BIBLIOGRAPHY LIGAW, GREGORIO L. APRIL...
BIBLIOGRAPHY
LIGAW, GREGORIO L. APRIL 2012. Growth and Seed Yield of Three Corn
Varieties Applied with Organic Fertilizers under La Trinidad, Benguet Condition.
Benguet State University, La Trinidad, Benguet.
Adviser: Danilo P. Padua, PhD.
ABSTRACT
The study was conducted at BSU Experimental area, Balili, La Trinidad, Benguet
from January to June 2010 to evaluate the growth and seed yield of different corn
varieties; determine the best organic fertilizer that could give improvement on seed yield
in corn, determine the best combination of corn variety and organic fertilizer on seed
production, and determine the economic benefits of producing corn applied with different
organic fertilizers.
Chicken dung and carabao manure promoted higher corn seed yield. Among the
three varieties tested, native corn was best performing in terms of growth, marketable
seed yield and total yield under La Trinidad, Benguet condition.
Native corn applied with chicken dung produced the highest yield and profit
under La Trinidad, Benguet condition.
Growth and Seed Yield of Three Corn Varieties Applied with Organic Fertilizers
under La Trinidad, Benguet Condition /Gregorio L. Ligaw. 2012
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
Bibliography. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
i
Abstract
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
i
Table of Contents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
ii
INTRODUCTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1
REVIEW OF LITERATURE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3
MATERIALS AND METHOD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
8
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
12
Meteorological Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
12
Initial Plant Height . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
13
Final Plant Height . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
13
Plant Height at First Ear . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
13
Days from Sowing to Emergence
andSilking/Tasseling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
15
Days to Silking and Tasseling. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
15
Days to Maturity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
15
Corn Ear Length . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
16
Corn Ear Diameter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
18
Seed Length . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
18
Seed Width . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
19
Weight of Marketable Seeds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
20
Weight of Non-marketable Seeds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
21
Reaction to Corn Borer and Downy
Mildew . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
24
Growth and Seed Yield of Three Corn Varieties Applied with Organic Fertilizers
under La Trinidad, Benguet Condition /Gregorio L. Ligaw. 2012
Computed Yield per Hectare . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
25
Total Weight of Seeds per Plot . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
27
Return on Cash Expenses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
27
SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
. . . . . . .
29
Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
29
Conclusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
30
Recommendations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
30
LITERATURE CITED . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
31
APPENDICES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
33
Growth and Seed Yield of Three Corn Varieties Applied with Organic Fertilizers
under La Trinidad, Benguet Condition /Gregorio L. Ligaw. 2012
1
INTRODUCTION
Corn is second to rice in importance as a staple food (PCARRD, 1970). Corn
grains are milled into corn grits and prepared as food for steaming like rice. It is also
processed into flakes, oil, syrup and popcorn as well as a coffee substitute (Gagni and
Tabinga, 1985).
In the Philippines highlands particularly in Benguet, Sweet corn and native corn
are produced as cash crops among the farmers. Farmers usually use different kinds of
corn varieties from their own previous crop (Mamuri, 2003).
At the present, the problem faced by the farmers is the high cost of chemical
fertilizers. This situation greatly increases the farmer’s investment in production. In view
of this, the use of organic fertilizers appears to be very logical alternative in minimizing
chemical or organic fertilizer inputs (Mamuri, 2003).
The use of organic fertilizers in corn production can lessen the expenses of
farmers and ensure the vigorous growth of plants. It also influences nutrient absorption
due to its role in granulation and improvement of the physical and chemical properties of
the soil (Tamiray, 1997).
In addition, this study may serve as a useful guide for farmers engaged in corn
production. It can lead to the production of high quality corn seeds which ensures
increased production. Evaluation of different corn varieties may also lead the farmers to
have other alternative corn varieties to plant.
The study was conducted to:
1. evaluate the growth and seed yield of different corn varieties under La
Trinidad, Benguet condition;
Growth and Seed Yield of Three Corn Varieties Applied with Organic Fertilizers
under La Trinidad, Benguet Condition / Gregorio L. Ligaw. 2012
2
2. determine the best organic fertilizer material that could promote vegetative
growth and improve seed yield of corn;
3. determine the best combination of corn variety and organic fertilizers on seed
production; and
4. determine the economic benefits of producing corn applied with different
organic fertilizers.
The study was conducted at the Benguet State University Experimental Area,
Balili, La Trinidad, Benguet from December 2009 to June 2010.
Growth and Seed Yield of Three Corn Varieties Applied with Organic Fertilizers
under La Trinidad, Benguet Condition / Gregorio L. Ligaw. 2012
3
REVIEW OF LITERATURE
Soil and Climatic Requirements
Corn grows best on fertile, well-drained, clay loamy soil rich in humus and
organic matter. However, if the field is not suitable for corn production, apply proper
fertilizers and organic matter. Also we plant legumes such as mungbean, peanut, and peas
to improve the fertility of soil. The soil at least 80 cm deep soil holds moisture and
provides the needed nutrients for the plants. Corn grows well in a field that is slightly
rolling and fairly deep such topography will minimize stagnant water in the field (Gagni
and Tabinga, 1985).
Baluyot, et al. (1984) reported that corn is best adapted to well drained loamy soil
with high organic matter and water holding capacity. It requires a pH ranging from 5.5
(rather acidic) to 8.0 (moderately) for the best production of corn.
Seed Production and Varietal Evaluation
According to Coscolan (1991), the proper selection of variety of corn to be
planted is very necessary to increase its yield potential and the income of the farmers. In
addition, varietal evaluation is necessary to observe the characters such as yield,
earliness, maturity and keeping quality because varieties have a wide range of differences
is size-yielding performance.
Reily and Shry (1991) reported that corn varieties must be adapted to the area in
which it is grown; there is a great variation in the yielding ability of the different varieties
when grown under the same method of culture. A variety that yields well in one region is
not a guarantee that it will perform well in another region.
Growth and Seed Yield of Three Corn Varieties Applied with Organic Fertilizers
under La Trinidad, Benguet Condition / Gregorio L. Ligaw. 2012
4
Adaptability of crop in the highlands differs relatively to elevation mainly
because of temperature as well pest and diseases prevalence (SEARCA, 2002).
Therefore, farmers must know if a variety can grow suitably in that particular area.
Corn Fertilization and Irrigation
Baluyot and Cox (1984) stated that to attain best yield of a variety, all the required
nutrients must be available for the growth of corn plants. The amount of fertilizers
recommend to apply is determined by the level of nutrient present in the soil. In most
cases, nitrogen fertilizers is very important to produce high yield. A yield of 5-6 tons per
hectare can be obtained in farmers field fertilized with 90-100 kg tons per hectare of
nitrogen.
They further recommend basal application and side dressing of fertilizer during
wet season. They recommend application of half of the recommend nitrogen and all the
phosphorus 205 and potassium 20 in the furrows with 2-3 cm soil before planting.
According to Quilloy (1993), one important factor that affects corn yield is
nitrogen fertilizers. Using high rates of fertilizers with adequate population will not
increase yield unless there is sufficient supply of nutrients.
Fertilizers Requirement
Manure contains many essential plant nutrients especially phosphorous,
potassium, calcium, magnesium, sulfur, zinc and others. Farm manure influences the soil
as a nutrient and tends to increase crop yield and granulation that binds or lighten and
expand soil aggregates making the soil porous. Corn varieties respond very well to
nitrogen fertilizers (Banario, 1998).
Growth and Seed Yield of Three Corn Varieties Applied with Organic Fertilizers
under La Trinidad, Benguet Condition / Gregorio L. Ligaw. 2012
5
Importance of Organic Fertilizers on the Soil
At present, farmers have many farm problems. One of which is low yield, thus
farmers keeps figuring out ways to improve production and high profit. This can be
realized by encouraging them to observe and keep environment-friendly practices such as
the use of organic fertilizers (Javar, 2005).
Organic fertilizers generally provide many advantages to the farmers in terms of
soil improvement and conservation, good yields and high quality of produce. This
ensures reduction of production cost in the long run (Salda, 1999).
Tomilas (1996) reported that application of organic fertilizers in sufficient
amount improves soil structure, serves to improve organic matter of the soil and increase
not only the quality of nutrient elements for plant growth and development but also
decrease bulk density of the soil. Organic matter in the soil can increase ware absorption
and lesser water run-off leaching and erosion.
Pointcelot (1986) stated that organic farming is very important in improving soil
fertility and replacing the costly inorganic fertilizers. The organic residues are easily
available from decomposed weeds, straws and alnus compost. The fibrous portion of the
organic matter improves the soil physical properties. Its loose property and high carbon
content promote soil aggregation and improve the permeability and aeration of clay soils.
Their high humus content granulates sandy soils and improved their nutrients and water
holding capacity. Moreover, carbon in organic matter is the main source of energy for
activity of soil microorganisms like rhizobia for nitrogen fixation and mycorrhizae for
increasing the soil phosphorous content.
Growth and Seed Yield of Three Corn Varieties Applied with Organic Fertilizers
under La Trinidad, Benguet Condition / Gregorio L. Ligaw. 2012
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Effect of Organic Fertilizers
Organic materials effects on the soil are strongly influenced by the nature, their
nutrient content, and the process of their decomposition in the soil. They increase soil
fertility, balanced supply of nutrient and build up of organic matter. There is a diverse
array of organic materials, which can be processed and composted for application in the
farm. Most of these are known wastes but some are by-products that can be put to good
use by simple processes or treatment such as composting (PCARRD, 2006).
Daoines (1994) stated that adding and returning organic matter to the soil is
essential. It is only organic matter that can provide the necessary element for growing
plants. The amount of humus in the soil decreases through mineralization, thus
resupplying lost humus every year is a must for maintaining soil fertility and quality.
Approximately eight tons convert to hectare, organic matter a year necessary for this
purpose. To improve quickly the chemically spoiled soil, an initial addition of double this
amount (16 tons/ ha) is recommended. Also applying animal manure improves the
structures of the soil. This may be due to the presence of nutrient element in the organic
matter. Also mentioned that C: N ratio may indicate the availability of N in organic
matter since the lower C: N ratio the better is the availability of nitrogen. .
Eslay (1996) reported that application of chicken dung enhanced the growth of
potato plants. She further explained that crops applied with chicken dung on basal had the
highest marketable tubers and total weight compared with other fertilizers. This
superiority of chicken dung may be attributed to more nutrients, and readily available
nutrients and combination of both. Also, Bilango (1996) found that potato plants applied
with organic fertilizers produce best yields.
Growth and Seed Yield of Three Corn Varieties Applied with Organic Fertilizers
under La Trinidad, Benguet Condition / Gregorio L. Ligaw. 2012
7
Pandosen (1980) claimed that the application of organic matter effectively
improve the physical properties of the soil decreased the bulk density of the soil which
favored plant growth.
Application of Compost
Compost is commonly regarded as a soil amendment as well as a fertilizer by
improving soil physical properties and promoting the growth of soil found compost may
have beneficial effect goes beyond the nutrients it provides (Mamuri, 2003).
Growth and Seed Yield of Three Corn Varieties Applied with Organic Fertilizers
under La Trinidad, Benguet Condition / Gregorio L. Ligaw. 2012
8
MATERIALS AND METHODS
An area of 225 m2 was properly cleaned and prepared. The area was divided into
three blocks to accommodate 45 plots with dimensions of 1 m x 5 m each. The
experiment was laid out following 3x5 factorial in Randomized Complete Block Design
with three replications. The different varieties served as factor A, and the different
organic fertilizers served as factor B.
. The treatments were the following:
Factor A: Organic Fertilizers (OF)
O1= No fertilizers
O2= Alnus compost
O3= Mushroom compost
O4= Chicken dung (5tons/ha)
O5= Carabao manure (5 tons/ ha)
Factor B: Varieties (V)
V1 = Native corn
V2 = KY Bright Jean
V3 = Bighani
Planting was done in single row with the seeding rate of two seeds per hill at a
distance of 50 cm between rows and hills.
To ensure good growth and yield, cultural management practices such as weeding,
hilling-up, irrigation, disease and pest control were properly observed.
Growth and Seed Yield of Three Corn Varieties Applied with Organic Fertilizers
under La Trinidad, Benguet Condition / Gregorio L. Ligaw. 2012
9
Data Gathered
1. Agro-climatic data. Temperature, relative humidity, sunshine duration and
rainfall amount was taken during the conduct of the experiment from Philippine (PAG-
ASA) station, La Trinidad, Benguet.
2. Days from sowing to emergence. This was recorded when at least 50% of the
seeds emerged.
3. Days from emergence to silking/tasseling. This was recorded when at least
50% of the plant per plot have extended tassel and silk.
4. Days from emergence to maturity. This was recorded by counting the number
of days from emergence to harvesting of dried ears.
5. Initial plant height (cm). This was measured from the base of the plant at
ground level to the tip of the youngest shoots, using ten samples per plot one week after
emergence.
6. Final plant height (cm). This was measured from the base of the plant at
ground level to the youngest shoot before harvesting using ten samples per plot.
7. Height of plants at first ear (cm). This was taken by measuring the base of the
plant up to the base of the first ear one week after ear emergence.
8. Length of corn ear (cm). This was recorded by measuring ten sample ears per
plot selected at random measured from the base to the tip using foot rule.
9. Ear diameter (cm). This was gathered by measuring ten sample ears per plot
using vernier caliper.
10. Seed width (mm). Seed width was taken by measuring the mid portion of seed
using a vernier caliper.
Growth and Seed Yield of Three Corn Varieties Applied with Organic Fertilizers
under La Trinidad, Benguet Condition / Gregorio L. Ligaw. 2012
10
11. Seed length (mm). This was obtained by measuring the seed parallel to the
hilum.
12. Seed color. This was taken using visual observation.
13. Weight of marketable seeds/plot (kg). This was obtained by weighing the
marketable seeds. Marketable seeds are good and smooth, well-formed seeds and free
from damages.
14. Weight of the non-marketable seeds/plot (kg). This was obtained by weighing
all the damaged seeds, small sized, malformed and damaged by diseases.
15. Computed seed yield per ha (kg). This was obtained by weighing the seeds per
plot into hectare basis using ratio and proportion:
Yield/ton/h = Total yield per plot x 2
16. Pest and disease reaction. This was assessed by rating the degree of disease
and insect damage on the crop.
a. Reaction to corn borer. The reaction to the damage of corn borer on the
different varieties was evaluated using the following scale:
Rating
Description Remarks
1
Less than 1% damaged Highly resistant
2
1-5% damaged Moderately resistant
3
6-10% damaged Resistant
4
11-20% damaged Susceptible
5
21-30% damaged Very susceptible
Growth and Seed Yield of Three Corn Varieties Applied with Organic Fertilizers
under La Trinidad, Benguet Condition / Gregorio L. Ligaw. 2012
11
b. Reaction to downy mildew. Occurrence of downy mildew in each variety was
obtained by using this formula:
% Infection Index = No. of Plants Infected/Plot x 100
Total No. of Plants/Plot
Rating Description Remarks
1
No infected or less than 10% Resistant
2
10% of plant infected Moderately resistant
3
11-50% of plant infected Susceptible
4
5% or nearly all the plants infected Highly susceptible
17. Return on cash expenses. This was computed by subtracting the total
expenses from the gross sales divided by the total expenses multiplied by 100 as follows:
ROCE (%) = Gross Sales - Total Expenses x 100
Total Cost of Production
Analysis of Data
All the quantitative data measured in this study were statistically analyzed
using 3x5 factorial in Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with three
replications. The significance of difference among treatment means was tested using
Duncan`s Multiple Range Test (DMRT) at 5% level of significance.
Growth and Seed Yield of Three Corn Varieties Applied with Organic Fertilizers
under La Trinidad, Benguet Condition / Gregorio L. Ligaw. 2012
12
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Meteorological Data
The monthly temperature, relative humidity, amount of rainfall, and light
throughout the conduct of the study are shown in Table 1. It was observed that the
minimum temperature (12.20oC) was noted during the month of February, while the
maximum temperature of 26.80oC was observed in the month of May. The minimum
relative humidity of 71% was observed in the month of March while the maximum
relative humidity of 80% was observed during the month of May to June. The foregoing
conditions were suitable for corn growth. The low rainfall from January to March was
compensated by supplemental irrigation.
Table 1. Temperature, relative humidity, rainfall, and sunshine duration
TEMPERATURE
RELATIVE
SUNSHINE
Min. Max.
HUMIDITY RAINFALL DURATION
MONTH
(oC) (oC)
(%)
(mm)
(min)
January 12.50
24.10
85 T 205.00
February
12.20
25.60
84
00
389.70
March
13.80
25.30
71
0.03
332.90
April
16.10
26.30
84
4.60
284.60
May
17.20
26.80
89
6.90
288.60
June
17.50
26.00
89
13.60
233.80
Source: PAGASA Station, BSU, La Trinidad Benguet
Growth and Seed Yield of Three Corn Varieties Applied with Organic Fertilizers
under La Trinidad, Benguet Condition / Gregorio L. Ligaw. 2012
13
Initial Plant Height
Effect of organic fertilizers. Table 2 also shows the initial height of corn plant as
affected by the application of different organic fertilizers. Statistically, no significant
differences were observed on the height of the two corn varieties applied with different
organic fertilizers at one week after emergence.
Varietal
effect. Statistical analysis revealed no significant differences among the
three corn varieties at one week after planting. Plant height varies with variety (IRRI,
2003) and is governed by a number of genes (Ashikari et al., 2005). Differences between
varieties may be due mainly to genetic attributes thus, the varieties could be genetically
similar with respect to plant height.
Interaction
effect. No significant interaction effect of organic fertilizers and corn
varieties were noted on the initial plant height of corn.
Final Plant Height
Effect of organic fertilizers. Table 2 shows the height of corn plant as affected by
the application of organic fertilizers. Significant differences among the organic fertilizers
used were observed. Plants applied with chicken dung and carabao manure were the
tallest.
Varietal
effect. It was observed that Ky Bright Jean and native corn were taller
than Bighani indicating that the latter maybe less adapted than the other two varieties
under La Trinidad condition.
Interaction effect. No significant interaction was observed among the corn
varieties and organic fertilizers on the final plant height of corn (Table 2).
Growth and Seed Yield of Three Corn Varieties Applied with Organic Fertilizers
under La Trinidad, Benguet Condition / Gregorio L. Ligaw. 2012
14
Table 2. Initial and final height and height of plant at first ear of corn varieties applied
with organic fertilizers
HEIGHT (cm)
TREATMENT
INITIAL
FINAL
AT FIRST EAR
(14 DAP)
(130 DAP)
(80 DAP
Organic Fertilizer
No fertilizer
6.96
133.78b
38.84b
Alnus compost
7.01
136.82b
46.42b
Mushroom compost
7.19
145.57b
49.42b
Chicken dung
7.60
178.70a
69.39a
Carabao manure
7.11
152.73a
53.58b
Variety
Native corn
7.11
151.56
59.84
Ky Bright Jean
7.26
152.47
53.56
Bighani
7.15
144.53
41.11
a x b
ns
Ns
ns
CV(%)
3.24
10.26
17.73
Means with the same letter are not signficantly different at 5% level of
significance (DMRT)
Plant Height at First Ear (cm)
Effect of organic fertilizers. Significant differences among the organic fertilizers
were observed on the plant height at first ear.
Varietal
effect. No significant differences were observed on height at first ear
(59.84 cm).
Interaction effect. No significant interactions were observed between the corn
varieties and organic fertilizers on the height of the first ear (Table 2).
Growth and Seed Yield of Three Corn Varieties Applied with Organic Fertilizers
under La Trinidad, Benguet Condition / Gregorio L. Ligaw. 2012
15
Days from Sowing to Emergence
Effect of organic fertilizers. Organic fertilizers did not significantly affect the
emergence of corn plants.
Varietal effect. All the corn varieties emerged 8 days after planting.
Days to Silking and Tasseling
Effect of organic fertilizers. Table 3 shows the days to silking and tasseling as
affected by organic fertilizers. Highly significant differences were observed among the
treatments on the days to silking and tasseling. Plants applied with chicken dung tasseled
and silked 68 days after planting (DAP) which was 6-10 days earlier than the others.
This could be due to the relatively high nitrogen content of chicken dung (3.8%) based on
the source of nutrient as cited by Tacon (1987).
Varietal effect. Among the three varieties of corn tested, native corn showed
earlier tasseling and silking by about 6 days over the other varieties (Table 3). This could
be attributed to varietal characteristics of the plants evaluated. The native corn seem to
be earlier maturing than the two other varieties when grown under warm temperature.
