BIBLIOGRAPHY LUISITO A. DE GUZMAN....
BIBLIOGRAPHY
LUISITO A. DE GUZMAN. APRIL 2011. Abundance of Insects Associated with
Chicken Manure. Benguet State University, La Trinidad, Benguet.
Adviser: Bonie S. Ligat Sr., MSc.
ABSTRACT
The study aimed to record the population of the different species of insects
associated with chicken manure. It also aimed to determine the most abundant insects and
growth stages that are found on the chicken manure from different sources and also to
compare the arthropods inhabiting the chicken manure. Furthermore, it sought to identify
the texture of the chicken manure from the different sources.
Four sources of chicken manure were considered in the study which includes the
chicken manure from BSU, Batangas. Bulacan, and Tarlac. Each sample of chicken
manure were opened every after 14 day’s interval from storage. Chicken manure was
spread on a manila paper for easier collection. Insects were picked using forceps and
placed on vials. The insects were identified according to their order, family and genus.
Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) and computed mean were used in the analysis of the data
collected.
Results revealed that there are six orders of insects found on chicken manure
from different sources which include the order Blattodea, Coleoptera, Dermaptera,
Diptera, Hemiptera, Hymenoptera and Lepidoptera. Nine families were found under the
order Coleoptera and one family in order Dermaptera. Order Diptera and Hemiptera have
4 identified families respectively while only two families on order Hymenoptera and
order Lepidoptera respectively.
Chicken manure from Tarlac has the highest total number of insect species
collected with a total mean of 11.75 (27 %) followed by chicken manure from BSU with
a total mean of 11.50 (26 %). However, there is no significant difference in the total
number of species found on the four sources of chicken manure. Eighteen species of
insects were identified as to their adult stage, 4 families on their pupa stage while 2
families were identified on their larvae stage. Base on the computed mean of the three
growth stages of insects, adult stage has the highest total mean of 82.69 followed by pupa
stage and larvae stage with a total mean of 24.88 and 21.06 respectively. There are no
significant differences in the abundance of the adult and pupa stage however it is highly
significant on the larvae stage.
Order Coleoptera has the highest number of families identified and was
considered as the highest populated order of insect found on chicken manure with a total
a total mean of 64.81. Furthermore, family Erotylidae from the order Coleoptera was the
most populated family of insect under adult stage found on chicken manure with a total
mean of 24.25 while family Reduviidae of the order Hemiptera was the least with only
0.06 total mean. Family Muscidae under pupa stage was the most abundant with a total
mean of 14.25 while family Hepalidae has the most abundant population under larvae
stage with total mean of 14.31.
Furthermore, two orders of Arthropods were identified which are Arachnida and
Pseudoscorpiones. Pseudoscorpiones was the most abundant arthropods with a total mean
ii
of 28.25 however the results revealed that there is a significant difference on the
abundance of arthropods found on chicken manure.
There are three textures of chicken manure identified. These are sticky, porous
and rough. Population of insects may vary depending on the texture of chicken manure.
Under adult stage about 993 insects were found on rough or decomposed chicken
manure. A total of 555 immature insect is found on rough textured chicken manure while
Based on the findings of the study, the following conclusions were drawn:
1. Insects are present abundantly on the chicken manure from different resources
though there are differences in numbers.
2. There are different orders and families of insects found on chicken manure and
insects most of the insects were on their adult stages already.
3. Arthropods are also present on chicken manure however in lesser pollution only.
4. Texture of chicken manure differs from each source thus this indicates the stage
of decomposition. Also, chicken manure may vary depending on the days of its storage.
Given the above findings, the researcher recommends the following:
1. The insects present on chicken manure be studied for their benefits and nuisance
to crops when chicken manure is used as organic fertilizer.
2. A similar study be conducted using more other sources of chicken manure.
3. The arthropods present on chicken manure be studied and evaluated as to how
they survived on chicken manure.
4. Texture of chicken manure be studied for their effectiveness on crops.
iii
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
Bibliography………………………………………………………...…......…...…. i
Abstract ………………………………………………………………………...… i
Table of Contents ……………………………………………………….....….….. iv
INTRODUCTION……………………………………………………………….. 1
REVIEW OF LITERATURE ………………………………..………….……...... 3
MATERIALS AND METHODS ………………………………………………… 6
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
The Insect Orders …………………………………………………….…... 9
Abundance of the Different Growth Stages of Insects …..……………….. 10
Arthropods Present on Chicken Manure …………………………….....… 23
Texture Evaluation …………………………………………………….…. 25
SUMMMARY, CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS ……………... 28
LITERATURE CITED …………………………………………………......…..... 31
APPENDICES …………………………………………………………………… 32
INTRODUCTION
Insects are everywhere. They can be found in nearly all environments and live in
almost every habitat on land. Insects were among the earliest terrestrial herbivores and
acted as major selection agents on plants. They even consume an enormous variety of
food. Insects are also often regarded as pests, however some insects are known in
recycling organic matter by feeding on wastes and on dead plants and animals.
Insects are considered scavengers which are essential for maintaining balance in
nature. Decaying plants and animals matter provide home and food for larvae of large
assemblage of species. Such habitats also contain a variety of dipteral whose larvae are
predacious on other vertebrates including human (Ferrar, 1987).
Chicken manure is considered as one of the habitat of insects. According to the
Ohio Livestock Manure Management Guide, many insects can reproduce in manure.
These insects may be a nuisance, or they may be of economic concern due to
transmission of disease and contamination of food products. Flies, mosquitoes, and
rattailed maggots are frequently of major concern. This was agreed by Williams (1997)
who stated that synanthropic arthropods, particularly flies and certain beetle species
readily breed in accumulated wastes of confined livestock and poultry. They often
become a source of nuisance complaints and health concerns.
Manure-breeding insects include houseflies, face flies and horn flies. During the
decomposition of the chicken manure, many organisms are involved in the process. These
are the arthropods and microorganism. Insects belong to arthropods. These insects are
able to feed on decaying matters and animal manures. At times, it also serves as their
Abundance of Insects Associated with Chicken
Manure / Luisito A. De Guzman 2011
2
habitation. Insect involved in the decomposition of chicken manure for the completion of
there life cycle requirement.
Arroyo (1998) cited that high manure moisture favors the survival of house fly
larvae in terms of their life cycle. Ohio Guide added that manure is also a favorite place
of flies to lay their eggs. Fly larvae develop in manure spread on the field.
Insects are found in different places even on chicken dung thus, this study was
conducted to document the different insect inhabiting chicken manure and to determine
the insect that is most abundant on chicken manure. In this way, the reader will be
informed whether there are pest that could cause nuisance to crops.
The study aimed to record the population of the different species of insects
associated with chicken manure; determine the most abundant insects and growth stages
that are found on the chicken manure from different sources; compare the arthropods
inhabiting chicken manures from different sources; and identify the texture of the chicken
manure from the different sources.
The study was conducted at the Benguet State University (BSU) – Balili
Experimental Farm, La Trinidad, Benguet from November 2009 to October 2010.
Abundance of Insects Associated with Chicken
Manure / Luisito A. De Guzman 2011
3
REVIEW OF LITERATURE
Animal manure is an organic matter used as organic fertilizer in agriculture.
Manures contribute to the fertility of the soil by adding organic matter and nutrients, such
as nitrogen that is trapped by bacteria in the soil. Higher organisms then feed on the fungi
and bacteria in a chain of life that comprises the soil food web (Elliot, 1995).
Chicken manure contains more nitrogen than almost any other type which aids in
strong leaf and stem growth. However, adding fresh chicken manure to gardens can burn
the leaves and the roots of plants. In this case, the chicken manure undergoes the process
of decomposition (Duncan, 2005).
Organic wastes are converted into organic fertilizer by the means of the biological
activity under controlled conditions. Biological activity involves the microbial
decomposition of organic matter. Many organisms are involved such as bacteria, fungi,
protozoa and some invertebrates such as nematodes, worm and insect. Population of these
entire scavenger insect fluctuates according to weather conditions (Haga, 1990).
According to Ferrar (1987), insects are considered scavengers because they are
essential for maintaining balance in nature. Decaying plants and animals matter provide
home and food for larvae of large assemblage of species. Such habitats also contain a
variety of dipteral whose larvae are predacious on other vertebrates including human.
Moisture content of waste material is important in maintaining suitable condition
for the decomposers to live during the composting process. The proper moisture content
is around 60 % as it provides good supply of water and oxygen to the scavengers
(Douglas, 1998).
