts are of various types; in some groups they are modified for
piercing and sucking, in other groups for rasping and lapping. The body form is diverse.
In a few groups, the adults are completely apterous. The eyes are usually large and their
antennae vary from three to forty segments. These are holometabolous insects with
legless larvae, usually either with distinct mandibulate head or with an external
sclerotized skeleton attached to a pair of hook-like mandibles. The pupa is either free or
formed with the skin of the third instar larvae.
As a group, fly larvae are moisture loving, the great majority living in water,
rotting flesh, inside the bodies of other animals, in decaying fruits or other moist organic
materials, or inside living plant tissue. A few live in relatively dry soil or more about
exposed to the air.
Flies has the largest number of pest and one of the best vector pathogen that may
harm and kill animals, high volume crops that may lead to low cost value of the livestock.
And usually have low returns to the farmers investments, low quality vegetables, fruits
and cut flowers because of the diseases of the pathogen that have been introduced or of
the insects daily activities, completing its lifecycles in or out of the host plant resulting to
its defoliation and all the related parts of the crops will be affected by flies, considered
nuisance pest (Professional Pest Control, 2004), domestic of filth flies (Lyon, 2004).
Diptera Inhabiting Selected Vegetations at BSU Nature Park / Esther C. Tonged. 2009
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These best known to transmit diseases like conjunctivitis, poliomyelitis, typhoid fever,
tuberculosis, anthrax, leprosy, cholera, diarrhea, and dysentery (Lyon, 2004). Dura pest
control (2004) added hepatitis, diphtheria, scarlet fever, yaws, pink eye, tapeworm and
hookworm. Bloodsucker insects are directly responsible for the transmission of malaria,
filariasis, leishmaniasis, trympanosomiasis (sleeping sickness) and a wide rage of
arbiviruses including yellow fever, dengue, and various encephalatides. Most of the
vector species are the mosquitoes.
At present sustaining biodiversity of plants and animals is now becoming a
concern worldwide. This is brought about by the conversion of forested areas into
agricultural areas with monocrops, building of houses and industrial areas with toxic
waste and many more. As a result, incidences of pest outbreak on crops occur and even
human diseases. With the realization that species and habitats as well as fertile lands are
being lost, the International Union for Conversion Nature (IUCN) was established to help
and encourage nations to conserve wildlife and natural resources.
Insect fauna in Benguet State University (BSU) Nature Park need to be studied
and identified before they become instinct and need to be preserved as a basis for the next
generation.
The results of the study may provide a benchmark data on the students who
wishes to study more on the different families under Diptera and a basis or guide to
anyone whose studies are related to Insect Systematic. These also provide information
regarding families of Diptera inhabiting at the BSU Nature Park.
The study aims to come up with a general idea on Diptera inhabiting on selected
vegetations at BSU Nature Park. Specifically, it aims to: identify the different families of
Diptera Inhabiting Selected Vegetations at BSU Nature Park / Esther C. Tonged. 2009
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Diptera; and to record the distribution of Diptera and which among the families has the
most abundant in species on the different vegetations.
The study was conducted at BSU Nature Park, Bektey, Puguis, La Trinidad,
Benguet from May to September 2008.
Diptera Inhabiting Selected Vegetations at BSU Nature Park / Esther C. Tonged. 2009
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REVIEW OF LITERATURE
Characteristics of Flies
The major morphological feature, which distinguishes flies from other insects, is
their reduced hind wings, termed halteres. The halteres are small, club-like structures that
function as balancing organs during flight. Thus, adult flies have only one pair of
functional wing, hence their scientific name- Diptera (di-two, pteron-wing). A few other
groups of insects have also convergent, attained a similar two-winged form such as
coccids (Hemiptera-Sternorrhyncha). A few flies have lost their wings (and halteres)
altogether (CSIRO, 1990).
The mouthparts of flies are also characteristically suctorial and many have large
fleshy pads with drainage canals termed pseudo tracheae for efficient liquid uptake.
Habitat
Larvae occur in aquatic, semi aquatic and moist terrestrial environments, as
endoparasites of other animals or as miners within plant tissues, but because their cuticle
is soft and susceptible desiccation, only a few live in dry environments.
Adults
are
usually
terrestrial, active in the day time, and almost free-living, the
exception being the ectoparasitic adults of the louse flies (family Hippoboscidae,
Streblidae and Nycteribiidae) (Borror, 1976).
Feeding Ecology and Diet
Larvae are pythopagous (feeding on leaves, fruits or roots of plants), filter organic
matter, or are spacers of algae, predators, parasitoids and sarcophagus feeders or decating
organic matter including vegetables, dead animals or dung. Endoparasitic larvae include
Diptera Inhabiting Selected Vegetations at BSU Nature Park / Esther C. Tonged. 2009
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those in the family Tachinidae, which parasitise other insects, particularly spiders and
centipedes; those in family Pipunculidae, which parasitize the larvae of cicadas and leaf
hoppers; and some species of bee flies (family Bombyliidae), which develop in the eggs
or larvae of bees and wasps, other flies, beetles and butterflies.
Adults typically consume liquid food such as nectar and other plant exudates or
decomposing organic matter, or they prey on other insect or mollusk; adult of some
species for all little or nothing at all. Females of some groups may take blood meals from
vertebrates (Sci-tech Encyclopedia, 2005).
Characters Used in the Identification of Diptera
The principal characters used in the identification of Diptera are those of the
antenna, legs, wing venation, and chaetotaxy (the arrangement of the bristles, chiefly on
the head and thorax). Occasionally various other characters are used such as the presence
or absence of certain sutures, the shape of the head or abdomen, the form of the mouth
parts, and the presence or absence of the ocelli.
Description of Families of the Insect Order
Agromyzidae. This are small to minute flies and usually blackish or yellowish in
color. The larvae are leaf miners and the adults occur almost everywhere. Most species
are mare easily recognized by their mines than by the insects themselves. There
mesopleural bristles are present; tibia without preapical dorsal bristles, female abdominal
segments 7 enlarged, entirely esclerotized (Borror, 1976).
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Anisopodidae. These are usually found in moist places on foliage and larvae live
near decaying organic matter and fermenting sap. Two branches of their wings (Rs) not
connected were not connected by the cross vein and antennae with 12 16 segments.
Asilidae. Also called the robber flies. They have the top of the head hollowed out
between the eye, the face more or less bared, and they have a stout thorax, with long
strong legs. Most of them were elongate, with the abdomen tapering, but some are stout
bodied and very hairy.
Anthomyiidae. The member of this group are very similar to the Muscidae but
they differ in having the anal vein (Cu2+2A) reaching the wing margin, at least as a fold;
most of them are dark bodied and rather slender and some are quite hairy.
Bibionidae. The members of this group are small to medium- sized, usually
colored, stout-bodied flies with rather short abdomen at rest; the wings of midges are
usually more elongate, and are held roof-like over the abdomen at rest.
Calliphoridae. Most blowflies are about the size of a housefly or a little larger,
and many are metallic blue or green. They have the aristae on the antennae plumose to
the tip. The hind most posthumeral bristle is usually more laterally located than is the
presutural bristle.
Canaceidae. The canaceids are small flies that resemble the Ephydrids in
appearance and habits, but have only a single break on the Costa, they have an anal cell,
and the ocellular triangle is quite large.
Cecidomyiidae. These are minute delicate flies with long legs and usually
relatively long antennae and with reduced wind venation. Their eyes are meeting above
the antennae and with two three ocelli.
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Chamaemyiidae. This chamaemyiids are small flies that are usually grayish in
color with black spots on the abdomen. R5 cell not narrowed apically; legs not usually
long and slender; length usually less than 7 mm and post verticals converging or absent.
Clusiidae. The clusiids are small, 3-4 mm in length and the body color vary from
pale yellow to black; some species have the thorax black dorsally and yellowish laterally.
Culicidae. This family was recognized by the characteristic wing venation, the
scale along the wing veins and the long proboscis extending clypeus. The prominent
mouth brush of setae present on either side of labrum, antennae well separated and with
short apical setae.
Dolichopodidae. These are small to minute flies that are usually metallic in color,
greenish, bluish or coppery. They lack of frontal sub suture and have a characteristic
wing venation: the r-m cross vein is very short or absent and is located to the basal forth
of the wing, and there is often swelling of Rs where it forks.
Drosophilidae. They are small flies or pomace flies. They are 3-4 mm in length
and usually yellowish in color, and are generally found around decaying vegetations and
fruits. They have reclinate fronto-orbital bristle near the eye.
Empididae. Small to minute flies; found in moist places; with large thorax and
long tapering abdomen, the male genetalia are terminal and often are rather conspicuous.
The r-m cross vein located beyond the basal fourth of wing; fork of Rs not swollen and
body are not metallic.
Gasterophilidae. These flies are somewhat similar to honey bees in general
appearance. Adults have vestigial mouthparts and all species are brown in color and it has
patterned wings.
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Heleomyzidae. These flies are medium size and lack femoral bristles and has R1
ending beyond the middle of the wing. In profile, the third antennal segment appears
rounded, and the face is slightly concave below the antennae.
Lauxaniidae. They are small, relatively robust flies, rarely over 6 mm in length,
and some have patterned wings; they vary considerably in color. The complete subcosta,
no oral vibrissae, and the post verticals converging can distinguish them.
Lonchaidae. The lonchaeids are small, shinning blackish flies, with the abdomen
in the dorsal view oval and somewhat pointed apically; they occur chiefly in moist or
shady places.
Micropezidae. The members of this group are small to medium sized elongate
flies with very long legs. The first posterior cell is narrowed apically, and the anal cell is
often long and pointed. The adults are found near moist places.
Milichiidae. The milichiids are small flies, usually black or silvery in color. A pair
of lower fronto-orbital bent towards and oral vibrissae weakly differentiated. The first
segment of hind tarsi not swollen and longer than second segments.
Muscidae. This is a large group and its members are to be found almost
everywhere. They are small medium sized Diptera with fleshy proboscis. Oral vibrissae
are present and adults are characterized by bristle on the mesonotum.