Interaction effect. No significant interaction effect of the corn variety and
fertilizer on the days to tasseling and silking of corn was observed, although the widest
difference between combinations was more than 2 weeks.
Days to Maturity
Effect of organic fertilizers. There were also no significant differences observed
on the number of days from planting to maturity among the organic fertilizers used.
Growth and Seed Yield of Three Corn Varieties Applied with Organic Fertilizers
under La Trinidad, Benguet Condition / Gregorio L. Ligaw. 2012
16
Table 3. Days to silking/tasseling and to maturity of corn varieties fertilized with organic
fertilizer
DAYS TO
TREATMENT
SILKING/TASSELING MATURITY
Organic Fertilizer
No fertilizer
76a
138.59
Alnus compost
74a
138.97
Mushroom compost
78a
138.74
Chicken dung
68b
138.88
Carabao manure
75a
138.80
Variety
Native corn
70b
138.77
Ky Bright Jean
76a
138.78
Bighani
77a
138.84
a x b
ns
ns
CV(%)
4.69
0.27%
Varietal
effect. No significant differences among the three corn varieties used in
the study were revealed. All varieties matured in 138 to 139 days.
Interaction effect. No significant interaction was observed among the corn
varieties and organic fertilizer.
Corn Ear Length
Effect of organic fertilizers. Corn ear length as affected by the different fertilizers
is shown in Table 4. Highly significant differences among the treatments were observed.
Plants applied with chicken dung produced longer ear than those plants applied with
other fertilizers. Chicken dung presumably contain a good balance of nutrients suitable
for earlier silking/tasseling as well as enhancing longer and bigger ears in corn.
Growth and Seed Yield of Three Corn Varieties Applied with Organic Fertilizers
under La Trinidad, Benguet Condition / Gregorio L. Ligaw. 2012
17
Table 4. Ear length and ear diameter of corn varieties applied with organic fertilizers
TREATMENT
EAR LENGTH
EAR DIAMETER
(cm)
(cm)
Organic Fertilizer
No fertilizer
12.90bc
4.84b
Alnus compost
12.18c
4.83b
Mushroom compost
13.24bc
5.07ab
Chicken dung
16.81a
5.47a
Carabao manure
14.80ab
4.87b
Variety
Native corn
11.44b
4.81b
Ky Bright Jean
14.83a
5.09a
Bighani
15.69a
5.15a
a x b
ns
ns
CV(%)
8.74
3.23
Varietal
effect. Highly significant differences were observed on the ear length of
the different corn varieties. Bighani produced longer corn ears than native corn but was
similar to Ky Bright Jean (Table 4). Bighani appear to have actually better potential
under cool conditions despite of its lower stature.
Interaction
effect. No significant interaction was observed between the corn
varieties and organic fertilizers (Table 4).
Growth and Seed Yield of Three Corn Varieties Applied with Organic Fertilizers
under La Trinidad, Benguet Condition / Gregorio L. Ligaw. 2012
18
Corn Ear Diameter
Effect of organic fertilizers. Table 4 shows the diameter of corn ear as affected by
different organic fertilizers. Plants applied with chicken dung recorded the highest ear
diameter of 5.47 cm. Plants applied with mushroom compost produced mean diameter of
5.07 cm. The narrowest ear diameter of 4.83 cm was obtained from the plants applied
with Alnus compost.
Varietal
effect. Among the three corn varieties evaluated, it was observed that
Bighani and Ky Bright Jean varieties produced significantly wider corn diameter than
Native corn, indicating the latter is much smaller than the other two varieties.
Interaction
effect. No significant interaction effect was noted on corn ear diameter
(Table 4).
Seed Length
Effect of organic fertilizers. The seed length of corn varieties as affected by
organic fertilizers is shown in Table 5. It revealed highly significant differences among
the treatments. Plants applied with chicken dung produced longer seeds than those plants
applied with other fertilizers. The shortest seed length was obtained from the plants
applied with carabao manure. This result further emphasizes the advantage of chicken
dung over the other organic fertilizers when applied to corn.
Varietal
effect. Statistical analysis showed that Bighani variety produced
significantly longer seeds than the other varieties followed by Ky Bright Jean which has
also longer seeds than the Native corn (Table 5).
Growth and Seed Yield of Three Corn Varieties Applied with Organic Fertilizers
under La Trinidad, Benguet Condition / Gregorio L. Ligaw. 2012
19
Table 5. Length and width of seeds of corn varieties applied with organic fertilizers
SEED
TREATMENT
LENGTH
WIDTH
(mm)
(mm)
Organic Fertilizer
No fertilizer
12.16a
8.80b
Alnus compost
12.09a
8.80b
Mushroom compost
12.04a
8.82b
Chicken dung
12.21a
8.90a
Carabao manure
11.56b
8.84b
Variety
Native corn
10.53c
8.73ab
Ky Bright Jean
11.84b
8.84ab
Bighani
13.63a
8.93a
a x b
ns
**
CV(%)
0.75
0.75
Interaction
effect. Variations among the interactions ranged from 10.50 mm to
13.90 mm but such variations were not sufficient to effect significant differences (Table
5).
Seed Width
Effect of organic fertilizers. Table 5 shows the seed width of corn varieties as
affected by different organic fertilizers. Plants applied with chicken dung recorded the
biggest seed width of 8.90 mm. The lowest width of 8.80 mm was obtained from the
plants applied with Alnus compost and control or no fertilizer.
Growth and Seed Yield of Three Corn Varieties Applied with Organic Fertilizers
under La Trinidad, Benguet Condition / Gregorio L. Ligaw. 2012
20
Varietal
effect. Statistical analysis showed that Bighani variety produced
significantly wider seeds with 8.93 mm, while the native corn has the smallest seeds with
8.73 mm. In terms of characteristic of seeds, Native corn seeds are smaller than the
seeds of the sweet corn (Table 5).
Interaction
effect. Highly significant interaction between variety and fertilizers on
the seed width of corn was noted (Figure 1). Bighani applied with chicken dung had the
widest seeds.
Variet y
Figure 1. Seed width of corn varieties applied with organic fertilizers
Growth and Seed Yield of Three Corn Varieties Applied with Organic Fertilizers
under La Trinidad, Benguet Condition / Gregorio L. Ligaw. 2012
21
Weight of Marketable Seeds
Effect of organic fertilizers. Highly significant differences were observed on the
weight of marketable corn seeds. Plants applied with mushroom compost, chicken dung
compost and carabao manure have comparable weights and they were markedly greater
than those applied with alnus compost. Based on the source of nutrient, the different
organic fertilizers like the mushroom compost, chicken dung compost and carabao
manure had a high nutrient content than alnust compost.
Varietal
effect. Based on the statistical analysis, significant differences were
observed on the weight of marketable corn seeds. Native corn variety produced
significantly heavier marketable seeds weighing 2.23 kg/plot followed by Ky Bright Jean
varieties weighing 2.09 kg/plot (Figure 2). Bighani varieties had produced lighter
marketable corn seeds per 5 m2 per plot. Significant differences were observed on the
weight of marketable corn seeds from the three corn varities studied (Table 6).
Interaction
effect. No significant interaction between corn varieties and organic
fertilizers used in the study was observed on weight of marketable seeds of corn.
Weight of Non-marketable Seeds
Effect of organic fertilizers. Plants applied with different organic fertilizers
produced significant variations in terms of non-marketable seeds per 5m2 plot (Table 6).
Plants applied with alnus compost, mushroom compost, chicken dung compost and
carabao manure have comparable weights.
Varietal
effect. Ky Bright Jean produced the least non-marketable seeds. The
native corn produced significantly heavier non-marketable seeds weighing 0.39 kg/plot
followed by Bighani weighing 0.20 kg/plot.
Growth and Seed Yield of Three Corn Varieties Applied with Organic Fertilizers
under La Trinidad, Benguet Condition / Gregorio L. Ligaw. 2012
22
Table 6. Weight of marketable and non-marketable seeds per plot applied with organic
fertilizers
WEIGHT OF
WEIGHT OF NON-
TREATMENT
MARKETABLE SEEDS MARKETABLE SEEDS
(kg/5m2)
(kg/5m2)
Organic Fertilizer
No fertilizer
2.00
0.20
Alnus compost
1.89
0.28
Mushroom compost
2.00
0.29
Chicken dung
2.37
0.30
Carabao manure
2.33
0.20
Variety
Native corn
2.22
0.93
Ky Bright Jean
2.09
0.19
Bighani
2.04
0.20
a x b
ns
ns
CV(%)
3.07
19.96
Interaction
effect. No significant interaction effect between the corn varieties and
organic fertilizers were noted on the weight of non-marketable seeds. This indicates that
organic fertilizers did not significantly interact in terms of weight of non-marketable
seeds of the different corn varieties. It ranged from 0.16 kg/5m2 to 0.58kg/5m2 per plot.
Growth and Seed Yield of Three Corn Varieties Applied with Organic Fertilizers
under La Trinidad, Benguet Condition / Gregorio L. Ligaw. 2012
23
Bighani
Ky Bright Jean
Native corn
Figure 2. Seeds of the three corn varieties applied with organic fertilizers
Growth and Seed Yield of Three Corn Varieties Applied with Organic Fertilizers
under La Trinidad, Benguet Condition / Gregorio L. Ligaw. 2012
24
Reaction to Corn Borer
and Downy Mildew
Effect of organic fertilizers. Plants applied with different organic fertilizers did
not vary from each other. All plants showed moderate resistance indicating that all
organic fertilizer used could actually be used to partly prevent the occurrence of corn
borer and downy mildew.
Varietal effect. All three corn varieties did not significantly differ from each other
in terms of resistance to corn borer and downy mildew. The three varieties exhibited
moderate resistance to corn borer and resistance to downy mildew. The low temperature
and relative humidity that prevailed during the experiment did not favor occurrence of
these insect pest and diseases.
Table 7. Reaction of corn varieties applied with organic fertilizers to corn borer and
downy mildew
TREATMENT CORN
BORER DOWNY
MILDEW
Organic Fertilizer
No fertilizer
Moderately resistant
Resistant
Alnus compost
Moderately resistant
Resistant
Mushroom compost
Moderately resistant
Resistant
Chicken dung
Moderately resistant
Resistant
Carabao manure
Moderately resistant
Resistant
Variety
Native corn
Moderately resistant
Resistant
Ky Bright Jean
Moderately resistant
Resistant
Bighani
Moderately resistant
Resistant
a x b
ns
ns
CV(%)
3.07
19.96
Growth and Seed Yield of Three Corn Varieties Applied with Organic Fertilizers
under La Trinidad, Benguet Condition / Gregorio L. Ligaw. 2012
25
Interaction effect. No significant interaction effect on both varieties and organic
fertilizers used was observed.
Computed Yield per Hectare
Effect of organic fertilizers. Statistical analysis showed highly significant
differences on computed yield per hectare among plants applied with organic fertilizers.
Plants applied with chicken dung gave the highest computed seed yield of 5.458 tons/ha.
It was followed by plants applied with carabao manure, alnus compost and mushroom
compost. Plants with no fertilizer (control) produced the lowest computed seed yield per
hectare of 4.17 tons/ha.
Table 8. Seed yield and computed seed yield of corn varieties applied with organic
fertilizers
SEED
COMPUTED SEED
TREATMENT
YIELD
YIELD
(kg/5m2)
(ton/ha)
Organic Fertilizer
No fertilizer
2.08b
4.17b
Alnus compost
2.29b
4.58ab
Mushroom compost
2.25b
4.50ab
Chicken dung
2.59a
5.46a
Carabao manure
2.54a
5.09ab
Variety
Native corn
2.76a
5.67a
Ky Bright Jean
2.10b
4.20b
Bighani
2.20b
4.40b
a x b
ns
*
CV(%)
14.32
12.20
Growth and Seed Yield of Three Corn Varieties Applied with Organic Fertilizers
under La Trinidad, Benguet Condition / Gregorio L. Ligaw. 2012
26
Varietal effect. Statistical analysis revealed no significant differences on the
computed seed yield per hectare. Native corn produced the highest yield followed by
Bighani and Ky Bright Jean. The lowest computed yield per hectare of 4.20 tons and
4.40 tons was obtained from Ky Bright Jean and Bighani varieties (Table 8).
Interaction effect. It was observed that there was a significant interaction effect of
varieties and different fertilizers used on the computed seed yield per hectare (Figure 3).
Native corn applied with chicken dung significantly interacted in terms of seed yield.
Figure 3. Computed seed yield per hectare (tons) of corn varieties applied
with organic fertilizers
Growth and Seed Yield of Three Corn Varieties Applied with Organic Fertilizers
under La Trinidad, Benguet Condition / Gregorio L. Ligaw. 2012
27
Total Weight of Seeds per Plot
Effect of organic fertilizers. Plants applied with chicken dung produced the
heaviest weight of corn seeds per 5m2 but was statistically comparable with other
varieties except the plants with no fertilizer or control which had the lightest corn seeds.
Varietal effect. The weight of seed corn per 5 m2 plot shows that Native corn
produced significantly heavier seed than the other varieties. This is due to characteristic
of native corn which has heavier weight compared to other seeds.
Interaction effect. The three corn varieties tested and the different fertilizers used
did not significantly interact on the total weight of corn seeds per plot.
Return on Cash Expenses
Table 9 shows the cost and return analysis of three corn varieties applied with
organic fertilizers under La Trinidad condition.
Carabao manure had the highest ROCE among the other organic fertilizers used in
the study. The three corn varieties applied with chicken dung had the highest ROCE
among other organic fertilizers used in the study based on ROCE.
Growth and Seed Yield of Three Corn Varieties Applied with Organic Fertilizers
under La Trinidad, Benguet Condition / Gregorio L. Ligaw. 2012
28
Table 9. Return on cash expenses of three corn varieties applied with organic fertilizers
GROSS
TOTAL
NET
TREATMENT
YIELD
SALES
EXPENSES INCOME
ROCE
(kg/5 m2)
(Php)
(Php)
(Php)
(%)
No fertilizer
Native corn
2.33
233
61.72
171.23
277.21
Ky Bright Jean
2.09
209
61.77
147.23
238.35
Bighani
1.87
187
61.77
125.23
202.74
Alnus compost
Native corn
2.83
283
117.19
165.81
141.49
Ky Bright Jean
1.84
184
117.19
66.81
57.01
Bighani
2.21
221
117.19
103.81
88.58
Mushroom compost
Native corn
2.54
254
76.35
177.65
232.68
Ky Bright Jean
1.92
192
76.35
115.65
151.47
Bighani
2.10
210
76.35
133.65
175.50
Chicken dung
Native corn
3.50
350
76.77
273.23
335.91
Ky Bright Jean
2.29
229
76.77
152.23
198.29
Bighani
2.34
234
76.77
157.23
204.81
Carabao manure
Native corn
2.92
292
86.77
205.23
236.52
Ky Bright Jean
2.38
238
86.77
151.23
174..29
Bighani
2.34
234
86.77
147.23
169.68
*Corn seeds sold at Php100.00 per kilo.
*Expenses include alnus compost, mushroom compost, chicken dung, carabao manure,
seeds of corn and labor.
Growth and Seed Yield of Three Corn Varieties Applied with Organic Fertilizers
under La Trinidad, Benguet Condition / Gregorio L. Ligaw. 2012
29
SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
Summary
The study was conducted at La Trinidad, Benguet to evaluate the growth and
yield of different corn varieties; determine the best organic fertilizer materials that could
promote vegetative growth and improve seed yield of corn; determine the best
combination of corn variety and organic fertilizers on seed production; and determine the
economic benefits of producing corn applied with different organic fertilizers.
Among the varieties, native corn was the earliest to produce tassel and silk. In
terms of plant height at maturity, Ky Bright Jean was the tallest among the three corn
varieties tested. Native corn recorded the heavier weight of marketable corn seeds and
Ky Bright Jean the highest weight in terms of weight in non-marketable corn seeds.
Highly significant differences among the varieties were recorded in terms of days
from planting to tasseling. Among the varieties, native corn was the earliest to produce
tassel and silk. In terms of plant height, Ky Bright Jean was the tallest among the three
corn varieties tested. Native corn produced the heavier weight of marketable corn seeds.
Highly significant differences were observed among the different organic
fertilizers on the number of days from planting and tasseling/silking. Plants applied with
chicken dung were the earliest to tassel and silk. On the height of plant at first ear, it was
observed that plants applied with chicken dung produced the tallest at first ears. The
plants applied with chicken dung produced the longest and widest corn ear.
Highly significant interaction effect between the varieties and organic fertilizers
were observed on the seed width of corn varieties and computed seed yield per hectare.
Growth and Seed Yield of Three Corn Varieties Applied with Organic Fertilizers
under La Trinidad, Benguet Condition / Gregorio L. Ligaw. 2012
30
The combination of corn varieties and organic fertilizers produced significant
interactions.
Native corn applied with chicken dung and carabao manure produced the heavier
marketable and highest seed yield.
Conclusions
Native corn produced the highest seed yield when applied with organic fertilizers
under La Trinidad, Benguet condition.
Native corn applied with chicken dung produced the highest yield and profit
under La Trinidad, Benguet condition.
The three corn varieties applied with chicken dung, native corn produced the
highest yield and profit under La Trinidad, Benguet condition.
Recommendations
For higher seed yield, application of chicken dung and carabao manure are
recommended for corn production in La Trinidad, Benguet. Native corn variety is
recommended for high yield and profit. For higher ROCE, native corn applied with
chicken dung is recommended.
Growth and Seed Yield of Three Corn Varieties Applied with Organic Fertilizers
under La Trinidad, Benguet Condition / Gregorio L. Ligaw. 2012
31
LITERATURE CITED
BALUYOT, A. S. and COX, J. L. 1984. Principle of Seed Production. Massachusetts,
North America: CABI International. Pp. 1-2.
BANARIO, R. S. 1998. Growth and yield of potato as influenced by the different organic
fertilizers and combination with inorganic fertilizers. BS Thesis. Benguet State
University, La Trinidad, Benguet. P. 6.
BART. et al. 1977. Using Animal Manure as Fertilizers. New York: Clemson Extension
Circular. P. 7.
BENTON, J. Jr. 2003. Agronomic Handbook Management of Crops, Soil in Fertility.
CRC Press LLC. Pp. 136- 139.
CASCOLAN, H. L. 1991. Varietal response of corn varieties to different kinds of
fertilizers. BS Thesis. Benguet State University, La Trinidad, Benguet. P. viii.
DAOINES, E. S. 1994. Effect of organic fertilizers and the growth and yield of the three
of potato. BS Thesis. Benguet State University, La Trinidad, Benguet. P. 5
ESLAY, T. L. 1996. Growth and yield of potato as influenced by the different rates of
organic fertilizers. BS Thesis. Benguet State University, La Trinidad, Benguet. P.
6.
GAGNI, A. O and TABINGA, G. A. 1985. Corn Production in the Philippines. Published
by the Department of Development Communication. University of the Philippines
at Los Baños Laguna 122 pp.
HAGERMAN, H. 1982. The morphological of Maize. M.S. Dissertation. University of
the Philippines at Los Banõs, Laguna, Philippines P. 3.
JAVAR, J. U. 2005. Growth and yield of five green corn varieties fertilized with different
animal manures. BS Thesis. Benguet State University ,La Trinidad, Benguet. P. 5.
MAMURI,M.G.2003. Performance of five corn varieties using five organic fertilizers
under Bacnotan, La Union condition. BS Thesis. Benguet State University, La
Trinidad, Benguet. P. 2.
PANDOSEN, M. D. 1980. The Effect of different rates of Nitrogen, Potassium of organic
fertilizers on the growth and yield of Irish potato. BS Thesis. MSAC, La Trinidad,
Benguet. Pp. 13- 14.
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under La Trinidad, Benguet Condition / Gregorio L. Ligaw. 2012
32
PHILIPPINE COUNCIL FOR AGRICULTURE FORESTRY AND NATURAL
RESOURCES RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT (PCARRD). 2006. Organic
fertilizers production and utilization. Laguna: PCARRD. P. 6.
PHILIPPINE COUNCIL FOR AGRICULTURE FORESTRY AND NATURAL
RESOURCES RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT (PCARRD). 1975. The
Philippine recommend for corn. Philippine Council for agriculture research
development. P.14.