Abundance of Insects Associated with Chicken
Manure / Luisito A. De Guzman 2011
4
Arroyo (1998) then stated that high manure moistures favor the survival of house
fly (Musca domestica) larvae in terms to their life cycle. Larvae feed on moist food rich
in organic matter.
More insects were also identified like the large shiny black convex beetle, with
broad digging legs belonging to a family (Geotrupidae; about 300 species) of dung
feeders. Dor beetles burrow into the soil beneath dung and lay their eggs on plugs of
dung hauled down for use a food source (Elliot, 1995).
In addition, Oldroyd (1964) declared that Millichidae and Carnidae breed on dung
or act as scavengers in burrows and nests. These are small, often tiny, and blackish flies.
Adult flies feed from flowers, but are so tiny they seldom noticed unless they are
numerous.
Futhermore, dung beetles provide a range of environmental and agricultural
production benefits. Burial and shredding of dung: reduce pasture fouling and nutrient
run of into water ways, removes fly and parasite breeding habitat, facilitate nutrient
recycling by exposing dung to soil microbes, plant roots and earthworm and improves
water infiltration and earation of soil by generating a network of under ground tunnels.
Dung beetles feed on dung vertebrates. The adult feed on dung fluid which they extract
by squeezing the dung in their mouth part. In contrast dung beetle larvae feed on whole
dung (Fluid and Fibre) which they cut and chew with there mouthparts (Aisthore, 2004).
In the recent study done by Botite (2003), she found out that four orders of insect
were associated with chicken manure such as Coleoptera, Dermaptera, Hemiptera and
Diptera. She also found out that the most abundant chicken decomposers are
Coleopterans. The population of all decomposers decreased as the chicken manure was
Abundance of Insects Associated with Chicken
Manure / Luisito A. De Guzman 2011
5
composed. Some arthropods were also noted in the chicken manure. These include
millipedes, ticks, and pseudoscorpion.
Abundance of Insects Associated with Chicken
Manure / Luisito A. De Guzman 2011
6
MATERIALS AND METHODS
The materials, methods and data gathered were identified in this chapter.
Materials
The materials used in the study include the following: chicken manure, manila
paper, killing jars, vials, 75 % ethyl alcohol, pointed forceps, magnifying glass and
microscope.
Methods
Source of Chicken Manure
The chicken manures were bought from Shilan, La Trinidad, Benguet. The source
of the chicken manure was confirmed from reliable dealers. Four sources of chicken
manure were considered for the study. These include the chicken manure from BSU,
Batangas, Bulacan and Tarlac. Six sacks from each source were bought. These were
placed at the Balili Experimental farm for observation.
Collection of Insects
One sack from each source of chicken manure were opened every 14 days interval
from storage. Table 1 shows the treatments of chicken manure. There were six evaluation
storage where in the first collection is after 14 days then the next is after 28 days and the
like.
The chicken manure was spread on manila paper above a table for the easier
collection of insects. The insects were hand pick with the help of a forceps and were
placed on killing jars. Immature insects were placed on vials with 75 % ethyl alcohol.
Abundance of Insects Associated with Chicken
Manure / Luisito A. De Guzman 2011
7
Table 1. Different treatments of chicken manure
SOURCE OF
DAYS OF EVALUATION AFTER STORAGE
CHICKEN MANURE
1
2 3 4 5 6
BSU
14
28 42 56 70 84
Batangas
14
28 42 56 70 84
Bulacan
14
28 42 56 70 84
Tarlac
14
28 42 56 70 84
Counting and Identification of Insects
The collected insects were classified according to order, family and genus. Insects
were also separated according to their life stages which are adult, pupa, nymph, larva, and
egg stages. They were placed on different vials for easier identification. The specimens
were focused under dissecting microscope for proper classification and identification.
The identified insects were tabulated according to order, family, genus and growth stages.
Each was analyzed and discussed base on the results drawn.
Tabulation and Analysis of Data
The collected insects tabulated by table and undergone through statistics using
Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) and computed mean to come out with a better results
presentation.
Characteristics of Texture
Abundance of Insects Associated with Chicken
Manure / Luisito A. De Guzman 2011
8
Texture of the chicken manure from each source was also identified through sense
of touch. Table 1 shows the texture category. Texture will be base on the three categories
which includes fresh, decomposing or on the process of decomposition and decomposed.
Table 2. Texture category of chicken manure
TEXTURE
CATEGORY
Sticky
Fresh
Rough Decomposing
Porous Decomposed
The texture is sticky if the chicken manure is fresh while when decomposing, it is rough.
On the other hand, the manure is decomposed when the texture is porous.
Data Gathered
The data gathered includes the following:
1. The insect orders.
2. Abundance of the different growth stages of insects.
3. Other arthropods.
4. Texture evaluation of the chicken manure.
Abundance of Insects Associated with Chicken
Manure / Luisito A. De Guzman 2011
9
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
The Insect Orders
Six (6) orders of insects were found on chicken manure from different sources.
These include the order Coleoptera, Dermaptera, Diptera, Hemiptera, Hymenoptera and
Lepidoptera. Likewise, two orders of Arthropods were identified which are Arachnida
and Pseudoscorpions.
The insects were also classified according to their family and genus. Nine families
of the order Coleoptera were identified and one family in order Dermaptera. Orders
Diptera and Hemiptera have four (4) identified families respectively while only two (2)
families on the order Hymenoptera and order Lepidoptera. Thus, order Coleoptera has the
highest number of families identified.
Table 3 shows that there were 18 species of insects identified in their adult stage.
On the other hand, only four (4) families were considered on their pupal stage while two
(2) families were identified on their larval stage.
Based on the studies made, there are different stages of insects found on chicken
manure which includes adult, pupa and larvae. Examples of such are adult flies and
larvae of dung beetles similar to the findings of Oldryod (1964) and Aisthore (2004)
respectively.
In the recent study of Botite (2003), only four orders of insects were collected
which include Coleoptera, Dermaptera, Hemiptera and Diptera. As compared with the
present study, two orders of insect were added. These are Hymenoptera and Lepidoptera.
There are lots of insects’ species that can be found on chicken manure.
Abundance of Insects Associated with Chicken
Manure / Luisito A. De Guzman 2011
10
Table 3. Identified families of insects associated with chicken manure
ORDER FAMILY
GENUS
GROWTH STAGES
LARVA PUPA ADULT
Coleoptera Bostrichidae Lyctus
/
Curculionidae
Sitophilus
sp.
/
Dermestidae
Dermestes
sp.
/
Elmidae
Notriolus
sp. /
Erotylidae
Thallis
sp.
/
Hydrophilidae
Spercheus
sp.
/
Scarabaeidae
Sericesthis
sp.
/
Staphylinidae
Creophilus
sp.
/
Tenebrionidae
Gonocephalum
sp.
/
/
Dermaptera Carcinophoridae Euborellia
sp.
/
Diptera Asilidae
Chrysopogon
/
Muscidae
Musca
sp.
/
/
Perissommatidae
Perissomma
sp.
/
Tanypezidae
Strongylophthalmyi
/
Hemiptera Anthocoridae Plochiocorella
sp.
/
Lygaeidae
Dilompus
sp.
/
Miridae
Felisacus
sp.
/
Reduviidae
Not
identified
/
Hymenoptera Formicidae
Pheldole
sp.
/
Not
identified
-
/
Lepidoptera Gelechiidae
Phthorimea
sp.
/
Hepalidae
Aenetus
sp. /
TOTAL 2
4
18
Abundance of the Different Growth Stages of Insects
Figure 1 shows the number of insect species associated with chicken manure.
Chicken manure from Tarlac has the highest total number of insect species collected with
a total mean of 11.75 (27 %). This is followed by chicken manure from BSU with a total
mean of 11.50 (26 %). Batangas chicken manure has a total mean of 10.25 (24 %)
followed by chicken manure from Bulacan which is 10.00 (23 %). However, based on the
Abundance of Insects Associated with Chicken
Manure / Luisito A. De Guzman 2011
11
results, there is no significant difference in the total number of species found on the four
sources of chicken manure.
11.75=27%
11.50=26%
Bsu
Batangas
10.00=23%
10.25=24%
Bulacan
Tarlac
Total Mean: 10.88 ns
ns – not significant
Figure 1. Number of insect species associated with chicken manure
Based on the computed mean of the three growth stages of insects as shown on
Figure 2, adult stage has the highest total mean of 82.69 followed by pupal stage and
larval stage with a total mean of 24.88 and 21.06 respectively. BSU has the highest total
mean of 104.50 as shown on the graph. Based on the results, there are no significant
differences in the abundance of the adult and pupal stage in accordance to the 4 sources
of chicken manure. However, it is highly significant on the larval stage with Tarlac as
having the highest mean of 52.50.