Neriidae. Head elongate, post vertical bristles convergent; Costa usually without
distinct break; CuA+1A not reaching margin; pregenital lobes of male absent;
protandrium asymmetrical; segment 9 elongate.
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Phoridae. The phorids are small to minute flies that are easily recognized by the
humpback appearance. The wings are folded flat over the abdomen at rest, and the legs,
particularly the hind femora are strongly developed.
Psychodidae. The psychodids are small to minute flies, usually with hairy moth-
like flies. The wings span rarely exceeding 8 mm, usually much lee. In most, wings are
broadly ovate, and folded roof like over the abdomen.
Sepsidae. These flies are small, shinning blackish flies that have head spherical
and the abdomen narrowed at the base; many species have dark spots along the costal
margin of the wing near the tip. They are ant like flies with the habit of continuously
waving the wings when at rest.
Sphaeroceridae. These are very small, black or brown flies that can usually be
recognized by the characteristic hind tarsi. Hind base tarsus much swollen, or shortened
or compressed; vibrissae distinct; fore leg not raptorial; tarsal claws not normal.
Stratomyiidae. Most of these flies were small to medium sized and many species
are brightly colored and wasp like in appearance. Their branches of the radius are rather
heavy and are crowded together toward the costal margin of the wing.
Sarcophagidae. Flesh flies are very similar to some blowflies, but are generally
blackish with gray thoracic stripes (never metallic). The abdomen with pearly maculae or
dark round maculae. Body densely plumose and with three or more notopleural bristle
present.
Syrphidae. The syrphids flies are almost found everywhere. The adults are often
common about flowers and frequently do a great deal of hovering. Different species vary
Diptera Inhabiting Selected Vegetations at BSU Nature Park / Esther C. Tonged. 2009
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quite a bit in appearance but can recognize by the spurious vein in the wing between the
radius and the media. Many are brightly colored and resembles as bees.
Tachinidae. Subscutellum strongly developed, stout bodies, strongly bristled and
drab in coloration. They range in size from small species about half as big as a housefly.
Family Tephritidae. The members of this group are small to medium sized that
have usually spotted or branded wings. They can be recognized by the structure of the
subcosta, which bends forward at almost a right angle and at fades out; in most species
the anal cell has an acute distal projection posteriorly.
Basic Control Strategies of Flies
The basic strategy for control flies on diseases is to reduce the amount of potential
breeding locations. The primary fly breeding locations are in fresh manure, bedding
materials such as straw in calving areas around hatches and decaying plant materials such
as silage or hay. Composting grass clippings are also suitable breeding locations for some
flies. More expensive steps for fly control may include biological control and
insecticides (Kirk, 2007).
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MATERIALS AND METHODS
Materials
The materials used in the study were the following: insect net, killing jar,
microwavable plastic containers, forceps, syringe yellow plastic plate, cellophanes,
grease, plastic containers, banana peelings, pork, microscope, lamp, digital camera, pins,
syringe, ruler, paper envelope, vials, mothballs, 70% ethyl alcohol, forceps, pen and
notebook and other references like Entomology books.
Site of Collection
The sites of collection were the selected vegetations found at the BSU (Benguet
State University) Nature Park, which is about three kilometers away from the BSU main
campus. The two vegetations are the mixed forest vegetations (Figure 1) and the coffee
under pine tree (Figure 2). The collection site has a sloping area and non-probability
sampling was used.
Figure 1. Mixed forest vegetation
Figure 2. Coffee under pine tree
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Time of Collection
Collecting of Diptera were done twice a month for the months of May to
September 2008.
Four methods of collecting techniques were used – the yellow plastic plate
(Figure 3), carrion trap (Figure 4), fruit trap (Figure 5), and the natural insect trap (Figure
6).
Figure 3. Yellow plastic plate
Figure 4. Fruit trap
Figure 5. Carrion trap
Figure 6. Natural insect trap
Diptera Inhabiting Selected Vegetations at BSU Nature Park / Esther C. Tonged. 2009
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Trapping of Diptera
Yellow plastic plate. In each sites, 10 yellow plastic plates were set. This trap was
made up of plastic plate with a diameter of 30 centimeters, cellophanes and grease. The
grease was spread on the cellophanes with paper plastic plate inside. The trap was hanged
on the branches of trees with a height of four feet above the ground. Settings of this trap
were done three days before collecting. A forceps was used in gathering the trapped flies
and placed on vials with 70 % ethyl alcohol.
Fruit trap. This is a plastic container with pieces of banana peelings inside and
with a stand of two feet above the ground. Fine holes were made at the bottom of the
container to provide drainage for the rainwater. Five fruit traps were set on each site.
Setting of this trap was done three days before collecting the specimens. Insect net was
used in collecting the flies. The flies were put on killing jar and placed on vials with 70 %
ethyl alcohol.
Carrion trap. One kilo of pork was bought from the market and was divided into
four pieces. The pork was place inside a container with a stand of two feet above the
ground. Two carrion traps were set on each sites and setting was done three days before
collecting the specimens. Insect net were used in collecting the flies and placed on 70%
ethyl alcohol.
Natural insect trap. The natural trap used was the trap used by Sumingwa, 2004.
1. Fermented plant juice. Two kilo of banana trunk (cardava variety) were finely
chopped and mixed with one kilo of crude sugar and contained in a clay jar. The jar was
covered and left to stand for a day to let the contents settle at the bottom. The following
Diptera Inhabiting Selected Vegetations at BSU Nature Park / Esther C. Tonged. 2009
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day, the jar was stored in a cool and a shaded place for fermentation for seven days. The
fermented juice was extracted and transferred to a container.
2. Decoction of vinegar. One gallon of pure white coconut vinegar was mixed
with half kilo grounded crude sugar. The mixture was heated until it reached its boiling
point. The boiled mixture was set aside to cool and was used in preparing the attractant.
3. Preparation of mixture. 350 millimeters of concentrated plant juice were
measured and added to the cooled decocted vinegar. The mixture was set aside and was
set for testing.
4. Setting of trap. The traps were made up of pet bottles containing one and one
half inch thick natural trap. Two opposite sides of the bottles were opened as the entrance
of the flies attracted. Five traps were set on each sites and setting were done three days
before collecting the specimens. Forceps was used in picking the flies and they were
placed in 70 % ethyl alcohol.
Preservation of Flies
Immediately after the flies’ dies inside the killing jar it was placed in a paper
envelope. This serves as the temporary storage of flies collected that cannot be fixed
immediately. The flies were placed in a vial with 70% ethyl alcohol.
Identification of Flies
The different families of Diptera were collected were seen under a stereo zoom
microscope for proper identification at MPRH building. Collected specimens were
classified according to their family and species. The Insect of Australia book and through
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surfing the internet was used in classifying and naming the specimens. The specimens
that were collected were fixed and pictured (Figure 7).
Figure 7. Researcher taking picture of the
collected
specimens
Data Gathered
1. Identity of Diptera. Naming the specimens with their pespective families and
species.
2. Distribution of Diptera. Distribution was recorded by after knowing the
different families of the specimens that are present in the vegetations and number of
species was also counted.
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RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Diptera Collected at BSU Nature Park
Thirty-one families of Diptera were collected in the park. The specimens collected
through the different traps of the two vegetations were identified according to their
family and species.
Family Agromyzidae
The Cerodontha robusta were
colored yellow and the body length was six
millimeters. The type of antennae was
aristate.
Figure 8. Cerodontha sp.(40x)
The Unidentified were colored black
and with body length of five millimeters.
Figure 9. Unidentified (40x)
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Family Anisopodidae
The Anisopus species were with a
body length of four millimeters, red
compound eyes and with eleven-segmented
abdomen.
Figure 10. Anisopus sp. (40x)
The Sylvicola species has body
length of five millimeters, brown
compound eyes and with seven segments
of abdomen.
Figure 11. Sylvicola sp. (40x)
Family Anthomyiidae
The Chrisosia species were colored
brown, nine millimeters body length, dark
brown compound eyes and with six
segment on abdomen.
Figure 12. Chrisosia sp. (40x)
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The Hydrophoria species were black
in color, seven millimeters body length and
with five segments of abdomen.
Figure 13. Hydrophoria sp. (40x)
The Cerodontha species were
colored gray brown with eight millimeters
body length and seven-segmented
abdomen.
Figure 14. Pegomya sp. (40x)
Family Asilidae
The Cryptopogan species were
collected under this family. The bodies
were with 5 mm, body colors were black
and brown, they have stout thorax and their
abdomen were elongate with 7 segments.
Figure 15.Cryptopogon sp. (40x)
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Family Bibionidae
Under this family, their thorax was
large, large compound eyes and is elongate
in size. The Doliphus were the only species
collected under this family. The body
length was 16 millimeters and antennae
were filiform with seven segments.
Figure 16. Doliphus sp. (40x)
Family Calliphoridae
The Lucilia species were colored
blue green and with five segments of
abdomen.
Figure 17. Lucilia cuprina (40x)
Cynomyopsis species colored dark
blue and with six segments on their
abdomen.
Figure 18. Cnomyopsis sp. (40x)
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Phaenicia species were colored
green and abdomen with six segments.
Figure 19. Phaenicia sp. (40x)
The Phormia species were with dark
blue color and abdomen with six segments.
Figure 20. Phormia sp. (40x)
Family Canacidae
The Albiceps were the only species
collected under this family. Body length
was five millimeters and their antennae are
aristate. There color was black and the
abdomen has five segments.
Figure 21. Albiceps sp. (40x)
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Family Cecidomyiidae
Meridionalis species were with black
color, eight millimeters body length and
with six abdominal segments.
Figure 22. Meridionalis sp.
(40x)
The Unidentified were colored light
brown with five segments of abdomen.
Figure 23. Unidentified (40x)
Family Chamaemyiidae
These flies were ant like and they are
colored black. The body length was six
millimeters and with elongate abdomen
which has four segments. The Pseudodinia
were only the species collected under this
Figure 24. Pseudodinia sp.
family.