POINTCELOT, R. P. 1986. Towards a more Sustainable Agriculture. West Connecticut:
United State of America: AVI Publishing Company Inc. Pp. 56.
QUILLOY, G. T. 1993. Performance of corn varieties for young corn production under
two densities. BS Thesis. Benguet State University, La Trinidad, Benguet. P. 4.
RASNAKE, E.M. 2000. The Agronomic of Manure Use for Crop Production. Animal
Waste. Management. Monroe Rasnake, Extension Specialist. US. P. 4.
REILY, H.E and SHRY, C.L. 1991. Introductory Horticulture Fourth Edition. Delmar
Publisher, Inc. Albany, New York: Pearson, Prentice Hall Interstate, Upper Saddle
River, NJ. P.562.
SALDA, M. B. 1999. Ethnobotany and Food Uses of Yam. Ph.D. Dissertation.
Hongkong University. P. 34.
Growth and Seed Yield of Three Corn Varieties Applied with Organic Fertilizers
under La Trinidad, Benguet Condition / Gregorio L. Ligaw. 2012
33
APPENDICES
Appendix Table 1. Days from sowing to emergence (80% emergence)
REPLICATION
VARIETY
I II
TOTAL
III
MEAN
No fertilizer
Native corn
8
8
8
24
8.00
KY Bright Jean
8
8
8
24
8.00
Bighani
8
8
8
24
8.00
Alnus Compost
Native corn
9
9
8
26
8.67
KY Bright Jean
8
8
8
24
8.00
Bighani
8
8
8
24
8.00
Mushroom Compost
Native corn
8
8
8
24
8.00
KY Bright Jean
9
9
9
27
9.00
Bighani
9
8
9
26
8.67
Chicken Dung
Native corn
8
8
7
23
7.67
KY Bright Jean
9
8
9
26
8.67
Bighani
8
8
8
24
8.00
Carabao Manure
Native corn
8
7
8
23
7.67
KY Bright Jean
9
8
9
26
8.67
Bighani
8
8
8
24
8.00
TOTAL
125 121 123 369
GRAND
MEAN 8.33 8.07 8.80
Growth and Seed Yield of Three Corn Varieties Applied with Organic Fertilizers
under La Trinidad, Benguet Condition / Gregorio L. Ligaw. 2012
34
TWO-WAY TABLE
NATIVE
KY
TREATMENT
CORN
BRIGHTNESS
BIGHANI
TOTAL
MEAN
Control
8.00
8.00
8.00
24.00
8.00
Alnus compost
8.67
8.00
8.00
24.67
8.22
Mushroom compost
8.00
9.00
8.67
25.67
8.56
Chicken dung
7.67
8.67
8.00
24.34
8.11
Carabao manure
7.67
8.67
8.00
24.34
8.11
TOTAL
40.01
42.34
40.67
MEAN
8.47
8.13
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE TABLE
DEGREES
TABULAR F
SOURCE OF OF
SUM OF MEAN OF COMPUTED
VARIATION FREEDOM SQUARES SQUARE
F .05 .01
Replication
2
0.578
0.289
Factor A
4
1.022
0.256 2.09ns
2.71 4.07
Factor B
2
1.911
0.956 2.81ns
3.34 5.45
A x B
8 3.644 0.456 3.73**
2.29 3.23
Error
28 3.422 0.122
TOTAL
35
4.306
Coefficient of Variance: 4.48%
Growth and Seed Yield of Three Corn Varieties Applied with Organic Fertilizers
under La Trinidad, Benguet Condition / Gregorio L. Ligaw. 2012
35
Appendix Table 2. Days from emergence to silking/tasseling
REPLICATION
VARIETY
I II
TOTAL
III
MEAN
No fertilizer
Native corn
7.1
71
71
219
71.00
KY Bright Jean
83
80
76
239
79.67
Bighani
84
70
79
233
77.67
Alnus Compost
Native corn
71
70
68
209
69.67
KY Bright Jean
78
77
73
228
76.00
Bighani
79
77
77
233
77.67
Mushroom Compost
Native corn
68
71
71
210
70.00
KY Bright Jean
87
86
71
244
81.34
Bighani
86
78
80
244
81.34
Chicken Dung
Native corn
66
6
65
195
65.67
KY Bright Jean
67
69
71
207
69.00
Bighani
67
70
69
207
69.00
Carabao Manure
Native corn
76
70
69
215
71.67
KY Bright Jean
75
74
77
226
75.34
Bighani
75
77
78
232
77.34
TOTAL
1135 1106 1095 3341
GRAND
MEAN 75.67 73.73 73.00
Growth and Seed Yield of Three Corn Varieties Applied with Organic Fertilizers
under La Trinidad, Benguet Condition / Gregorio L. Ligaw. 2012
36
TWO-WAY TABLE
NATIVE
KY
TREATMENT
CORN
BRIGHTNESS
BIGHANI
TOTAL
MEAN
Control
24.00
79.67
77.67
231.31
77.11
Alnus compost
69.67
76.00
77.67
223.34
74.45
Mushroom compost
70.00
81.34
81.34
232.68
77.67
Chicken dung
65.67
69.00
69.00
203.67
67.89
Carabao manure
71.67
75.35
77.34
224.35
74.78
TOTAL
351.01
381.36 383.02
MEAN
70.202
76.27 76.60
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE TABLE
DEGREES
SOURCE OF
OF
SUM OF
MEAN OF COMPUTED
TABULAR F
VARIATION FREEDOM SQUARES
SQUARE
F
.05 .01
Replication
2
56.933
28.467
Factor A
4
508.756
127.189
10.52**
2.71
4.07
Factor B
2
462.933
231.467
19.15**
3.34
5.45
A x B
8
94.178
11.772
0.97ns
2.29
3.23
Error
28
338.400
12.086
TOTAL 35 4.306
Coefficient of variance: 4.69%
Growth and Seed Yield of Three Corn Varieties Applied with Organic Fertilizers
under La Trinidad, Benguet Condition / Gregorio L. Ligaw. 2012
37
Appendix Table 3. Days from emergence to maturity
REPLICATION
VARIETY
I II
TOTAL
III
MEAN
No fertilizer
Native corn
138.2
138.9
138.8
415.9
138.64
KY Bright Jean
138.4
138.5
138.7
415.6
138.54
Bighani
138.1
138.8
138.8
415.8
138.60
Alnus Compost
Native corn
139.1
138.6
139.3
417.0
139.00
KY Bright Jean
139.0
138.7
138.9
416.6
138.87
Bighani
139.4
138.6
138.1
417.1
139.30
Mushroom Compost
Native corn
138.6
138.7
138.9
416.7
138.90
KY Bright Jean
138.9
138.5
138.4
415.8
138.60
Bighani
139.4
138.5
138.5
417.1
138.50
Chicken Dung
Native corn
139.1
138.7
138.9
416.7
138.90
KY Bright Jean
138.7
138.8
139.5
416.7
138.90
Bighani
138.4
138.9
139.9
416.6
138.87
Carabao Manure
Native corn
138.5
138.8
139.1
416.4
138.80
KY Bright Jean
139.9
139.1
138.7
416.7
138.90
Bighani
138.7
138.2
139.2
416.1
138.70
TOTAL
2081.4
2080.30
2085
6246.7
GRAND MEAN
138.76
138.69
139
Growth and Seed Yield of Three Corn Varieties Applied with Organic Fertilizers
under La Trinidad, Benguet Condition / Gregorio L. Ligaw. 2012
38
TWO-WAY TABLE
NATIVE
KY
TREATMENT
CORN
BRIGHTNESS
BIGHANI
TOTAL
MEAN
Control
138.64
138.54
138.60
415.78
138.54
Alnus compost
139.00
188.87
139.03
416.90
138.97
Mushroom compost
135.83
138.60
138.50
415.93
138.64
Chicken dung
138.40
138.90
138.87
116.67
138.89
Carabao manure
138.80
138.90
138.70
416.40
138.90
TOTAL
694.17
693.81
693.70
MEAN
138.83
138.76
138.74
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE TABLE
DEGREES
SOURCE OF
OF
SUM OF
MEAN OF COMPUTED
TABULAR F
VARIATION FREEDOM SQUARES
SQUARE
F
.05 .01
Replication
2
0.942
0.471
Factor A
4
0.732
0.183
1.35ns
2.71
4.07
Factor B
2
0.046
0.023
0.17ns
3.34
5.45
A x B
8
0.614
0.077
0.56ns
2.29
3.23
Error
28
3.805
0.136
TOTAL 35 6.139
Coefficient of variance: 0.27%
Growth and Seed Yield of Three Corn Varieties Applied with Organic Fertilizers
under La Trinidad, Benguet Condition / Gregorio L. Ligaw. 2012
39
Appendix Table 4. Initial height 20 DAP (cm)
REPLICATION
VARIETY
I II
TOTAL
III
MEAN
No fertilizer
Native corn
6.6
7.3
6.9
20.8
6.93
KY Bright Jean
6.7
7.1
7.0
20.8
6.93
Bighani
6.8
6.8
7.4
21.4
7.00
Alnus Compost
Native corn
6.9
6.9
7.1
20.9
6.97
KY Bright Jean
7.2
7.2
7.2
21.6
7.20
Bighani
6.7
7.0
7.0
20.7
6.90
Mushroom Compost
Native corn
6.5
6.5
7.4
20.4
6.80
KY Bright Jean
7.4
7.4
7.5
22.6
7.53
Bighani
7.4
7.4
6.9
21.0
7.23
Chicken Dung
Native corn
7.6
8.0
7.5
23.1
7.70
KY Bright Jean
7.6
7.5
7.5
22.6
7.53
Bighani
7.7
7.5
7.5
22.7
7.57
Carabao Manure
Native corn
7.1
7.0
7.3
21.4
7.13
KY Bright Jean
7.1
7.2
7.1
21.4
7.13
Bighani
6.8
7.2
7.2
21.2
7.07
TOTAL
106.1
108.0
108.50
301.0
GRAND MEAN
7.07
7.2
7.23
Growth and Seed Yield of Three Corn Varieties Applied with Organic Fertilizers
under La Trinidad, Benguet Condition / Gregorio L. Ligaw. 2012
40
TWO-WAY TABLE
NATIVE
KY
TREATMENT
CORN
BRIGHTNESS
BIGHANI
TOTAL
MEAN
Control
6.93
6.93
7.00
20.86
6.95
Alnus compost
6.97
7.20
6.90
21.07
7.02
Mushroom compost
6.80
7.13
7.23
21.56
7.19
Chicken dung
7.70
7.53
7.51
22.80
7.60
Carabao manure
7.13
7.13
7.07
21.33
7.11
TOTAL
35.53
36.32
35.77
MEAN
7.11
7.26
7.15
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE TABLE
DEGREES
SOURCE OF
OF
SUM OF
MEAN OF COMPUTED
TABULAR F
VARIATION FREEDOM SQUARES
SQUARE
F
.05 .01
Replication
2
0.201
0.101
Factor A
4
2.339
0.585
10.82**
2.71
4.07
Factor B
2
0.185
0.093
1.71ns
3.34
5.45
A x B
8
0.810
0.101
1.88ns
2.29
3.23
Error
28
1.512
0.054
TOTAL 35 5.048
Coefficient of variance: 3.24%
Growth and Seed Yield of Three Corn Varieties Applied with Organic Fertilizers
under La Trinidad, Benguet Condition / Gregorio L. Ligaw. 2012
41
Appendix Table 5. Final height (cm)
REPLICATION
VARIETY
I II
TOTAL
III
MEAN
No fertilizer
Native corn
121.0
143.0
151.0
415.0
138.33
KY Bright Jean
126.0
113.0
161.0
405.0
135.00
Bighani
107.3
120.8
156.8
384.9
128.30
Alnus Compost
Native corn
139.0
128.0
125.0
446.0
148.67
KY Bright Jean
143.6
121.0
158.4
193.2
141.07
Bighani
121.4
122.9
172.7
417.0
139.00
Mushroom Compost
Native corn
131.0
157.0
157.0
445.0
148.33
KY Bright Jean
123.8
153.0
156.6
443.4
144.47
Bighani
113.8
142.1
172.7
413.6
143.87
Chicken Dung
Native corn
186.0
176.0
173.0
535.0
178.33
KY Bright Jean
180.9
179.8
188.0
519.1
183.03
Bighani
176.5
174.1
174.1
424.7
141.57
Carabao Manure
Native corn
156.0
174.0
159.0
489.0
163.00
KY Bright Jean
158.5
157.6
160.2
476.3
158.77
Bighani
152.5
127.7
129.6
409.8
136.60
TOTAL
2137.30
2195.00
2395.5
666.5
GRAND MEAN
142.49
146.33
159.7
Growth and Seed Yield of Three Corn Varieties Applied with Organic Fertilizers
under La Trinidad, Benguet Condition / Gregorio L. Ligaw. 2012
42
TWO-WAY TABLE
NATIVE
KY
TREATMENT
CORN
BRIGHTNESS
BIGHANI
TOTAL
MEAN
Control
43.07
42.23
31.23
116.53
38.64
Alnus compost
54.73
49.80
58.43
162.96
54.32
Mushroom compost
58.43
49.50
40.33
148.26
43.42
Chicken dung
77.03
31.87
59.27
208.17
69.39
Carabao manure
65.93
54.40
40.43
166.76
53.59
TOTAL
297.19
267.80
229.63
MEAN
59.84
53.56
45.94
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE TABLE
DEGREES
SOURCE OF
OF
SUM OF
MEAN OF COMPUTED
TABULAR F
VARIATION FREEDOM SQUARES
SQUARE
F
.05 .01
Replication
2
2520.197
1260.099
Factor A
4
11578.300
2894.575
12.31**
2.71
4.07
Factor B
2
565.669
282.835
1.20ns
3.34
5.45
A x B
8
1107.582
138.448
0.59ns
2.29
3.23
Error
28
6583.902
235.139
TOTAL 35
22355.650
Coefficient of variance = 10.26%
Growth and Seed Yield of Three Corn Varieties Applied with Organic Fertilizers
under La Trinidad, Benguet Condition / Gregorio L. Ligaw. 2012
43
Appendix Table 6. Height of plant at first ear (cm)
REPLICATION
VARIETY
I II
TOTAL
III
MEAN
No fertilizer
Native corn
38.9
47.4
42.9
129.2
43.07
KY Bright Jean
47.0
32.9
46.8
126.7
42.23
Bighani
25.4
29.4
38.9
93.7
31.23
Alnus Compost
Native corn
52.0
47.2
65.0
164.2
58.43
KY Bright Jean
57.3
34.6
62.5
149.4
49.80
Bighani
48.8
65.3
61.2
175.3
58.43
Mushroom Compost
Native corn
48.8
65.3
61.2
175.3
58.43
KY Bright Jean
36.1
56.0
56.4
148.5
71.87
Bighani
33.5
43.8
43.7
121.0
40.33
Chicken Dung
Native corn
80.7
78.6
63.8
231.1
77.03
KY Bright Jean
76.1
77.2
62.3
215.6
54.40
Bighani
65.6
63.1
49.1
177.8
59.27
Carabao Manure
Native corn
72.7
68.7
56.4
197.8
65.93
KY Bright Jean
56.1
55.7
51.4
163.2
54.40
Bighani
49.7
35.1
36.5
121.3
40.43
TOTAL
796.7
800.30
798.10
2390.1
GRAND MEAN
53.11
53.35
53.21
Growth and Seed Yield of Three Corn Varieties Applied with Organic Fertilizers
under La Trinidad, Benguet Condition / Gregorio L. Ligaw. 2012
44
TWO-WAY TABLE
NATIVE
KY
TREATMENT
CORN
BRIGHTNESS
BIGHANI
TOTAL
MEAN
Control
43.07
42.23
31.23
116.53
38.64
Alnus compost
54.73
49.80
58.43
162.96
54.32
Mushroom compost
58.43
49.50
40.33
148.26
49.42
Chicken dung
77.03
71.87
59.27
208.17
69.39
Carabao manure
65.93
54.40
40.43
160.76
53.59
TOTAL
299.19
267.80
229.69
MEAN
59.84
53.56
45.94
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE TABLE
DEGREES
SOURCE OF
OF
SUM OF
MEAN OF COMPUTED
TABULAR F
VARIATION FREEDOM SQUARES
SQUARE
F
.05 .01
Replication
2
9.403
4.702
Factor A
4
4645.147
1161.287
13.92**
2.71
4.07
Factor B
2
2725.230
1362.615
16.34ns
3.34
5.45
A x B
8
189.488
23.686
0.28ns
2.29
3.23
Error
28
2335.290
83.403
TOTAL 35
9904.558
Coefficient of variance = 17.73%
Growth and Seed Yield of Three Corn Varieties Applied with Organic Fertilizers
under La Trinidad, Benguet Condition / Gregorio L. Ligaw. 2012
45
Appendix Table 7. Length of corn ear (cm)
REPLICATION
VARIETY
I II
TOTAL
III
MEAN
No fertilizer
Native corn
11.4
11.2
11.0
33.6
11.20
KY Bright Jean
12.5
14.3
14.0
40.8
13.60
Bighani
13.1
13.8
14.8
41.7
13.90
Alnus Compost
Native corn
10.2
10.3
9.3
30.3
10.10
KY Bright Jean
14.6
10.6
10.2
35.5
11.80
Bighani
13.5
15.0
15.9
44.4
14.80
Mushroom Compost
Native corn
11.4
10.7
10.5
32.6
10.87
KY Bright Jean
15.0
14.0
13.9
42.9
14.30
Bighani
15.8
13.9
14.0
43.7
14.50
Chicken Dung
Native corn
13.8
10.7
15.2
39.7
13.23
KY Bright Jean
16.5
18.8
29.3
54.6
18.20
Bighani
8.8
19.3
18.9
57.0
19.00
Carabao Manure
Native corn
13.8
11.1
11.0
35.9
11.97
KY Bright Jean
17.2
15.6
15.9
48.7
16.23
Bighani
16.0
16.2
16.4
48.6
16.20
TOTAL
213.6
205.5
230.3
GRAND MEAN
14.24
13.7
14.69
630
Growth and Seed Yield of Three Corn Varieties Applied with Organic Fertilizers
under La Trinidad, Benguet Condition / Gregorio L. Ligaw. 2012
46
TWO-WAY TABLE
NATIVE
KY
TREATMENT
CORN
BRIGHTNESS
BIGHANI
TOTAL
MEAN
Control
11.20
13.60
13.90
38.70
12.90
Alnus compost
10.10
11.80
14.80
36.70
12.23
Mushroom compost
10.81
14.30
14.56
39.73
13.24
Chicken dung
13.23
18.20
19.00
50.13
16.81
Carabao manure
11.97
16.23
16.20
44.40
14.8
TOTAL
57.37
74.13
78.46
MEAN
11.47
14.83
15.69
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE TABLE
DEGREES
SOURCE OF
OF
SUM OF
MEAN OF COMPUTED
TABULAR F
VARIATION FREEDOM SQUARES
SQUARE
F
.05 .01
Replication
2
2.212
1.106
Factor A
4
122.785
30.696
20.54**
2.71
4.07
Factor B
2
151.557
75.779
50.73**
3.34
5.45
A x B
8
17.989
2.249
1.50ns
2.29
3.23
Error
28
41.828
1.494
TOTAL 35
336.372
Coefficient of variance: 8.74%
Growth and Seed Yield of Three Corn Varieties Applied with Organic Fertilizers
under La Trinidad, Benguet Condition / Gregorio L. Ligaw. 2012
47
Appendix Table 8. Ear diameter (cm)
REPLICATION
VARIETY
I II
TOTAL
III
MEAN
No fertilizer
Native corn
4.6
4.7
4.6
13.9
4.63
KY Bright Jean
5.1
4.7
4.9
14.7
4.90
Bighani
5.2
4.8
5.0
15.0
5.00
Alnus Compost
Native corn
4.7
5.0
4.7
14.4
4.80
KY Bright Jean
5.0
4.6
4.9
14.5
4.83
Bighani
5.1
4.7
4.8
14.6
4.87