Abundance of Insects Associated with Chicken
Manure / Luisito A. De Guzman 2011
12
120
104.5
99.5
100
80
72.5
BSU
60
54.25
52.5
Batangas
40
Bulacan
30.75 29.75 30.25
Tarlac
20
14.25
8.5
9
8.75
** highly significant
0
ns – not significant
Larvae=21.06**
Pupa=24.88 ns
Adult=82.69 ns
Figure 2. Abundance of insects as to their growth stages
Order Coleoptera has the highest mean of 142.25 on the chicken manure from
Tarlac. Order Dermaptera was mostly found on the chicken manure from BSU with a
mean of 46.00. On the other hand, Order Diptera and Hemiptera have the highest
population found on the chicken manure from Batangas with a total mean of 47.00 and
15.00 respectively. In addition, Order Hymenoptera was not found on the chicken manure
from Batangas and Order Lepidoptera has the same population on the four sources of
manure as shown on their computed mean. The results also revealed that the abundance
of Order Dermaptera on chicken manure is highly significant while Order Coleoptera and
Order Hymenoptera were significant. The abundance of other orders of insect was not
significant.
Studies done by Botite (2003) revealed that Coleopterans has the highest
population. The same result was noted in this study.
Abundance of Insects Associated with Chicken
Manure / Luisito A. De Guzman 2011
13
160
140
120
100
BSU
80
Batangas
60
Bulacan
40
Tarlac
20
0
** highly significant
* significant
ns – not significant
Figure 3. Abundance of insect according to their order
Adult Stage
The abundance of adult insects based on their growth stages and different families
were also collected. Under adult stage, a total of 18 families of insect were collected.
I. Order Coleoptera
There were nine (9) families collected under the Order Coleoptera. Table 4 shows
the eight (8) families from the Order Coleoptera as to their adult stage. It is shown that
Family Erotylidae has the highest population collected on chicken manure from different
sources with a total mean of 24.25. Family Erotylidae is most abundant on chicken
manure from Tarlac followed by BSU, Batangas and Bulacan respectively. On the other
hand, Family Scarabaeidae has the lowest population with a total mean of 0.13. Family
Scarabaeidae is only present on chicken manure from Batangas. Moreover, there is a high
Abundance of Insects Associated with Chicken
Manure / Luisito A. De Guzman 2011
14
significant on the mean of Family Ciidae with the highest mean of 12.75 under the BSU
chicken manure. There were significant difference also under the Family Staphylinidae
and Tenebrionidae. Family Staphylinidae is more abundant on the chicken manure from
Batangas with a total mean of 14.75 while Family Tenebrionidae was only found on
chicken manure from Tarlac. In addition, there were no significant difference on the
Table 4. Abundance of adults – Order Coleoptera
FAMILIES OF INSECTS UNDER ORDER COLEOPTERA
SOURCE
CURCU-
DERMES-
HYDRO-
SCARA-
STAPHY-
TENE-
CIIDAE
EROTYLIDAE
LIONIDAE
TIDAE
PHILIDAE
BAEIDAE
LINIDAE
BRIONIDAE
BSU 12.75a 0.25a
0a 18.50b 14.75a
0a
0.25b
0b
Batangas
0.50b 0.25a 0.25a 17.75b
1.00a
0.50a 14.75a
0b
Bulacan
0 b
0a 1.50a 16.75b
9.25a
0a
1.00b
0b
Tarlac
0.50b 5.50a 1.75a 44.00a 34.25a
0a
0.50b
2.75a
TOTAL
3.44** 1.50
ns 0.88
ns 24.25
ns 14.81
ns
0.13 ns
4.13*
0.69*
MEAN
** highly significant
* significant
ns – not significant
abundance of Family Curculionidae, Dermestidae, Hydrophilidae and Scarabaeidae.
Figure 4 shows pictures of insects under adult order Coleoptera.
a. Family Ciidae
b. Family Curculionidae
c. Family Dermestidae
d. Family Erotylidae
Abundance of Insects Associated with Chicken
Manure / Luisito A. De Guzman 2011
15
e. Family Hydrophilidae
f. Family Scarabaeidae
g. Family Staphylinidae
h. Family Tenebrionidae
Figure 4. Insects under adult order coleoptera; a) family Ciidae; b) family Curculionidae;
c) family Dermestidae; d) family Erotylidae; e) family Hydrophilidae; f) family
Scarabaeidae; g) family Staphylinidae; h) family Tenebrionidae.
Table 5. Abundance of adults – Order Dermaptera
FAMILY OF INSECT UNDER ORDER DERMAPTERA
SOURCE
CARCINOPHORIDAE
BSU
46.00a
Batangas
5.25b
Bulacan
9.00b
Tarlac
0.75b
TOTAL MEAN
15.25**
**highly significant
III. Order Dermaptera – Family Carcinophoridae
Family Carcinophoridae (Figure 5) from the Order Dermaptera are medium size
insects usually with four wings. Family Carcinophoridae is the only family found on the
Abundance of Insects Associated with Chicken
Manure / Luisito A. De Guzman 2011
16
chicken manure under the Order Dermaptera as shown in Table 5. Family
Carcinophoridae has a total mean of 15.25. There is a highly significant difference on the
abundance of this insect. Carcinophoridae is most abundant on the chicken manure from
BSU with a weighted mean of 46.00.
Figure 5. Order dermaptera – family carcinophoridae
III. Order Diptera
There are three (3) families identified on this order (Figure 6). Table 6 shows the
comparison of the three (3) families as to their adult stage. These were Family Asilidae,
Muscidae and Tanypezidae. Family Muscidae has the highest weighted mean of 6.88
followed by Family Tanypezidae and Family Asilidae with a mean of 1.50 and 0.19
respectively. Family Asilidae and Tanypezidae have no significant difference on their
abundance with respect to the four sources of chicken manure. However, the abundance
of Family Muscidae has significant difference with Batangas chicken manure as the
source of its high abundance with a mean of 15.50.
Abundance of Insects Associated with Chicken
Manure / Luisito A. De Guzman 2011
17
a.Family Asilidae
b.Family Muscidae
c. Family Tanypezidae
Figure 6. Insects under adult order Diptera; a) family Asilidae; b) family Muscidae;
c) family Tanypezidae.
Table 6. Abundance of adults – Order Diptera
FAMILY OF INSECT UNDER ORDER DIPTERA
SOURCE
ASILIDAE MUSCIDAE
TANYPEZIDAE
BSU
0a
0b
5.00a
Batangas
0.75a
15.50a
0a
Bulacan
0a
10.50ab
0a
Tarlac
0a
1.50b
1.00a
TOTAL MEAN
0.19 ns
6.88*
1.50 ns
*significant
ns – not significant
IV. Order Hemiptera
Abundance of Insects Associated with Chicken
Manure / Luisito A. De Guzman 2011
17
Four (4) families under the Order Hemiptera (Figure 7) were identified on their
adult stage. These include Family Anthocoridae, Lygaeidae, Miridae and Reduviidae.
Based on the results shown on Table 7, Family Anthocoridae was the most abundant in
population under the Order Hemiptera with a total mean of 6.06. Family Anthocoridae is
most abundant found on from Batangas with a mean of 15.00. On the other hand, family
Lygaeidae is only found on the chicken manure from BSU with a total mean of 0.50
while Family Miridae is only found on Bulacan chicken manure and Family Reduviidae
on BSU chicken manure. Base on the findings, there were no significant difference on the
abundance of insects under Order Hemiptera.
a. Family Anthocoridae
b. Family Lygaeidae
c. Family Miridae
d. Family Reduviidae
Figure 7. Insects under adult order hemiptera; a) family Anthocoridae; b) family
Lygaeidae; c) family Miridae; d) family Reduviidae.
Abundance of Insects Associated with Chicken
Manure / Luisito A. De Guzman 2011
Table 7. Abundance of adults – Order Hemiptera
FAMILY OF INSECT UNDER ORDER HEMIPTERA
SOURCE
ANTHOCORIDAE
LYGAEIDAE MIRIDAE REDUVIIDAE
BSU
0b
0.50a
0a
0.25a
Batangas
15.00a
0b
0a
0a
Bulacan
3.75b
0b
0.50a
0a
Tarlac
5.50ab
0b
0a
0a
TOTAL MEAN 6.06 ns
0.13 ns
0.13 ns
0.06 ns
ns – not significant
V. Order Hymenoptera – Family Formicidae
Order Hymenoptera (Figure 8) has only one (1) identified family under the adult
stage. Formicidae are eusocial with perennial colonies. Family Formicidae was only
found on the chicken manure from BSU with a total mean of 1.50 as revealed on the table
below. There was no significant difference on the abundance of this insect as shown on
the table.