(40x)
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Family Clusiidae
The species collected under family
was the Closiodes. It has a body length of
four millimeters with brown thorax and
black abdomen with five segments. The
type of antennae is aristae.
Figure 25. Clusiodes sp. (40x)
Family Culicilidae
The Aedes were with black spots on
their body, antennae and proboscis has the
same height while their maxillary palp is
short.
Figure 26. Aedes egypti (40x)
The Anopheles species were with
short antenna and maxillary palps and
proboscis were with same heights.
Figure 27. Anopheles sp. (40x)
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The Culiseta were colored gray and
they are thinner than the Aedes and
Anopheles species.
Figure 28. Culiseta sp. (40x)
Family Dolichophilidae
Heteropsilopus cingulipes is the
only species collected under this family. It
has a body length of 12 millimeters and
colored greenish. It has large compound
eyes and with elongate abdomen with eight
Figure 29. Cingulipes sp. (40x)
segments. It has filiform type of antenna
with 14 segments.
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Family Drosophilidae
The Drosophila species has body
length of four millimeters; red eyes,
yellowish in color and with five segments
of abdomen.
Figure 30. Drosophila sp. (40x)
Amiota species were with 4.5
millimeters body length; light black color,
and with seven segments of abdomen.
Figure 31. Amiota sp. (40x)
The Unidentified were with body
length of six millimeters, black colored and
with 6 segments of abdomen.
Figure 32. Unidentified(40x)
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Family Empididae
Under this family, their colors were
light brown. Their body length was 4 mm
and abdomen has 4 segments. The
Axelempis species were the only species
collected under this family.
Figure 33. Axelempis sp.(40x)
Family Gasterophilidae
Gasterophilus intestinalis were the
only species found under this family. They
were brown in color with black spots on
their wings. Their body length is seven
millimeters and with aristate antenna while
Figure 34. Intestinalis sp.(40x)
the abdomen has seven segments.
Family Heleomyzidae
The Pseuchloleria species has gray
color with body length of 6 mm and it has
aristate antenna.
Figure 35. Pseucloleria sp.(40x)
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The Suillia species were reddish in
color; body length with 5 mm and the
abdomen were with black color with 7
segments.
Figure 36. Suillia sp.(40x)
Family Lauxaniidae
The Striateppennis has 6 mm. body
length, the body and wings were with black
spots and abdomen with 6 segments.
Figure 37.Striatepennis sp.(40x)
The Minetteia has 5 mm body
length, red compound eye and with 4
segments of abdomen.
Figure 38. Minetteia sp.(40x)
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Family Lonchaidae
The Lonchaea species were collected
under this family. Their bodies were black
in color, 7 mm body length, filiform
antennae with 5 segments and their
abdomen with 8 segments.
Figure 39. Lonchaea sp.(40x)
Family Micropezidae
The Metopochetus were the only
species collected under this family. The
body was spotted with black color. Body
length was 8 mm and with 7 segments of
abdomen.
Figure 40. Metopochetus sp.
Family Milichiidae
The Leptometopa species were with
five millimeters body length with black
color, they have filiform antenna and
abdomen with 5 segments.
Figure 41. Leptometopa sp.(40x)
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The Milichiella species has larger
body with a body length of 6 mm;
compound eyes were light brown, 6
segments of abdomen and with aristate
antenna.
Figure 42. Milichiella sp.(40x)
Family Muscidae
The Rostrata species were colored
black and tier body length wren 5 mm,
Figure 43. Rostrata sp.(40x)
The Vetustissima species were with
white and black color and with hairy body.
These species were with abdominal
segments of 5 mm.
Figure 44. Vetustissima sp.(40x)
Diptera Inhabiting Selected Vegetations at BSU Nature Park / Esther C. Tonged. 2009
29
Family Neriidae
The Telostylinus angusticollus were
the species collected in this family. The
head were elongate, with 7 mm body
length, with black spots on wings and legs
and with 7 segments of abdomen.
Figure 45. Angusticollus sp.(40x)
Family Phoridae
The Gymnophora species were
collected under this family. It has a
hunchback appearance and they were
colored brown. There body lengths were 6
mm. and with 9 segments, while the
Figure 46. Gymnophora sp.(40x)
abdomen were with 8 segments
Family Pyschodidae
These flies were grayish in color
with hairy wings and body. They have a
body length of 3 mm and with filiform
antennae with 16 segments. The species
collected were the Albipunctata.
Figure 47. Albipunctata sp.(40x)
Diptera Inhabiting Selected Vegetations at BSU Nature Park / Esther C. Tonged. 2009
30
Family Sarcophagidae
The Hardyi were the only species
collected under this family. It has a body
length of 7.4 mm, with red compound eyes
and with 7 segments of abdomen
Figure 48. Hardyi sp.(40x)
Family Sepsidae
The image part with relationship ID rId53 was not found in the file.
The Sepsis species were the only
species collected under this family with a
body length of 4 mm, they were black in
color, aristate antennae and abdomen were
with five segments.
Figure 49. Sepsis sp.(40x)
Diptera Inhabiting Selected Vegetations at BSU Nature Park / Esther C. Tonged. 2009
31
Family Sphaeroceridae
The image part with relationship ID rId55 was not found in the file.
These flies have 5 mm body length
with brown color. The antennas were
filiform with 12 segments, while the
abdomen has 5 segments. The Copromyza
species were collected under this family.
Figure 50. Copromyza sp.(40x)
Family Stratomyiidae
The Actina species has body length
of 7 mm, with blue thorax; elongate
abdomen with 7 segments and with
moniliform antenna.
Figure 51. Actina sp.(40x)
The Berkshira species were with
body length of 4.5 mm, they were black in
color, and large abdomen with 6 segments
and the antenna were aristate
Figure 52. Berkshiria sp.(40x)
Diptera Inhabiting Selected Vegetations at BSU Nature Park / Esther C. Tonged. 2009
32
While the Pachygaster species were
with body length of 7.5 mm, with black
thorax, spotted wings and moniliform
antenna with 8 segments
Figure 53. Pachygaster sp.(40x)
Family Syrphidae
These flies were with color
patterned on their elongate abdomen. There
body length was 6 mm, antenna moniliform
and their abdomen with 7 segments. The
species collected under this family were the
Figure 54. Mellinum sp.(40x)
Melanostoma mellinum.
Family Tachinidae
The Marmoratus species has 9 mm
body length, aristate antennae and with 6
segments of abdomen.
Diptera Inhabiting Selected Vegetations at BSU Nature Park / Esther C. Tonged. 2009
33
Figure 55. Marmoritus sp.(40x)
While the Ventralis species were
colored black, with a body length of 8 mm
and with 5 segments of abdomen.
Figure 56. Ventralis sp.(40x)
Family Tephritidae
The Dorsalis were the only species
collected under this family. It has a body
length of 8 millimeters, yellow and brown
color and with 6 segments of abdomen.
Figure 57. Bactocera dorsalis
(40x)
Diptera Inhabiting Selected Vegetations at BSU Nature Park / Esther C. Tonged. 2009
34
Table 1. Distribution of Diptera from the different vegetations at the BSU Nature Park
from May to September
POPULATION OF SPECIES PER
VEGETATION
FAMILY
SPECIES
Mixed forest
Coffee under pine
tree
Agromyzidae
Cerodontha
P P
Unidentified
P
P
Anisopodidae
Anisopus
P A
Sylvicola
P P
Anthomyiidae
Chrisosia
P A
Hydrophoria
P A
Pegomya
P P
Asilidae
Cryptopogon
P A
Bibionodae
Doliphus
P P
Calliphoridae
Lucilia
P P
Cnomyopsis
P P
Phaenicia
P P
Phormia
P P
Canacidae
Albiceps
P A
Cecidomyiidae
Meridionalis
P P
Unidentified
P
P
Chamaemyiidae
Pseudodinia
P P
Clusiidae
Clusiodes
P P
Culicidae
Aedes
P P
Anopheles
P P
Culiseta
P P
Dolichophilidae
Cingulipes
P P
Drosophilidae
Drosophila
P P
Amiota
P P
Unidentified
P
P
Diptera Inhabiting Selected Vegetations at BSU Nature Park / Esther C. Tonged. 2009
35
Table 1. Continued…
POPULATION OF SPECIES PER
VEGETATION
FAMILY
SPECIES
Mixed forest
Coffee under pine
tree
Empididae
Axelempis
P A
Gasterophilidae
Intestinalis
A P
Heleomyzidae
Pseucloleria
P P
Suillia
A P
Lauxaniidae
Striatepennis
P P
Minetteia
P A
Lonchaidae
Lonchaea
P A
Micropezidae
Metopochetus
P P
Milichidae
Leptometopa
A P
Milichiella
P A
Muscidae
Rostrata
P P
Vetustissima
P P
Neriidae
Angusticollus
P P
Phoridae
Gymnophora
A P
Pyschodidae
Albipunctata
P P
Sarcophagidae
Hardyi
P P
Sepsidae
Sepsis
P A
Sphaeroceridae
Copromyza
P P
Stratomyiidae
Actina
P P
Berkshiria
P A
Pachygaster
P P
Syrphidae
Mellinum
A P
Tachinidae
Marmoritus
P P
Diptera Inhabiting Selected Vegetations at BSU Nature Park / Esther C. Tonged. 2009
36
Table 1. Continued…
POPULATION OF SPECIES PER
VEGETATION
FAMILY
SPECIES
Mixed forest
Coffee under pine
tree
Ventralis
P A
Tephritidae
Dorsalis
P A
TOTAL (species)
50
44
38
Note: P- present A- absent
Distribution of Diptera on the Different Vegetations
Table 1 shows the distribution of Diptera on the mixed forest and Coffee under
pine tree vegetations. Diptera were widely distributed at the mixed forest than in coffee
under pine tree with 44 and 38 species, respectively.