Mushroom Compost
Native corn
5.1
4.8
4.9
14.6
4.87
KY Bright Jean
5.3
4.9
5.1
15.3
5.10
Bighani
5.4
5.2
4.9
15.5
5.17
Chicken Dung
Native corn
5.2
5.2
4.6
15.0
5.00
KY Bright Jean
5.7
5.6
5.7
17.0
5.67
Bighani
6.1
5.5
5.6
17.2
5.73
Carabao Manure
Native corn
4.7
4.6
5.6
17.0
5.67
KY Bright Jean
5.0
5.0
4.9
14.9
4.97
Bighani
5.2
4.8
4.9
14.9
4.97
TOTAL
77.4
74.10
75.10
228.5
GRAND
MEAN 5.16 4.94 5.01
Growth and Seed Yield of Three Corn Varieties Applied with Organic Fertilizers
under La Trinidad, Benguet Condition / Gregorio L. Ligaw. 2012
48
TWO-WAY TABLE
NATIVE
KY
TREATMENT
CORN
BRIGHTNESS
BIGHANI
TOTAL
MEAN
Control
4.63
4.90
5.00
14.53
4.84
Alnus compost
4.80
4.83
5.10
14.50
4.83
Mushroom compost
4.87
5.10
5.17
15.14
5.05
Chicken dung
5.00
5.67
5.73
16.40
5.45
Carabao manure
5.67
4.93
25.74
15.61
5.20
TOTAL
24.97
25.97
25.74
MEAN
4.99
5.09
5.15
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE TABLE
DEGREES
SOURCE OF
OF
SUM OF
MEAN OF COMPUTED
TABULAR F
VARIATION FREEDOM SQUARES
SQUARE
F
.05 .01
Replication
2
0.470
0.235
Factor A
4
2.617
0.654
24.86**
2.71
4.07
Factor B
2
1.003
0.504
19.06**
3.34
5.45
A x B
8
0.472
0.059
2.24ns
2.29
3.23
Error
28
0.737
0.026
TOTAL 35 5.299
ns = Not significant
Coefficient of variance = 3.23%
** = Highly significant
Growth and Seed Yield of Three Corn Varieties Applied with Organic Fertilizers
under La Trinidad, Benguet Condition / Gregorio L. Ligaw. 2012
49
Appendix Table 9. Seed width (mm)
REPLICATION
VARIETY
I II
TOTAL
III
MEAN
No fertilizer
Native corn
8.8
8.8
8.7
26.3
8.77
KY Bright Jean
8.9
8.9
8.7
26.5
8.83
Bighani
8.8
8.8
8.8
26.8
8.80
Alnus Compost
Native corn
8.8
8.6
8.0
26.0
8.67
KY Bright Jean
8.8
8.8
8.8
26.4
8.80
Bighani
8.9
9.0
8.9
26.8
8.93
Mushroom Compost
Native corn
8.7
8.7
8.7
26.1
8.70
KY Bright Jean
8.8
8.8
8.8
26.4
8.80
Bighani
9.0
9.0
8.9
26.4
8.97
Chicken Dung
Native corn
8.6
8.7
8.8
26.1
8.70
KY Bright Jean
9.0
8.9
8.9
26.8
8.93
Bighani
9.1
9.0
9.1
27.1
9.03
Carabao Manure
Native corn
8.9
8.8
8.8
26.5
8.83
KY Bright Jean
8.8
8.8
8.9
26.5
8.83
Bighani
8.8
8.9
8.9
26.6
8.87
TOTAL
132.70
132.50
132.30
397.4
GRAND MEAN
8.85
8.83
8.82
Growth and Seed Yield of Three Corn Varieties Applied with Organic Fertilizers
under La Trinidad, Benguet Condition / Gregorio L. Ligaw. 2012
50
TWO-WAY TABLE
NATIVE
KY
TREATMENT
CORN
BRIGHTNESS
BIGHANI
TOTAL
MEAN
Control
8.77
8.83
8.80
26.4
8.80
Alnus compost
8.67
8.80
8.93
26.4
8.80
Mushroom compost
8.70
8.80
8.97
26.47
8.82
Chicken dung
8.70
8.93
9.03
26.93
8.98
Carabao manure
8.81
8.83
8.87
26.53
8.84
TOTAL
47.67
44.19
44.87
MEAN
8.73
8.84
8.97
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE TABLE
DEGREES
SOURCE OF
OF
SUM OF
MEAN OF COMPUTED
TABULAR F
VARIATION FREEDOM SQUARES
SQUARE
F
.05 .01
Replication
2
0.005
0.003
Factor A
4
0.062
0.016
3.59*
2.71
4.07
Factor B
2
0.281
0.141
32.46**
3.34
5.45
A x B
8
0.150
0.019
4.32**
2.29
3.23
Error
28
0.121
0.004
TOTAL 35 0.620
* = Significant
Coefficient of variance = 0.75%
** = Highly significant
Growth and Seed Yield of Three Corn Varieties Applied with Organic Fertilizers
under La Trinidad, Benguet Condition / Gregorio L. Ligaw. 2012
51
Appendix Table 10. Seed length (mm)
REPLICATION
VARIETY
I II
TOTAL
III
MEAN
No fertilizer
Native corn
10.7
10.4
10.8
31.9
10.63
KY Bright Jean
12.4
11.8
12.0
36.2
12.07
Bighani
13.8
13.7
13.8
41.3
13.77
Alnus Compost
Native corn
10.7
10.4
10.4
31.5
10.50
KY Bright Jean
12.0
11.7
12.0
35.7
11.90
Bighani
13.8
13.6
13.8
41.2
13.73
Mushroom Compost
Native corn
10.6
10.6
10.4
36.1
10.53
KY Bright Jean
11.7
11.6
12.2
35.5
11.83
Bighani
13.7
13.8
13.8
41.3
13.77
Chicken Dung
Native corn
10.7
10.7
10.5
31.9
10.63
KY Bright Jean
12.2
12.2
11.9
36.7
12.10
Bighani
13.9
13.9
13.9
41.7
13.90
Carabao Manure
Native corn
10.4
10.3
10.4
31.1
10.37
KY Bright Jean
10.7
11.8
11.4
33.9
11.30
Bighani
11.7
13.70
13.6
39.0
13.00
TOTAL
179.00
180.20
180.9
340.6
GRAND MEAN
11.93
12.01
12.06
Growth and Seed Yield of Three Corn Varieties Applied with Organic Fertilizers
under La Trinidad, Benguet Condition / Gregorio L. Ligaw. 2012
52
TWO-WAY TABLE
NATIVE
KY
TREATMENT
CORN
BRIGHTNESS
BIGHANI
TOTAL
MEAN
Control
10.63
12.07
13.77
36.47
12.06
Alnus compost
10.50
11.90
13.73
36.13
12.04
Mushroom compost
10.53
11.83
13.77
36.13
12.04
Chicken dung
10.63
12.10
13.90
36.63
12.21
Carabao manure
10.37
11.30
13.00
34.67
11.55
TOTAL
56.66
59.20
68.17
MEAN
10.53
11.84
13.63
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE TABLE
DEGREES
SOURCE OF
OF
SUM OF
MEAN OF COMPUTED
TABULAR F
VARIATION FREEDOM SQUARES
SQUARE
F
.05 .01
Replication
2
0.123
0.062
Factor A
4
2.432
0.608
4.48**
2.71
4.07
Factor B
2
72.667
36.334
267.94**
3.34
5.45
A x B
8
0.511
0.064
0.47ns
2.29
3.23
Error
28
3.707
0.136
TOTAL 35 79.530
ns = Not significant
Coefficient of variance = 3.07%
** = Highly significant
Growth and Seed Yield of Three Corn Varieties Applied with Organic Fertilizers
under La Trinidad, Benguet Condition / Gregorio L. Ligaw. 2012
53
Appendix Table 11. Weight of marketable seed/plot (kg)
REPLICATION
VARIETY
I II
TOTAL
III
MEAN
No fertilizer
Native corn
2.25
2.38
2.38
7.01
2.34
KY Bright Jean
2.50
2.25
1.88
5.91
1.84
Bighani
2.23
2.38
2.25
6.88
2.29
Alnus Compost
Native corn
2.25
2.13
1.88
6.28
2.09
KY Bright Jean
3.00
2.38
2.25
7.63
2.54
Bighani
2.75
2.13
2.13
7.01
2.34
Mushroom Compost
Native corn
2.38
1.30
2.00
5.68
1.89
KY Bright Jean
2.25
1.88
1.63
5.76
1.92
Bighani
3.00
2.88
2.88
8.76
2.92
Chicken Dung
Native corn
2.88
3.25
2.38
8.51
1.84
KY Bright Jean
2.50
2.13
2.25
6.88
2.29
Bighani
2.25
2.75
2.18
7.13
2.38
Carabao Manure
Native corn
2.50
1.88
1.13
5.51
1.84
KY Bright Jean
3.63
3.38
3.50
10.51
3.50
Bighani
2.50
2.38
2.18
7.01
2.34
TOTAL
37.87
30.97
32.90
106.56
GRAND MEAN
138.76
138.69
2.19
Growth and Seed Yield of Three Corn Varieties Applied with Organic Fertilizers
under La Trinidad, Benguet Condition / Gregorio L. Ligaw. 2012
54
TWO-WAY TABLE
NATIVE
KY
TREATMENT
CORN
BRIGHTNESS
BIGHANI
TOTAL
MEAN
Control
2.34
1.84
2.29
6.47
2.15
Alnus compost
2.09
2.54
2.34
6.97
2.32
Mushroom compost
1.89
1.92
2.92
6.73
2.24
Chicken dung
1.89
2.29
2.38
6.56
2.18
Carabao manure
1.84
3.50
2.34
7.68
2.58
TOTAL
10.05
12.09
12.27
MEAN 2.01
2.41
2.45
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE TABLE
DEGREES
SOURCE OF
OF
SUM OF
MEAN OF COMPUTED
TABULAR F
VARIATION FREEDOM SQUARES
SQUARE
F
.05 .01
Replication
2
0.876
0.438
Factor A
4
1.641
0.410
3.61*
2.71
4.07
Factor B
2
3.776
1.888
16.64**
3.34
5.45
A x B
8
0.822
0.103
0.90ns
2.29
3.23
Error
28
3.176
0.113
TOTAL 35
* = Significant
Coefficient of variance = 14.32%
** = Highly significant
ns = Not significant
Growth and Seed Yield of Three Corn Varieties Applied with Organic Fertilizers
under La Trinidad, Benguet Condition / Gregorio L. Ligaw. 2012
55
Appendix Table 12. Weight of non-marketable seed/plot (kg)
REPLICATION
VARIETY
I II
TOTAL
III
MEAN
No fertilizer
Native corn
0.50
0.13
0.25
0.88
0.29
KY Bright Jean
0.25
0.13
0.13
0.50
0.17
Bighani
0.25
0.13
0.13
0.50
0.17
Alnus Compost
Native corn
0.75
0.25
0.25
1.25
0.47
KY Bright Jean
0.50
0.13
0.13
0.75
0.25
Bighani
0.25
0.13
0.13
0.50
0.17
Mushroom Compost
Native corn
0.75
0.25
0.25
1.25
0.47
KY Bright Jean
0.25
0.13
0.13
0.50
0.17
Bighani
0.25
0.13
0.50
0.86
0.29
Chicken Dung
Native corn
0.50
0.25
1.00
1.75
0.58
KY Bright Jean
0.13
0.13
0.25
0.50
0.17
Bighani
0.25
0.13
0.13
0.50
0.17
Carabao Manure
Native corn
0.50
0.13
0.13
0.75
0.25
KY Bright Jean
0.25
0.25
0.13
0.62
0.21
Bighani
0.25
0.13
0.13
0.50
0.17
TOTAL
5.63
2.43
3.61
11.61
GRAND
MEAN 0.38 0.16 0.24
Growth and Seed Yield of Three Corn Varieties Applied with Organic Fertilizers
under La Trinidad, Benguet Condition / Gregorio L. Ligaw. 2012
56
TWO-WAY TABLE
NATIVE
KY
TREATMENT
CORN
BRIGHTNESS
BIGHANI
TOTAL
MEAN
Control
0.29
0.17
0.17
0.63
0.21
Alnus compost
0.47
0.25
0.17
0.89
0.30
Mushroom compost
0.47
0.17
0.29
0.93
0.31
Chicken dung
0.58
0.17
0.17
0.92
0.31
Carabao manure
0.25
0.21
0.17
0.63
0.21
TOTAL
2.06
0.97
0.97
MEAN 0.41
0.19
0.19
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE TABLE
DEGREES
SOURCE OF
OF
SUM OF
MEAN OF COMPUTED
TABULAR F
VARIATION FREEDOM SQUARES
SQUARE
F
.05 .01
Replication
2
0.355
0.177
Factor A
4
0.067
0.017
0.69ns
2.71
4.07
Factor B
2
0.384
0.192
7.8/2**
3.34
5.45
A x B
8
0.189
0.024
0.96ns
2.29
3.23
Error
28
0.687
0.025
TOTAL 35
1.682
ns = Not significant
Coefficient of variance = 10.40%
** = Highly significant
Growth and Seed Yield of Three Corn Varieties Applied with Organic Fertilizers
under La Trinidad, Benguet Condition / Gregorio L. Ligaw. 2012
57
Appendix Table 13. Computed seed yield per plot/ha (kg)
REPLICATION
VARIETY
I II
TOTAL
III
MEAN
No fertilizer
Native corn
4.50
4.75
4.75
14.00
14.67
KY Bright Jean
5.00
4.50
3.75
15.25
4.42
Bighani
4.50
4.75
4.50
13.75
4.58
Alnus Compost
Native corn
4.50
4.25
3.75
12.30
4.11
KY Bright Jean
6.00
4.75
4.50
15.25
3.08
Bighani
5.50
4.25
4.25
14.00
4.68
Mushroom Compost
Native corn
4.75
2.25
4.00
11.00
5.67
KY Bright Jean
4.50
3.75
3.25
11.50
3.83
Bighani
6.00
5.75
5.75
17.50
5.83
Chicken Dung
Native corn
5.75
6.50
4.75
11.00
5.67
KY Bright Jean
5.00
4.25
4.50
13.75
4.58
Bighani
4.50
5.50
4.25
14.25
4.75
Carabao Manure
Native corn
5.00
3.75
2.25
11.00
3.67
KY Bright Jean
7.63
6.75
7.00
21.38
7.13
Bighani
5.00
4.75
4.25
14.00
4.68
TOTAL 78.13
70.5
65.5
208.13
GRAND
MEAN 5.21 4.7 4.37
Growth and Seed Yield of Three Corn Varieties Applied with Organic Fertilizers
under La Trinidad, Benguet Condition / Gregorio L. Ligaw. 2012
58
TWO-WAY TABLE
NATIVE
KY
TREATMENT
CORN
BRIGHTNESS
BIGHANI
TOTAL
MEAN
Control
4.67
4.42
4.58
13.67
4.55
Alnus compost
4.17
5.08
4.68
13.93
4.64
Mushroom compost
3.67
3.83
5.89
13.33
4.44
Chicken dung
5.67
4.58
4.75
15.00
5.00
Carabao manure
3.67
7.13
4.69
15.48
5.16
TOTAL
21.85
25.04
24.52
MEAN
1.37
5.00
4.90
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE TABLE
DEGREES
SOURCE OF
OF
SUM OF
MEAN OF COMPUTED
TABULAR F
VARIATION FREEDOM SQUARES
SQUARE
F
.05 .01
Replication
2
5.390
2.695
Factor A
4
9.388
2.347
6.97**
2.71
4.07
Factor B
2
19.206
9.603
28.50**
3.34
5.45
A x B
8
5.846
0.731
2.17*
2.29
3.23
Error
28
9.433
0.337
TOTAL 35
49.263
** = Highly significant
Coefficient of variance = 12.20%
* = Significant
Growth and Seed Yield of Three Corn Varieties Applied with Organic Fertilizers
under La Trinidad, Benguet Condition / Gregorio L. Ligaw. 2012
59
Appendix Table 14. Reaction to corn borer
REPLICATION
VARIETY
I II
TOTAL
III
MEAN
No fertilizer
Native corn
1
1
1
3
1.00
KY Bright Jean
2
1
2
5
1.00
Bighani
1
1
1
3
1.00
Alnus Compost
Native corn
2
2
2
5
1.67
KY Bright Jean
1
1
1
3
1.00
Bighani
1
1
1
3
1.00
Mushroom Compost
Native corn
2
1
1
5
1.67
KY Bright Jean
1
1
1
3
1.00
Bighani
2
1
1
4
1.33
Chicken Dung
Native corn
1
2
2
4
1.33
KY Bright Jean
1
1
1
3
1.00
Bighani
2
1
1
4
1.33
Carabao Manure
Native corn
2
1
5
1.67
KY Bright Jean
1
1
1
3
1.00
Bighani
1
1
1
3
1.00
TOTAL
21
17
17
56
GRAND MEAN
14
1.13
1.13
Growth and Seed Yield of Three Corn Varieties Applied with Organic Fertilizers
under La Trinidad, Benguet Condition / Gregorio L. Ligaw. 2012
60
TWO-WAY TABLE
NATIVE
KY
TREATMENT
CORN
BRIGHTNESS
BIGHANI
TOTAL
MEAN
Control
1.00
1.67
1.00
3.67
1.22
Alnus compost
1.67
1.00
1.00
3.67
1.22
Mushroom compost
1.67
1.00
1.33
4.00
1.33
Chicken dung
1.33
1.00
1.33
3.66
1.22
Carabao manure
1.67
1.00
1.00
3.67
1.22
TOTAL
7.34
5.67
4.66
MEAN
1.47
1.34
0.93
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE TABLE
DEGREES
SOURCE OF
OF
SUM OF
MEAN OF COMPUTED
TABULAR F
VARIATION FREEDOM SQUARES
SQUARE
F
.05 .01
Replication
2
0.533
0.267
Factor A
4
0.133
0.033
0.19ns
2.71
4.07
Factor B
2
0.933
0.467
2.72ns
3.34
5.45
A x B
8
2.400
0.300
1.75ns
2.29
3.23
Error
28
4.800
0.171
TOTAL 35
8.800
ns = Not significant
Coefficient of variance = 12.23%
Growth and Seed Yield of Three Corn Varieties Applied with Organic Fertilizers
under La Trinidad, Benguet Condition / Gregorio L. Ligaw. 2012
61
Appendix Table 15. Reaction to downy mildew
REPLICATION
VARIETY
I II
TOTAL
III
MEAN
Native Corn
Control
1
1
2
4
1.33
Alnus compost
1
1
1
3
1.00
Mushroom compost
2
1
1
4
1.33
Chicken dung
1
2
1
4
1.33
Carabao manure
1
1
1
3
1.00
Ky Bright Jean
Control
2
1
1
4
1.33
Alnus compost
1
2
2
5
1.67
Mushroom compost
1
1
1
3
1.00
Chicken dung
1
1
1
3
1.00
Carabao manure
1
1
2
4
1.33
Bighani
Control
1
1
1
3
1.00
Alnus compost
1
1
1
3
1.00
Mushroom compost
1
2
1
4
1.33
Chicken dung
1
1
1
3
1.00
Carabao manure
1
1
1
3
1.00
TOTAL
Growth and Seed Yield of Three Corn Varieties Applied with Organic Fertilizers
under La Trinidad, Benguet Condition / Gregorio L. Ligaw. 2012
62
TWO-WAY TABLE
NATIVE
KY
TREATMENT
CORN
BRIGHTNESS
BIGHANI
TOTAL
MEAN
Control
1.33
1.33
1.00
3.66
1.22
Alnus compost
1.00
1.67
1.00
3.67
1.22
Mushroom compost
1.33
1.00
1.33
3.66
1.22
Chicken dung
1.33
1.00
1.00
3.33
1.11
Carabao manure
1.00
1.33
1.00
3.33
1.11
TOTAL
5.99
6.33
5.33
MEAN
1.20
1.27
1.07
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE TABLE
DEGREES
SOURCE OF
OF
SUM OF
MEAN OF COMPUTED
TABULAR F
VARIATION FREEDOM SQUARES
SQUARE
F
.05 .01
Replication
2
0.311
0.156
Factor A
4
0.222
0.056
0.16ns
2.71
4.07
Factor B
2
0.844
0.422
1.22ns
3.34
5.45
A x B
8
2.711
0.339
0.97ms
2.29
3.23
Error
28
9.689
0.346
TOTAL
35
13.778
ns = Not significant
Coefficient of variance = 11.38%
Growth and Seed Yield of Three Corn Varieties Applied with Organic Fertilizers
under La Trinidad, Benguet Condition / Gregorio L. Ligaw. 2012
LIGAW, GREGORIO L. APRIL 2012. Growth and Seed Yield of Three Corn
Varieties Applied with Organic Fertilizers under La Trinidad, Benguet Condition.