Figure 8. Order hymenoptera – family formicidae
Table 8. Abundance of adults – Order Hymenoptera
FAMILY OF INSECT UNDER ORDER HYMENOPTERA
SOURCE
FORMICIDAE
BSU
1.50a
Batangas
0a
Abundance of Insects Associated with Chicken
Manure / Luisito A. De Guzman 2011
11
Bulacan
0a
Tarlac
0a
TOTAL MEAN
0.38 ns
ns – not significant
VI. Order Lepidoptera – Family Gelechiidae
The Gelechiidae (Figure 9) also called twirler moths or gelechiid moths, are a
family of moths. Likewise with Order Hymenoptera, only one (1) family from Order
Lepidoptera is identified under adult stage. Family Gelechiidae was found on the four (4)
sources of chicken manure namely BSU, Batangas, Bulacan and Tarlac. Family
Gelechiidae is more abundant on BSU chicken manure while least abundant on Batangas
chicken manure. However, there was no significant difference on the abundance of this
insect as shown on Table 9.
Figure 9. Order lepidoptera – family gelechiidae
Table 9. Abundance of adults – Order Lepidoptera
FAMILY OF INSECT UNDER ORDER LEPIDOPTERA
SOURCE
GELECHIIDAE
BSU
4.75 a
Batangas
1.00 a
Abundance of Insects Associated with Chicken
Manure / Luisito A. De Guzman 2011
12
Bulacan
2.00 a
Tarlac
1.50 a
TOTAL MEAN
2.31 ns
ns – not significant
Pupal Stage
The following presents the different orders and families present on the chicken
manure on their pupal stage (Figure 10). Three (3) orders of insects were identified
namely Order Coleoptera, Diptera and Hymenoptera. Only one family was identified on
the Order Coleoptera and Hymenopetra while two families were identified under Order
Diptera.
a.Order Coleoptera–Family Tenebrionidae b.Order Diptera–Family Muscidae
c.Order Diptera–Family Perissommatidae d.Order Hymenoptera–Unidentified
Figure 10. Insects classified on its pupa stage; a) order coleoptera-family tenebrionidae;
b) order diptera-family muscidae; c) order diptera-family perissommatidae;
d) order hymenoptera-unidentified.
Abundance of Insects Associated with Chicken
Manure / Luisito A. De Guzman 2011
13
Figure 11 shows the abundance of the four (4) families of insects found under
pupal stage. Family Muscidae under pupal stage was the most abundant with a total mean
of 14.25. However, based on the results shown, there were no significant difference on
the abundance of insect under Family Muscidae and Tenebrionidae while there is a
significant difference on the abundance of the unidentified insect under Order
Hymenoptera. Moreover, there is highly significant difference of the abundance of
Family Perissommatidae under Order Diptera. Family Muscidae and Perissommatidae is
most abundant on chicken manure from Batangas with a mean of 18.75 and 12.00. On the
other hand, Family Tenebrionidae is abundant on chicken manure from Tarlac while the
unidentified insect is abundant in Bulacan with a total mean of 2.25 and 11.75
respectively.
20
18.75
18
17.25
16
15.5
14
12
11.75
12
10
BSU
8
5.5
6.25
Batangas
6
Bulacan
4
2.25
2
2
0.5
Tarlac
0.5
0.25 1.25
0
** highly significant
* significant
ns – not significant
Figure 11. Abundance of
f insect under pupal stage in their corresponding order and family
Larval Stage
Abundance of Insects Associated with Chicken
Manure / Luisito A. De Guzman 2011
14
Two (2) orders and families of insect were identified on their larval stage. These
include Order Coleoptera and Order Lepidoptera (Figure 12). Under the Order Coleoptera
is Family Elmidae while order Lepidoptera is Family Hepalidae. Family Elmidae is found
on the four (4) sources of chicken manure likewise with Family Hepalidae. Family
Hepalidae has the highest abundance with a total mean of 14.31 however there were no
significant difference on the abundance of this insect. Unlike with Family Elmidae which
is highly significant on its abundance. Family Elmidae is mostly found on chiken manure
from Batangas while Family Hepalidae is most abundant in Tarlac with a total mean of
10.50 and 50.75 respectively (Table 10).
a.Order Coleoptera–Family Elmidae b.Order Lepidoptera–Family Hepalidae
Figure 12. Insects classified on its larvae stage; a) order coleoptera-family elmidae;
b) order lepidoptera-family hepalidae.
Table 10. Abundance of larval stage in their corresponding order and family
COLEOPTERA LEPIDOPTERA
SOURCE
ELMIDAE HEPALIDAE
BSU
8.00 a 0.50
b
Batangas
10.50 a 3.75
b
Bulacan
6.75 a 2.25 b
Tarlac
1.75 a
50.75 a
Abundance of Insects Associated with Chicken
Manure / Luisito A. De Guzman 2011
15
TOTAL
6.75**
14.31 ns
** highly significant
ns – not significant
Arthropods Present on Chicken Manure
Two orders of arthropods were identified during the collection time. These
include Order Arachnida and Pseudoscorpions (Figure 13). Table below shows that they
are both on its adult stages.
a.Order Arachnida – Family Salticidae b.Pseudoscorpions
Figure 13. Arthropods found on chicken manure; a) order arachnida-family salticidae;
b) pseudoscorpions.
On the research done by Botite (2003), a total of three (3) arthropods were
collected which include millipeds, ticks and pseudoscorpions. On the present study, only
pseudoscorpiones were present with addition Order Arachnida – Family Salticidae.
The total mean of the arthropods found on chicken manure from BSU, Batangas,
Bulacan and Tarlac was presented on Table 11. Two (2) arthropods were identified which
includes Arachnida-Salticidae and Pseudoscorpions. Arthropods were most abundant on
the chicken manure from BSU with a total mean of 43.50 (38 %) followed by Batangas
(23%), Tarlac (20%) and Bulacan (19%) respectively. Thus the results revealed that there
is a significant difference on the abundance of arthropods found on chicken manure.
Table 11. Arthropods present on chicken manure with their corresponding
growth stages
ORDER FAMILY
GROWTH
STAGES
Abundance of Insects Associated with Chicken
Manure / Luisito A. De Guzman 2011
16
LARVAE
PUPA
ADULT
Arachnida
Salticidae
0
0
1
Pseudoscorpions -
0
0
1
TOTAL
0
0
2
23.25=20%
BSU
43.50=38%
Batangas
21.50=19%
Bulacan
27.00=23%
Tarlac
Total Mean = 28.81*
* significant
Figure 14. Abundance of
f arthropods associated with chicken manure
Table 12. Abundance of arthropods according to their order and family
ARTHROPODS
SOURCE
ARACHNIDA-SALTICIDAE
PSEUDOSCORPIONS
BSU
1.25 a
42.25 a
Batangas
0 a
27.00 b
Bulacan
0.50 a
21.00 b
Tarlac
0.50 a
22.75 b
TOTAL MEAN
0.56 ns
28.25*
*significant ns
– not significant
Pseudoscorpions was most abundant with a total mean of 28.25 while Family
Salticidae has a total mean of 0.56. However Arachnida – Salticidae has almost the same
population as revealed on its computed mean from the four (4) sources of chicken manure
which is then referred as not significant. On the other hand, Table 12 shows that the
Abundance of Insects Associated with Chicken
Manure / Luisito A. De Guzman 2011
17
abundance of Pseudoscorpions on chicken manure is significant. Pseudoscorpions is most
abundant on chicken manure from BSU with mean of 42.25.
Texture Evaluation
Table 13 and Figure 15 shows the texture evaluation of the chicken manure from
different sources base on the days of its storage. Chicken manure from BSU is sticky on
the first 14 days of storage however it became rough after the 28-84 days of storage.
Batangas’ chicken manure had a porous texture from the beginning of storage until the
last day (14-84 days of storage). On the other hand, chicken manure from Bulacan and
Tarlac had the same texture which is rough from 14th day to 84th day of storage. Thus,
chicken manure may or may not change its texture even how long it is stored.