Diptera were widely distributed at the mixed forest vegetation because of the
presence of different plants that serves as their host and it can support the foods of
insects, while in coffee under pine tree that has limited plants presents. Important note
regarding species distribution was mentioned by Clark, et al. (1967) who emphasized that
in nature, insect’s species exist and evolve as components of communities of plant and
animals in particular habits. Some insect species, including many predators, exist as
member of a number of a community. All insects have a limited distribution range; and
characteristically, insect numbers fluctuate to a greater or lesser extent both in time and in
space.
Diptera Inhabiting Selected Vegetations at BSU Nature Park / Esther C. Tonged. 2009
37
Table 2. Families of Diptera which has the most abundant in species at the BSU Nature
Park from May to September
POPULATION OF SPECIES PER
VEGETATION
FAMILY
SPECIES
Mixed forest
Coffee under pine
tree
Agromyzidae
Cerodontha
8 6
Unidentified
12
16
Anisopodidae
Anisopus
6 -
Sylvicola
2 1
Anthomyiidae
Chrisosia
5 4
Hydrophoria
2 -
Pegomya
1 2
Asilidae
Cryptopogon
6 -
Bibionodae
Doliphus
1 2
Calliphoridae
Lucilia
12 10
Cnomyopsis
8 5
Phaenicia
7 3
Phormia
6 3
Canacidae
Albiceps
2 -
Cecidomyiidae
Meridionalis
16 5
Unidentified
10
6
Chamaemyiidae
Pseudodinia
11 5
Clusiidae
Clusiodes
1 1
Culicidae
Aedes
10 3
Anopheles
5 3
Culiseta
4 6
Dolichophilidae
Cingulipes
3 1
Drosophilidae
Drosophila
66 52
Amiota
13 5
Unidentified
4 2
Diptera Inhabiting Selected Vegetations at BSU Nature Park / Esther C. Tonged. 2009
38
Table 2. Continued…
POPULATION OF SPECIES PER
VEGETATION
FAMILY
SPECIES
Mixed forest
Coffee under pine
tree
Empididae
Axelempis
1 -
Gasterophilidae
Intestinalis
- 1
Heleomyzidae
Pseucloleria
1 1
Suillia
- 2
Lauxaniidae
Striatepennis
4 1
Minetteia
1 -
Lonchaidae
Lonchaea
4 -
Micropezidae
Metopochetus
1 1
Milichidae
Leptometopa
- 2
Milichiella
1 -
Muscidae
Rostrata
4 5
Vetustissima
5 3
Neriidae
Angusticollus
1 1
Phoridae
Gymnophora
- 1
Pyschodidae
Albipunctata
2 1
Sarcophagidae
Hardyi
2 1
Sepsidae
Sepsis
3 -
Sphaeroceridae
Copromyza
5 3
Stratomyiidae
Actina
2 1
Berkshiria
3 -
Pachygaster
1 1
Syrphidae
Mellinum
- 1
Tachinidae
Marmoritus
2 3
Diptera Inhabiting Selected Vegetations at BSU Nature Park / Esther C. Tonged. 2009
39
Table 1. Continued…
POPULATION OF SPECIES PER
VEGETATION
FAMILY
SPECIES
Mixed forest
Coffee under pine
tree
Ventralis
1 -
Tephritidae
Dorsalis
1 -
TOTAL (species)
50
44
38
Families of Diptera which has the most abundant
species in the vegetations at the BSU Nature Park
Family Calliphoridae has the most abundant in species collected in both
vegetations with four species each. Under mixed forest, three species of family
Anthomyiidae, Culicidae, Drosophilidae, and Stratomyiidae were collected and then the
family Agromyzidae, Anisopodidae, Cecidomyiiade, Muscidae and Tachinidae has two
species each. While on the other hand, family Cilicidae has three species collected and
two species of family Anthomyiidae, Agromyzidae, Cecidomyiidae, Muscidae,
Stratomyiidae and Helcomyzidae at coffee under pine tree.
Meanwhile, Baucas (2007) mentioned that one of the top highest families at the
park were the order Diptera with 24 families collected and family Drosophilidae had the
highest family with a population of 16.
Diptera Inhabiting Selected Vegetations at BSU Nature Park / Esther C. Tonged. 2009
40
SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
Summary
The study was conducted mainly to identify the Diptera inhabiting different
Vegetations at BSU Nature Park; to record the distribution of Diptera; and to determine
which among the families has the most abundant in species at the park. It was done by
collecting through yellow plastic plate trap, carrion trap, fruit trap and natural insect trap,
for the month of May to December 2008. Individual species collected was identified
according to their families and species.
There were 50 species of Diptera collected belonging to 31 families. The 31
families were the Agromyzidae, Anisopodidae, Anthomyiidae, Asilidae, Bibionodae,
Calliphoridae, Canacidae, Cecidomyiidae, chamaemyiidae, Clusiidae, Culicidae,
Dolichophilidae, Drosophilidae, Empididae, Gastrerophilidae, Helcomyzidae,
Lauxaniidae, Lonchaidae, Micropezidae, Milichiidae, Muscidae, Neriidae, Phoridae,
Psychodidae, Sacrophagidae, Sepsidae, Sphaeroceridae, Stratomyiidae, Syrphidae,
Tachinidae and Tephritidae.
Forty-four species of Diptera were widely distributed at mixed forest while 38
species at coffee under pine tree.
Like wise, family Calliphoridae has the most abundant number of species
collected from the different vegetations.
Conclusion
It is therefore concluded that some species are widely distributed through out the
area which some are solely confined in one vegetation, which clearly implies that
Diptera Inhabiting Selected Vegetations at BSU Nature Park / Esther C. Tonged. 2009
41
arthropods prefers a place to live in or the kind of habitat determines the species that can
live on it.
Recommendation
It is therefore recommended that more study on this insect should be done to
determine their significance to animals and plants.
Diptera Inhabiting Selected Vegetations at BSU Nature Park / Esther C. Tonged. 2009
42
LITERATURE CITED
BAUCAS, N. 2007. Ground and leaf litter insects and allied species inhabiting selected
vegetations at the BSU Nature Park. MS Thesis. Benguet State University, La
Trinidad, Benguet. Pg. 42-60.
BORROR, D. 1976. An Introduction: The Study of Insects. New York, Holt Rinehart.
Pg.1-5.
CLARK, L. 1967. The Ecology of Insect Populations in the Theory and Practice
Methuen and Co. LTD, London. Pg. 1.
CSIRO. 1990. The Insects of Australia. A Textbook for Students and Research Workers.
Carlton: Melbourne University Press. Pg.717-786.
DURA TECH PEST CONTROL. 2004. 2004-2005 Dura-tech Pest Control. Newburyport
01950. Retrieved May 2008 from http://www.pestproducts.com/fty.html.
KIRK, J.H. 2007. Flies and Diseases. Retrieved May 2008 from http://www.vetmed
.ecdaris.edu/vetex/INF-DA/Flies and Diseases.
LYON, W.T. 2004. Ohio State University Extension Fact Sheets. Domestic Flies. HYG-
2111-96. Ohio State University Extension Ohio’s 88. Retrieved May 2008 from
http:/ /www .ohioline. ag .ohio-state.edu.
PROFESSIONAL PEST CONTROL PRODUCTS. 2004. Professional pest control
products. 6920 Pine Forest Pensacola, Florida 32526. Retrieved May 2008
http://www.ohioline.ag.ohio_state.edu.
SCI-TECH ENCYCLOPEDIA. 2005. McGraw-Hill Encyclopedia of Science and
Technology. McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Retrieved May 2008 from
http://www.answers.com/topic/diptera.
WIEGMANN, B. and D. YEATES. 2007. Diptera. True Flies. Retrieved May 2008 from
http://taweb.org/Diptera/8226/2007.//29 in the tree of Life Web Project, http:// tol
web.org.
Diptera Inhabiting Selected Vegetations at BSU Nature Park / Esther C. Tonged. 2009
TONGED, ESTHER C. APRIL 2009. Diptera Inhabiting Selected Vegetations at
BSU Nature Park. Benguet State University, La Trinidad, Benguet.
Adviser: Prof. Bonie S. Ligat
ABSTRACT
The study was conducted to identify the different families of Diptera; to record
the distribution of Diptera; and to determine which among the families has the most
abundant in species on the different vegetations. Collecting was done through sampling
of the different traps from May to September 2008 at Bektey, Puguis, La Trinidad,
Benguet.
The collected specimens at BSU Nature Park yielded a total of 50 species
belonging to 31 families of Diptera.
The distributions of Diptera in both vegetations were 32 species, 11 species from
the mixed forest and 7 species in coffee under pine tree.
In both vegetations, the families with the most abundant in species were:
Calliphoridae, Anthomyiidae, Agromyzidae, Cecidomyiidae, Culicidae, Drosophilidae,
Muscidae, Stratomyiidae, Heleomyzidae, and Tachinidae.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
Bibliography……………………………………………………………………..
i
Abstract ………………………………………………………………………….
i
Table of Contents ………………………………………………………………..
ii
INTRODUCTION ………………………………………………………………
1
REVIEW OF LITERATURE …………………………………………………...
4
MATERIALS AND METHODS ………………………………………………..
11
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION ………………………………………………...
16
SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
Summary ………………………………………………………………….
40
Conclusion ………………………………………………………………..
40
Recommendation …………………………………………………………
41
LITERATURE CITED ………………………………………………………….
42
ii
1
INTRODUCTION
Order Diptera or true Flies is composed of 99 families. It has so many species
with so many different styles thus it is difficult to generalize. Typical adult have a single
pair of membranous wings, rarely scaled. The wings have few cross veins and moderate
number of veins. Only a pair of slender knobbed balancing organ called halters represents
the hind wings. Mouthparts are of various types; in some groups they are modified for
piercing and sucking, in other groups for rasping and lapping. The body form is diverse.
In a few groups, the adults are completely apterous. The eyes are usually large and their
antennae vary from three to forty segments. These are holometabolous insects with
legless larvae, usually either with distinct mandibulate head or with an external
sclerotized skeleton attached to a pair of hook-like mandibles. The pupa is either free or
formed with the skin of the third instar larvae.