Benguet State University, La Trinidad, Benguet.
Adviser: Danilo P. Padua, PhD.
ABSTRACT
The study was conducted at BSU Experimental area, Balili, La Trinidad, Benguet
from January to June 2010 to evaluate the growth and seed yield of different corn
varieties; determine the best organic fertilizer that could give improvement on seed yield
in corn, determine the best combination of corn variety and organic fertilizer on seed
production, and determine the economic benefits of producing corn applied with different
organic fertilizers.
Chicken dung and carabao manure promoted higher corn seed yield. Among the
three varieties tested, native corn was best performing in terms of growth, marketable
seed yield and total yield under La Trinidad, Benguet condition.
Native corn applied with chicken dung produced the highest yield and profit
under La Trinidad, Benguet condition.
Growth and Seed Yield of Three Corn Varieties Applied with Organic Fertilizers
under La Trinidad, Benguet Condition /Gregorio L. Ligaw. 2012
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
Bibliography. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
i
Abstract
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
i
Table of Contents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
ii
INTRODUCTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1
REVIEW OF LITERATURE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3
MATERIALS AND METHOD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
8
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
12
Meteorological Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
12
Initial Plant Height . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
13
Final Plant Height . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
13
Plant Height at First Ear . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
13
Days from Sowing to Emergence
andSilking/Tasseling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
15
Days to Silking and Tasseling. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
15
Days to Maturity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
15
Corn Ear Length . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
16
Corn Ear Diameter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
18
Seed Length . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
18
Seed Width . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
19
Weight of Marketable Seeds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
20
Weight of Non-marketable Seeds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
21
Reaction to Corn Borer and Downy
Mildew . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
24
Growth and Seed Yield of Three Corn Varieties Applied with Organic Fertilizers
under La Trinidad, Benguet Condition /Gregorio L. Ligaw. 2012
Computed Yield per Hectare . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
25
Total Weight of Seeds per Plot . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
27
Return on Cash Expenses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
27
SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
. . . . . . .
29
Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
29
Conclusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
30
Recommendations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
30
LITERATURE CITED . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
31
APPENDICES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
33
Growth and Seed Yield of Three Corn Varieties Applied with Organic Fertilizers
under La Trinidad, Benguet Condition /Gregorio L. Ligaw. 2012
1
INTRODUCTION
Corn is second to rice in importance as a staple food (PCARRD, 1970). Corn
grains are milled into corn grits and prepared as food for steaming like rice. It is also
processed into flakes, oil, syrup and popcorn as well as a coffee substitute (Gagni and
Tabinga, 1985).
In the Philippines highlands particularly in Benguet, Sweet corn and native corn
are produced as cash crops among the farmers. Farmers usually use different kinds of
corn varieties from their own previous crop (Mamuri, 2003).
At the present, the problem faced by the farmers is the high cost of chemical
fertilizers. This situation greatly increases the farmer’s investment in production. In view
of this, the use of organic fertilizers appears to be very logical alternative in minimizing
chemical or organic fertilizer inputs (Mamuri, 2003).
The use of organic fertilizers in corn production can lessen the expenses of
farmers and ensure the vigorous growth of plants. It also influences nutrient absorption
due to its role in granulation and improvement of the physical and chemical properties of
the soil (Tamiray, 1997).
In addition, this study may serve as a useful guide for farmers engaged in corn
production. It can lead to the production of high quality corn seeds which ensures
increased production. Evaluation of different corn varieties may also lead the farmers to
have other alternative corn varieties to plant.
The study was conducted to:
1. evaluate the growth and seed yield of different corn varieties under La
Trinidad, Benguet condition;
Growth and Seed Yield of Three Corn Varieties Applied with Organic Fertilizers
under La Trinidad, Benguet Condition / Gregorio L. Ligaw. 2012
2
2. determine the best organic fertilizer material that could promote vegetative
growth and improve seed yield of corn;
3. determine the best combination of corn variety and organic fertilizers on seed
production; and
4. determine the economic benefits of producing corn applied with different
organic fertilizers.
The study was conducted at the Benguet State University Experimental Area,
Balili, La Trinidad, Benguet from December 2009 to June 2010.
Growth and Seed Yield of Three Corn Varieties Applied with Organic Fertilizers
under La Trinidad, Benguet Condition / Gregorio L. Ligaw. 2012
3
REVIEW OF LITERATURE
Soil and Climatic Requirements
Corn grows best on fertile, well-drained, clay loamy soil rich in humus and
organic matter. However, if the field is not suitable for corn production, apply proper
fertilizers and organic matter. Also we plant legumes such as mungbean, peanut, and peas
to improve the fertility of soil. The soil at least 80 cm deep soil holds moisture and
provides the needed nutrients for the plants. Corn grows well in a field that is slightly
rolling and fairly deep such topography will minimize stagnant water in the field (Gagni
and Tabinga, 1985).
Baluyot, et al. (1984) reported that corn is best adapted to well drained loamy soil
with high organic matter and water holding capacity. It requires a pH ranging from 5.5
(rather acidic) to 8.0 (moderately) for the best production of corn.
Seed Production and Varietal Evaluation
According to Coscolan (1991), the proper selection of variety of corn to be
planted is very necessary to increase its yield potential and the income of the farmers. In
addition, varietal evaluation is necessary to observe the characters such as yield,
earliness, maturity and keeping quality because varieties have a wide range of differences
is size-yielding performance.
Reily and Shry (1991) reported that corn varieties must be adapted to the area in
which it is grown; there is a great variation in the yielding ability of the different varieties
when grown under the same method of culture. A variety that yields well in one region is
not a guarantee that it will perform well in another region.
Growth and Seed Yield of Three Corn Varieties Applied with Organic Fertilizers
under La Trinidad, Benguet Condition / Gregorio L. Ligaw. 2012
4
Adaptability of crop in the highlands differs relatively to elevation mainly
because of temperature as well pest and diseases prevalence (SEARCA, 2002).
Therefore, farmers must know if a variety can grow suitably in that particular area.
Corn Fertilization and Irrigation
Baluyot and Cox (1984) stated that to attain best yield of a variety, all the required
nutrients must be available for the growth of corn plants. The amount of fertilizers
recommend to apply is determined by the level of nutrient present in the soil. In most
cases, nitrogen fertilizers is very important to produce high yield. A yield of 5-6 tons per
hectare can be obtained in farmers field fertilized with 90-100 kg tons per hectare of
nitrogen.
They further recommend basal application and side dressing of fertilizer during
wet season. They recommend application of half of the recommend nitrogen and all the
phosphorus 205 and potassium 20 in the furrows with 2-3 cm soil before planting.
According to Quilloy (1993), one important factor that affects corn yield is
nitrogen fertilizers. Using high rates of fertilizers with adequate population will not
increase yield unless there is sufficient supply of nutrients.
Fertilizers Requirement
Manure contains many essential plant nutrients especially phosphorous,
potassium, calcium, magnesium, sulfur, zinc and others. Farm manure influences the soil
as a nutrient and tends to increase crop yield and granulation that binds or lighten and
expand soil aggregates making the soil porous. Corn varieties respond very well to
nitrogen fertilizers (Banario, 1998).
Growth and Seed Yield of Three Corn Varieties Applied with Organic Fertilizers
under La Trinidad, Benguet Condition / Gregorio L. Ligaw. 2012
5
Importance of Organic Fertilizers on the Soil
At present, farmers have many farm problems. One of which is low yield, thus
farmers keeps figuring out ways to improve production and high profit. This can be
realized by encouraging them to observe and keep environment-friendly practices such as
the use of organic fertilizers (Javar, 2005).
Organic fertilizers generally provide many advantages to the farmers in terms of
soil improvement and conservation, good yields and high quality of produce. This
ensures reduction of production cost in the long run (Salda, 1999).
Tomilas (1996) reported that application of organic fertilizers in sufficient
amount improves soil structure, serves to improve organic matter of the soil and increase
not only the quality of nutrient elements for plant growth and development but also
decrease bulk density of the soil. Organic matter in the soil can increase ware absorption
and lesser water run-off leaching and erosion.
Pointcelot (1986) stated that organic farming is very important in improving soil
fertility and replacing the costly inorganic fertilizers. The organic residues are easily
available from decomposed weeds, straws and alnus compost. The fibrous portion of the
organic matter improves the soil physical properties. Its loose property and high carbon
content promote soil aggregation and improve the permeability and aeration of clay soils.
Their high humus content granulates sandy soils and improved their nutrients and water
holding capacity. Moreover, carbon in organic matter is the main source of energy for
activity of soil microorganisms like rhizobia for nitrogen fixation and mycorrhizae for
increasing the soil phosphorous content.
Growth and Seed Yield of Three Corn Varieties Applied with Organic Fertilizers
under La Trinidad, Benguet Condition / Gregorio L. Ligaw. 2012
6
Effect of Organic Fertilizers
Organic materials effects on the soil are strongly influenced by the nature, their
nutrient content, and the process of their decomposition in the soil. They increase soil
fertility, balanced supply of nutrient and build up of organic matter. There is a diverse
array of organic materials, which can be processed and composted for application in the
farm. Most of these are known wastes but some are by-products that can be put to good
use by simple processes or treatment such as composting (PCARRD, 2006).
Daoines (1994) stated that adding and returning organic matter to the soil is
essential. It is only organic matter that can provide the necessary element for growing
plants. The amount of humus in the soil decreases through mineralization, thus
resupplying lost humus every year is a must for maintaining soil fertility and quality.
Approximately eight tons convert to hectare, organic matter a year necessary for this
purpose. To improve quickly the chemically spoiled soil, an initial addition of double this
amount (16 tons/ ha) is recommended. Also applying animal manure improves the
structures of the soil. This may be due to the presence of nutrient element in the organic
matter. Also mentioned that C: N ratio may indicate the availability of N in organic
matter since the lower C: N ratio the better is the availability of nitrogen. .
Eslay (1996) reported that application of chicken dung enhanced the growth of
potato plants. She further explained that crops applied with chicken dung on basal had the
highest marketable tubers and total weight compared with other fertilizers. This
superiority of chicken dung may be attributed to more nutrients, and readily available
nutrients and combination of both. Also, Bilango (1996) found that potato plants applied
with organic fertilizers produce best yields.
Growth and Seed Yield of Three Corn Varieties Applied with Organic Fertilizers
under La Trinidad, Benguet Condition / Gregorio L. Ligaw. 2012
7
Pandosen (1980) claimed that the application of organic matter effectively
improve the physical properties of the soil decreased the bulk density of the soil which
favored plant growth.
Application of Compost
Compost is commonly regarded as a soil amendment as well as a fertilizer by
improving soil physical properties and promoting the growth of soil found compost may
have beneficial effect goes beyond the nutrients it provides (Mamuri, 2003).
Growth and Seed Yield of Three Corn Varieties Applied with Organic Fertilizers
under La Trinidad, Benguet Condition / Gregorio L. Ligaw. 2012
8
MATERIALS AND METHODS
An area of 225 m2 was properly cleaned and prepared. The area was divided into
three blocks to accommodate 45 plots with dimensions of 1 m x 5 m each. The
experiment was laid out following 3x5 factorial in Randomized Complete Block Design
with three replications. The different varieties served as factor A, and the different
organic fertilizers served as factor B.
. The treatments were the following:
Factor A: Organic Fertilizers (OF)
O1= No fertilizers
O2= Alnus compost
O3= Mushroom compost
O4= Chicken dung (5tons/ha)
O5= Carabao manure (5 tons/ ha)
Factor B: Varieties (V)
V1 = Native corn
V2 = KY Bright Jean
V3 = Bighani
Planting was done in single row with the seeding rate of two seeds per hill at a
distance of 50 cm between rows and hills.
To ensure good growth and yield, cultural management practices such as weeding,
hilling-up, irrigation, disease and pest control were properly observed.
Growth and Seed Yield of Three Corn Varieties Applied with Organic Fertilizers
under La Trinidad, Benguet Condition / Gregorio L. Ligaw. 2012
9
Data Gathered
1. Agro-climatic data. Temperature, relative humidity, sunshine duration and
rainfall amount was taken during the conduct of the experiment from Philippine (PAG-
ASA) station, La Trinidad, Benguet.
2. Days from sowing to emergence. This was recorded when at least 50% of the
seeds emerged.
3. Days from emergence to silking/tasseling. This was recorded when at least
50% of the plant per plot have extended tassel and silk.
4. Days from emergence to maturity. This was recorded by counting the number
of days from emergence to harvesting of dried ears.
5. Initial plant height (cm). This was measured from the base of the plant at
ground level to the tip of the youngest shoots, using ten samples per plot one week after
emergence.
6. Final plant height (cm). This was measured from the base of the plant at
ground level to the youngest shoot before harvesting using ten samples per plot.
7. Height of plants at first ear (cm). This was taken by measuring the base of the
plant up to the base of the first ear one week after ear emergence.
8. Length of corn ear (cm). This was recorded by measuring ten sample ears per
plot selected at random measured from the base to the tip using foot rule.
9. Ear diameter (cm). This was gathered by measuring ten sample ears per plot
using vernier caliper.
10. Seed width (mm). Seed width was taken by measuring the mid portion of seed
using a vernier caliper.
Growth and Seed Yield of Three Corn Varieties Applied with Organic Fertilizers
under La Trinidad, Benguet Condition / Gregorio L. Ligaw. 2012
10
11. Seed length (mm). This was obtained by measuring the seed parallel to the
hilum.
12. Seed color. This was taken using visual observation.
13. Weight of marketable seeds/plot (kg). This was obtained by weighing the
marketable seeds. Marketable seeds are good and smooth, well-formed seeds and free
from damages.
14. Weight of the non-marketable seeds/plot (kg). This was obtained by weighing
all the damaged seeds, small sized, malformed and damaged by diseases.
15. Computed seed yield per ha (kg). This was obtained by weighing the seeds per
plot into hectare basis using ratio and proportion:
Yield/ton/h = Total yield per plot x 2
16. Pest and disease reaction. This was assessed by rating the degree of disease
and insect damage on the crop.
a. Reaction to corn borer. The reaction to the damage of corn borer on the
different varieties was evaluated using the following scale:
Rating
Description Remarks
1
Less than 1% damaged Highly resistant
2
1-5% damaged Moderately resistant
3
6-10% damaged Resistant
4
11-20% damaged Susceptible
5
21-30% damaged Very susceptible
Growth and Seed Yield of Three Corn Varieties Applied with Organic Fertilizers
under La Trinidad, Benguet Condition / Gregorio L. Ligaw. 2012
11
b. Reaction to downy mildew. Occurrence of downy mildew in each variety was
obtained by using this formula:
% Infection Index = No. of Plants Infected/Plot x 100
Total No. of Plants/Plot
Rating Description Remarks
1
No infected or less than 10% Resistant
2
10% of plant infected Moderately resistant
3
11-50% of plant infected Susceptible
4
5% or nearly all the plants infected Highly susceptible
17. Return on cash expenses. This was computed by subtracting the total
expenses from the gross sales divided by the total expenses multiplied by 100 as follows:
ROCE (%) = Gross Sales - Total Expenses x 100
Total Cost of Production
Analysis of Data
All the quantitative data measured in this study were statistically analyzed
using 3x5 factorial in Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with three
replications. The significance of difference among treatment means was tested using
Duncan`s Multiple Range Test (DMRT) at 5% level of significance.
Growth and Seed Yield of Three Corn Varieties Applied with Organic Fertilizers
under La Trinidad, Benguet Condition / Gregorio L. Ligaw. 2012
12
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Meteorological Data
The monthly temperature, relative humidity, amount of rainfall, and light
throughout the conduct of the study are shown in Table 1. It was observed that the
minimum temperature (12.20oC) was noted during the month of February, while the
maximum temperature of 26.80oC was observed in the month of May. The minimum
relative humidity of 71% was observed in the month of March while the maximum
relative humidity of 80% was observed during the month of May to June. The foregoing
conditions were suitable for corn growth. The low rainfall from January to March was
compensated by supplemental irrigation.
Table 1. Temperature, relative humidity, rainfall, and sunshine duration
TEMPERATURE
RELATIVE
SUNSHINE
Min. Max.
HUMIDITY RAINFALL DURATION
MONTH
(oC) (oC)
(%)
(mm)
(min)
January 12.50
24.10
85 T 205.00
February
12.20
25.60
84
00
389.70
March
13.80
25.30
71
0.03
332.90
April
16.10
26.30
84
4.60
284.60
May
17.20
26.80
89
6.90
288.60
June
17.50
26.00
89
13.60
233.80
Source: PAGASA Station, BSU, La Trinidad Benguet
Growth and Seed Yield of Three Corn Varieties Applied with Organic Fertilizers
under La Trinidad, Benguet Condition / Gregorio L. Ligaw. 2012
13
Initial Plant Height
Effect of organic fertilizers. Table 2 also shows the initial height of corn plant as
affected by the application of different organic fertilizers. Statistically, no significant
differences were observed on the height of the two corn varieties applied with different
organic fertilizers at one week after emergence.
Varietal
effect. Statistical analysis revealed no significant differences among the
three corn varieties at one week after planting. Plant height varies with variety (IRRI,
2003) and is governed by a number of genes (Ashikari et al., 2005). Differences between
varieties may be due mainly to genetic attributes thus, the varieties could be genetically
similar with respect to plant height.
Interaction
effect. No significant interaction effect of organic fertilizers and corn
varieties were noted on the initial plant height of corn.
Final Plant Height
Effect of organic fertilizers. Table 2 shows the height of corn plant as affected by
the application of organic fertilizers. Significant differences among the organic fertilizers
used were observed. Plants applied with chicken dung and carabao manure were the
tallest.
Varietal
effect. It was observed that Ky Bright Jean and native corn were taller
than Bighani indicating that the latter maybe less adapted than the other two varieties
under La Trinidad condition.
Interaction effect. No significant interaction was observed among the corn
varieties and organic fertilizers on the final plant height of corn (Table 2).
Growth and Seed Yield of Three Corn Varieties Applied with Organic Fertilizers
under La Trinidad, Benguet Condition / Gregorio L. Ligaw. 2012
14
Table 2. Initial and final height and height of plant at first ear of corn varieties applied
with organic fertilizers
HEIGHT (cm)
TREATMENT
INITIAL
FINAL
AT FIRST EAR
(14 DAP)
(130 DAP)
(80 DAP
Organic Fertilizer
No fertilizer
6.96
133.78b
38.84b
Alnus compost
7.01
136.82b
46.42b
Mushroom compost
7.19
145.57b
49.42b
Chicken dung
7.60
178.70a
69.39a
Carabao manure
7.11
152.73a
53.58b
Variety
Native corn
7.11
151.56
59.84
Ky Bright Jean
7.26
152.47
53.56
Bighani
7.15
144.53
41.11
a x b
ns
Ns
ns
CV(%)
3.24
10.26
17.73
Means with the same letter are not signficantly different at 5% level of
significance (DMRT)
Plant Height at First Ear (cm)
Effect of organic fertilizers. Significant differences among the organic fertilizers
were observed on the plant height at first ear.
Varietal
effect. No significant differences were observed on height at first ear
(59.84 cm).
Interaction effect. No significant interactions were observed between the corn
varieties and organic fertilizers on the height of the first ear (Table 2).
Growth and Seed Yield of Three Corn Varieties Applied with Organic Fertilizers
under La Trinidad, Benguet Condition / Gregorio L. Ligaw. 2012
15
Days from Sowing to Emergence
Effect of organic fertilizers. Organic fertilizers did not significantly affect the
emergence of corn plants.
Varietal effect. All the corn varieties emerged 8 days after planting.
Days to Silking and Tasseling
Effect of organic fertilizers. Table 3 shows the days to silking and tasseling as
affected by organic fertilizers. Highly significant differences were observed among the
treatments on the days to silking and tasseling. Plants applied with chicken dung tasseled
and silked 68 days after planting (DAP) which was 6-10 days earlier than the others.
This could be due to the relatively high nitrogen content of chicken dung (3.8%) based on
the source of nutrient as cited by Tacon (1987).
Varietal effect. Among the three varieties of corn tested, native corn showed
earlier tasseling and silking by about 6 days over the other varieties (Table 3). This could
be attributed to varietal characteristics of the plants evaluated. The native corn seem to
be earlier maturing than the two other varieties when grown under warm temperature.
Interaction effect. No significant interaction effect of the corn variety and
fertilizer on the days to tasseling and silking of corn was observed, although the widest
difference between combinations was more than 2 weeks.