Table 13. Texture evaluation of chicken manure
DAYS OF
SOURCE OF CHICKEN MANURE
EVALUATION AFTER
BSU BATANGAS
BULACAN
TARLAC
STORAGE
14
Sticky Porous Rough Rough
28 Rough
Porous
Rough
Rough
42 Rough
Porous Rough Rough
56 Rough
Porous
Rough
Rough
72 Rough
Porous
Rough
Rough
84 Rough
Porous
Rough
Rough
Abundance of Insects Associated with Chicken
Manure / Luisito A. De Guzman 2011
18
a.Sticky textured chicken manure
b.Porous textured chicken manure
c.Rough textured chicken manure
Figure 15. Different textures of the chicken manure; a) sticky textured chicken manure;
b) porous textured chicken manure; c) rough textured chicken manure.
Population of insects may vary depending on the texture of chicken manure.
Table 14 shows the population of adult insect base on the texture of chicken manure.
About 993 adult insects were found on rough or decomposed chicken manure while only
290 insects were found on porous or decomposing chicken manure. In addtition, only 40
insects were found on sticky or fresh chicken manure.
In contrast with the study of Botite (2003) which states that the population of
insects decreased as the chicken manure decomposed, the results of the present study
shows that as the chicken manure decomposed, the more insects were present.
Immature insects were also found on the chicken manure with porous and rough
texture. No immature insects are present on sticky textured chicken manure. A total of
180 immature insect is found on porous textured chicken manure while a total of 555
Abundance of Insects Associated with Chicken
Manure / Luisito A. De Guzman 2011
19
immature insect is found on rough textured chicken manure as shown in Table 15.
Immature insects were also found on chicken manure depending on its texture.
Table 14. Abundance of adult insect according to the texture of chicken manure
TEXTURE OF
SOURCES OF CHICKEN MANURE
TOTAL
CHICKEN MANURE
BSU Batangas Bulacan Tarlac
Sticky / Fresh
40
0
0
0
40
Porous/Decomposing
0
290
0
0 290
Rough/Decomposed
378
0
217
398
993
Table 15. Abundance of immature insect according to the texture of chicken manure
TEXTURE OF
SOURCES OF CHICKEN MANURE
TOTAL
CHICKEN MANURE
BSU Batangas Bulacan Tarlac
Sticky / Fresh
0
0
0
0
0
Porous/Decomposing
0
180
0
0
180
Rough/Decomposed
69
0
155
331
555
Abundance of Insects Associated with Chicken
Manure / Luisito A. De Guzman 2011
20
SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
Summary
The study aimed to determine the abundance of insect associated with chicken
manure. It also aimed to record the population of the different species of insects
associated with chicken manure; to determine the most abundant insects and growth
stages that are found on the chicken manure from different sources; to compare the
arthropods inhabiting chicken manures from different sources; and to identify the texture
of the chicken manure from the different sources.
The study was conducted at Benguet State University (BSU) – Balili
Experimental Farm, La Trinidad, Benguet. The study was delimited to the four sources of
chicken manure were considered in the study which includes the chicken manure from
BSU, Batangas. Bulacan, and Tarlac. Collected insects from the different sources were
properly identified and populations of insects were properly tabulated by table and
undergone through statistics using Analysis of variance (ANOVA) and computed mean
to come out with a better results presentation.
From the four sources of chicken manure, six orders of insects were collected.
These are order Coleoptera, Dermaptera, Diptera, Hemiptera, Hymenoptera and
Abundance of Insects Associated with Chicken
Manure / Luisito A. De Guzman 2011
21
Lepidoptera. Order Coleoptera has the highest number of families identified with a total
of 9. Base on the studies made, chicken manure from Tarlac has the highest total number
of insect species collected with a total mean of 11.75 (27 %) followed by chicken
manure from BSU with a total mean of 11.50 (26 %). However, there is no significant
difference in the total number of species found on the four sources of chicken manure.
Eighteen species of insects were identified as to their adult stage, 4 families on
their pupa stage while 2 families were identified on their larvae stage. Base on the
computed mean of the three growth stages of insects, adult stage has the highest total
mean of 82.69 followed by pupa stage and larvae stage with a total mean of 24.88 and
21.06 respectively. There are no significant differences in the abundance of the adult and
pupa stage however it is highly significant on the larvae stage.
Order Coleoptera has the highest total mean of 64 while order Hemiptera has the
lowest mean of 6.38. The abundance of order Dermaptera on chicken manure is highly
significant while order Coleoptera and order Hymenoptera is significant. The abundance
of other orders of insect was not significant.
Under adult stage, family Erotylidae from the order Coleoptera has the most
abundant population with a total mean of 24.25. Family Muscidae under pupa stage was
the most abundant with a total mean of 14.25 while family Hepalidae has the most
abundant population under larvae stage with total mean of 14.31.
Furthermore, two orders of Arthropods were identified which are Arachnida and
Pseudoscorpiones. Pseudoscorpiones was the most abundant arthropods with a total mean
of 28.25. Thus the results revealed that there is a significant difference on the abundance
of arthropods found on chicken manure.
Abundance of Insects Associated with Chicken
Manure / Luisito A. De Guzman 2011
22
There are three textures of chicken manure identified. These are sticky, porous
and rough. Population of insects may vary depending on the texture of chicken manure.
Under adult stage about 993 insects were found on rough or decomposed chicken
manure. A total of 555 immature insect is found on rough textured chicken manure while
Conclusions
Based on the findings, the following conclusions were drawn:
1. Insects are present abundantly on the chicken manure from different resources
though there are differences in numbers.
2. There are different orders and families of insects found on chicken manure
and insects most of the insects were on their adult stages already.
3. Arthropods are also present on chicken manure however in lesser pollution
only.
4. Texture of chicken manure differs from each source thus this indicates the
stage of decomposition. Also, chicken manure may vary depending on the days of its
storage.
Recommendations
After the study has been conducted and properly interpreted, the researcher
recommends the following:
1. The insects present on chicken manure be studied for their benefits and
nuisance to crops when chicken manure is used as organic fertilizer.
2. A similar study be conducted using more other sources of chicken manure.
Abundance of Insects Associated with Chicken
Manure / Luisito A. De Guzman 2011
23
3. The arthropods present on chicken manure be studied and evaluated as to how
they survived on chicken manure.
4. Texture of chicken manure be studied for their effectiveness on crops.
LITERATURE CITED
AISTHORE, P. 2004. Dung Beetles: Biology and Life Cycles. Department of Primary
Industries and Fisheries and Penny Edwards. Retrieved March 25, 2010 from
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dung_beetle
ARROYO, H.S. 1998. Musca domistica Linnaeus. University of Florida; Inversity
Nebraska – Lincoln. Division of Plant Industry Extension Digital Information Source
Retrieved March, 2008 from http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/in205
BOTITE, L.G., 2003. Insect associated with chicken manure, BS Thesis, Benguet State
University, La Trinidad, Benguet, P 13.
DOUGLAS, C. 1998. Planets of Beetles. National Geographic Vol. 193. Retrieved
February 29, 2008 from http://www.Ivyhall.district
96.k12.rl.Us/4th/kkhp/1insect/beetles
DUNCAN, J. 2005. WSU Cooperative Extension, King County Master Gardener and
Cooperative Extension Livestock Advisor. Retrieved January 11, 2006 from
http://www.docstoc.com/docs/30783758/2005-Western-Washington-Delimiting
Survey-for-Agriotes-obscurus.
ELLIOT, S.P. 1995. Webster’s family encyclopedia. Archer Word wide, Inc. Great Neck,
New York, USA 3:782-801.
FERRAR, P. 1987. A guide to the Breeding Habits and Immature Stages of Diptera
Cyclorrhapha. Part 1: Text. Leiden/ Copenhagen: E.J. Brill/Scandinavian Science
Press. P 478.