As a group, fly larvae are moisture loving, the great majority living in water,
rotting flesh, inside the bodies of other animals, in decaying fruits or other moist organic
materials, or inside living plant tissue. A few live in relatively dry soil or more about
exposed to the air.
Flies has the largest number of pest and one of the best vector pathogen that may
harm and kill animals, high volume crops that may lead to low cost value of the livestock.
And usually have low returns to the farmers investments, low quality vegetables, fruits
and cut flowers because of the diseases of the pathogen that have been introduced or of
the insects daily activities, completing its lifecycles in or out of the host plant resulting to
its defoliation and all the related parts of the crops will be affected by flies, considered
nuisance pest (Professional Pest Control, 2004), domestic of filth flies (Lyon, 2004).
Diptera Inhabiting Selected Vegetations at BSU Nature Park / Esther C. Tonged. 2009
2
These best known to transmit diseases like conjunctivitis, poliomyelitis, typhoid fever,
tuberculosis, anthrax, leprosy, cholera, diarrhea, and dysentery (Lyon, 2004). Dura pest
control (2004) added hepatitis, diphtheria, scarlet fever, yaws, pink eye, tapeworm and
hookworm. Bloodsucker insects are directly responsible for the transmission of malaria,
filariasis, leishmaniasis, trympanosomiasis (sleeping sickness) and a wide rage of
arbiviruses including yellow fever, dengue, and various encephalatides. Most of the
vector species are the mosquitoes.
At present sustaining biodiversity of plants and animals is now becoming a
concern worldwide. This is brought about by the conversion of forested areas into
agricultural areas with monocrops, building of houses and industrial areas with toxic
waste and many more. As a result, incidences of pest outbreak on crops occur and even
human diseases. With the realization that species and habitats as well as fertile lands are
being lost, the International Union for Conversion Nature (IUCN) was established to help
and encourage nations to conserve wildlife and natural resources.
Insect fauna in Benguet State University (BSU) Nature Park need to be studied
and identified before they become instinct and need to be preserved as a basis for the next
generation.
The results of the study may provide a benchmark data on the students who
wishes to study more on the different families under Diptera and a basis or guide to
anyone whose studies are related to Insect Systematic. These also provide information
regarding families of Diptera inhabiting at the BSU Nature Park.
The study aims to come up with a general idea on Diptera inhabiting on selected
vegetations at BSU Nature Park. Specifically, it aims to: identify the different families of
Diptera Inhabiting Selected Vegetations at BSU Nature Park / Esther C. Tonged. 2009
3
Diptera; and to record the distribution of Diptera and which among the families has the
most abundant in species on the different vegetations.
The study was conducted at BSU Nature Park, Bektey, Puguis, La Trinidad,
Benguet from May to September 2008.
Diptera Inhabiting Selected Vegetations at BSU Nature Park / Esther C. Tonged. 2009
4
REVIEW OF LITERATURE
Characteristics of Flies
The major morphological feature, which distinguishes flies from other insects, is
their reduced hind wings, termed halteres. The halteres are small, club-like structures that
function as balancing organs during flight. Thus, adult flies have only one pair of
functional wing, hence their scientific name- Diptera (di-two, pteron-wing). A few other
groups of insects have also convergent, attained a similar two-winged form such as
coccids (Hemiptera-Sternorrhyncha). A few flies have lost their wings (and halteres)
altogether (CSIRO, 1990).
The mouthparts of flies are also characteristically suctorial and many have large
fleshy pads with drainage canals termed pseudo tracheae for efficient liquid uptake.
Habitat
Larvae occur in aquatic, semi aquatic and moist terrestrial environments, as
endoparasites of other animals or as miners within plant tissues, but because their cuticle
is soft and susceptible desiccation, only a few live in dry environments.
Adults
are
usually
terrestrial, active in the day time, and almost free-living, the
exception being the ectoparasitic adults of the louse flies (family Hippoboscidae,
Streblidae and Nycteribiidae) (Borror, 1976).
Feeding Ecology and Diet
Larvae are pythopagous (feeding on leaves, fruits or roots of plants), filter organic
matter, or are spacers of algae, predators, parasitoids and sarcophagus feeders or decating
organic matter including vegetables, dead animals or dung. Endoparasitic larvae include
Diptera Inhabiting Selected Vegetations at BSU Nature Park / Esther C. Tonged. 2009
5
those in the family Tachinidae, which parasitise other insects, particularly spiders and
centipedes; those in family Pipunculidae, which parasitize the larvae of cicadas and leaf
hoppers; and some species of bee flies (family Bombyliidae), which develop in the eggs
or larvae of bees and wasps, other flies, beetles and butterflies.
Adults typically consume liquid food such as nectar and other plant exudates or
decomposing organic matter, or they prey on other insect or mollusk; adult of some
species for all little or nothing at all. Females of some groups may take blood meals from
vertebrates (Sci-tech Encyclopedia, 2005).
Characters Used in the Identification of Diptera
The principal characters used in the identification of Diptera are those of the
antenna, legs, wing venation, and chaetotaxy (the arrangement of the bristles, chiefly on
the head and thorax). Occasionally various other characters are used such as the presence
or absence of certain sutures, the shape of the head or abdomen, the form of the mouth
parts, and the presence or absence of the ocelli.
Description of Families of the Insect Order
Agromyzidae. This are small to minute flies and usually blackish or yellowish in
color. The larvae are leaf miners and the adults occur almost everywhere. Most species
are mare easily recognized by their mines than by the insects themselves. There
mesopleural bristles are present; tibia without preapical dorsal bristles, female abdominal
segments 7 enlarged, entirely esclerotized (Borror, 1976).
Diptera Inhabiting Selected Vegetations at BSU Nature Park / Esther C. Tonged. 2009
6
Anisopodidae. These are usually found in moist places on foliage and larvae live
near decaying organic matter and fermenting sap. Two branches of their wings (Rs) not
connected were not connected by the cross vein and antennae with 12 16 segments.
Asilidae. Also called the robber flies. They have the top of the head hollowed out
between the eye, the face more or less bared, and they have a stout thorax, with long
strong legs. Most of them were elongate, with the abdomen tapering, but some are stout
bodied and very hairy.
Anthomyiidae. The member of this group are very similar to the Muscidae but
they differ in having the anal vein (Cu2+2A) reaching the wing margin, at least as a fold;
most of them are dark bodied and rather slender and some are quite hairy.
Bibionidae. The members of this group are small to medium- sized, usually
colored, stout-bodied flies with rather short abdomen at rest; the wings of midges are
usually more elongate, and are held roof-like over the abdomen at rest.
Calliphoridae. Most blowflies are about the size of a housefly or a little larger,
and many are metallic blue or green. They have the aristae on the antennae plumose to
the tip. The hind most posthumeral bristle is usually more laterally located than is the
presutural bristle.
Canaceidae. The canaceids are small flies that resemble the Ephydrids in
appearance and habits, but have only a single break on the Costa, they have an anal cell,
and the ocellular triangle is quite large.
Cecidomyiidae. These are minute delicate flies with long legs and usually
relatively long antennae and with reduced wind venation. Their eyes are meeting above
the antennae and with two three ocelli.
Diptera Inhabiting Selected Vegetations at BSU Nature Park / Esther C. Tonged. 2009
7
Chamaemyiidae. This chamaemyiids are small flies that are usually grayish in
color with black spots on the abdomen. R5 cell not narrowed apically; legs not usually
long and slender; length usually less than 7 mm and post verticals converging or absent.
Clusiidae. The clusiids are small, 3-4 mm in length and the body color vary from
pale yellow to black; some species have the thorax black dorsally and yellowish laterally.
Culicidae. This family was recognized by the characteristic wing venation, the
scale along the wing veins and the long proboscis extending clypeus. The prominent
mouth brush of setae present on either side of labrum, antennae well separated and with
short apical setae.
Dolichopodidae. These are small to minute flies that are usually metallic in color,
greenish, bluish or coppery. They lack of frontal sub suture and have a characteristic
wing venation: the r-m cross vein is very short or absent and is located to the basal forth
of the wing, and there is often swelling of Rs where it forks.
Drosophilidae. They are small flies or pomace flies. They are 3-4 mm in length
and usually yellowish in color, and are generally found around decaying vegetations and
fruits. They have reclinate fronto-orbital bristle near the eye.
Empididae. Small to minute flies; found in moist places; with large thorax and
long tapering abdomen, the male genetalia are terminal and often are rather conspicuous.
The r-m cross vein located beyond the basal fourth of wing; fork of Rs not swollen and
body are not metallic.
Gasterophilidae. These flies are somewhat similar to honey bees in general
appearance. Adults have vestigial mouthparts and all species are brown in color and it has
patterned wings.
Diptera Inhabiting Selected Vegetations at BSU Nature Park / Esther C. Tonged. 2009
8
Heleomyzidae. These flies are medium size and lack femoral bristles and has R1
ending beyond the middle of the wing. In profile, the third antennal segment appears
rounded, and the face is slightly concave below the antennae.
Lauxaniidae. They are small, relatively robust flies, rarely over 6 mm in length,
and some have patterned wings; they vary considerably in color. The complete subcosta,
no oral vibrissae, and the post verticals converging can distinguish them.
Lonchaidae. The lonchaeids are small, shinning blackish flies, with the abdomen
in the dorsal view oval and somewhat pointed apically; they occur chiefly in moist or
shady places.
Micropezidae. The members of this group are small to medium sized elongate
flies with very long legs. The first posterior cell is narrowed apically, and the anal cell is
often long and pointed. The adults are found near moist places.
Milichiidae. The milichiids are small flies, usually black or silvery in color. A pair
of lower fronto-orbital bent towards and oral vibrissae weakly differentiated. The first
segment of hind tarsi not swollen and longer than second segments.
Muscidae. This is a large group and its members are to be found almost
everywhere. They are small medium sized Diptera with fleshy proboscis. Oral vibrissae
are present and adults are characterized by bristle on the mesonotum.
Neriidae. Head elongate, post vertical bristles convergent; Costa usually without
distinct break; CuA+1A not reaching margin; pregenital lobes of male absent;
protandrium asymmetrical; segment 9 elongate.