Days to Maturity
Effect of organic fertilizers. There were also no significant differences observed
on the number of days from planting to maturity among the organic fertilizers used.
Growth and Seed Yield of Three Corn Varieties Applied with Organic Fertilizers
under La Trinidad, Benguet Condition / Gregorio L. Ligaw. 2012
16
Table 3. Days to silking/tasseling and to maturity of corn varieties fertilized with organic
fertilizer
DAYS TO
TREATMENT
SILKING/TASSELING MATURITY
Organic Fertilizer
No fertilizer
76a
138.59
Alnus compost
74a
138.97
Mushroom compost
78a
138.74
Chicken dung
68b
138.88
Carabao manure
75a
138.80
Variety
Native corn
70b
138.77
Ky Bright Jean
76a
138.78
Bighani
77a
138.84
a x b
ns
ns
CV(%)
4.69
0.27%
Varietal
effect. No significant differences among the three corn varieties used in
the study were revealed. All varieties matured in 138 to 139 days.
Interaction effect. No significant interaction was observed among the corn
varieties and organic fertilizer.
Corn Ear Length
Effect of organic fertilizers. Corn ear length as affected by the different fertilizers
is shown in Table 4. Highly significant differences among the treatments were observed.
Plants applied with chicken dung produced longer ear than those plants applied with
other fertilizers. Chicken dung presumably contain a good balance of nutrients suitable
for earlier silking/tasseling as well as enhancing longer and bigger ears in corn.
Growth and Seed Yield of Three Corn Varieties Applied with Organic Fertilizers
under La Trinidad, Benguet Condition / Gregorio L. Ligaw. 2012
17
Table 4. Ear length and ear diameter of corn varieties applied with organic fertilizers
TREATMENT
EAR LENGTH
EAR DIAMETER
(cm)
(cm)
Organic Fertilizer
No fertilizer
12.90bc
4.84b
Alnus compost
12.18c
4.83b
Mushroom compost
13.24bc
5.07ab
Chicken dung
16.81a
5.47a
Carabao manure
14.80ab
4.87b
Variety
Native corn
11.44b
4.81b
Ky Bright Jean
14.83a
5.09a
Bighani
15.69a
5.15a
a x b
ns
ns
CV(%)
8.74
3.23
Varietal
effect. Highly significant differences were observed on the ear length of
the different corn varieties. Bighani produced longer corn ears than native corn but was
similar to Ky Bright Jean (Table 4). Bighani appear to have actually better potential
under cool conditions despite of its lower stature.
Interaction
effect. No significant interaction was observed between the corn
varieties and organic fertilizers (Table 4).
Growth and Seed Yield of Three Corn Varieties Applied with Organic Fertilizers
under La Trinidad, Benguet Condition / Gregorio L. Ligaw. 2012
18
Corn Ear Diameter
Effect of organic fertilizers. Table 4 shows the diameter of corn ear as affected by
different organic fertilizers. Plants applied with chicken dung recorded the highest ear
diameter of 5.47 cm. Plants applied with mushroom compost produced mean diameter of
5.07 cm. The narrowest ear diameter of 4.83 cm was obtained from the plants applied
with Alnus compost.
Varietal
effect. Among the three corn varieties evaluated, it was observed that
Bighani and Ky Bright Jean varieties produced significantly wider corn diameter than
Native corn, indicating the latter is much smaller than the other two varieties.
Interaction
effect. No significant interaction effect was noted on corn ear diameter
(Table 4).
Seed Length
Effect of organic fertilizers. The seed length of corn varieties as affected by
organic fertilizers is shown in Table 5. It revealed highly significant differences among
the treatments. Plants applied with chicken dung produced longer seeds than those plants
applied with other fertilizers. The shortest seed length was obtained from the plants
applied with carabao manure. This result further emphasizes the advantage of chicken
dung over the other organic fertilizers when applied to corn.
Varietal
effect. Statistical analysis showed that Bighani variety produced
significantly longer seeds than the other varieties followed by Ky Bright Jean which has
also longer seeds than the Native corn (Table 5).
Growth and Seed Yield of Three Corn Varieties Applied with Organic Fertilizers
under La Trinidad, Benguet Condition / Gregorio L. Ligaw. 2012
19
Table 5. Length and width of seeds of corn varieties applied with organic fertilizers
SEED
TREATMENT
LENGTH
WIDTH
(mm)
(mm)
Organic Fertilizer
No fertilizer
12.16a
8.80b
Alnus compost
12.09a
8.80b
Mushroom compost
12.04a
8.82b
Chicken dung
12.21a
8.90a
Carabao manure
11.56b
8.84b
Variety
Native corn
10.53c
8.73ab
Ky Bright Jean
11.84b
8.84ab
Bighani
13.63a
8.93a
a x b
ns
**
CV(%)
0.75
0.75
Interaction
effect. Variations among the interactions ranged from 10.50 mm to
13.90 mm but such variations were not sufficient to effect significant differences (Table
5).
Seed Width
Effect of organic fertilizers. Table 5 shows the seed width of corn varieties as
affected by different organic fertilizers. Plants applied with chicken dung recorded the
biggest seed width of 8.90 mm. The lowest width of 8.80 mm was obtained from the
plants applied with Alnus compost and control or no fertilizer.
Growth and Seed Yield of Three Corn Varieties Applied with Organic Fertilizers
under La Trinidad, Benguet Condition / Gregorio L. Ligaw. 2012
20
Varietal
effect. Statistical analysis showed that Bighani variety produced
significantly wider seeds with 8.93 mm, while the native corn has the smallest seeds with
8.73 mm. In terms of characteristic of seeds, Native corn seeds are smaller than the
seeds of the sweet corn (Table 5).
Interaction
effect. Highly significant interaction between variety and fertilizers on
the seed width of corn was noted (Figure 1). Bighani applied with chicken dung had the
widest seeds.
Variet y
Figure 1. Seed width of corn varieties applied with organic fertilizers
Growth and Seed Yield of Three Corn Varieties Applied with Organic Fertilizers
under La Trinidad, Benguet Condition / Gregorio L. Ligaw. 2012
21
Weight of Marketable Seeds
Effect of organic fertilizers. Highly significant differences were observed on the
weight of marketable corn seeds. Plants applied with mushroom compost, chicken dung
compost and carabao manure have comparable weights and they were markedly greater
than those applied with alnus compost. Based on the source of nutrient, the different
organic fertilizers like the mushroom compost, chicken dung compost and carabao
manure had a high nutrient content than alnust compost.
Varietal
effect. Based on the statistical analysis, significant differences were
observed on the weight of marketable corn seeds. Native corn variety produced
significantly heavier marketable seeds weighing 2.23 kg/plot followed by Ky Bright Jean
varieties weighing 2.09 kg/plot (Figure 2). Bighani varieties had produced lighter
marketable corn seeds per 5 m2 per plot. Significant differences were observed on the
weight of marketable corn seeds from the three corn varities studied (Table 6).
Interaction
effect. No significant interaction between corn varieties and organic
fertilizers used in the study was observed on weight of marketable seeds of corn.
Weight of Non-marketable Seeds
Effect of organic fertilizers. Plants applied with different organic fertilizers
produced significant variations in terms of non-marketable seeds per 5m2 plot (Table 6).
Plants applied with alnus compost, mushroom compost, chicken dung compost and
carabao manure have comparable weights.
Varietal
effect. Ky Bright Jean produced the least non-marketable seeds. The
native corn produced significantly heavier non-marketable seeds weighing 0.39 kg/plot
followed by Bighani weighing 0.20 kg/plot.
Growth and Seed Yield of Three Corn Varieties Applied with Organic Fertilizers
under La Trinidad, Benguet Condition / Gregorio L. Ligaw. 2012
22
Table 6. Weight of marketable and non-marketable seeds per plot applied with organic
fertilizers
WEIGHT OF
WEIGHT OF NON-
TREATMENT
MARKETABLE SEEDS MARKETABLE SEEDS
(kg/5m2)
(kg/5m2)
Organic Fertilizer
No fertilizer
2.00
0.20
Alnus compost
1.89
0.28
Mushroom compost
2.00
0.29
Chicken dung
2.37
0.30
Carabao manure
2.33
0.20
Variety
Native corn
2.22
0.93
Ky Bright Jean
2.09
0.19
Bighani
2.04
0.20
a x b
ns
ns
CV(%)
3.07
19.96
Interaction
effect. No significant interaction effect between the corn varieties and
organic fertilizers were noted on the weight of non-marketable seeds. This indicates that
organic fertilizers did not significantly interact in terms of weight of non-marketable
seeds of the different corn varieties. It ranged from 0.16 kg/5m2 to 0.58kg/5m2 per plot.
Growth and Seed Yield of Three Corn Varieties Applied with Organic Fertilizers
under La Trinidad, Benguet Condition / Gregorio L. Ligaw. 2012
23
Bighani
Ky Bright Jean
Native corn
Figure 2. Seeds of the three corn varieties applied with organic fertilizers
Growth and Seed Yield of Three Corn Varieties Applied with Organic Fertilizers
under La Trinidad, Benguet Condition / Gregorio L. Ligaw. 2012
24
Reaction to Corn Borer
and Downy Mildew
Effect of organic fertilizers. Plants applied with different organic fertilizers did
not vary from each other. All plants showed moderate resistance indicating that all
organic fertilizer used could actually be used to partly prevent the occurrence of corn
borer and downy mildew.
Varietal effect. All three corn varieties did not significantly differ from each other
in terms of resistance to corn borer and downy mildew. The three varieties exhibited
moderate resistance to corn borer and resistance to downy mildew. The low temperature
and relative humidity that prevailed during the experiment did not favor occurrence of
these insect pest and diseases.
Table 7. Reaction of corn varieties applied with organic fertilizers to corn borer and
downy mildew
TREATMENT CORN
BORER DOWNY
MILDEW
Organic Fertilizer
No fertilizer
Moderately resistant
Resistant
Alnus compost
Moderately resistant
Resistant
Mushroom compost
Moderately resistant
Resistant
Chicken dung
Moderately resistant
Resistant
Carabao manure
Moderately resistant
Resistant
Variety
Native corn
Moderately resistant
Resistant
Ky Bright Jean
Moderately resistant
Resistant
Bighani
Moderately resistant
Resistant
a x b
ns
ns
CV(%)
3.07
19.96
Growth and Seed Yield of Three Corn Varieties Applied with Organic Fertilizers
under La Trinidad, Benguet Condition / Gregorio L. Ligaw. 2012
25
Interaction effect. No significant interaction effect on both varieties and organic
fertilizers used was observed.
Computed Yield per Hectare
Effect of organic fertilizers. Statistical analysis showed highly significant
differences on computed yield per hectare among plants applied with organic fertilizers.
Plants applied with chicken dung gave the highest computed seed yield of 5.458 tons/ha.
It was followed by plants applied with carabao manure, alnus compost and mushroom
compost. Plants with no fertilizer (control) produced the lowest computed seed yield per
hectare of 4.17 tons/ha.
Table 8. Seed yield and computed seed yield of corn varieties applied with organic
fertilizers
SEED
COMPUTED SEED
TREATMENT
YIELD
YIELD
(kg/5m2)
(ton/ha)
Organic Fertilizer
No fertilizer
2.08b
4.17b
Alnus compost
2.29b
4.58ab
Mushroom compost
2.25b
4.50ab
Chicken dung
2.59a
5.46a
Carabao manure
2.54a
5.09ab
Variety
Native corn
2.76a
5.67a
Ky Bright Jean
2.10b
4.20b
Bighani
2.20b
4.40b
a x b
ns
*
CV(%)
14.32
12.20
Growth and Seed Yield of Three Corn Varieties Applied with Organic Fertilizers
under La Trinidad, Benguet Condition / Gregorio L. Ligaw. 2012
26
Varietal effect. Statistical analysis revealed no significant differences on the
computed seed yield per hectare. Native corn produced the highest yield followed by
Bighani and Ky Bright Jean. The lowest computed yield per hectare of 4.20 tons and
4.40 tons was obtained from Ky Bright Jean and Bighani varieties (Table 8).
Interaction effect. It was observed that there was a significant interaction effect of
varieties and different fertilizers used on the computed seed yield per hectare (Figure 3).
Native corn applied with chicken dung significantly interacted in terms of seed yield.
Figure 3. Computed seed yield per hectare (tons) of corn varieties applied
with organic fertilizers
Growth and Seed Yield of Three Corn Varieties Applied with Organic Fertilizers
under La Trinidad, Benguet Condition / Gregorio L. Ligaw. 2012
27
Total Weight of Seeds per Plot
Effect of organic fertilizers. Plants applied with chicken dung produced the
heaviest weight of corn seeds per 5m2 but was statistically comparable with other
varieties except the plants with no fertilizer or control which had the lightest corn seeds.
Varietal effect. The weight of seed corn per 5 m2 plot shows that Native corn
produced significantly heavier seed than the other varieties. This is due to characteristic
of native corn which has heavier weight compared to other seeds.
Interaction effect. The three corn varieties tested and the different fertilizers used
did not significantly interact on the total weight of corn seeds per plot.
Return on Cash Expenses
Table 9 shows the cost and return analysis of three corn varieties applied with
organic fertilizers under La Trinidad condition.
Carabao manure had the highest ROCE among the other organic fertilizers used in
the study. The three corn varieties applied with chicken dung had the highest ROCE
among other organic fertilizers used in the study based on ROCE.
Growth and Seed Yield of Three Corn Varieties Applied with Organic Fertilizers
under La Trinidad, Benguet Condition / Gregorio L. Ligaw. 2012
28
Table 9. Return on cash expenses of three corn varieties applied with organic fertilizers
GROSS
TOTAL
NET
TREATMENT
YIELD
SALES
EXPENSES INCOME
ROCE
(kg/5 m2)
(Php)
(Php)
(Php)
(%)
No fertilizer
Native corn
2.33
233
61.72
171.23
277.21
Ky Bright Jean
2.09
209
61.77
147.23
238.35
Bighani
1.87
187
61.77
125.23
202.74
Alnus compost
Native corn
2.83
283
117.19
165.81
141.49
Ky Bright Jean
1.84
184
117.19
66.81
57.01
Bighani
2.21
221
117.19
103.81
88.58
Mushroom compost
Native corn
2.54
254
76.35
177.65
232.68
Ky Bright Jean
1.92
192
76.35
115.65
151.47
Bighani
2.10
210
76.35
133.65
175.50
Chicken dung
Native corn
3.50
350
76.77
273.23
335.91
Ky Bright Jean
2.29
229
76.77
152.23
198.29
Bighani
2.34
234
76.77
157.23
204.81
Carabao manure
Native corn
2.92
292
86.77
205.23
236.52
Ky Bright Jean
2.38
238
86.77
151.23
174..29
Bighani
2.34
234
86.77
147.23
169.68
*Corn seeds sold at Php100.00 per kilo.
*Expenses include alnus compost, mushroom compost, chicken dung, carabao manure,
seeds of corn and labor.
Growth and Seed Yield of Three Corn Varieties Applied with Organic Fertilizers
under La Trinidad, Benguet Condition / Gregorio L. Ligaw. 2012
29
SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
Summary
The study was conducted at La Trinidad, Benguet to evaluate the growth and
yield of different corn varieties; determine the best organic fertilizer materials that could
promote vegetative growth and improve seed yield of corn; determine the best
combination of corn variety and organic fertilizers on seed production; and determine the
economic benefits of producing corn applied with different organic fertilizers.
Among the varieties, native corn was the earliest to produce tassel and silk. In
terms of plant height at maturity, Ky Bright Jean was the tallest among the three corn
varieties tested. Native corn recorded the heavier weight of marketable corn seeds and
Ky Bright Jean the highest weight in terms of weight in non-marketable corn seeds.
Highly significant differences among the varieties were recorded in terms of days
from planting to tasseling. Among the varieties, native corn was the earliest to produce
tassel and silk. In terms of plant height, Ky Bright Jean was the tallest among the three
corn varieties tested. Native corn produced the heavier weight of marketable corn seeds.
Highly significant differences were observed among the different organic
fertilizers on the number of days from planting and tasseling/silking. Plants applied with
chicken dung were the earliest to tassel and silk. On the height of plant at first ear, it was
observed that plants applied with chicken dung produced the tallest at first ears. The
plants applied with chicken dung produced the longest and widest corn ear.
Highly significant interaction effect between the varieties and organic fertilizers
were observed on the seed width of corn varieties and computed seed yield per hectare.
Growth and Seed Yield of Three Corn Varieties Applied with Organic Fertilizers
under La Trinidad, Benguet Condition / Gregorio L. Ligaw. 2012
30
The combination of corn varieties and organic fertilizers produced significant
interactions.
Native corn applied with chicken dung and carabao manure produced the heavier
marketable and highest seed yield.
Conclusions
Native corn produced the highest seed yield when applied with organic fertilizers
under La Trinidad, Benguet condition.
Native corn applied with chicken dung produced the highest yield and profit
under La Trinidad, Benguet condition.
The three corn varieties applied with chicken dung, native corn produced the
highest yield and profit under La Trinidad, Benguet condition.
Recommendations
For higher seed yield, application of chicken dung and carabao manure are
recommended for corn production in La Trinidad, Benguet. Native corn variety is
recommended for high yield and profit. For higher ROCE, native corn applied with
chicken dung is recommended.
Growth and Seed Yield of Three Corn Varieties Applied with Organic Fertilizers
under La Trinidad, Benguet Condition / Gregorio L. Ligaw. 2012
31
LITERATURE CITED
BALUYOT, A. S. and COX, J. L. 1984. Principle of Seed Production. Massachusetts,
North America: CABI International. Pp. 1-2.
BANARIO, R. S. 1998. Growth and yield of potato as influenced by the different organic
fertilizers and combination with inorganic fertilizers. BS Thesis. Benguet State
University, La Trinidad, Benguet. P. 6.
BART. et al. 1977. Using Animal Manure as Fertilizers. New York: Clemson Extension
Circular. P. 7.
BENTON, J. Jr. 2003. Agronomic Handbook Management of Crops, Soil in Fertility.
CRC Press LLC. Pp. 136- 139.
CASCOLAN, H. L. 1991. Varietal response of corn varieties to different kinds of
fertilizers. BS Thesis. Benguet State University, La Trinidad, Benguet. P. viii.
DAOINES, E. S. 1994. Effect of organic fertilizers and the growth and yield of the three
of potato. BS Thesis. Benguet State University, La Trinidad, Benguet. P. 5
ESLAY, T. L. 1996. Growth and yield of potato as influenced by the different rates of
organic fertilizers. BS Thesis. Benguet State University, La Trinidad, Benguet. P.
6.
GAGNI, A. O and TABINGA, G. A. 1985. Corn Production in the Philippines. Published
by the Department of Development Communication. University of the Philippines
at Los Baños Laguna 122 pp.
HAGERMAN, H. 1982. The morphological of Maize. M.S. Dissertation. University of
the Philippines at Los Banõs, Laguna, Philippines P. 3.
JAVAR, J. U. 2005. Growth and yield of five green corn varieties fertilized with different
animal manures. BS Thesis. Benguet State University ,La Trinidad, Benguet. P. 5.
MAMURI,M.G.2003. Performance of five corn varieties using five organic fertilizers
under Bacnotan, La Union condition. BS Thesis. Benguet State University, La
Trinidad, Benguet. P. 2.
PANDOSEN, M. D. 1980. The Effect of different rates of Nitrogen, Potassium of organic
fertilizers on the growth and yield of Irish potato. BS Thesis. MSAC, La Trinidad,
Benguet. Pp. 13- 14.
Growth and Seed Yield of Three Corn Varieties Applied with Organic Fertilizers
under La Trinidad, Benguet Condition / Gregorio L. Ligaw. 2012
32
PHILIPPINE COUNCIL FOR AGRICULTURE FORESTRY AND NATURAL
RESOURCES RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT (PCARRD). 2006. Organic
fertilizers production and utilization. Laguna: PCARRD. P. 6.
PHILIPPINE COUNCIL FOR AGRICULTURE FORESTRY AND NATURAL
RESOURCES RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT (PCARRD). 1975. The
Philippine recommend for corn. Philippine Council for agriculture research
development. P.14.
POINTCELOT, R. P. 1986. Towards a more Sustainable Agriculture. West Connecticut:
United State of America: AVI Publishing Company Inc. Pp. 56.
QUILLOY, G. T. 1993. Performance of corn varieties for young corn production under
two densities. BS Thesis. Benguet State University, La Trinidad, Benguet. P. 4.