HAGA, K. 1990. Production of Compost Form Organic Waste Resources. National
Institute of Agro-Environmental Science Aspac. Food and Fertilizer Technology
Center. Extension Bulletin No. 311, pp1-18. Retrieved October 24, 1998 from
http://leio.lin.go.jp/english/sympo/symposi.html
Ohio Livestock Manure Management Guide, NebGuide, University of Nebraska, Bulletin
604-06, Retrieved October 28, 2002 from http://ohioline.osu.edu/b604/0010.html
Abundance of Insects Associated with Chicken
Manure / Luisito A. De Guzman 2011
24
OLDROYD, H. 1964. The National History of Flies. New Bound Street London,
Weidenfeld and Nicolson. Retrieved February 22, 2010 from
http://www.si.edu/Encyclopedia_SI/nmnh/buginfo/truefly.htm
WILLIAMS, R. E. 1997 Insect and Manure Management in Poultry Systems: Elements
Relative to Food Safety and Nuisance Issues, Purdue University, West Lafayette, In
47907. Retrieved June 18, 2009 from
http://www.reeis.usda.gov/web/crisprojectpages/173985.html
APPENDICES
Appendix Table 1. Number of insect species associated with chicken manure
REPLICATIONS OF CHICKEN MANURE
SOURCE
TOTAL MEAN
R1 R2 R3 R4
BSU
13 13 10 10 46 11.50
Batangas
10 12 9 10 41 10.25
Bulacan
11 10 9 10 40 10.00
Tarlac
13 14 11 9 47 11.75
TOTAL
MEAN
10.88
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
TABULAR F
SV DF
SS MS
Fc
(0.05) F
(0.01)
Treatment 3
9.250
3.083
1.21
3.49
5.95
Error 12
30.500
2.542
Total 15
39.750
ns – not significant
CV = 14.65 %
Appendix Table 2. Larvae
REPLICATIONS OF CHICKEN MANURE
SOURCE
TOTAL MEAN
R1 R2 R3 R4
BSU
8 23 2 1 34 8.50
Batangas
5 15 11 26 57 14.25
Bulacan
13 3 5 15 36 9.00
Tarlac
56 62 32 60 210 52.50
TOTAL
MEAN
21.06
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
TABULAR F
SV DF
SS MS
Fc
0.05 0.01
Treatment 3
5352.188
1784.063
17.45
3.49
5.95
Error 12
1226.750
102.229
Total 15
6578.938
** highly significant
CV = 48.01 %
Abundance of Insects Associated with Chicken
Manure / Luisito A. De Guzman 2011
25
Appendix Table 3. Pupa
REPLICATIONS OF CHICKEN MANURE
SOURCE
TOTAL MEAN
R1 R2 R3 R4
BSU
15 4 1 15 35 8.75
Batangas
64 17 19 23 123 30.75
Bulacan
48 13 32 26 119 29.75
Tarlac
58 22 25 16 121 30.25
TOTAL
MEAN
24.88
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
TABULAR F
SV DF
SS MS
Fc
0.05 0.01
Treatment 3
1388.750
462.917
1.66
3.49
5.95
Error 12
3355.000
279.583
Total 15
4743.750
ns – not significant
CV = 67.21 %
Appendix Table 4. Adult
REPLICATIONS OF CHICKEN MANURE
SOURCE
TOTAL MEAN
R1 R2 R3 R4
BSU 113
52
143
110
418
104.50
Batangas 80
103
24
83
290
72.50
Bulacan
59 73 34 51 217 54.25
Tarlac
228 78 43 49 398 99.50
TOTAL
MEAN
82.69
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
TABULAR F
SV DF
SS MS
Fc
0.05 0.01
Treatment 3
6683.688
2227.896
0.85
3.49
5.95
Error 12
31301.750
2608.479
Total 15
37985.438
ns – not significant
CV = 61.76 %
Appendix Table 5. Order Coleoptera
REPLICATIONS OF CHICKEN MANURE
SOURCE
TOTAL MEAN
R1 R2 R3 R4
BSU
35 29 84 40 188 47.00
Batangas
13 53 24 35 155 38.75
Bulacan
42 43 11 29 125 31.25
Tarlac 275
121
70
103
569
142.25
TOTAL
MEAN
64.81
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SV DF
SS MS
Fc
TABULAR
F
Abundance of Insects Associated with Chicken
Manure / Luisito A. De Guzman 2011
26
0.05 0.01
Treatment 3
32478.188
10826.063
4.46
3.49
5.95
Error 12
29162.250
2430.188
Total 15
61640.438
* significant
CV = 76.06 %
Appendix Table 6. Order Dermaptera
REPLICATIONS OF CHICKEN MANURE
SOURCE
TOTAL MEAN
R1 R2 R3 R4
BSU
53 20 50 61 184 46.00
Batangas
10 7 0 4 21 5.25
Bulacan
3 8 16 9 36 9.00
Tarlac
0 0 0 3 3 0.75
TOTAL
MEAN
15.25
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
TABULAR F
SV DF
SS MS
Fc
0.05 0.01
Treatment 3
5179.500
1726.500
18.61
3.49
5.95
Error 12
1113.500
92.792
Total 15
6293.000
** highly significant
CV = 63.17 %
Appendix Table 7. Order Diptera
REPLICATIONS OF CHICKEN MANURE
SOURCE
TOTAL MEAN
R1 R2 R3 R4
BSU
32 0 0 12 44 11.00
Batangas
96 36 19 37 188 47.00
Bulacan
56 17 13 26 112 28.00
Tarlac
35 22 11 9 77 19.25
TOTAL
MEAN
26.31
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
TABULAR F
SV DF
SS MS
Fc
0.05 0.01
Treatment 3
2860.688
953.563
2.02
3.49
5.95
Error 12
5652.750
471.063
Total 15
8513.438
ns – not significant
CV = 82.49 %
Appendix Table 8. Order Hemiptera
REPLICATIONS OF CHICKEN MANURE
SOURCE
TOTAL MEAN
R1 R2 R3 R4
Abundance of Insects Associated with Chicken
Manure / Luisito A. De Guzman 2011
27
BSU
1 2 0 0 3 0.75
Batangas
28 20 1 11 60 15.00
Bulacan
3 12 2 0 17 4.25
Tarlac
4 12 5 1 22 5.50
TOTAL
MEAN
6.38
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
TABULAR F
SV DF
SS MS
Fc
0.05 0.01
Treatment 3
445.250
148.417
3.19
3.49
5.95
Error 12
558.500
46.542
Total 15
1003.750
ns – not significant
CV = 106.93 %
Appendix Table 9. Order Hymenoptera
REPLICATIONS OF CHICKEN MANURE
SOURCE
TOTAL MEAN
R1 R2 R3 R4
BSU
3 3 6 2 14 3.50
Batangas
0 0 0 0 0 0
Bulacan
12 3 20 12 47 11.75
Tarlac
22 3 13 7 45 11.25
TOTAL
MEAN
6.63
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
TABULAR F
SV DF
SS MS
Fc
0.05 0.01
Treatment 3
405.250
135.083
4.52
3.49
5.95
Error 12
358.500
29.875
Total 15
763.750
* significant
CV = 82.44 %
Appendix Table 10. Order Lepidoptera
REPLICATIONS OF CHICKEN MANURE
SOURCE
TOTAL MEAN
R1 R2 R3 R4
BSU
12 24 5 10 51 12.75
Batangas
2 19 10 15 46 11.50
Bulacan
4 6 9 16 35 8.75
Tarlac
6 4 1 2 13 3.25
TOTAL
MEAN
9.06
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
TABULAR F
SV DF
SS MS
Fc
0.05 0.01
Treatment 3
213.688
71.229
1.89
3.49
5.95
Abundance of Insects Associated with Chicken
Manure / Luisito A. De Guzman 2011
28
Error 12
453.250
37.771
Total 15
666.938
ns – not significant
CV = 67.83 %
Adult
Appendix Table 11. Coleoptera – Ciidae
REPLICATIONS OF CHICKEN MANURE
SOURCE
TOTAL MEAN
R1 R2 R3 R4
BSU
11 7 26 7 51 12.75
Batangas
2 0 0 0 2 0.50
Bulacan
0 0 0 0 0 0
Tarlac
0 0 2 0 2 0.50
TOTAL
MEAN
3.44
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
TABULAR F
SV DF
SS MS
Fc
0.05 0.01
Treatment 3
463.188
154.396
7.39
3.49
5.95
Error 12
250.750
20.896
Total 15
713.938
** highly significant
CV = 132.88 %