Diptera Inhabiting Selected Vegetations at BSU Nature Park / Esther C. Tonged. 2009
9
Phoridae. The phorids are small to minute flies that are easily recognized by the
humpback appearance. The wings are folded flat over the abdomen at rest, and the legs,
particularly the hind femora are strongly developed.
Psychodidae. The psychodids are small to minute flies, usually with hairy moth-
like flies. The wings span rarely exceeding 8 mm, usually much lee. In most, wings are
broadly ovate, and folded roof like over the abdomen.
Sepsidae. These flies are small, shinning blackish flies that have head spherical
and the abdomen narrowed at the base; many species have dark spots along the costal
margin of the wing near the tip. They are ant like flies with the habit of continuously
waving the wings when at rest.
Sphaeroceridae. These are very small, black or brown flies that can usually be
recognized by the characteristic hind tarsi. Hind base tarsus much swollen, or shortened
or compressed; vibrissae distinct; fore leg not raptorial; tarsal claws not normal.
Stratomyiidae. Most of these flies were small to medium sized and many species
are brightly colored and wasp like in appearance. Their branches of the radius are rather
heavy and are crowded together toward the costal margin of the wing.
Sarcophagidae. Flesh flies are very similar to some blowflies, but are generally
blackish with gray thoracic stripes (never metallic). The abdomen with pearly maculae or
dark round maculae. Body densely plumose and with three or more notopleural bristle
present.
Syrphidae. The syrphids flies are almost found everywhere. The adults are often
common about flowers and frequently do a great deal of hovering. Different species vary
Diptera Inhabiting Selected Vegetations at BSU Nature Park / Esther C. Tonged. 2009
10
quite a bit in appearance but can recognize by the spurious vein in the wing between the
radius and the media. Many are brightly colored and resembles as bees.
Tachinidae. Subscutellum strongly developed, stout bodies, strongly bristled and
drab in coloration. They range in size from small species about half as big as a housefly.
Family Tephritidae. The members of this group are small to medium sized that
have usually spotted or branded wings. They can be recognized by the structure of the
subcosta, which bends forward at almost a right angle and at fades out; in most species
the anal cell has an acute distal projection posteriorly.
Basic Control Strategies of Flies
The basic strategy for control flies on diseases is to reduce the amount of potential
breeding locations. The primary fly breeding locations are in fresh manure, bedding
materials such as straw in calving areas around hatches and decaying plant materials such
as silage or hay. Composting grass clippings are also suitable breeding locations for some
flies. More expensive steps for fly control may include biological control and
insecticides (Kirk, 2007).
Diptera Inhabiting Selected Vegetations at BSU Nature Park / Esther C. Tonged. 2009
11
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Materials
The materials used in the study were the following: insect net, killing jar,
microwavable plastic containers, forceps, syringe yellow plastic plate, cellophanes,
grease, plastic containers, banana peelings, pork, microscope, lamp, digital camera, pins,
syringe, ruler, paper envelope, vials, mothballs, 70% ethyl alcohol, forceps, pen and
notebook and other references like Entomology books.
Site of Collection
The sites of collection were the selected vegetations found at the BSU (Benguet
State University) Nature Park, which is about three kilometers away from the BSU main
campus. The two vegetations are the mixed forest vegetations (Figure 1) and the coffee
under pine tree (Figure 2). The collection site has a sloping area and non-probability
sampling was used.
Figure 1. Mixed forest vegetation
Figure 2. Coffee under pine tree
Diptera Inhabiting Selected Vegetations at BSU Nature Park / Esther C. Tonged. 2009
12
Time of Collection
Collecting of Diptera were done twice a month for the months of May to
September 2008.
Four methods of collecting techniques were used – the yellow plastic plate
(Figure 3), carrion trap (Figure 4), fruit trap (Figure 5), and the natural insect trap (Figure
6).
Figure 3. Yellow plastic plate
Figure 4. Fruit trap
Figure 5. Carrion trap
Figure 6. Natural insect trap
Diptera Inhabiting Selected Vegetations at BSU Nature Park / Esther C. Tonged. 2009
13
Trapping of Diptera
Yellow plastic plate. In each sites, 10 yellow plastic plates were set. This trap was
made up of plastic plate with a diameter of 30 centimeters, cellophanes and grease. The
grease was spread on the cellophanes with paper plastic plate inside. The trap was hanged
on the branches of trees with a height of four feet above the ground. Settings of this trap
were done three days before collecting. A forceps was used in gathering the trapped flies
and placed on vials with 70 % ethyl alcohol.
Fruit trap. This is a plastic container with pieces of banana peelings inside and
with a stand of two feet above the ground. Fine holes were made at the bottom of the
container to provide drainage for the rainwater. Five fruit traps were set on each site.
Setting of this trap was done three days before collecting the specimens. Insect net was
used in collecting the flies. The flies were put on killing jar and placed on vials with 70 %
ethyl alcohol.
Carrion trap. One kilo of pork was bought from the market and was divided into
four pieces. The pork was place inside a container with a stand of two feet above the
ground. Two carrion traps were set on each sites and setting was done three days before
collecting the specimens. Insect net were used in collecting the flies and placed on 70%
ethyl alcohol.
Natural insect trap. The natural trap used was the trap used by Sumingwa, 2004.
1. Fermented plant juice. Two kilo of banana trunk (cardava variety) were finely
chopped and mixed with one kilo of crude sugar and contained in a clay jar. The jar was
covered and left to stand for a day to let the contents settle at the bottom. The following
Diptera Inhabiting Selected Vegetations at BSU Nature Park / Esther C. Tonged. 2009
14
day, the jar was stored in a cool and a shaded place for fermentation for seven days. The
fermented juice was extracted and transferred to a container.
2. Decoction of vinegar. One gallon of pure white coconut vinegar was mixed
with half kilo grounded crude sugar. The mixture was heated until it reached its boiling
point. The boiled mixture was set aside to cool and was used in preparing the attractant.
3. Preparation of mixture. 350 millimeters of concentrated plant juice were
measured and added to the cooled decocted vinegar. The mixture was set aside and was
set for testing.
4. Setting of trap. The traps were made up of pet bottles containing one and one
half inch thick natural trap. Two opposite sides of the bottles were opened as the entrance
of the flies attracted. Five traps were set on each sites and setting were done three days
before collecting the specimens. Forceps was used in picking the flies and they were
placed in 70 % ethyl alcohol.
Preservation of Flies
Immediately after the flies’ dies inside the killing jar it was placed in a paper
envelope. This serves as the temporary storage of flies collected that cannot be fixed
immediately. The flies were placed in a vial with 70% ethyl alcohol.
Identification of Flies
The different families of Diptera were collected were seen under a stereo zoom
microscope for proper identification at MPRH building. Collected specimens were
classified according to their family and species. The Insect of Australia book and through
Diptera Inhabiting Selected Vegetations at BSU Nature Park / Esther C. Tonged. 2009
15
surfing the internet was used in classifying and naming the specimens. The specimens
that were collected were fixed and pictured (Figure 7).
Figure 7. Researcher taking picture of the
collected
specimens
Data Gathered
1. Identity of Diptera. Naming the specimens with their pespective families and
species.
2. Distribution of Diptera. Distribution was recorded by after knowing the
different families of the specimens that are present in the vegetations and number of
species was also counted.
Diptera Inhabiting Selected Vegetations at BSU Nature Park / Esther C. Tonged. 2009
16
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Diptera Collected at BSU Nature Park
Thirty-one families of Diptera were collected in the park. The specimens collected
through the different traps of the two vegetations were identified according to their
family and species.
Family Agromyzidae
The Cerodontha robusta were
colored yellow and the body length was six
millimeters. The type of antennae was
aristate.
Figure 8. Cerodontha sp.(40x)
The Unidentified were colored black
and with body length of five millimeters.
Figure 9. Unidentified (40x)
Diptera Inhabiting Selected Vegetations at BSU Nature Park / Esther C. Tonged. 2009
17
Family Anisopodidae
The Anisopus species were with a
body length of four millimeters, red
compound eyes and with eleven-segmented
abdomen.
Figure 10. Anisopus sp. (40x)
The Sylvicola species has body
length of five millimeters, brown
compound eyes and with seven segments
of abdomen.
Figure 11. Sylvicola sp. (40x)
Family Anthomyiidae
The Chrisosia species were colored
brown, nine millimeters body length, dark
brown compound eyes and with six
segment on abdomen.
Figure 12. Chrisosia sp. (40x)
Diptera Inhabiting Selected Vegetations at BSU Nature Park / Esther C. Tonged. 2009
18
The Hydrophoria species were black
in color, seven millimeters body length and
with five segments of abdomen.
Figure 13. Hydrophoria sp. (40x)
The Cerodontha species were
colored gray brown with eight millimeters
body length and seven-segmented
abdomen.
Figure 14. Pegomya sp. (40x)
Family Asilidae
The Cryptopogan species were
collected under this family. The bodies
were with 5 mm, body colors were black
and brown, they have stout thorax and their
abdomen were elongate with 7 segments.
Figure 15.Cryptopogon sp. (40x)
Diptera Inhabiting Selected Vegetations at BSU Nature Park / Esther C. Tonged. 2009
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Family Bibionidae
Under this family, their thorax was
large, large compound eyes and is elongate
in size. The Doliphus were the only species
collected under this family. The body
length was 16 millimeters and antennae
were filiform with seven segments.
Figure 16. Doliphus sp. (40x)
Family Calliphoridae
The Lucilia species were colored
blue green and with five segments of
abdomen.
Figure 17. Lucilia cuprina (40x)
Cynomyopsis species colored dark
blue and with six segments on their
abdomen.
Figure 18. Cnomyopsis sp. (40x)
Diptera Inhabiting Selected Vegetations at BSU Nature Park / Esther C. Tonged. 2009
20
Phaenicia species were colored
green and abdomen with six segments.
Figure 19. Phaenicia sp. (40x)
The Phormia species were with dark
blue color and abdomen with six segments.