RASNAKE, E.M. 2000. The Agronomic of Manure Use for Crop Production. Animal
Waste. Management. Monroe Rasnake, Extension Specialist. US. P. 4.
REILY, H.E and SHRY, C.L. 1991. Introductory Horticulture Fourth Edition. Delmar
Publisher, Inc. Albany, New York: Pearson, Prentice Hall Interstate, Upper Saddle
River, NJ. P.562.
SALDA, M. B. 1999. Ethnobotany and Food Uses of Yam. Ph.D. Dissertation.
Hongkong University. P. 34.
Growth and Seed Yield of Three Corn Varieties Applied with Organic Fertilizers
under La Trinidad, Benguet Condition / Gregorio L. Ligaw. 2012
33
APPENDICES
Appendix Table 1. Days from sowing to emergence (80% emergence)
REPLICATION
VARIETY
I II
TOTAL
III
MEAN
No fertilizer
Native corn
8
8
8
24
8.00
KY Bright Jean
8
8
8
24
8.00
Bighani
8
8
8
24
8.00
Alnus Compost
Native corn
9
9
8
26
8.67
KY Bright Jean
8
8
8
24
8.00
Bighani
8
8
8
24
8.00
Mushroom Compost
Native corn
8
8
8
24
8.00
KY Bright Jean
9
9
9
27
9.00
Bighani
9
8
9
26
8.67
Chicken Dung
Native corn
8
8
7
23
7.67
KY Bright Jean
9
8
9
26
8.67
Bighani
8
8
8
24
8.00
Carabao Manure
Native corn
8
7
8
23
7.67
KY Bright Jean
9
8
9
26
8.67
Bighani
8
8
8
24
8.00
TOTAL
125 121 123 369
GRAND
MEAN 8.33 8.07 8.80
Growth and Seed Yield of Three Corn Varieties Applied with Organic Fertilizers
under La Trinidad, Benguet Condition / Gregorio L. Ligaw. 2012
34
TWO-WAY TABLE
NATIVE
KY
TREATMENT
CORN
BRIGHTNESS
BIGHANI
TOTAL
MEAN
Control
8.00
8.00
8.00
24.00
8.00
Alnus compost
8.67
8.00
8.00
24.67
8.22
Mushroom compost
8.00
9.00
8.67
25.67
8.56
Chicken dung
7.67
8.67
8.00
24.34
8.11
Carabao manure
7.67
8.67
8.00
24.34
8.11
TOTAL
40.01
42.34
40.67
MEAN
8.47
8.13
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE TABLE
DEGREES
TABULAR F
SOURCE OF OF
SUM OF MEAN OF COMPUTED
VARIATION FREEDOM SQUARES SQUARE
F .05 .01
Replication
2
0.578
0.289
Factor A
4
1.022
0.256 2.09ns
2.71 4.07
Factor B
2
1.911
0.956 2.81ns
3.34 5.45
A x B
8 3.644 0.456 3.73**
2.29 3.23
Error
28 3.422 0.122
TOTAL
35
4.306
Coefficient of Variance: 4.48%
Growth and Seed Yield of Three Corn Varieties Applied with Organic Fertilizers
under La Trinidad, Benguet Condition / Gregorio L. Ligaw. 2012
35
Appendix Table 2. Days from emergence to silking/tasseling
REPLICATION
VARIETY
I II
TOTAL
III
MEAN
No fertilizer
Native corn
7.1
71
71
219
71.00
KY Bright Jean
83
80
76
239
79.67
Bighani
84
70
79
233
77.67
Alnus Compost
Native corn
71
70
68
209
69.67
KY Bright Jean
78
77
73
228
76.00
Bighani
79
77
77
233
77.67
Mushroom Compost
Native corn
68
71
71
210
70.00
KY Bright Jean
87
86
71
244
81.34
Bighani
86
78
80
244
81.34
Chicken Dung
Native corn
66
6
65
195
65.67
KY Bright Jean
67
69
71
207
69.00
Bighani
67
70
69
207
69.00
Carabao Manure
Native corn
76
70
69
215
71.67
KY Bright Jean
75
74
77
226
75.34
Bighani
75
77
78
232
77.34
TOTAL
1135 1106 1095 3341
GRAND
MEAN 75.67 73.73 73.00
Growth and Seed Yield of Three Corn Varieties Applied with Organic Fertilizers
under La Trinidad, Benguet Condition / Gregorio L. Ligaw. 2012
36
TWO-WAY TABLE
NATIVE
KY
TREATMENT
CORN
BRIGHTNESS
BIGHANI
TOTAL
MEAN
Control
24.00
79.67
77.67
231.31
77.11
Alnus compost
69.67
76.00
77.67
223.34
74.45
Mushroom compost
70.00
81.34
81.34
232.68
77.67
Chicken dung
65.67
69.00
69.00
203.67
67.89
Carabao manure
71.67
75.35
77.34
224.35
74.78
TOTAL
351.01
381.36 383.02
MEAN
70.202
76.27 76.60
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE TABLE
DEGREES
SOURCE OF
OF
SUM OF
MEAN OF COMPUTED
TABULAR F
VARIATION FREEDOM SQUARES
SQUARE
F
.05 .01
Replication
2
56.933
28.467
Factor A
4
508.756
127.189
10.52**
2.71
4.07
Factor B
2
462.933
231.467
19.15**
3.34
5.45
A x B
8
94.178
11.772
0.97ns
2.29
3.23
Error
28
338.400
12.086
TOTAL 35 4.306
Coefficient of variance: 4.69%
Growth and Seed Yield of Three Corn Varieties Applied with Organic Fertilizers
under La Trinidad, Benguet Condition / Gregorio L. Ligaw. 2012
37
Appendix Table 3. Days from emergence to maturity
REPLICATION
VARIETY
I II
TOTAL
III
MEAN
No fertilizer
Native corn
138.2
138.9
138.8
415.9
138.64
KY Bright Jean
138.4
138.5
138.7
415.6
138.54
Bighani
138.1
138.8
138.8
415.8
138.60
Alnus Compost
Native corn
139.1
138.6
139.3
417.0
139.00
KY Bright Jean
139.0
138.7
138.9
416.6
138.87
Bighani
139.4
138.6
138.1
417.1
139.30
Mushroom Compost
Native corn
138.6
138.7
138.9
416.7
138.90
KY Bright Jean
138.9
138.5
138.4
415.8
138.60
Bighani
139.4
138.5
138.5
417.1
138.50
Chicken Dung
Native corn
139.1
138.7
138.9
416.7
138.90
KY Bright Jean
138.7
138.8
139.5
416.7
138.90
Bighani
138.4
138.9
139.9
416.6
138.87
Carabao Manure
Native corn
138.5
138.8
139.1
416.4
138.80
KY Bright Jean
139.9
139.1
138.7
416.7
138.90
Bighani
138.7
138.2
139.2
416.1
138.70
TOTAL
2081.4
2080.30
2085
6246.7
GRAND MEAN
138.76
138.69
139
Growth and Seed Yield of Three Corn Varieties Applied with Organic Fertilizers
under La Trinidad, Benguet Condition / Gregorio L. Ligaw. 2012
38
TWO-WAY TABLE
NATIVE
KY
TREATMENT
CORN
BRIGHTNESS
BIGHANI
TOTAL
MEAN
Control
138.64
138.54
138.60
415.78
138.54
Alnus compost
139.00
188.87
139.03
416.90
138.97
Mushroom compost
135.83
138.60
138.50
415.93
138.64
Chicken dung
138.40
138.90
138.87
116.67
138.89
Carabao manure
138.80
138.90
138.70
416.40
138.90
TOTAL
694.17
693.81
693.70
MEAN
138.83
138.76
138.74
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE TABLE
DEGREES
SOURCE OF
OF
SUM OF
MEAN OF COMPUTED
TABULAR F
VARIATION FREEDOM SQUARES
SQUARE
F
.05 .01
Replication
2
0.942
0.471
Factor A
4
0.732
0.183
1.35ns
2.71
4.07
Factor B
2
0.046
0.023
0.17ns
3.34
5.45
A x B
8
0.614
0.077
0.56ns
2.29
3.23
Error
28
3.805
0.136
TOTAL 35 6.139
Coefficient of variance: 0.27%
Growth and Seed Yield of Three Corn Varieties Applied with Organic Fertilizers
under La Trinidad, Benguet Condition / Gregorio L. Ligaw. 2012
39
Appendix Table 4. Initial height 20 DAP (cm)
REPLICATION
VARIETY
I II
TOTAL
III
MEAN
No fertilizer
Native corn
6.6
7.3
6.9
20.8
6.93
KY Bright Jean
6.7
7.1
7.0
20.8
6.93
Bighani
6.8
6.8
7.4
21.4
7.00
Alnus Compost
Native corn
6.9
6.9
7.1
20.9
6.97
KY Bright Jean
7.2
7.2
7.2
21.6
7.20
Bighani
6.7
7.0
7.0
20.7
6.90
Mushroom Compost
Native corn
6.5
6.5
7.4
20.4
6.80
KY Bright Jean
7.4
7.4
7.5
22.6
7.53
Bighani
7.4
7.4
6.9
21.0
7.23
Chicken Dung
Native corn
7.6
8.0
7.5
23.1
7.70
KY Bright Jean
7.6
7.5
7.5
22.6
7.53
Bighani
7.7
7.5
7.5
22.7
7.57
Carabao Manure
Native corn
7.1
7.0
7.3
21.4
7.13
KY Bright Jean
7.1
7.2
7.1
21.4
7.13
Bighani
6.8
7.2
7.2
21.2
7.07
TOTAL
106.1
108.0
108.50
301.0
GRAND MEAN
7.07
7.2
7.23
Growth and Seed Yield of Three Corn Varieties Applied with Organic Fertilizers
under La Trinidad, Benguet Condition / Gregorio L. Ligaw. 2012
40
TWO-WAY TABLE
NATIVE
KY
TREATMENT
CORN
BRIGHTNESS
BIGHANI
TOTAL
MEAN
Control
6.93
6.93
7.00
20.86
6.95
Alnus compost
6.97
7.20
6.90
21.07
7.02
Mushroom compost
6.80
7.13
7.23
21.56
7.19
Chicken dung
7.70
7.53
7.51
22.80
7.60
Carabao manure
7.13
7.13
7.07
21.33
7.11
TOTAL
35.53
36.32
35.77
MEAN
7.11
7.26
7.15
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE TABLE
DEGREES
SOURCE OF
OF
SUM OF
MEAN OF COMPUTED
TABULAR F
VARIATION FREEDOM SQUARES
SQUARE
F
.05 .01
Replication
2
0.201
0.101
Factor A
4
2.339
0.585
10.82**
2.71
4.07
Factor B
2
0.185
0.093
1.71ns
3.34
5.45
A x B
8
0.810
0.101
1.88ns
2.29
3.23
Error
28
1.512
0.054
TOTAL 35 5.048
Coefficient of variance: 3.24%
Growth and Seed Yield of Three Corn Varieties Applied with Organic Fertilizers
under La Trinidad, Benguet Condition / Gregorio L. Ligaw. 2012
41
Appendix Table 5. Final height (cm)
REPLICATION
VARIETY
I II
TOTAL
III
MEAN
No fertilizer
Native corn
121.0
143.0
151.0
415.0
138.33
KY Bright Jean
126.0
113.0
161.0
405.0
135.00
Bighani
107.3
120.8
156.8
384.9
128.30
Alnus Compost
Native corn
139.0
128.0
125.0
446.0
148.67
KY Bright Jean
143.6
121.0
158.4
193.2
141.07
Bighani
121.4
122.9
172.7
417.0
139.00
Mushroom Compost
Native corn
131.0
157.0
157.0
445.0
148.33
KY Bright Jean
123.8
153.0
156.6
443.4
144.47
Bighani
113.8
142.1
172.7
413.6
143.87
Chicken Dung
Native corn
186.0
176.0
173.0
535.0
178.33
KY Bright Jean
180.9
179.8
188.0
519.1
183.03
Bighani
176.5
174.1
174.1
424.7
141.57
Carabao Manure
Native corn
156.0
174.0
159.0
489.0
163.00
KY Bright Jean
158.5
157.6
160.2
476.3
158.77
Bighani
152.5
127.7
129.6
409.8
136.60
TOTAL
2137.30
2195.00
2395.5
666.5
GRAND MEAN
142.49
146.33
159.7
Growth and Seed Yield of Three Corn Varieties Applied with Organic Fertilizers
under La Trinidad, Benguet Condition / Gregorio L. Ligaw. 2012
42
TWO-WAY TABLE
NATIVE
KY
TREATMENT
CORN
BRIGHTNESS
BIGHANI
TOTAL
MEAN
Control
43.07
42.23
31.23
116.53
38.64
Alnus compost
54.73
49.80
58.43
162.96
54.32
Mushroom compost
58.43
49.50
40.33
148.26
43.42
Chicken dung
77.03
31.87
59.27
208.17
69.39
Carabao manure
65.93
54.40
40.43
166.76
53.59
TOTAL
297.19
267.80
229.63
MEAN
59.84
53.56
45.94
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE TABLE
DEGREES
SOURCE OF
OF
SUM OF
MEAN OF COMPUTED
TABULAR F
VARIATION FREEDOM SQUARES
SQUARE
F
.05 .01
Replication
2
2520.197
1260.099
Factor A
4
11578.300
2894.575
12.31**
2.71
4.07
Factor B
2
565.669
282.835
1.20ns
3.34
5.45
A x B
8
1107.582
138.448
0.59ns
2.29
3.23
Error
28
6583.902
235.139
TOTAL 35
22355.650
Coefficient of variance = 10.26%
Growth and Seed Yield of Three Corn Varieties Applied with Organic Fertilizers
under La Trinidad, Benguet Condition / Gregorio L. Ligaw. 2012
43
Appendix Table 6. Height of plant at first ear (cm)
REPLICATION
VARIETY
I II
TOTAL
III
MEAN
No fertilizer
Native corn
38.9
47.4
42.9
129.2
43.07
KY Bright Jean
47.0
32.9
46.8
126.7
42.23
Bighani
25.4
29.4
38.9
93.7
31.23
Alnus Compost
Native corn
52.0
47.2
65.0
164.2
58.43
KY Bright Jean
57.3
34.6
62.5
149.4
49.80
Bighani
48.8
65.3
61.2
175.3
58.43
Mushroom Compost
Native corn
48.8
65.3
61.2
175.3
58.43
KY Bright Jean
36.1
56.0
56.4
148.5
71.87
Bighani
33.5
43.8
43.7
121.0
40.33
Chicken Dung
Native corn
80.7
78.6
63.8
231.1
77.03
KY Bright Jean
76.1
77.2
62.3
215.6
54.40
Bighani
65.6
63.1
49.1
177.8
59.27
Carabao Manure
Native corn
72.7
68.7
56.4
197.8
65.93
KY Bright Jean
56.1
55.7
51.4
163.2
54.40
Bighani
49.7
35.1
36.5
121.3
40.43
TOTAL
796.7
800.30
798.10
2390.1
GRAND MEAN
53.11
53.35
53.21
Growth and Seed Yield of Three Corn Varieties Applied with Organic Fertilizers
under La Trinidad, Benguet Condition / Gregorio L. Ligaw. 2012
44
TWO-WAY TABLE
NATIVE
KY
TREATMENT
CORN
BRIGHTNESS
BIGHANI
TOTAL
MEAN
Control
43.07
42.23
31.23
116.53
38.64
Alnus compost
54.73
49.80
58.43
162.96
54.32
Mushroom compost
58.43
49.50
40.33
148.26
49.42
Chicken dung
77.03
71.87
59.27
208.17
69.39
Carabao manure
65.93
54.40
40.43
160.76
53.59
TOTAL
299.19
267.80
229.69
MEAN
59.84
53.56
45.94
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE TABLE
DEGREES
SOURCE OF
OF
SUM OF
MEAN OF COMPUTED
TABULAR F
VARIATION FREEDOM SQUARES
SQUARE
F
.05 .01
Replication
2
9.403
4.702
Factor A
4
4645.147
1161.287
13.92**
2.71
4.07
Factor B
2
2725.230
1362.615
16.34ns
3.34
5.45
A x B
8
189.488
23.686
0.28ns
2.29
3.23
Error
28
2335.290
83.403
TOTAL 35
9904.558
Coefficient of variance = 17.73%
Growth and Seed Yield of Three Corn Varieties Applied with Organic Fertilizers
under La Trinidad, Benguet Condition / Gregorio L. Ligaw. 2012
45
Appendix Table 7. Length of corn ear (cm)
REPLICATION
VARIETY
I II
TOTAL
III
MEAN
No fertilizer
Native corn
11.4
11.2
11.0
33.6
11.20
KY Bright Jean
12.5
14.3
14.0
40.8
13.60
Bighani
13.1
13.8
14.8
41.7
13.90
Alnus Compost
Native corn
10.2
10.3
9.3
30.3
10.10
KY Bright Jean
14.6
10.6
10.2
35.5
11.80
Bighani
13.5
15.0
15.9
44.4
14.80
Mushroom Compost
Native corn
11.4
10.7
10.5
32.6
10.87
KY Bright Jean
15.0
14.0
13.9
42.9
14.30
Bighani
15.8
13.9
14.0
43.7
14.50
Chicken Dung
Native corn
13.8
10.7
15.2
39.7
13.23
KY Bright Jean
16.5
18.8
29.3
54.6
18.20
Bighani
8.8
19.3
18.9
57.0
19.00
Carabao Manure
Native corn
13.8
11.1
11.0
35.9
11.97
KY Bright Jean
17.2
15.6
15.9
48.7
16.23
Bighani
16.0
16.2
16.4
48.6
16.20
TOTAL
213.6
205.5
230.3
GRAND MEAN
14.24
13.7
14.69
630
Growth and Seed Yield of Three Corn Varieties Applied with Organic Fertilizers
under La Trinidad, Benguet Condition / Gregorio L. Ligaw. 2012
46
TWO-WAY TABLE
NATIVE
KY
TREATMENT
CORN
BRIGHTNESS
BIGHANI
TOTAL
MEAN
Control
11.20
13.60
13.90
38.70
12.90
Alnus compost
10.10
11.80
14.80
36.70
12.23
Mushroom compost
10.81
14.30
14.56
39.73
13.24
Chicken dung
13.23
18.20
19.00
50.13
16.81
Carabao manure
11.97
16.23
16.20
44.40
14.8
TOTAL
57.37
74.13
78.46
MEAN
11.47
14.83
15.69
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE TABLE
DEGREES
SOURCE OF
OF
SUM OF
MEAN OF COMPUTED
TABULAR F
VARIATION FREEDOM SQUARES
SQUARE
F
.05 .01
Replication
2
2.212
1.106
Factor A
4
122.785
30.696
20.54**
2.71
4.07
Factor B
2
151.557
75.779
50.73**
3.34
5.45
A x B
8
17.989
2.249
1.50ns
2.29
3.23
Error
28
41.828
1.494
TOTAL 35
336.372
Coefficient of variance: 8.74%
Growth and Seed Yield of Three Corn Varieties Applied with Organic Fertilizers
under La Trinidad, Benguet Condition / Gregorio L. Ligaw. 2012
47
Appendix Table 8. Ear diameter (cm)
REPLICATION
VARIETY
I II
TOTAL
III
MEAN
No fertilizer
Native corn
4.6
4.7
4.6
13.9
4.63
KY Bright Jean
5.1
4.7
4.9
14.7
4.90
Bighani
5.2
4.8
5.0
15.0
5.00
Alnus Compost
Native corn
4.7
5.0
4.7
14.4
4.80
KY Bright Jean
5.0
4.6
4.9
14.5
4.83
Bighani
5.1
4.7
4.8
14.6
4.87
Mushroom Compost
Native corn
5.1
4.8
4.9
14.6
4.87
KY Bright Jean
5.3
4.9
5.1
15.3
5.10
Bighani
5.4
5.2
4.9
15.5
5.17
Chicken Dung
Native corn
5.2
5.2
4.6
15.0
5.00
KY Bright Jean
5.7
5.6
5.7
17.0
5.67
Bighani
6.1
5.5
5.6
17.2
5.73
Carabao Manure
Native corn
4.7
4.6