Appendix Table 12. Coleoptera – Curculionidae
REPLICATIONS OF CHICKEN MANURE
SOURCE
TOTAL MEAN
R1 R2 R3 R4
BSU
0 0 0 1 1 0.25
Batangas
0 1 0 0 1 0.25
Bulacan
0 0 0 0 0 0
Tarlac
22 0 0 0 22 5.50
TOTAL
MEAN
1.50
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
TABULAR F
SV DF
SS MS
Fc
0.05 0.01
Treatment 3
85.500
28.500
0.94
3.49
5.95
Error 12
364.500
30.375
Total 15
450.000
ns – not significant
CV = 367.42%
Appendix Table 13. Coleoptera – Dermestidae
REPLICATIONS OF CHICKEN MANURE
SOURCE
TOTAL MEAN
R1 R2 R3 R4
Abundance of Insects Associated with Chicken
Manure / Luisito A. De Guzman 2011
29
BSU
0 0 0 0 0 0
Batangas
0 0 0 1 1 0.25
Bulacan
0 6 0 0 6 1.50
Tarlac
3 1 1 2 7 1.75
TOTAL
MEAN
0.88
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
TABULAR F
SV DF
SS MS
Fc
0.05 0.01
Treatment 3
9.250
3.083
1.21
3.49
5.95
Error 12
30.500
2.542
Total 15
39.750
ns – not significant
CV = 181.18 %
Appendix Table 14. Coleoptera – Erotylidae
REPLICATIONS OF CHICKEN MANURE
SOURCE
TOTAL MEAN
R1 R2 R3 R4
BSU
14 14 20 26 74 18.50
Batangas
8 35 5 23 71 17.75
Bulacan
16 35 4 12 67 16.75
Tarlac
74 43 27 32 176 44.00
TOTAL
MEAN
24.25
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
TABULAR F
SV DF
SS MS
Fc
0.05 0.01
Treatment 3
2086.500
695.500
3.29
3.49
5.95
Error 12
2534.500
211.208
Total 15
4621.000
ns – not significant
CV = 59.93 %
Appendix Table 15. Coleoptera – Hydrophilidae
REPLICATIONS OF CHICKEN MANURE
SOURCE
TOTAL MEAN
R1 R2 R3 R4
BSU
9 7 37 6 59 14.75
Batangas
0 2 2 0 4 1.00
Bulacan
17 2 5 13 37 9.25
Tarlac
108 13 5 11 137 34.25
TOTAL
MEAN
14.81
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
TABULAR F
SV DF
SS MS
Fc
0.05 0.01
Treatment 3
2398.188
799.396
1.18
3.49
5.95
Error 12
8100.250
675.021
Total 15
10498.438
Abundance of Insects Associated with Chicken
Manure / Luisito A. De Guzman 2011
30
ns – not significant
CV = 175.43 %
Appendix Table 16. Coleoptera – Scarabaeidae
REPLICATIONS OF CHICKEN MANURE
SOURCE
TOTAL MEAN
R1 R2 R3 R4
BSU
0 0 0 0 0 0
Batangas
0 0 2 0 2 0.50
Bulacan
0 0 0 0 0 0
Tarlac
0 0 0 0 0 0
TOTAL
MEAN
0.13
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
TABULAR F
SV DF
SS MS
Fc
0.05 0.01
Treatment 3
0.750
0.250
1.00
3.49
5.95
Error 12
3.000
0.250
Total 15
3.750
ns – not significant
CV = 384.62 %
Appendix Table 17. Coleoptera – Staphylinidae
REPLICATIONS OF CHICKEN MANURE
SOURCE
TOTAL MEAN
R1 R2 R3 R4
BSU
1 0 0 0 1 0.25
Batangas
0 15 14 30 59 14.75
Bulacan
0 0 0 4 4 1.00
Tarlac
0 2 0 0 2 0.50
TOTAL
MEAN
4.13
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
TABULAR F
SV DF
SS MS
Fc
0.05 0.01
Treatment 3
603.250
201.083
5.17
3.49
5.95
Error 12
466.500
38.875
Total 15
1069.750
* significant
CV = 150.97%
Appendix Table 18. Coleoptera – Tenebrionidae
REPLICATIONS OF CHICKEN MANURE
SOURCE
TOTAL MEAN
R1 R2 R3 R4
BSU
0 0 0 0 0 0
Batangas
0 0 0 0 0 0
Bulacan
0 0 0 0 0 0
Tarlac
6 3 2 0 11 2.75
Abundance of Insects Associated with Chicken
Manure / Luisito A. De Guzman 2011
31
TOTAL
MEAN
0.69
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
TABULAR F
SV DF
SS MS
Fc
0.05 0.01
Treatment 3
22.688
7.563
4.84
3.49
5.95
Error 12
18.750
1.563
Total 15
41.438
* significant
CV = 181.19 %
Appendix Table 19. Dermaptera – Carcinophoridae
REPLICATIONS OF CHICKEN MANURE
SOURCE
TOTAL MEAN
R1 R2 R3 R4
BSU
53 20 50 61 184 46.00
Batangas
10 7 0 4 21 5.25
Bulacan
3 8 16 9 36 9.00
Tarlac
0 0 0 3 3 0.75
TOTAL
MEAN
15.25
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
TABULAR F
SV DF
SS MS
Fc
0.05 0.01
Treatment 3
5179.500
1726.500
18.61
3.49
5.95
Error 12
1113.500
92.792
Total 15
6293.000
** highly significant
CV = 63.17 %
Appendix Table 20. Diptera – Asilidae
REPLICATIONS OF CHICKEN MANURE
SOURCE
TOTAL MEAN
R1 R2 R3 R4
BSU
0 0 0 0 0 0
Batangas
2 1 0 0 3 0.75
Bulacan
0 0 0 0 0 0
Tarlac
0 0 0 0 0 0
TOTAL
MEAN
0.19
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
TABULAR F
SV DF
SS MS
Fc
0.05 0.01
Treatment 3
1.688
0.563
2.46
3.49
5.95
Error 12
2.750
0.229
Total 15
4.438
ns – not significant
CV = 251.86 %
Abundance of Insects Associated with Chicken
Manure / Luisito A. De Guzman 2011
32
Appendix Table 21. Diptera – Muscidae
REPLICATIONS OF CHICKEN MANURE
SOURCE
TOTAL MEAN
R1 R2 R3 R4
BSU
0 0 0 0 0 0
Batangas
30 18 0 14 62 15.50
Bulacan
20 7 3 12 42 10.50
Tarlac
2 3 1 0 6 1.50
TOTAL
MEAN
6.88
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
TABULAR F
SV DF
SS MS
Fc
0.05 0.01
Treatment 3
654.750
218.250
4.19
3.49
5.95
Error 12
625.000
52.083
Total 15
1279.750
* significant
CV = 104.90 %
Appendix Table 22. Diptera – Tanypezidae
REPLICATIONS OF CHICKEN MANURE
SOURCE
TOTAL MEAN
R1 R2 R3 R4
BSU
20 0 0 0 20 5.00
Batangas
0 0 0 0 0 0
Bulacan
0 0 0 0 0 0
Tarlac
3 1 0 0 4 1.00
TOTAL
MEAN
1.50
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
TABULAR F
SV DF
SS MS
Fc
0.05 0.01
Treatment 3
68.000
22.667
0.89
3.49
5.95
Error 12
306.000
25.500
Total 15
374.000
ns – not significant
CV = 336.65 %
Appendix Table 23. Hemiptera – Anthocoridae
REPLICATIONS OF CHICKEN MANURE
SOURCE
TOTAL MEAN
R1 R2 R3 R4
BSU
0 0 0 0 0 0
Batangas
28 20 1 11 60 15.00
Bulacan
1 12 2 0 15 3.75
Tarlac
4 12 5 1 22 5.50
TOTAL
MEAN
6.06
Abundance of Insects Associated with Chicken
Manure / Luisito A. De Guzman 2011
33
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
TABULAR F
SV DF
SS MS
Fc
0.05 0.01
Treatment 3
489.188
163.063
3.47
3.49
5.95
Error 12
563.750
46.979
Total 15
1052.938
ns – not significant
CV = 113.10 %
Appendix Table 24. Hemiptera – Lygaeidae
REPLICATIONS OF CHICKEN MANURE
SOURCE
TOTAL MEAN
R1 R2 R3 R4
BSU
1 1 0 0 2 0.50
Batangas
0 0 0 0 0 0
Bulacan
0 0 0 0 0 0
Tarlac
0 0 0 0 0 0
TOTAL
MEAN
0.13
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
TABULAR F
SV DF
SS MS
Fc
0.05 0.01
Treatment 3
0.750
0.250
3.00
3.49
5.95
Error 12
1.000
0.083
Total 15
1.750
ns – not significant
CV = 221.61 %
Appendix Table 25. Hemiptera – Miridae
REPLICATIONS OF CHICKEN MANURE
SOURCE
TOTAL MEAN
R1 R2 R3 R4
BSU
0 0 0 0 0 0
Batangas
0 0 0 0 0 0
Bulacan
2 0 0 0 2 0.50
Tarlac
0 0 0 0 0 0
TOTAL
MEAN
0.13