Figure 20. Phormia sp. (40x)
Family Canacidae
The Albiceps were the only species
collected under this family. Body length
was five millimeters and their antennae are
aristate. There color was black and the
abdomen has five segments.
Figure 21. Albiceps sp. (40x)
Diptera Inhabiting Selected Vegetations at BSU Nature Park / Esther C. Tonged. 2009
21
Family Cecidomyiidae
Meridionalis species were with black
color, eight millimeters body length and
with six abdominal segments.
Figure 22. Meridionalis sp.
(40x)
The Unidentified were colored light
brown with five segments of abdomen.
Figure 23. Unidentified (40x)
Family Chamaemyiidae
These flies were ant like and they are
colored black. The body length was six
millimeters and with elongate abdomen
which has four segments. The Pseudodinia
were only the species collected under this
Figure 24. Pseudodinia sp.
family.
(40x)
Diptera Inhabiting Selected Vegetations at BSU Nature Park / Esther C. Tonged. 2009
22
Family Clusiidae
The species collected under family
was the Closiodes. It has a body length of
four millimeters with brown thorax and
black abdomen with five segments. The
type of antennae is aristae.
Figure 25. Clusiodes sp. (40x)
Family Culicilidae
The Aedes were with black spots on
their body, antennae and proboscis has the
same height while their maxillary palp is
short.
Figure 26. Aedes egypti (40x)
The Anopheles species were with
short antenna and maxillary palps and
proboscis were with same heights.
Figure 27. Anopheles sp. (40x)
Diptera Inhabiting Selected Vegetations at BSU Nature Park / Esther C. Tonged. 2009
23
The Culiseta were colored gray and
they are thinner than the Aedes and
Anopheles species.
Figure 28. Culiseta sp. (40x)
Family Dolichophilidae
Heteropsilopus cingulipes is the
only species collected under this family. It
has a body length of 12 millimeters and
colored greenish. It has large compound
eyes and with elongate abdomen with eight
Figure 29. Cingulipes sp. (40x)
segments. It has filiform type of antenna
with 14 segments.
Diptera Inhabiting Selected Vegetations at BSU Nature Park / Esther C. Tonged. 2009
24
Family Drosophilidae
The Drosophila species has body
length of four millimeters; red eyes,
yellowish in color and with five segments
of abdomen.
Figure 30. Drosophila sp. (40x)
Amiota species were with 4.5
millimeters body length; light black color,
and with seven segments of abdomen.
Figure 31. Amiota sp. (40x)
The Unidentified were with body
length of six millimeters, black colored and
with 6 segments of abdomen.
Figure 32. Unidentified(40x)
Diptera Inhabiting Selected Vegetations at BSU Nature Park / Esther C. Tonged. 2009
25
Family Empididae
Under this family, their colors were
light brown. Their body length was 4 mm
and abdomen has 4 segments. The
Axelempis species were the only species
collected under this family.
Figure 33. Axelempis sp.(40x)
Family Gasterophilidae
Gasterophilus intestinalis were the
only species found under this family. They
were brown in color with black spots on
their wings. Their body length is seven
millimeters and with aristate antenna while
Figure 34. Intestinalis sp.(40x)
the abdomen has seven segments.
Family Heleomyzidae
The Pseuchloleria species has gray
color with body length of 6 mm and it has
aristate antenna.
Figure 35. Pseucloleria sp.(40x)
Diptera Inhabiting Selected Vegetations at BSU Nature Park / Esther C. Tonged. 2009
26
The Suillia species were reddish in
color; body length with 5 mm and the
abdomen were with black color with 7
segments.
Figure 36. Suillia sp.(40x)
Family Lauxaniidae
The Striateppennis has 6 mm. body
length, the body and wings were with black
spots and abdomen with 6 segments.
Figure 37.Striatepennis sp.(40x)
The Minetteia has 5 mm body
length, red compound eye and with 4
segments of abdomen.
Figure 38. Minetteia sp.(40x)
Diptera Inhabiting Selected Vegetations at BSU Nature Park / Esther C. Tonged. 2009
27
Family Lonchaidae
The Lonchaea species were collected
under this family. Their bodies were black
in color, 7 mm body length, filiform
antennae with 5 segments and their
abdomen with 8 segments.
Figure 39. Lonchaea sp.(40x)
Family Micropezidae
The Metopochetus were the only
species collected under this family. The
body was spotted with black color. Body
length was 8 mm and with 7 segments of
abdomen.
Figure 40. Metopochetus sp.
Family Milichiidae
The Leptometopa species were with
five millimeters body length with black
color, they have filiform antenna and
abdomen with 5 segments.
Figure 41. Leptometopa sp.(40x)
Diptera Inhabiting Selected Vegetations at BSU Nature Park / Esther C. Tonged. 2009
28
The Milichiella species has larger
body with a body length of 6 mm;
compound eyes were light brown, 6
segments of abdomen and with aristate
antenna.
Figure 42. Milichiella sp.(40x)
Family Muscidae
The Rostrata species were colored
black and tier body length wren 5 mm,
Figure 43. Rostrata sp.(40x)
The Vetustissima species were with
white and black color and with hairy body.
These species were with abdominal
segments of 5 mm.
Figure 44. Vetustissima sp.(40x)
Diptera Inhabiting Selected Vegetations at BSU Nature Park / Esther C. Tonged. 2009
29
Family Neriidae
The Telostylinus angusticollus were
the species collected in this family. The
head were elongate, with 7 mm body
length, with black spots on wings and legs
and with 7 segments of abdomen.
Figure 45. Angusticollus sp.(40x)
Family Phoridae
The Gymnophora species were
collected under this family. It has a
hunchback appearance and they were
colored brown. There body lengths were 6
mm. and with 9 segments, while the
Figure 46. Gymnophora sp.(40x)
abdomen were with 8 segments
Family Pyschodidae
These flies were grayish in color
with hairy wings and body. They have a
body length of 3 mm and with filiform
antennae with 16 segments. The species
collected were the Albipunctata.
Figure 47. Albipunctata sp.(40x)
Diptera Inhabiting Selected Vegetations at BSU Nature Park / Esther C. Tonged. 2009
30
Family Sarcophagidae
The Hardyi were the only species
collected under this family. It has a body
length of 7.4 mm, with red compound eyes
and with 7 segments of abdomen
Figure 48. Hardyi sp.(40x)
Family Sepsidae
The image part with relationship ID rId53 was not found in the file.
The Sepsis species were the only
species collected under this family with a
body length of 4 mm, they were black in
color, aristate antennae and abdomen were
with five segments.
Figure 49. Sepsis sp.(40x)
Diptera Inhabiting Selected Vegetations at BSU Nature Park / Esther C. Tonged. 2009
31
Family Sphaeroceridae
The image part with relationship ID rId55 was not found in the file.
These flies have 5 mm body length
with brown color. The antennas were
filiform with 12 segments, while the
abdomen has 5 segments. The Copromyza
species were collected under this family.
Figure 50. Copromyza sp.(40x)
Family Stratomyiidae
The Actina species has body length
of 7 mm, with blue thorax; elongate
abdomen with 7 segments and with
moniliform antenna.
Figure 51. Actina sp.(40x)
The Berkshira species were with
body length of 4.5 mm, they were black in
color, and large abdomen with 6 segments
and the antenna were aristate
Figure 52. Berkshiria sp.(40x)
Diptera Inhabiting Selected Vegetations at BSU Nature Park / Esther C. Tonged. 2009
32
While the Pachygaster species were
with body length of 7.5 mm, with black
thorax, spotted wings and moniliform
antenna with 8 segments
Figure 53. Pachygaster sp.(40x)
Family Syrphidae
These flies were with color
patterned on their elongate abdomen. There
body length was 6 mm, antenna moniliform
and their abdomen with 7 segments. The
species collected under this family were the
Figure 54. Mellinum sp.(40x)
Melanostoma mellinum.
Family Tachinidae
The Marmoratus species has 9 mm
body length, aristate antennae and with 6
segments of abdomen.
Diptera Inhabiting Selected Vegetations at BSU Nature Park / Esther C. Tonged. 2009
33
Figure 55. Marmoritus sp.(40x)
While the Ventralis species were
colored black, with a body length of 8 mm
and with 5 segments of abdomen.
Figure 56. Ventralis sp.(40x)
Family Tephritidae
The Dorsalis were the only species
collected under this family. It has a body
length of 8 millimeters, yellow and brown
color and with 6 segments of abdomen.
Figure 57. Bactocera dorsalis
(40x)
Diptera Inhabiting Selected Vegetations at BSU Nature Park / Esther C. Tonged. 2009
34
Table 1. Distribution of Diptera from the different vegetations at the BSU Nature Park
from May to September
POPULATION OF SPECIES PER
VEGETATION
FAMILY
SPECIES
Mixed forest
Coffee under pine
tree
Agromyzidae
Cerodontha
P P
Unidentified
P
P
Anisopodidae
Anisopus
P A
Sylvicola
P P
Anthomyiidae
Chrisosia
P A
Hydrophoria
P A
Pegomya
P P
Asilidae
Cryptopogon
P A
Bibionodae
Doliphus
P P
Calliphoridae
Lucilia
P P
Cnomyopsis
P P
Phaenicia
P P
Phormia
P P
Canacidae
Albiceps
P A
Cecidomyiidae
Meridionalis
P P
Unidentified
P
P
Chamaemyiidae
Pseudodinia
P P
Clusiidae
Clusiodes
P P
Culicidae
Aedes
P P
Anopheles
P P
Culiseta
P P
Dolichophilidae
Cingulipes
P P
Drosophilidae
Drosophila
P P
Amiota
P P
Unidentified
P
P
Diptera Inhabiting Selected Vegetations at BSU Nature Park / Esther C. Tonged. 2009
35
Table 1. Continued…
POPULATION OF SPECIES PER
VEGETATION
FAMILY
SPECIES
Mixed forest
Coffee under pine
tree
Empididae
Axelempis
P A
Gasterophilidae
Intestinalis
A P
Heleomyzidae
Pseucloleria
P P
Suillia
A P
Lauxaniidae
Striatepennis
P P
Minetteia
P A
Lonchaidae
Lonchaea
P A
Micropezidae
Metopochetus
P P
Milichidae
Leptometopa
A P
Milichiella
P A
Muscidae
Rostrata
P P
Vetustissima
P P
Neriidae
Angusticollus
P P
Phoridae
Gymnophora
A P
Pyschodidae
Albipunctata
P P
Sarcophagidae
Hardyi
P P
Sepsidae
Sepsis
P A
Sphaeroceridae
Copromyza
P P
Stratomyiidae
Actina
P P
Berkshiria
P A
Pachygaster
P P
Syrphidae
Mellinum
A P
Tachinidae
Marmoritus
P P
Diptera Inhabiting Selected Vegetations at BSU Nature Park / Esther C. Tonged. 2009
36
Table 1. Continued…
POPULATION OF SPECIES PER
VEGETATION
FAMILY
SPECIES
Mixed forest
Coffee under pine
tree
Ventralis
P A
Tephritidae
Dorsalis
P A
TOTAL (species)
50
44
38
Note: P- present A- absent
Distribution of Diptera on the Different Vegetations
Table 1 shows the distribution of Diptera on the mixed forest and Coffee under
pine tree vegetations. Diptera were widely distributed at the mixed forest than in coffee
under pine tree with 44 and 38 species, respectively.