5.6
17.0
5.67
KY Bright Jean
5.0
5.0
4.9
14.9
4.97
Bighani
5.2
4.8
4.9
14.9
4.97
TOTAL
77.4
74.10
75.10
228.5
GRAND
MEAN 5.16 4.94 5.01
Growth and Seed Yield of Three Corn Varieties Applied with Organic Fertilizers
under La Trinidad, Benguet Condition / Gregorio L. Ligaw. 2012
48
TWO-WAY TABLE
NATIVE
KY
TREATMENT
CORN
BRIGHTNESS
BIGHANI
TOTAL
MEAN
Control
4.63
4.90
5.00
14.53
4.84
Alnus compost
4.80
4.83
5.10
14.50
4.83
Mushroom compost
4.87
5.10
5.17
15.14
5.05
Chicken dung
5.00
5.67
5.73
16.40
5.45
Carabao manure
5.67
4.93
25.74
15.61
5.20
TOTAL
24.97
25.97
25.74
MEAN
4.99
5.09
5.15
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE TABLE
DEGREES
SOURCE OF
OF
SUM OF
MEAN OF COMPUTED
TABULAR F
VARIATION FREEDOM SQUARES
SQUARE
F
.05 .01
Replication
2
0.470
0.235
Factor A
4
2.617
0.654
24.86**
2.71
4.07
Factor B
2
1.003
0.504
19.06**
3.34
5.45
A x B
8
0.472
0.059
2.24ns
2.29
3.23
Error
28
0.737
0.026
TOTAL 35 5.299
ns = Not significant
Coefficient of variance = 3.23%
** = Highly significant
Growth and Seed Yield of Three Corn Varieties Applied with Organic Fertilizers
under La Trinidad, Benguet Condition / Gregorio L. Ligaw. 2012
49
Appendix Table 9. Seed width (mm)
REPLICATION
VARIETY
I II
TOTAL
III
MEAN
No fertilizer
Native corn
8.8
8.8
8.7
26.3
8.77
KY Bright Jean
8.9
8.9
8.7
26.5
8.83
Bighani
8.8
8.8
8.8
26.8
8.80
Alnus Compost
Native corn
8.8
8.6
8.0
26.0
8.67
KY Bright Jean
8.8
8.8
8.8
26.4
8.80
Bighani
8.9
9.0
8.9
26.8
8.93
Mushroom Compost
Native corn
8.7
8.7
8.7
26.1
8.70
KY Bright Jean
8.8
8.8
8.8
26.4
8.80
Bighani
9.0
9.0
8.9
26.4
8.97
Chicken Dung
Native corn
8.6
8.7
8.8
26.1
8.70
KY Bright Jean
9.0
8.9
8.9
26.8
8.93
Bighani
9.1
9.0
9.1
27.1
9.03
Carabao Manure
Native corn
8.9
8.8
8.8
26.5
8.83
KY Bright Jean
8.8
8.8
8.9
26.5
8.83
Bighani
8.8
8.9
8.9
26.6
8.87
TOTAL
132.70
132.50
132.30
397.4
GRAND MEAN
8.85
8.83
8.82
Growth and Seed Yield of Three Corn Varieties Applied with Organic Fertilizers
under La Trinidad, Benguet Condition / Gregorio L. Ligaw. 2012
50
TWO-WAY TABLE
NATIVE
KY
TREATMENT
CORN
BRIGHTNESS
BIGHANI
TOTAL
MEAN
Control
8.77
8.83
8.80
26.4
8.80
Alnus compost
8.67
8.80
8.93
26.4
8.80
Mushroom compost
8.70
8.80
8.97
26.47
8.82
Chicken dung
8.70
8.93
9.03
26.93
8.98
Carabao manure
8.81
8.83
8.87
26.53
8.84
TOTAL
47.67
44.19
44.87
MEAN
8.73
8.84
8.97
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE TABLE
DEGREES
SOURCE OF
OF
SUM OF
MEAN OF COMPUTED
TABULAR F
VARIATION FREEDOM SQUARES
SQUARE
F
.05 .01
Replication
2
0.005
0.003
Factor A
4
0.062
0.016
3.59*
2.71
4.07
Factor B
2
0.281
0.141
32.46**
3.34
5.45
A x B
8
0.150
0.019
4.32**
2.29
3.23
Error
28
0.121
0.004
TOTAL 35 0.620
* = Significant
Coefficient of variance = 0.75%
** = Highly significant
Growth and Seed Yield of Three Corn Varieties Applied with Organic Fertilizers
under La Trinidad, Benguet Condition / Gregorio L. Ligaw. 2012
51
Appendix Table 10. Seed length (mm)
REPLICATION
VARIETY
I II
TOTAL
III
MEAN
No fertilizer
Native corn
10.7
10.4
10.8
31.9
10.63
KY Bright Jean
12.4
11.8
12.0
36.2
12.07
Bighani
13.8
13.7
13.8
41.3
13.77
Alnus Compost
Native corn
10.7
10.4
10.4
31.5
10.50
KY Bright Jean
12.0
11.7
12.0
35.7
11.90
Bighani
13.8
13.6
13.8
41.2
13.73
Mushroom Compost
Native corn
10.6
10.6
10.4
36.1
10.53
KY Bright Jean
11.7
11.6
12.2
35.5
11.83
Bighani
13.7
13.8
13.8
41.3
13.77
Chicken Dung
Native corn
10.7
10.7
10.5
31.9
10.63
KY Bright Jean
12.2
12.2
11.9
36.7
12.10
Bighani
13.9
13.9
13.9
41.7
13.90
Carabao Manure
Native corn
10.4
10.3
10.4
31.1
10.37
KY Bright Jean
10.7
11.8
11.4
33.9
11.30
Bighani
11.7
13.70
13.6
39.0
13.00
TOTAL
179.00
180.20
180.9
340.6
GRAND MEAN
11.93
12.01
12.06
Growth and Seed Yield of Three Corn Varieties Applied with Organic Fertilizers
under La Trinidad, Benguet Condition / Gregorio L. Ligaw. 2012
52
TWO-WAY TABLE
NATIVE
KY
TREATMENT
CORN
BRIGHTNESS
BIGHANI
TOTAL
MEAN
Control
10.63
12.07
13.77
36.47
12.06
Alnus compost
10.50
11.90
13.73
36.13
12.04
Mushroom compost
10.53
11.83
13.77
36.13
12.04
Chicken dung
10.63
12.10
13.90
36.63
12.21
Carabao manure
10.37
11.30
13.00
34.67
11.55
TOTAL
56.66
59.20
68.17
MEAN
10.53
11.84
13.63
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE TABLE
DEGREES
SOURCE OF
OF
SUM OF
MEAN OF COMPUTED
TABULAR F
VARIATION FREEDOM SQUARES
SQUARE
F
.05 .01
Replication
2
0.123
0.062
Factor A
4
2.432
0.608
4.48**
2.71
4.07
Factor B
2
72.667
36.334
267.94**
3.34
5.45
A x B
8
0.511
0.064
0.47ns
2.29
3.23
Error
28
3.707
0.136
TOTAL 35 79.530
ns = Not significant
Coefficient of variance = 3.07%
** = Highly significant
Growth and Seed Yield of Three Corn Varieties Applied with Organic Fertilizers
under La Trinidad, Benguet Condition / Gregorio L. Ligaw. 2012
53
Appendix Table 11. Weight of marketable seed/plot (kg)
REPLICATION
VARIETY
I II
TOTAL
III
MEAN
No fertilizer
Native corn
2.25
2.38
2.38
7.01
2.34
KY Bright Jean
2.50
2.25
1.88
5.91
1.84
Bighani
2.23
2.38
2.25
6.88
2.29
Alnus Compost
Native corn
2.25
2.13
1.88
6.28
2.09
KY Bright Jean
3.00
2.38
2.25
7.63
2.54
Bighani
2.75
2.13
2.13
7.01
2.34
Mushroom Compost
Native corn
2.38
1.30
2.00
5.68
1.89
KY Bright Jean
2.25
1.88
1.63
5.76
1.92
Bighani
3.00
2.88
2.88
8.76
2.92
Chicken Dung
Native corn
2.88
3.25
2.38
8.51
1.84
KY Bright Jean
2.50
2.13
2.25
6.88
2.29
Bighani
2.25
2.75
2.18
7.13
2.38
Carabao Manure
Native corn
2.50
1.88
1.13
5.51
1.84
KY Bright Jean
3.63
3.38
3.50
10.51
3.50
Bighani
2.50
2.38
2.18
7.01
2.34
TOTAL
37.87
30.97
32.90
106.56
GRAND MEAN
138.76
138.69
2.19
Growth and Seed Yield of Three Corn Varieties Applied with Organic Fertilizers
under La Trinidad, Benguet Condition / Gregorio L. Ligaw. 2012
54
TWO-WAY TABLE
NATIVE
KY
TREATMENT
CORN
BRIGHTNESS
BIGHANI
TOTAL
MEAN
Control
2.34
1.84
2.29
6.47
2.15
Alnus compost
2.09
2.54
2.34
6.97
2.32
Mushroom compost
1.89
1.92
2.92
6.73
2.24
Chicken dung
1.89
2.29
2.38
6.56
2.18
Carabao manure
1.84
3.50
2.34
7.68
2.58
TOTAL
10.05
12.09
12.27
MEAN 2.01
2.41
2.45
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE TABLE
DEGREES
SOURCE OF
OF
SUM OF
MEAN OF COMPUTED
TABULAR F
VARIATION FREEDOM SQUARES
SQUARE
F
.05 .01
Replication
2
0.876
0.438
Factor A
4
1.641
0.410
3.61*
2.71
4.07
Factor B
2
3.776
1.888
16.64**
3.34
5.45
A x B
8
0.822
0.103
0.90ns
2.29
3.23
Error
28
3.176
0.113
TOTAL 35
* = Significant
Coefficient of variance = 14.32%
** = Highly significant
ns = Not significant
Growth and Seed Yield of Three Corn Varieties Applied with Organic Fertilizers
under La Trinidad, Benguet Condition / Gregorio L. Ligaw. 2012
55
Appendix Table 12. Weight of non-marketable seed/plot (kg)
REPLICATION
VARIETY
I II
TOTAL
III
MEAN
No fertilizer
Native corn
0.50
0.13
0.25
0.88
0.29
KY Bright Jean
0.25
0.13
0.13
0.50
0.17
Bighani
0.25
0.13
0.13
0.50
0.17
Alnus Compost
Native corn
0.75
0.25
0.25
1.25
0.47
KY Bright Jean
0.50
0.13
0.13
0.75
0.25
Bighani
0.25
0.13
0.13
0.50
0.17
Mushroom Compost
Native corn
0.75
0.25
0.25
1.25
0.47
KY Bright Jean
0.25
0.13
0.13
0.50
0.17
Bighani
0.25
0.13
0.50
0.86
0.29
Chicken Dung
Native corn
0.50
0.25
1.00
1.75
0.58
KY Bright Jean
0.13
0.13
0.25
0.50
0.17
Bighani
0.25
0.13
0.13
0.50
0.17
Carabao Manure
Native corn
0.50
0.13
0.13
0.75
0.25
KY Bright Jean
0.25
0.25
0.13
0.62
0.21
Bighani
0.25
0.13
0.13
0.50
0.17
TOTAL
5.63
2.43
3.61
11.61
GRAND
MEAN 0.38 0.16 0.24
Growth and Seed Yield of Three Corn Varieties Applied with Organic Fertilizers
under La Trinidad, Benguet Condition / Gregorio L. Ligaw. 2012
56
TWO-WAY TABLE
NATIVE
KY
TREATMENT
CORN
BRIGHTNESS
BIGHANI
TOTAL
MEAN
Control
0.29
0.17
0.17
0.63
0.21
Alnus compost
0.47
0.25
0.17
0.89
0.30
Mushroom compost
0.47
0.17
0.29
0.93
0.31
Chicken dung
0.58
0.17
0.17
0.92
0.31
Carabao manure
0.25
0.21
0.17
0.63
0.21
TOTAL
2.06
0.97
0.97
MEAN 0.41
0.19
0.19
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE TABLE
DEGREES
SOURCE OF
OF
SUM OF
MEAN OF COMPUTED
TABULAR F
VARIATION FREEDOM SQUARES
SQUARE
F
.05 .01
Replication
2
0.355
0.177
Factor A
4
0.067
0.017
0.69ns
2.71
4.07
Factor B
2
0.384
0.192
7.8/2**
3.34
5.45
A x B
8
0.189
0.024
0.96ns
2.29
3.23
Error
28
0.687
0.025
TOTAL 35
1.682
ns = Not significant
Coefficient of variance = 10.40%
** = Highly significant
Growth and Seed Yield of Three Corn Varieties Applied with Organic Fertilizers
under La Trinidad, Benguet Condition / Gregorio L. Ligaw. 2012
57
Appendix Table 13. Computed seed yield per plot/ha (kg)
REPLICATION
VARIETY
I II
TOTAL
III
MEAN
No fertilizer
Native corn
4.50
4.75
4.75
14.00
14.67
KY Bright Jean
5.00
4.50
3.75
15.25
4.42
Bighani
4.50
4.75
4.50
13.75
4.58
Alnus Compost
Native corn
4.50
4.25
3.75
12.30
4.11
KY Bright Jean
6.00
4.75
4.50
15.25
3.08
Bighani
5.50
4.25
4.25
14.00
4.68
Mushroom Compost
Native corn
4.75
2.25
4.00
11.00
5.67
KY Bright Jean
4.50
3.75
3.25
11.50
3.83
Bighani
6.00
5.75
5.75
17.50
5.83
Chicken Dung
Native corn
5.75
6.50
4.75
11.00
5.67
KY Bright Jean
5.00
4.25
4.50
13.75
4.58
Bighani
4.50
5.50
4.25
14.25
4.75
Carabao Manure
Native corn
5.00
3.75
2.25
11.00
3.67
KY Bright Jean
7.63
6.75
7.00
21.38
7.13
Bighani
5.00
4.75
4.25
14.00
4.68
TOTAL 78.13
70.5
65.5
208.13
GRAND
MEAN 5.21 4.7 4.37
Growth and Seed Yield of Three Corn Varieties Applied with Organic Fertilizers
under La Trinidad, Benguet Condition / Gregorio L. Ligaw. 2012
58
TWO-WAY TABLE
NATIVE
KY
TREATMENT
CORN
BRIGHTNESS
BIGHANI
TOTAL
MEAN
Control
4.67
4.42
4.58
13.67
4.55
Alnus compost
4.17
5.08
4.68
13.93
4.64
Mushroom compost
3.67
3.83
5.89
13.33
4.44
Chicken dung
5.67
4.58
4.75
15.00
5.00
Carabao manure
3.67
7.13
4.69
15.48
5.16
TOTAL
21.85
25.04
24.52
MEAN
1.37
5.00
4.90
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE TABLE
DEGREES
SOURCE OF
OF
SUM OF
MEAN OF COMPUTED
TABULAR F
VARIATION FREEDOM SQUARES
SQUARE
F
.05 .01
Replication
2
5.390
2.695
Factor A
4
9.388
2.347
6.97**
2.71
4.07
Factor B
2
19.206
9.603
28.50**
3.34
5.45
A x B
8
5.846
0.731
2.17*
2.29
3.23
Error
28
9.433
0.337
TOTAL 35
49.263
** = Highly significant
Coefficient of variance = 12.20%
* = Significant
Growth and Seed Yield of Three Corn Varieties Applied with Organic Fertilizers
under La Trinidad, Benguet Condition / Gregorio L. Ligaw. 2012
59
Appendix Table 14. Reaction to corn borer
REPLICATION
VARIETY
I II
TOTAL
III
MEAN
No fertilizer
Native corn
1
1
1
3
1.00
KY Bright Jean
2
1
2
5
1.00
Bighani
1
1
1
3
1.00
Alnus Compost
Native corn
2
2
2
5
1.67
KY Bright Jean
1
1
1
3
1.00
Bighani
1
1
1
3
1.00
Mushroom Compost
Native corn
2
1
1
5
1.67
KY Bright Jean
1
1
1
3
1.00
Bighani
2
1
1
4
1.33
Chicken Dung
Native corn
1
2
2
4
1.33
KY Bright Jean
1
1
1
3
1.00
Bighani
2
1
1
4
1.33
Carabao Manure
Native corn
2
1
5
1.67
KY Bright Jean
1
1
1
3
1.00
Bighani
1
1
1
3
1.00
TOTAL
21
17
17
56
GRAND MEAN
14
1.13
1.13
Growth and Seed Yield of Three Corn Varieties Applied with Organic Fertilizers
under La Trinidad, Benguet Condition / Gregorio L. Ligaw. 2012
60
TWO-WAY TABLE
NATIVE
KY
TREATMENT
CORN
BRIGHTNESS
BIGHANI
TOTAL
MEAN
Control
1.00
1.67
1.00
3.67
1.22
Alnus compost
1.67
1.00
1.00
3.67
1.22
Mushroom compost
1.67
1.00
1.33
4.00
1.33
Chicken dung
1.33
1.00
1.33
3.66
1.22
Carabao manure
1.67
1.00
1.00
3.67
1.22
TOTAL
7.34
5.67
4.66
MEAN
1.47
1.34
0.93
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE TABLE
DEGREES
SOURCE OF
OF
SUM OF
MEAN OF COMPUTED
TABULAR F
VARIATION FREEDOM SQUARES
SQUARE
F
.05 .01
Replication
2
0.533
0.267
Factor A
4
0.133
0.033
0.19ns
2.71
4.07
Factor B
2
0.933
0.467
2.72ns
3.34
5.45
A x B
8
2.400
0.300
1.75ns
2.29
3.23
Error
28
4.800
0.171
TOTAL 35
8.800
ns = Not significant
Coefficient of variance = 12.23%
Growth and Seed Yield of Three Corn Varieties Applied with Organic Fertilizers
under La Trinidad, Benguet Condition / Gregorio L. Ligaw. 2012
61
Appendix Table 15. Reaction to downy mildew
REPLICATION
VARIETY
I II
TOTAL
III
MEAN
Native Corn
Control
1
1
2
4
1.33
Alnus compost
1
1
1
3
1.00
Mushroom compost
2
1
1
4
1.33
Chicken dung
1
2
1
4
1.33
Carabao manure
1
1
1
3
1.00
Ky Bright Jean
Control
2
1
1
4
1.33
Alnus compost
1
2
2
5
1.67
Mushroom compost
1
1
1
3
1.00
Chicken dung
1
1
1
3
1.00
Carabao manure
1
1
2
4
1.33
Bighani
Control
1
1
1
3
1.00
Alnus compost
1
1
1
3
1.00
Mushroom compost
1
2
1
4
1.33
Chicken dung
1
1
1
3
1.00
Carabao manure
1
1
1
3
1.00
TOTAL
Growth and Seed Yield of Three Corn Varieties Applied with Organic Fertilizers
under La Trinidad, Benguet Condition / Gregorio L. Ligaw. 2012
62
TWO-WAY TABLE
NATIVE
KY
TREATMENT
CORN
BRIGHTNESS
BIGHANI
TOTAL
MEAN
Control
1.33
1.33
1.00
3.66
1.22
Alnus compost
1.00
1.67
1.00
3.67
1.22
Mushroom compost
1.33
1.00
1.33
3.66
1.22
Chicken dung
1.33
1.00
1.00
3.33
1.11
Carabao manure
1.00
1.33
1.00
3.33
1.11
TOTAL
5.99
6.33
5.33
MEAN
1.20
1.27
1.07
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE TABLE
DEGREES
SOURCE OF
OF
SUM OF
MEAN OF COMPUTED
TABULAR F
VARIATION FREEDOM SQUARES
SQUARE
F
.05 .01
Replication
2
0.311
0.156
Factor A
4
0.222
0.056
0.16ns
2.71
4.07
Factor B
2
0.844
0.422
1.22ns
3.34
5.45
A x B
8
2.711
0.339
0.97ms
2.29
3.23
Error
28
9.689
0.346
TOTAL
35
13.778
ns = Not significant
Coefficient of variance = 11.38%
Growth and Seed Yield of Three Corn Varieties Applied with Organic Fertilizers
under La Trinidad, Benguet Condition / Gregorio L. Ligaw. 2012
Document Outline
- Growth and Seed Yield of Three CornVarieties Applied with Organic Fertilizers under La Trinidad, Benguet Condition
- BIBLIOGRAPHY
- TABLE OF CONTENTS
- INTRODUCTION
- REVIEW OF LITERATURE
- MATERIALS AND METHODS
- RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
- SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
- LITERATURE CITED
- APPENDICES