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
TABULAR F
SV DF
SS MS
Fc
0.05 0.01
Treatment 3
0.750
0.250
1.00
3.49
5.95
Error 12
3.000
0.250
Total 15
3.750
ns – not significant
CV = 384.62 %
Abundance of Insects Associated with Chicken
Manure / Luisito A. De Guzman 2011
34
Appendix Table 26. Hemiptera – Reduviidae
REPLICATIONS OF CHICKEN MANURE
SOURCE
TOTAL MEAN
R1 R2 R3 R4
BSU
0 1 0 0 1 0.25
Batangas
0 0 0 0 0 0
Bulacan
0 0 0 0 0 0
Tarlac
0 0 0 0 0 0
TOTAL
MEAN
0.06
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
TABULAR F
SV DF
SS MS
Fc
0.05 0.01
Treatment 3
0.188
0.063
1.00
3.49
5.95
Error 12
0.750
0.063
Total 115
0.938
ns – not significant
CV = 418.33 %
Appendix Table 27. Hymenoptera – Formicidae
REPLICATIONS OF CHICKEN MANURE
SOURCE
TOTAL MEAN
R1 R2 R3 R4
BSU
0 0 6 0 6 1.50
Batangas
0 0 0 0 0 0
Bulacan
0 0 0 0 0 0
Tarlac
0 0 0 0 0 0
TOTAL
MEAN
0.38
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
TABULAR F
SV DF
SS MS
Fc
0.05 0.01
Treatment 3
6.750
2.250
1.00
3.49
5.95
Error 12
27.000
2.250
Total 15
33.750
ns – not significant
CV = 394.74 %
Appendix Table 28. Hemiptera – Gelechiidae
REPLICATIONS OF CHICKEN MANURE
SOURCE
TOTAL MEAN
R1 R2 R3 R4
BSU
4 2 4 9 19 4.75
Batangas
0 4 0 0 4 1.00
Bulacan
0 3 4 1 8 2.00
Tarlac
6 0 0 0 6 1.50
TOTAL
MEAN
2.31
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
Abundance of Insects Associated with Chicken
Manure / Luisito A. De Guzman 2011
35
TABULAR F
SV DF
SS MS
Fc
0.05 0.01
Treatment 3
33.688
11.229
1.78
3.49
5.95
Error 12
75.750
6.313
Total 15
109.438
ns – not significant
CV = 108.77 %
Pupa
Appendix Table 29. Coleoptera – Tenebrionidae
REPLICATIONS OF CHICKEN MANURE
SOURCE
TOTAL MEAN
R1 R2 R3 R4
BSU
0 0 0 0 0 0
Batangas
0 0 0 0 0 0
Bulacan
0 0 2 0 2 0.50
Tarlac
6 1 2 0 9 2.25
TOTAL
MEAN
0.69
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
TABULAR F
SV DF
SS MS
Fc
0.05 0.01
Treatment 3
13.688
4.563
2.31
3.49
5.95
Error 12
23.750
1.979
Total 15
37.438
ns – not significant
CV = 203.88 %
Appendix Table 30. Diptera – Muscidae
REPLICATIONS OF CHICKEN MANURE
SOURCE
TOTAL MEAN
R1 R2 R3 R4
BSU
10 0 0 12 22 5.50
Batangas
51 4 5 15 75 18.75
Bulacan
36 10 10 13 69 17.25
Tarlac
29 16 10 7 62 15.50
TOTAL
MEAN
14.25
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
TABULAR F
SV DF
SS MS
Fc
0.05 0.01
Treatment 3
429.500
143.167
0.73
3.49
5.95
Error 12
2343.500
195.292
Total 15
2773.000
ns – not significant
CV = 97.31 %
Appendix Table 31. Diptera – Perissommatidae
Abundance of Insects Associated with Chicken
Manure / Luisito A. De Guzman 2011
36
REPLICATIONS OF CHICKEN MANURE
SOURCE
TOTAL MEAN
R1 R2 R3 R4
BSU
2 0 0 0 2 0.50
Batangas
13 13 14 8 48 12.00
Bulacan
0 0 0 1 1 0.25
Tarlac
1 2 0 2 5 1.25
TOTAL
MEAN
3.50
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
TABULAR F
SV DF
SS MS
Fc
0.05 0.01
Treatment 3
387.500
129.167
54.39
3.49
5.95
Error 12
28.500
2.375
Total 15
416.000
** highly significant
CV = 44.03 %
Appendix Table 32. Hymenoptera – Not Identified
REPLICATIONS OF CHICKEN MANURE
SOURCE
TOTAL MEAN
R1 R2 R3 R4
BSU
3 3 0 2 8 2.00
Batangas
0 0 0 0 0 0
Bulacan
12 3 20 12 47 11.75
Tarlac
22 3 13 7 45 11.25
TOTAL
MEAN
6.25
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
TABULAR F
SV DF
SS MS
Fc
0.05 0.01
Treatment 3
449.500
149.833
5.06
3.49
5.95
Error 12
355.500
29.625
Total 15
805.000
* significant
CV = 87.09 %
Larvae
Appenidx Table 33. Coleoptera – Elmidae
Abundance of Insects Associated with Chicken
Manure / Luisito A. De Guzman 2011
37
REPLICATIONS OF CHICKEN MANURE
SOURCE
TOTAL MEAN
R1 R2 R3 R4
BSU
0 1 1 0 2 0.50
Batangas
3 0 1 11 15 3.75
Bulacan
9 0 0 0 9 2.25
Tarlac
56 58 31 58 203 50.75
TOTAL
MEAN
14.31
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
TABULAR F
SV DF
SS MS
Fc
0.05 0.01
Treatment 3
7102.188
2367.396
43.09
3.49
5.95
Error 12
659.250
54.938
Total 15
7761.438
** highly significant
CV = 51.80 %
Appendix Table 34. Lepidoptera – Hepalidae
REPLICATIONS OF CHICKEN MANURE
SOURCE
TOTAL MEAN
R1 R2 R3 R4
BSU
8 22 1 1 32 8.00
Batangas
2 15 10 15 42 10.50
Bulacan
4 3 5 15 27 6.75
Tarlac
0 4 1 2 7 1.75
TOTAL
MEAN
6.75
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
TABULAR F
SV DF
SS MS
Fc
0.05 0.01
Treatment 3
162.500
54.167
1.28
3.49
5.95
Error 12
508.500
42.375
Total 15
671.000
ns – not significant
CV = 96.44 %
Arthropods
Appendix Table 35. Arthropods
REPLICATIONS OF CHICKEN MANURE
SOURCE
TOTAL MEAN
R1 R2 R3 R4
BSU
50 28 39 57 174 43.50
Abundance of Insects Associated with Chicken
Manure / Luisito A. De Guzman 2011
38
Batangas
28 28 20 32 108 27.00
Bulacan
20 18 14 34 86 21.50
Tarlac
22 14 25 32 93 23.50
TOTAL
MEAN
28.81
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
TABULAR F
SV DF
SS MS
Fc
0.05 0.01
Treatment 3
1213.688
404.563
5.09
3.49
5.95
Error 12
954.750
79.563
Total 15
2168.438
* significant
CV = 30.96 %
Appendix Table 36. Arachnida – Salticidae
REPLICATIONS OF CHICKEN MANURE
SOURCE
TOTAL MEAN
R1 R2 R3 R4
BSU
1 4 0 0 5 1.25
Batangas
0 0 0 0 0 0
Bulacan
2 0 0 0 2 0.50
Tarlac
0 2 0 0 2 0.50
TOTAL
MEAN
0.56
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
TABULAR F
SV DF
SS MS
Fc
0.05 0.01
Treatment 3
3.188
1.063
0.76
3.49
5.95
Error 12
16.750
1.396
Total 15
19.938
ns – not significant
CV = 210.99 %
Appendix Table 37. Pseudoscorpiones
REPLICATIONS OF CHICKEN MANURE
SOURCE
TOTAL MEAN
R1 R2 R3 R4
BSU
49 24 39 57 169 42.25
Batangas
28 28 20 32 108 27.00
Bulacan
18 18 14 34 84 21.00
Tarlac
22 12 25 32 91 22.75
TOTAL
MEAN
28.25
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
TABULAR F
SV DF
SS MS
Fc
0.05 0.01
Treatment 3
1121.500
373.833
3.99
3.49
5.95
Error 12
1125.500
93.792
Total 15
2247.000
* significant
CV = 34.28 %
Abundance of Insects Associated with Chicken
Manure / Luisito A. De Guzman 2011
Document Outline
- Abundance of Insects Associated withChicken Manure
- BIBLIOGRAPHY
- ABSTRACT
- TABLE OF CONTENTS
- INTRODUCTION
- REVIEW OF LITERATURE
- MATERIALS AND METHODS
- RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
- SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
- LITERATURE CITED
- APPENDICES