Diptera were widely distributed at the mixed forest vegetation because of the
presence of different plants that serves as their host and it can support the foods of
insects, while in coffee under pine tree that has limited plants presents. Important note
regarding species distribution was mentioned by Clark, et al. (1967) who emphasized that
in nature, insect’s species exist and evolve as components of communities of plant and
animals in particular habits. Some insect species, including many predators, exist as
member of a number of a community. All insects have a limited distribution range; and
characteristically, insect numbers fluctuate to a greater or lesser extent both in time and in
space.
Diptera Inhabiting Selected Vegetations at BSU Nature Park / Esther C. Tonged. 2009
37
Table 2. Families of Diptera which has the most abundant in species at the BSU Nature
Park from May to September
POPULATION OF SPECIES PER
VEGETATION
FAMILY
SPECIES
Mixed forest
Coffee under pine
tree
Agromyzidae
Cerodontha
8 6
Unidentified
12
16
Anisopodidae
Anisopus
6 -
Sylvicola
2 1
Anthomyiidae
Chrisosia
5 4
Hydrophoria
2 -
Pegomya
1 2
Asilidae
Cryptopogon
6 -
Bibionodae
Doliphus
1 2
Calliphoridae
Lucilia
12 10
Cnomyopsis
8 5
Phaenicia
7 3
Phormia
6 3
Canacidae
Albiceps
2 -
Cecidomyiidae
Meridionalis
16 5
Unidentified
10
6
Chamaemyiidae
Pseudodinia
11 5
Clusiidae
Clusiodes
1 1
Culicidae
Aedes
10 3
Anopheles
5 3
Culiseta
4 6
Dolichophilidae
Cingulipes
3 1
Drosophilidae
Drosophila
66 52
Amiota
13 5
Unidentified
4 2
Diptera Inhabiting Selected Vegetations at BSU Nature Park / Esther C. Tonged. 2009
38
Table 2. Continued…
POPULATION OF SPECIES PER
VEGETATION
FAMILY
SPECIES
Mixed forest
Coffee under pine
tree
Empididae
Axelempis
1 -
Gasterophilidae
Intestinalis
- 1
Heleomyzidae
Pseucloleria
1 1
Suillia
- 2
Lauxaniidae
Striatepennis
4 1
Minetteia
1 -
Lonchaidae
Lonchaea
4 -
Micropezidae
Metopochetus
1 1
Milichidae
Leptometopa
- 2
Milichiella
1 -
Muscidae
Rostrata
4 5
Vetustissima
5 3
Neriidae
Angusticollus
1 1
Phoridae
Gymnophora
- 1
Pyschodidae
Albipunctata
2 1
Sarcophagidae
Hardyi
2 1
Sepsidae
Sepsis
3 -
Sphaeroceridae
Copromyza
5 3
Stratomyiidae
Actina
2 1
Berkshiria
3 -
Pachygaster
1 1
Syrphidae
Mellinum
- 1
Tachinidae
Marmoritus
2 3
Diptera Inhabiting Selected Vegetations at BSU Nature Park / Esther C. Tonged. 2009
39
Table 1. Continued…
POPULATION OF SPECIES PER
VEGETATION
FAMILY
SPECIES
Mixed forest
Coffee under pine
tree
Ventralis
1 -
Tephritidae
Dorsalis
1 -
TOTAL (species)
50
44
38
Families of Diptera which has the most abundant
species in the vegetations at the BSU Nature Park
Family Calliphoridae has the most abundant in species collected in both
vegetations with four species each. Under mixed forest, three species of family
Anthomyiidae, Culicidae, Drosophilidae, and Stratomyiidae were collected and then the
family Agromyzidae, Anisopodidae, Cecidomyiiade, Muscidae and Tachinidae has two
species each. While on the other hand, family Cilicidae has three species collected and
two species of family Anthomyiidae, Agromyzidae, Cecidomyiidae, Muscidae,
Stratomyiidae and Helcomyzidae at coffee under pine tree.
Meanwhile, Baucas (2007) mentioned that one of the top highest families at the
park were the order Diptera with 24 families collected and family Drosophilidae had the
highest family with a population of 16.
Diptera Inhabiting Selected Vegetations at BSU Nature Park / Esther C. Tonged. 2009
40
SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
Summary
The study was conducted mainly to identify the Diptera inhabiting different
Vegetations at BSU Nature Park; to record the distribution of Diptera; and to determine
which among the families has the most abundant in species at the park. It was done by
collecting through yellow plastic plate trap, carrion trap, fruit trap and natural insect trap,
for the month of May to December 2008. Individual species collected was identified
according to their families and species.
There were 50 species of Diptera collected belonging to 31 families. The 31
families were the Agromyzidae, Anisopodidae, Anthomyiidae, Asilidae, Bibionodae,
Calliphoridae, Canacidae, Cecidomyiidae, chamaemyiidae, Clusiidae, Culicidae,
Dolichophilidae, Drosophilidae, Empididae, Gastrerophilidae, Helcomyzidae,
Lauxaniidae, Lonchaidae, Micropezidae, Milichiidae, Muscidae, Neriidae, Phoridae,
Psychodidae, Sacrophagidae, Sepsidae, Sphaeroceridae, Stratomyiidae, Syrphidae,
Tachinidae and Tephritidae.
Forty-four species of Diptera were widely distributed at mixed forest while 38
species at coffee under pine tree.
Like wise, family Calliphoridae has the most abundant number of species
collected from the different vegetations.
Conclusion
It is therefore concluded that some species are widely distributed through out the
area which some are solely confined in one vegetation, which clearly implies that
Diptera Inhabiting Selected Vegetations at BSU Nature Park / Esther C. Tonged. 2009
41
arthropods prefers a place to live in or the kind of habitat determines the species that can
live on it.
Recommendation
It is therefore recommended that more study on this insect should be done to
determine their significance to animals and plants.
Diptera Inhabiting Selected Vegetations at BSU Nature Park / Esther C. Tonged. 2009
42
LITERATURE CITED
BAUCAS, N. 2007. Ground and leaf litter insects and allied species inhabiting selected
vegetations at the BSU Nature Park. MS Thesis. Benguet State University, La
Trinidad, Benguet. Pg. 42-60.
BORROR, D. 1976. An Introduction: The Study of Insects. New York, Holt Rinehart.
Pg.1-5.
CLARK, L. 1967. The Ecology of Insect Populations in the Theory and Practice
Methuen and Co. LTD, London. Pg. 1.
CSIRO. 1990. The Insects of Australia. A Textbook for Students and Research Workers.
Carlton: Melbourne University Press. Pg.717-786.
DURA TECH PEST CONTROL. 2004. 2004-2005 Dura-tech Pest Control. Newburyport
01950. Retrieved May 2008 from http://www.pestproducts.com/fty.html.
KIRK, J.H. 2007. Flies and Diseases. Retrieved May 2008 from http://www.vetmed
.ecdaris.edu/vetex/INF-DA/Flies and Diseases.
LYON, W.T. 2004. Ohio State University Extension Fact Sheets. Domestic Flies. HYG-
2111-96. Ohio State University Extension Ohio’s 88. Retrieved May 2008 from
http:/ /www .ohioline. ag .ohio-state.edu.
PROFESSIONAL PEST CONTROL PRODUCTS. 2004. Professional pest control
products. 6920 Pine Forest Pensacola, Florida 32526. Retrieved May 2008
http://www.ohioline.ag.ohio_state.edu.
SCI-TECH ENCYCLOPEDIA. 2005. McGraw-Hill Encyclopedia of Science and
Technology. McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Retrieved May 2008 from
http://www.answers.com/topic/diptera.
WIEGMANN, B. and D. YEATES. 2007. Diptera. True Flies. Retrieved May 2008 from
http://taweb.org/Diptera/8226/2007.//29 in the tree of Life Web Project, http:// tol
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Diptera Inhabiting Selected Vegetations at BSU Nature Park / Esther C. Tonged. 2009
Document Outline
- Diptera Inhabiting Selected Vegetations atBSU Nature Park
- BIBLIOGRAPHY
- ABSTRACT
- TABLE OF CONTENTS
- INTRODUCTION
- REVIEW OF LITERATURE
- Characteristics of Flies
- Habitat
- Feeding Ecology and Diet
- Characters Used in the Identification of Diptera
- Description of Families of the Insect Order
- Basic Control Strategies of Flies
- MATERIALS AND METHODS
- RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
- Diptera Collected at BSU Nature Park
- Distribution of Diptera on the Different Vegetations
- Families of Diptera which has the most abundantspecies in the vegetations at the BSU Nature Park
- SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
- LITERATURE CITED